History

Main article: History of the world's tallest buildings

Historically, the world's tallest man-made structure was the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which held the position for over 3,800 years¹ until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1311. The Strasbourg Cathedral in France, completed in 1439, was the world's tallest building until 1874.

The first building considered to be a skyscraper was the 138 ft (42.1 m) Home Insurance Building, built in Chicago in 1885. The United States would remain the location of the world's tallest building throughout the 20th century until 1998, when the Petronas Towers were completed. Since then, two other buildings have gained the title: Taipei 101 in 2004 and Burj Khalifa in 2009.² Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Middle East, China, and Southeast Asia have experienced booms in skyscraper construction.³

Ranking criteria and alternatives

The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.⁴ The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).⁵ However, the CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH.

In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,⁶ the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:⁷

• height to structural or architectural top;
• height to highest occupied floor;
• height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);⁸ and
• height to top of any part of the building.

All categories measure the building from the level of the lowest significant open-air pedestrian entrance.⁹

Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, changes to which would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.¹⁰

Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae.¹¹ In 1930, this definitional argument led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building (i.e. 40 Wall Street) employed only a short spire, was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall, and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.

Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor, at 255 m (837 ft). They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (98 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.¹²

The Burj Khalifa currently tops the list regardless of which criterion is applied, though at a much lower margin when measured to highest occupied floor.¹³¹⁴

Tallest buildings in the world

As of 29 June 2025, this list includes all 97 buildings (completed and architecturally topped out) that reach a height of 350 m (1,150 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. The building is considered as architecturally topped out when it is under construction, structurally topped out, fully clad, and the highest finished architectural elements are in place.¹⁵

Of these buildings, almost half are in China. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center at 417 m (1,368 ft) after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. Had the Twin Towers never been destroyed and One World Trade Center never built, the WTC towers would rank 39 and 40 on the list today.

Alternative measurements

Height to pinnacle (highest point)

This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point, irrespective of material or function of the highest element.¹¹⁵

This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.

This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now named Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.

If the original World Trade Center towers were still standing, the North (1,728 feet (526.7 m), including the antenna) and South Towers(1,377 feet (419.7 m)) would fall between numbers 11 and 37 on the current list (as it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built).

Height to occupied floor

This height is measured to the highest occupiable floor within the building.¹¹⁷

Height to roof

This list of tallest buildings by height to roof ranks completed skyscrapers by height to roof which reach a height of 300 metres (984 ft) or more. Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included, thus non-building structures, including towers, are not included. Some assessments of the tallest building use 'height to roof' to determine tallest building, as 'architectural feature' is regarded as a subjective and an imprecise comparative measure. However, in November 2009, the CTBUH stopped using the roof height as the metric for tall buildings because modern tall buildings rarely have a part of the building that can categorically be deemed the roof.¹¹⁸

Buildings under construction

This is a list of buildings taller than 350 m that are currently under construction.¹⁵² On-hold buildings whose construction was interrupted after it had reached a significantly advanced state are listed in a separate table.

Under construction

On hold

List by continent

The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located on each continent listed by greatest to least height (click on name of continent for continent-specific list):

Countries with most buildings on list

The following list shows the countries whose buildings are featured on the main list of world's tallest buildings (first list featured above), in order from most amount of buildings on the list to least amount of buildings on the list.

See also

• Architecture portal
• Lists portal

• List of tallest structures
• History of the world's tallest buildings
• History of the world's tallest structures
• Tallest structures by category

Notes

External links

• Media related to Skyscraper at Wikimedia Commons
• Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
• [dead link], international database and gallery of buildings
• Structurae, international database and gallery of structures

References

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2. "History of the World's Tallest Buildings". EMPORIS. Emporis GmbH. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622025903/https://www.emporis.com/statistics/history-of-worlds-tallest-buildings ↩

3. "Skyscraper construction booming in Middle East, Asia - CNN.com". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20240114002337/https://edition.cnn.com/2006/US/12/21/skyscraper.boom/index.html ↩

4. "100 tallest completed buildings in the world". CTBUH. Retrieved 27 April 2012. http://skyscrapercenter.com/buildings ↩

