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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, includes the mainland, Tasmania, and many smaller islands, covering 7,688,287 km², making it the sixth-largest country and largest in Oceania. Known as the world's flattest and driest inhabited continent, it features diverse climates from deserts to tropical rainforests. The indigenous Aboriginal Australians arrived 50,000–65,000 years ago. Modern Australia formed through British colonisation starting in 1788, becoming a federation in 1901 (federation). It is a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy with six states and ten territories. Canberra, the capital, and major cities like Melbourne and Sydney are cultural and economic hubs. Australia is a middle power active in global organizations such as the United Nations, G20, and Commonwealth of Nations.

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Etymology

Main article: Name of Australia

The name Australia (pronounced /əˈstreɪliə/ in Australian English)12 is derived from the Latin Terra Australis Incognita ('unknown southern land'), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times.13 Several 16th-century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia.14

When the Dutch began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, they called the continent New Holland. The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who circumnavigated the continent in 1803. However, when his account of his voyage was published in 1814, the name Terra Australis was used.15

New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie officially recommended the name Australia to replace New Holland in December 1817. The British Admiralty adopted the name in 1824, and the British Parliament used it in legislation in 1828.16 The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office used the new name in The Australia Directory of 1830.17 The name "Commonwealth of Australia" for the new federation of the six former colonies was formalised in the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK).18

Colloquial names for Australia include "Oz", "Straya" and "Down Under".19

History

Main article: History of Australia

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Australian history.

Indigenous prehistory

Main articles: Prehistory of Australia and Indigenous Australians

Indigenous Australians comprise two broad groups:

Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun 50,000 to 65,000 years ago,202122 with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia.23 It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians.2425 The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is possibly the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia.262728 The oldest human remains found are the Lake Mungo remains, which have been dated to around 42,000 years ago.29

Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth.30313233 At the time of first European contact, Aboriginal Australians belonged to wide range of societies, with diverse economies spread across at least 250 different language groups.343536 Estimates of the Aboriginal population before British settlement range from 300,000 to 3 million.37 Aboriginal Australians cultures were (and remain) deeply connected with the land and the environment, with stories of The Dreaming maintained through oral tradition, songs, dance and paintings.38 Certain groups engaged in fire-stick farming,3940 fish farming,4142 and built semi-permanent shelters.43 These practices have variously been characterised as "hunter-gatherer", "agricultural", "natural cultivation" and "intensification".44454647

Torres Strait Islander people first settled their islands at least 2,500 years ago.4849 Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas. Agriculture also developed on some islands and villages appeared by the 1300s.50 By the mid-18th century in northern Australia, contact, trade and cross-cultural engagement had been established between local Aboriginal groups and Makassan trepangers, visiting from present-day Indonesia.515253

European exploration and colonisation

Main articles: European maritime exploration of Australia, European land exploration of Australia, and History of Australia (1788–1850)

The Dutch East India Company ship, Duyfken, captained by Willem Janszoon, made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606.54 Later that year, Luís Vaz de Torres sailed to the north of Australia through Torres Strait, along New Guinea's southern coast.55 Abel Tasman's voyage of 1642 was the first known European expedition to reach Van Diemen's Land. On his second voyage of 1644, he mapped the north coast of Australia south of New Guinea. Following Tasman's voyages, the Dutch were able to make almost complete maps of Australia's northern and western coasts and much of its southern and south-eastern Tasmanian coasts. They named the continent New Holland.56

In 1770, Captain James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named "New South Wales" and claimed for Great Britain.57 in 1786, the British government announced its intention to establish a penal colony in New South Wales.58 On 26 January 1788, the First Fleet commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson. A camp was established and the Union Flag raised. The date later became Australia's national day.59