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16. "Create Lists/Graphics – The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 10 June 2019. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/quick-lists#q=&page=1&type=building&status=COM&status=UCT&min_year=1885&max_year=9999®ion=0&country=0&city=0 ↩

17. "Burj Khalifa - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3 ↩

18. "Merdeka PNB118 – The Skyscraper Center". http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/merdeka-pnb118/10115 ↩

19. "Shanghai Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/shanghai-tower/56 ↩

20. "Makkah Royal Clock Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/makkah-royal-clock-tower/84 ↩

21. "Ping an Finance Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/ping-an-finance-center/54 ↩

22. "Lotte World Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lotte-world-tower/88 ↩

23. "One World Trade Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/one-world-trade-center/98 ↩

24. "Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guangzhou-ctf-finance-centre/176 ↩

25. "Tianjin CTF Finance Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tianjin-ctf-finance-centre/310 ↩

26. "CITIC Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/citic-tower/11116 ↩

27. "TAIPEI 101 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/taipei-101/117 ↩

28. "Shanghai World Financial Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/shanghai-world-financial-center/131 ↩

29. "International Commerce Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/international-commerce-centre/137 ↩

30. "Wuhan Greenland Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wuhan-greenland-center/33983 ↩

31. "Central Park Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/central-park-tower/14269 ↩

32. "Lakhta Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lakhta-center/12575 ↩

33. "Vincom Landmark 81 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vincom-landmark-81/18192 ↩

34. "The Exchange 106 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-exchange-106/24971 ↩

35. "Changsha IFS Tower T1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/changsha-ifs-tower-t1/13144 ↩

36. "Petronas Twin Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/petronas-twin-tower-1/149 ↩

37. "Petronas Twin Tower 2 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/petronas-twin-tower-2/150 ↩

38. "Zifeng Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/zifeng-tower/165 ↩

39. "Suzhou IFS - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/suzhou-ifs/196 ↩

40. "Wuhan Center Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wuhan-center-tower/8823 ↩

41. "Willis Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/willis-tower/169 ↩

42. "KK100 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/kk100/173 ↩

43. "Guangzhou International Finance Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guangzhou-international-finance-center/174 ↩

44. "111 West 57th Street - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/111-west-57th-street/14320 ↩

45. "The world's skinniest skyscraper is ready for its first residents - CNN". 6 April 2022. https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/steinway-tower-intl-scli/index.html ↩

46. "Shandong International Financial Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/greenland-shandong-international-financial-center/30121 ↩

47. "One Vanderbilt Avenue - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/one-vanderbilt-avenue/15833 ↩

48. "Nanjing Financial City Phase II Plot C Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/nanjing-financial-city-phase-ii-plot-c-tower-1/24137 ↩

49. "432 Park Avenue - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/432-park-avenue/13227 ↩

50. "Marina 101 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/marina-101/207 ↩

51. "Trump International Hotel & Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/trump-international-hotel-tower/203 ↩

52. "JPMorgan Chase World Headquarters - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/jpmorgan-chase-world-headquarters/34450 ↩

53. "Minying International Trade Center T2 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/dongguan-international-trade-center-1/14196 ↩

54. "Jin Mao Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/jin-mao-tower/189 ↩

55. "Princess Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/princess-tower/206 ↩

56. "Al Hamra Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/al-hamra-tower/208 ↩

57. "Two International Finance Centre - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/two-international-finance-centre/205 ↩

58. "LCT the Sharp Landmark Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lct-the-sharp-landmark-tower/108 ↩

59. "Ningbo Central Plaza Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/ningbo-central-plaza-tower-1/13153 ↩

60. "Guangxi China Resources Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guangxi-china-resources-tower/33180 ↩

61. "Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/13896 ↩

62. "Guiyang International Financial Center T1 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guiyang-international-financial-center-t1/33699 ↩

63. "Iconic Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/iconic-tower/34420 ↩

64. "China Merchants Bank Global Headquarters Main Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/china-merchants-bank-global-headquarters-main-tower/42765 ↩

65. "China Resources Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/china-resources-tower/14589 ↩

66. "23 Marina - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/23-marina/247 ↩

67. "CITIC Plaza - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/citic-plaza/242 ↩

68. "CITYMARK CENTRE - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/citymark-centre/22997 ↩

69. "Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/shum-yip-upperhills-tower-1/16001 ↩

70. "30 Hudson Yards - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/30-hudson-yards/13325 ↩

71. "Shun Hing Square - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/shun-hing-square/258 ↩

72. "Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/eton-place-dalian-tower-1/249 ↩

73. "Indonesia's Tallest Skyscraper Autograph Tower Almost Completed". Indonesia Expat. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022. https://indonesiaexpat.id/business-property/indonesias-tallest-skyscraper-autograph-tower-almost-completed/ ↩

74. "Autograph Tower". The Skyscraper Center. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/autograph-tower/39449 ↩

75. "Nanning Logan Century 1 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/nanning-logan-century-1/10698 ↩

76. "Burj Mohammed Bin Rashid - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-mohammed-bin-rashid/259 ↩

77. "Empire State Building - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/empire-state-building/261 ↩

78. "Elite Residence - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/elite-residence/263 ↩

79. "1 Corporate Avenue - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/riverview-plaza-a1/9591 ↩

80. "Guangdong Business Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guangdong-business-center/30032 ↩

81. "Central Plaza - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/central-plaza/277 ↩

82. "Federation Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/federation-tower/118 ↩

83. "Hengfeng Guiyang Center Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/hengfeng-guiyang-center-tower-1/26766 ↩

84. "Dalian International Trade Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/dalian-international-trade-center/8980 ↩

85. "Shanghai International Trade Center Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/shanghai-international-trade-center-tower-1/354 ↩

86. "The Address Boulevard - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-address-boulevard/14606 ↩

87. "Qingdao Hai Tian Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/qingdao-hai-tian-center/15639 ↩

88. "Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/golden-eagle-tiandi-tower-a/11463 ↩

89. "Bank of China Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/bank-of-china-tower/287 ↩

90. "Bank of America Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/bank-of-america-tower/291 ↩

91. "Ciel Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/ciel-tower/34561 ↩

92. "The St. Regis Chicago - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/st-regis-chicago/17137 ↩

93. "Almas Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/almas-tower/298 ↩

94. "Ping An Finance Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/32086 ↩

95. "Huiyun Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/huiyun-center/29371 ↩

96. "Hanking Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/hanking-center/15741 ↩

97. "Greenland Group Suzhou Center". The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 21 October 2014. http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/greenland-group-suzhou-center/12572 ↩

98. "Greenland Group Suzhou Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/greenland-group-suzhou-center/12572 ↩

99. "City Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/city-tower-1/35099 ↩

100. "Gevora Hotel - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/gevora-hotel/348 ↩

101. "Galaxy Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/27941 ↩

102. "Galaxy Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/27942 ↩

103. "Il Primo Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/26116 ↩

104. "JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/jw-marriott-marquis-hotel-dubai-tower-1/237 ↩

105. "JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 2 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/jw-marriott-marquis-hotel-dubai-tower-2/238 ↩

106. "Emirates Tower One - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/emirates-tower-one/311 ↩

107. "Raffles City Chongqing T3N - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/raffles-city-chongqing-t3n/13610 ↩

108. "Raffles City Chongqing T4N - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/raffles-city-chongqing-t4n/13611 ↩

109. "OKO - Residential Tower - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/oko-residential-tower/363 ↩

110. "İstanbul'a Avrupa'nın en yüksek binası! Yeni Merkez Bankası için zorlu çalışma". Milliyet (in Turkish). 8 September 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2024. https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/istanbula-avrupanin-en-yuksek-binasi-yeni-merkez-bankasi-icin-zorlu-calisma-7002578#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye%20Cumhuriyeti%20Merkez%20Bankas%C4%B1%20binam%C4%B1z,Ak%C4%B1ll%C4%B1%20teknolojilerle%20in%C5%9Fa%20edilmi%C5%9F%20bina. ↩

111. "The Torch - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-torch/344 ↩

112. "Forum 66 Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/forum-66-tower-1/414 ↩

113. "The Pinnacle - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-pinnacle/306 ↩

114. "Glory・Xi'an International Financial Center - the Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/gloryxian-international-financial-center/18932 ↩