Most early settlers were convicts, transported for petty crimes and assigned as labourers or servants to "free settlers" (willing immigrants). Once emancipated, convicts tended to integrate into colonial society. Aboriginal resistance, convict rebellions and bushranging were sometimes suppressed under martial law.6061 The 1808 Rum Rebellion, carried out by officers of the New South Wales Corp, led to a temporary military junta.62 During the next two decades, social and economic reforms, together with the establishment of a Legislative Council and Supreme Court, saw the penal colony transition to a civil society.63

The indigenous population declined for 150 years following European settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.64 British colonial authorities did not sign any treaties with Aboriginal groups.6566 As settlement expanded, tens of thousands of Indigenous people and thousands of settlers were killed in frontier conflicts, which many historians argue included acts of genocide by settlers. Settlers dispossessed surviving Indigenous peoples of most of their land.67

Colonial expansion

Main articles: History of Australia (1788–1850) and History of Australia (1851–1900)

In 1803, a settlement was established in Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania),68 and in 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement.69 The British claim was extended to the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (modern-day Albany).70 The Swan River Colony (present-day Perth) was established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, Western Australia.71 Separate colonies were carved from New South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859.72 South Australia and Victoria were founded as free colonies—they never accepted transported convicts.73 Growing opposition to the convict system culminated in its abolition in the eastern colonies by the 1850s. Initially a free colony, Western Australia accepted convicts from 1850 to 1868.74

The six colonies individually gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.75 The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs.76 The colonial parliaments progressively extended voting rights to adult men from 1856, with women's suffrage on equal terms following between the 1890s and 1900s. Some colonies introduced racial restrictions on voting from 1885.77

In the mid-19th century, explorers such as Burke and Wills charted Australia's interior.78 A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from China, North America and continental Europe,79 as well as outbreaks of bushranging and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against gold licence fees.80 The 1860s saw the rise of blackbirding, where South Sea Islanders were coerced or abducted into indentured labour, mainly by Queensland colonists.8182

From 1886, Australian colonial governments began removing many Aboriginal children from their families and communities, justified on the grounds of child protection and forced assimilation policies.838485 The Second Boer War (1899–1902) marked the largest overseas deployment of Australia's colonial forces.8687

Federation to the World Wars

Main article: History of Australia (1901–1945)

See also: Federation of Australia, Military history of Australia during World War I, and Military history of Australia during World War II

On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, constitutional conventions and referendums, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation under the new Australian Constitution.88

From 1901, Australia was a self-governing dominion within the British Empire.89 It was one of the founding members of the League of Nations in 1920,90 and the United Nations in 1945.91 The Statute of Westminster 1931 ended the ability of the UK to legislate for Australia at the federal level without Australia's consent. Australia adopted it in 1942, but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed during World War II.92

The Australian Capital Territory was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. While it was being constructed, Melbourne served as the temporary capital from 1901 to 1927.93 The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of South Australia to the Commonwealth in 1911.94 Australia took over the administration of the Territory of Papua (which had previously been a British colony) in 1905 and of the Territory of New Guinea (formerly German New Guinea) in 1920. The two were unified as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975.95

In 1914, Australia joined the Allies in the First World War, and took part in the fighting on several fronts.96 Of the 324,000 men who served overseas, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.97 Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) at Gallipoli in 1915 as the "baptism of fire" that forged the new nation's identity.9899 The beginning of the campaign is commemorated annually on Anzac Day, a date which rivals Australia Day as the nation's most important.100101

From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the Second World War. Australia's armed forces fought in the Pacific, European and Mediterranean and Middle East theatres.102 The shock of Britain's defeat in Singapore in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin and other Japanese attacks on Australian soil, led to a widespread belief in Australia that a Japanese invasion was imminent, and a shift from the United Kingdom to the United States as Australia's principal ally and security partner.103 Since 1951, Australia has been allied with the United States under the ANZUS treaty.104

Post-war and contemporary eras

Main article: History of Australia (1945–present)

In the three decades following World War II, Australia experienced significant increases in living standards, leisure time and suburban development.105 Governments encouraged a large wave of immigration from across Europe and called these migrants "New Australians". High immigration was justified to Australians using the slogan "populate or perish,"106 and from the 1960s the white Australia policy was gradually relaxed.107