115. CTBUH Height Criteria for Measuring & Defining Tall Buildings (PDF). CTBUH. https://cloud.ctbuh.org/CTBUH_HeightCriteria.pdf ↩

116. "Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/13896 ↩

117. CTBUH Height Criteria for Measuring & Defining Tall Buildings (PDF). CTBUH. https://cloud.ctbuh.org/CTBUH_HeightCriteria.pdf ↩

118. "CTBUH Changes Height Criteria". Ctbuh.org. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123138/http://www.ctbuh.org/NewsMedia/PR_091117_ChangeHeightCriteria/tabid/1273/language/en-US/Default.aspx ↩

119. "Burj Khalifa". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150619004918/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/182168 ↩

120. "Shanghai Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220717130938/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/323473/shanghai-tower-shanghai-china ↩

121. "Ping An International Finance Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200219120720/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1189351 ↩

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125. "Makkah Clock Royal Tower". Curtainwall Design Consulting. Retrieved 25 June 2024. https://www.cdc-usa.com/projects/makkah-clock-royal-tower ↩

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128. "International Commerce Centre". Emporis. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151018003532/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/101555 ↩

129. "Central Park Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200411085900/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1215963 ↩

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131. "Taipei 101". Emporis. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906164527/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/100765 ↩

132. "Willis Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923101516/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/117064 ↩

133. "Guangzhou International Finance Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151119060054/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/243077 ↩

134. "One World Trade Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150626151603/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/201521 ↩

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136. "Two International Finance Centre". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125508/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/100614 ↩

137. "Princess Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151102141923/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/220471 ↩

138. "Jin Mao Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151019005548/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/103803 ↩

139. "Zifeng Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150712211644/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/271434 ↩

140. "Empire State Building". Emporis. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150405181920/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114095 ↩

141. "Petronas Tower 1". Emporis. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160318154410/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/106014 ↩

142. "Petronas Tower 2". Emporis. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213406/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/105766 ↩

143. "Trump International Hotel & Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150406040331/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/102119 ↩

144. "Tuntex Sky Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131139/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/122136 ↩

145. "Aon Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160808152004/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/116756 ↩

146. "Haeundae LCT the Sharp I". skyscraperpage.com. https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=95323 ↩

147. "Haeundae LCT the Sharp II". skyscraperpage.com. https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=95324 ↩

148. "Parc1 Tower 1". skyscraperpage.com. https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=63168 ↩

149. "Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower". skyscraperpage.com. https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=112894 ↩

150. "Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith 101". skyscraperpage.com. https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=84516 ↩

151. "Abeno Harukas". skyscraperpage.com. https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=67963 ↩

152. "All Global Buildings". CTBUH. Retrieved 25 January 2019. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/quick-lists#q=&page=1&type=building&status=STO&status=UC&min_year=0&max_year=9999®ion=0&country=0&city=0 ↩

153. Holland, Oscar (3 October 2024). "Construction of world's tallest skyscraper resumes after years-long hiatus". CNN. Retrieved 27 October 2024. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/03/style/jeddah-tower-worlds-tallest-skyscraper-construction/index.html ↩

154. Cairns, Rebecca (5 September 2024). "Dubai is home to world's tallest skyscraper. Now it's building the second-tallest, too". CNN. Retrieved 27 October 2024. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/05/style/burj-azizi-dubai-second-tallest-building-hnk-spc-intl/index.html ↩

155. "Burj Binghatti Jacob & Co Residences - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-binghatti-jacob-co-residences/45196 ↩

156. "Senna Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/senna-tower/41557 ↩

157. "Tiger Sky Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tiger-sky-tower/49205 ↩

158. "Six Senses Residences - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/six-senses-residences/46818 ↩

159. Monteros, Mario Espinosa de los (26 July 2022). "First views of 'The Line', the 170-kilometer Saudi skyscraper". Diario AS. Retrieved 1 April 2023. https://en.as.com/latest_news/revealed-what-the-line-will-be-like-the-170-kilometer-skyscraper-in-the-saudi-arabian-desert-n/ ↩

160. "HeXi Yuzui Tower A". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/32232 ↩

161. "Tianfu Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/36656 ↩

162. "Rizhao Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/rizhao-center/39419 ↩

163. "Wuhan CTF Finance Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/34554 ↩