A member of the Western Bloc during the Cold War, Australia participated in the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency during the 1950s and the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1973.108109 Tensions over communist influence in society led to unsuccessful attempts by the Menzies Government to ban the Communist Party of Australia, and a bitter split in the Labor Party in 1955.110

As a result of a 1967 referendum, the federal government gained the power to legislate with regard to Aboriginal Australians, and Aboriginal Australians were fully included in the census.111 Pre-colonial land interests (referred to as native title in Australia) was recognised in law for the first time when the High Court of Australia held in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) that Australia was not terra nullius ('land belonging to no one') at the time of European settlement.112113114

Following the abolition of the last vestiges of the White Australia policy in 1973,115 Australia's demography and culture transformed as a result of a large and ongoing wave of non-European immigration, mostly from Asia.116 The late 20th century also saw an increasing focus on foreign policy ties with other Asia–Pacific nations.117 The Australia Acts of 1986 severed the remaining constitutional ties between Australia and the United Kingdom while maintaining the monarch in her independent capacity as Queen of Australia.118119 In a 1999 constitutional referendum, 55% of voters rejected abolishing the monarchy and becoming a republic.120

Following the September 11 attacks on the United States, Australia joined the United States in fighting the Afghanistan War from 2001 to 2021 and the Iraq War from 2003 to 2009.121 The nation's trade relations also became increasingly oriented towards East Asia in the 21st century, with China becoming the nation's largest trading partner by a large margin.122

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, from March 2020 lockdowns and other restrictions on public gatherings and movement across the national and state borders were implemented by the Federal, state and territory governments. Following the rollout of vaccines in 2021, these restrictions were gradually eased. In October 2023, Australia declared that COVID-19 was no longer a communicable disease incident of national significance.123

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Australia and Environment of Australia

See also: Environmental issues in Australia

General characteristics

Australia consists of the mainland Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, numerous smaller offshore islands, and the remote offshore territories of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard and McDonald Islands, and Norfolk Island.124 Australia also claims about 42% of Antarctica as the Australian Antarctic Territory, but this claim is only recognised by four other countries.125

Mainland Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44° south, and longitudes 112° and 154° east.126 Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for more than 2,300 km (1,400 mi).127

The mainland is the world's smallest continent and the country is the sixth-largest by total area.128 Australia is sometimes considered the world's largest island129 and is often dubbed the "island continent".130 It has 35,877 km (22,293 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands),131 and claims an exclusive economic zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory.132

Most of Australia is arid or semi-arid.133 In 2021 Australia had 10% of the global permanent meadows and pastureland.134 Forest cover is around 17% of Australia's land area.135136 The Australian mainland is relatively flat, with an average height of 325 metres (1,066 ft) compared with 870 metres (2,850 ft) for all continents.137 The Great Dividing Range runs along most of eastern Australia, dividing the central lowlands from the eastern highlands.138 At 2,228 m (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain on the mainland. Taller are Mawson Peak, at 2,745 m (9,006 ft), on Heard Island, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies, at 3,492 m (11,457 ft) and 3,355 m (11,007 ft) respectively.139

The Murray-Darling is the major river system, draining most of inland New South Wales and Southern Queensland towards Lake Alexandrina and the sea in South Australia. There are also smaller coastal river systems, inland drainage systems such as the Lake Eyre system, and salt lake systems in central and western Australia.140 Australia's rivers have the lowest discharge into the sea of any continent. The mainland's flat, arid profile also makes its rivers slow-moving, resulting in a build up of salt on the land.141 Salinisation adversely affects Australia's soil which is, on average, poor in nutrients compared with world standards.142

Australia's population is concentrated on the coastal fringes. About 95% of the population lives within 100 km of the coast; the world average is 39%.143 Australia's population density is 3.5 inhabitants per square kilometre,144 which is one of the lowest in the world.145 However, there is a large concentration of the population in cities along the temperate south-eastern coastline, and population density exceeds 38 inhabitants per square kilometre in central Melbourne.146