164. "Suzhou Center North Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/41311 ↩

165. "Chengdu Greenland Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/12845 ↩

166. "China Resources Land Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/43137 ↩

167. "Tour F". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 18 December 2021. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/39584 ↩

168. "Wuhan Yangtze River Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 March 2021. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/39970 ↩

169. "Hangzhou West Railway Station Hub Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/43149 ↩

170. "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower B - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/shenzhen-bay-super-headquarters-base-tower-b/47882 ↩

171. "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/40115 ↩

172. "Lucheng Square - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lucheng-square/41976 ↩

173. "Guohua Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/34993 ↩

174. "Groundbreaking Ceremony held for Torch Tower, to be Japan's Tallest Building at 385m". japannews.yomiuri.co.jp. 27 September 2023. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/general-news/20230927-139467/ ↩

175. "Shekou Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/41739 ↩

176. "Shenzhen Luohu Friendship Trading Centre". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/27298 ↩

177. "China Merchants Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/43871 ↩

178. "Hengli Global Operations Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/41790 ↩

179. "Shenyang International Center Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/shenyang-international-center-tower-1/38627 ↩

180. "Taipei Twins D1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/taipei-twins-d1/47880 ↩

181. "Naga 3 Tower A - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/naga-3-tower-a/44992 ↩

182. "China Resources Huafu Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/41842 ↩

183. "Guohong Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guohong-center/330 ↩

184. "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/40116 ↩

185. "SkyTower at Pinnacle One Yonge - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/skytower-at-pinnacle-one-yonge/15295 ↩

186. "Poly Liangxi Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/42915 ↩

187. Retail podium near completion ↩

188. "KLCC Holdings says no plans for mega skyscraper Tower M". 18 July 2018. https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2018/07/18/klcc-holdings-says-no-plans-for-mega-skyscraper-tower-m/ ↩

189. "Evergrande Hefei Center T1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/evergrande-hefei-center-t1/14899 ↩

190. "Greenland Jinmao International Financial Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/36576 ↩

191. "Suzhou Zhongnan Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/38347 ↩

192. "China International Silk Road Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/china-international-silk-road-center/29370 ↩

193. "Chushang Building". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/34992 ↩

194. "Fosun Bund Center T1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/40117 ↩

195. "Evergrande City Light - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/evergrande-city-light/13275 ↩

196. "Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tianshan-gate-of-the-world-plots-27-and-28/35448 ↩

197. "One Bangkok O4H4". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/29323 ↩

198. "Burj Almasa". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/250 ↩

199. "Greenland Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/32978 ↩

200. "Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/nanjing-olympic-suning-tower/154 ↩

201. "Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/15694 ↩

202. "One Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/one-tower/32927 ↩

203. "Haiyun Plaza Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/haiyun-plaza-tower-1/39743 ↩

204. "Duta Anggada Realty, tbk". www.dutaanggadarealty.com. https://www.dutaanggadarealty.com/index.php/home/showproject/14 ↩

205. "Guiyang World Trade Center Landmark Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guiyang-world-trade-center-landmark-tower/19128 ↩

206. "Greenland Star Light Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/36175 ↩

207. "Ping An IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/41977 ↩

208. "Kweichow Moutai Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/kweichow-moutai-tower/17089 ↩

209. "VietinBank Business Center Office Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vietinbank-business-center-office-tower/10133 ↩

210. "Wanda One - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wanda-one/40980 ↩

211. "Fosun Bund Center T2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/40118 ↩

212. "Global Port Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/37307 ↩

213. "Global Port Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/37308 ↩

214. "Guowei ZY Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/40437 ↩

215. "Baolixian Village Old Reform Project Main Building - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/baolixian-village-old-reform-project-main-building/44148 ↩

216. "Costanera Center es oficialmente el edificio más alto de Latinoámerica". La Segunda. 14 February 2012. http://www.lasegunda.com/Noticias/Nacional/2012/02/721619/costanera-center-coloca-la-ultima-pieza-de-la-obra-gruesa ↩

217. Varetto, Gianni (21 November 2024). "The New Vostok Station (WAP RUS-13)". Worldwide Antarctic Program. https://www.waponline.it/the-new-vostok-station-wap-rus-13/ ↩