Geology

Main article: Geology of Australia

Formerly part of the Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinents,147 Australia completely separated from Antarctica about 35 million years ago and continued drifting northwards.148 When the last glacial period ended, rising sea levels separated the Australian mainland from New Guinea about 8,000 years ago and from Tasmania about 6,000 years ago.149

Australia lies well within the Australian tectonic plate. The mainland is relatively stable geologically, with no major mountain building, active volcanoes or tectonic faults.150 However, the Australian plate is moving north-northeast at a rate of about 6 to 7 cm a year and is currently in collision with the Eurasian plate and Pacific plate.151 The resulting intratectonic stresses lead to relatively high seismic activity for a geologically stable landmass. There were 18 earthquakes with a moment magnitude of greater than 6 between 1901 and 2017.152 The Newcastle earthquake of 1989 was Australia's deadliest, killing 13 people.153 There were active volcanoes on the eastern mainland as recently as 4,600 years ago,154 and this is reflected in Aboriginal place names and creation stories.155 Currently volcanism occurs in the remote Heard Island and McDonald Islands.156

The Australian continental crust was created in three cycles from the oldest Archaean cratons in the west to the younger orogenic formations in the east (built about 541 million to 252 million years ago).157158 The oldest Australian surface rocks date to the Archaean period. Some in Western Australia are older than 3.7 billion years and others in South Australia are over 3.1 billion years old. The oldest zircon crystals on Earth, dating back 4.4 billion years, have been found in Western Australia. However, about 80 per cent of Australia is covered by sedimentary rocks and regolith that are less than 250 million years old.159

Climate

Main article: Climate of Australia

The Australian climate ranges from wet tropical in the northeast and northwest to arid in the centre. The coastal south is temperate and humid with winter freezing and snow in the southeastern highlands and Tasmania. The climate is influenced by Australia's position in the "horse latitudes" which tends to bring arid conditions.160 Overall, the Australian mainland is the driest inhabited continent, with an average annual rainfall of 470 millimetres (19 in).161 About 70% of the country is arid or semi-arid,162 and about 18% is desert.163

The climate is also influenced by various systems such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Southern Annular Mode.164 Australia has unusual variability in rainfall within years and between years, leading to frequent droughts and flooding. Cyclones and rain depressions are common in tropical Australia. The summer monsoon brings significant rainfall to northern Australia and low pressure cells bring winter rainfall in the south. The hottest regions are in the northwest of the country and the coolest in the southeast. Bushfire conditions are common in southern Australia.165

Climate change from increased greenhouse gas emissions has led to a 1.5 °C rise in Australian temperatures since 1910 and an increase in extreme heat and heavy rainfall events. There has been a reduction in rainfall from April to October in southern Australia since 1970 and a longer bushfire season since the 1950s. Rainfall has increased in northern Australia since the 1970s. The number of tropical cyclones have fallen since 1982 and alpine snow has decreased since the late 1950s. Sea levels are rising around Australia and the surrounding oceans are becoming more acidic.166

Biodiversity

See also: Fauna of Australia, Flora of Australia, and Fungi of Australia

Australia is one of 17 megadiverse countries.167 Because of its long geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique.168 About 94% of its amphibians, 93% of its reptiles and flowering plants, 69% of its mammals and 46% of its birds are endemic.169 Australia has a wide range of ecosystems of which 89 regions and 419 subregions are recognised in the Australian bioregion framework.170171

In January 2025 there were 168,386 named species on the Australian National Species List.172 However, it is estimated that 70% of Australian species have not been discovered and classified and that there may be 600,000 Australian native species. In general, knowledge of vertebrates and flowering plants is better than for invertebrates and fungi. It is estimated that less that 10% of Australia's fungi and insects have been named.173

About 10% of the world's known plant species are found in Australia.174 Many of these have adapted to the arid climate, variable rainfall and nutrient-poor soil. Deserts and xeric shrubland cover about 70% of the mainland. Acacia, banksia and eucalypts have spread over much of Australia. Many plants have hard and long-living leaves, and are rich in carbon, poor in nutrients, and well adapted to bushfires.175

About two-thirds of the world's 330 species of marsupials are native to Australia.176 Australian placental mammals (overwhelmingly bats, rats and mice) also make up almost 47% of the world's land mammal species.177 Australia has about 10% of the world's known reptile species.178 There are also about 320,500 invertebrate species, of which insects are the largest class, accounting for more than 75% of all animal species.179 Australia has over 15,000 known species of fungi although it is possible that tens of thousands more exist.180

Australia's wildlife show many adaptations to their environments. As the leaves of most plants are poor in nutrients, Australia has a high proportion of birds, insects and marsupials, such as the honey possum, that feed on nectar and pollen. The koala is an exception, specialising in feeding on eucalyptus leaves.181182 Nutritionally poor flora and variable rainfall also favour animals with lower energy requirements, including snakes, lizards, and hopping marsupials such as the kangaroo and wallaby. There is, however, evidence of convergent evolution of Australia's marsupials and the placental mammals of other continents living in similar environments. For example, the extinct thylacine (Tasmanian tiger) had similarities with the placental wolf, marsupial moles with the golden moles of Africa, and hopping mice with the hopping rodents of other arid regions.183

There were major extinctions of Australia's vertebrates, including its megafauna, around 46 thousand years ago, and there is an ongoing scientific debate over the role of human activity and climate change in these extinctions. The contraction of the range of the Tasmanian tiger and Tasmanian devil to that island around 4,000 to 5,000 years ago is also consistent with changes on the mainland including an increasing human population, the introduction of the dingo, and the greater use of fire and new stone tool technologies.184185

Over the past two centuries, Australia has lost more mammal species than any other continent. Overall, 100 Australian species are listed as extinct or extinct in the wild. In June 2021, over 1,000 animal and plant species were listed by Australian governments as endangered or critically endangered.186 The major threats to endangered species are landscape change, ecosystem disruption, introduced species such as the feral cat and red fox, and climate change.187

The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.188 The National Reserve System is Australia's network of protected areas. As at 30 June 2022, it covered over 22% of Australia's land mass.189 Australia's Strategy for Nature 2024–2030 is the national biodiversity plan that aims to reverse biodiversity loss in Australia by 2030 and meet the county's obligations under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and other international agreements.190191

Government and politics

Main articles: Australian Government, Politics of Australia, and Monarchy of Australia

Australia is a constitutional monarchy, a parliamentary democracy and a federation.192 The country has maintained its mostly unchanged constitution alongside a stable liberal democratic political system since Federation in 1901. It is one of the world's oldest federations, in which power is divided between the federal and state governments. The Australian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United Kingdom (a fused executive, constitutional monarchy and strong party discipline) and the United States (federalism, a written constitution and strong bicameralism with a Senate in which states have equal representation), resulting in a distinct hybrid.193194

Federal government power is partially separated between three groups:195

Following elections on 3 May 2025, the prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party.197 Charles III reigns as King of Australia and is represented in Australia by the governor-general at the federal level and by the governors at the state level, who by section 63 of the Constitution and convention act on the advice of their ministers.198199 Thus, in practice the governor-general acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the prime minister and the Cabinet. The governor-general may in some situations exercise reserve powers: powers exercisable in the absence or contrary to ministerial advice. When these powers may be exercised is governed by convention and their precise scope is unclear. The most notable exercise of these powers was the dismissal of the Whitlam government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.200

In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).201 The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 150 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population, with each of the current states guaranteed a minimum of five seats.202 The lower house has a maximum term of three years, but this is not fixed and governments usually dissolve the house early for an election at some point in the 6 months before the maximum.203 Elections for both chambers are generally held simultaneously with senators having overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house. Thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.204

Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for the House of Representatives and all state and territory lower house elections (with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which use the Hare-Clark system). The Senate and most state upper houses use the proportional system which combines preferential voting with proportional representation for each state. Voting and enrolment is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and older in every jurisdiction.205206207 The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes prime minister. The governor-general appoints the prime minister and may dismiss one who has lost the confidence of parliament or acts illegally.208 As Australia is a Westminster parliamentary democracy with a powerful and elected upper house, its system has sometimes been called a "Washminster mutation",209 or semi-parliamentary.210

There are two major political groups that have usually formed government federally: the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition which is a grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National Party.211212 At the state level of government, the relationship between the Nationals and the Liberal Party differs, with the parties merged in Queensland and the Northern Territory (federal parliamentarians, however, sit in either the Liberal or National party room); in coalition in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia; and in competition with the Liberals in South Australia and Tasmania.213 Within Australian political culture, the Labor Party is considered centre-left and the Coalition is considered centre-right.214 Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses. The Australian Greens are the third largest party by both vote and membership and the fourth largest by parliamentary representation.215216

States and territories

Main article: States and territories of Australia

Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (Vic), Queensland (Qld), Western Australia (WA), South Australia (SA) and Tasmania (Tas)—and two mainland self-governing territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).217

The states have the general power to make laws except in the few areas where the constitution grants the Commonwealth (the federal level of government) exclusive powers.218219 The Commonwealth can only make laws on topics listed in the constitution but its laws prevail over those of the states to the extent of any inconsistency.220221 Since Federation, the Commonwealth's power relative to the states has significantly increased due to the increasingly wide interpretation given to listed Commonwealth powers – and because of the states' heavy financial reliance on Commonwealth grants.222223

Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament—unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the premier and in each territory the chief minister. The King is represented in each state by a governor. At the Commonwealth level, the King's representative is the governor-general.224

The Commonwealth government directly administers the internal Jervis Bay Territory and the external territories: the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, the Heard Island and McDonald Islands, the Indian Ocean territories (Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Norfolk Island,225 and the Australian Antarctic Territory.226227228 The remote Macquarie Island and Lord Howe Island are part of Tasmania and New South Wales respectively.229230

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Australia

Australia is a middle power,231 whose foreign relations has three core bi-partisan pillars: commitment to the US alliance, engagement with the Indo-Pacific and support for international institutions, rules and co-operation.232233234 Through the ANZUS pact and its status as a major non-NATO ally, Australia maintains a close relationship with the US, which encompasses strong defence, security and trade ties.235236 In the Indo-Pacific, the country seeks to increase its trade ties through the open flow of trade and capital, while managing the rise of Chinese power by supporting the existing rules based order.237 Regionally, the country is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community, the ASEAN+6 mechanism and the East Asia Summit. Internationally, the country is a member of the United Nations (of which it was a founding member), the Commonwealth of Nations, the OECD and the G20. This reflects the country's generally strong commitment to multilateralism.238239

Australia is a member of several defence, intelligence and security groupings including the Five Eyes intelligence alliance with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand; the ANZUS alliance with the United States and New Zealand; the AUKUS security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the United States, India and Japan; the Five Power Defence Arrangements with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore; and the Reciprocal Access defence and security agreement with Japan.240241242

Australia has pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation.243 It led the formation of the Cairns Group and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,244245 and is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).246247 Beginning in the 2000s, Australia entered into the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership multilateral free trade agreements as well as bilateral free trade agreements with the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand, with the most recent deal signed in 2023 with the UK.248

Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and free trade under the Closer Economic Relations agreement.249 The most favourably viewed countries by the Australian people in 2021 include New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States and South Korea.250 It also maintains an international aid program under which some 75 countries receive assistance.251 Australia ranked fourth in the Center for Global Development's 2021 Commitment to Development Index.252

The power over foreign policy is highly concentrated in the prime minister and the national security committee, with major decision such as joining the 2003 invasion of Iraq made with without prior Cabinet approval.253254 Similarly, the Parliament does not play a formal role in foreign policy and the power to declare war lies solely with the executive government.255 The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade supports the executive in its policy decisions.256

Military

Main article: Australian Defence Force

The two main institutions involved in the management of Australia's armed forces are the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the Department of Defence, together known as "Defence".257 The Australian Defence Force is the military wing, headed by the chief of the defence force, and contains three branches: the Royal Australian Navy, the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force. In 2021, it had 84,865 currently serving personnel (including 60,286 regulars and 24,581 reservists).258 The Department of Defence is the civilian wing and is headed by the secretary of defence. These two leaders collective manage Defence as a diarchy, with shared and joint responsibilities.259 The titular role of commander-in-chief is held by the governor-general; however, actual command is vested in the chief of the Defence Force.260 The executive branch of the Commonwealth government has overall control of the military through the minister of defence, who is subject to the decisions of Cabinet and its National Security Committee.261 Major Australian intelligence agencies include the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (foreign intelligence), the Australian Signals Directorate (signals intelligence) and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (domestic security).

In 2022, defence spending was 1.9% of GDP, representing the world's 13th-largest defence budget.262 In 2024, the ADF had active operations in the Middle East and the Indo-Pacific (including security and aid provisions); was contributing to UN forces in relation to South Sudan, Syria–Israel peacekeeping, and North Korea; and domestically was assisting in preventing asylum-seekers from entering the country and assisting in natural disaster relief.263

Human rights

See also: Human rights in Australia

Australia has generally strong protections for civil and political rights, and the country has signed up to a wide range of international rights treaties.264 Important documents protecting human rights include the Constitution, the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, and the Age Discrimination Act 2004.265 Same-sex marriage has been legal in the nation since 2017.266267 Unlike other comparable Western democracies, Australia does not have a single federal charter of rights in the Constitution or under legislation; however, the ACT, Victoria, and Queensland have state-based ones.268

International organisations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have expressed concerns in areas including asylum-seeker policy, Indigenous deaths in custody, the lack of entrenched rights protection, and laws restricting protesting.269270

Economy

Main article: Economy of Australia

Further information: Economic history of Australia and Tourism in Australia

Australia's highly developed271 mixed-market economy is rich in natural resources.272 It is the world's fourteenth-largest by nominal terms, and the 18th-largest by PPP. As of 2021, Australia has the second-highest amount of wealth per adult, after Luxembourg,273 and the thirteenth-highest financial assets per capita,274 as well as one of the highest per capita incomes globally.275 It has a labour force of some 13.5 million, with an unemployment rate of 3.5% as of June 2022.276 According to the Australian Council of Social Service, the poverty rate of Australia exceeds 13.6% of the population, encompassing over 3.2 million.277 It also estimated that there were 774,000 (17.7%) children under the age of 15 living in relative poverty.278 The Australian dollar is the national currency, which is also used by three island states in the Pacific: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.279

Australian government debt, about $963 billion in June 2022, exceeds 45.1% of the country's total GDP, and is the world's eighth-highest.280 Australia had the second-highest level of household debt in the world in 2020, after Switzerland.281 Its house prices are among the highest in the world, especially in the large urban areas.282 The large service sector accounts for about 71.2% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (25.3%), while its agriculture sector makes up 3.6% of total GDP.283 Australia is the world's 21st-largest exporter284 and 24th-largest importer.285 China is Australia's largest trading partner, accounting for roughly 40% of the country's exports and 17.6% of its imports.286 Other major export markets include Japan, the United States, and South Korea.287

Australia has high levels of competitiveness and economic freedom, and was ranked tenth in the Human Development Index in 2022.288 As of 2022, it is ranked twelfth in the Index of Economic Freedom289 and nineteenth in the Global Competitiveness Report.290 It attracted 9.5 million international tourists in 2019,291 and was ranked thirteenth among the countries of Asia-Pacific in 2019 for inbound tourism.292 The 2021 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Australia seventh-highest in the world out of 117 countries.293 Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $45.7 billion.294

Energy

Main articles: Energy policy of Australia and Renewable energy in Australia

In 2021–22, Australia's generation of electricity was sourced from black coal (37.2%), brown coal (12%), natural gas (18.8%), hydro (6.5%), wind (11.1%), solar (13.3%), bio-energy (1.2%) and others (1.7%).295296 Total consumption of energy in this period was sourced from coal (28.4%), oil (37.3%), gas (27.4%) and renewables (7%).297 From 2012 to 2022, the energy sourced from renewables has increased 5.7%, while energy sourced from coal has decreased 2.6%. The use of gas also increased by 1.5% and the use of oil stayed relatively stable with a reduction of only 0.2%.298

In 2020, Australia produced 27.7% of its electricity from renewable sources,299 exceeding the target set by the Commonwealth government in 2009 of 20% renewable energy by 2020.300 A new target of 82% per cent renewable energy by 2030 was set in 2022301 and a target for net zero emissions by 2050 was set in 2021.302

Science and technology

In 2019, Australia spent $35.6 billion on research and development, allocating about 1.79% of GDP.303 A 2022 study by Accenture for the Tech Council shows that the Australian tech sector combined contributes $167 billion a year to the economy and employs 861,000 people.304 In addition, recent startup ecosystems in Sydney and Melbourne are valued at $34 billion combined.305 Australia ranked 23rd in the Global Innovation Index 2024.306

With only 0.3% of the world's population, Australia contributed over 4% of the world's published research in 2020,307 making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world.308 CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities.309 Its most notable contributions include the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy,310 the essential components of Wi-Fi technology,311 and the development of the first commercially successful polymer banknote.312 As of 2024, 13 Australian scientists have been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry or medicine,313 and two have been awarded the Fields Medal.314

Australia is a key player in supporting space exploration. Facilities such as the Square Kilometre Array and Australia Telescope Compact Array radio telescopes, telescopes such as the Siding Spring Observatory, and ground stations such as the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex are of great assistance in deep space exploration missions, primarily by NASA.315

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Australia

Australia has a population density of 3.4 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is heavily concentrated on the east coast, and in particular in the south-eastern region between South East Queensland to the north-east and Adelaide to the south-west.316

Australia is also highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018.317 Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.318

In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2021, the average age of the population was 39 years.319

Cities

Main articles: List of cities in Australia by population and List of cities in Australia

Australia has five cities (including their suburbs) that have populations larger than one million people. The majority of Australia's population lives near coastlines.320

 
  • v
  • t
  • e
Largest populated areas in Australia2023 data from Australian Bureau of Statistics321
RankNameState Pop.RankNameState Pop.
1SydneyNSW5,450,49611GeelongVic302,046
2MelbourneVic5,207,14512HobartTas253,654
3BrisbaneQld2,706,96613TownsvilleQld186,734
4PerthWA2,309,33814CairnsQld160,933
5AdelaideSA1,446,38015DarwinNT150,736
6Gold Coast–Tweed HeadsQld/NSW735,21316ToowoombaQld149,817
7Newcastle–MaitlandNSW526,51517BallaratVic116,390
8Canberra–QueanbeyanACT/NSW503,40218BendigoVic104,883
9Sunshine CoastQld407,85919Albury-WodongaNSW/Vic100,095
10WollongongNSW313,74520LauncestonTas93,364

Ancestry and immigration

Main article: Immigration to Australia

Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. Following Federation in 1901, the white Australia policy was strengthened, restricting further migration from these areas. However, this policy was relaxed following WW2, and in the decades following, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. All overt racial discrimination ended in 1973, with multiculturalism becoming official policy.322 Subsequently, there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.323

Today, Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, the highest proportion among major Western nations.324325 In 2022–23, 212,789 permanent migrants were admitted to Australia, with a net migration population gain of 518,000 people inclusive of non-permanent residents.326327 Most entered on skilled visas,328 however the immigration program also offers visas for family members and refugees.329

The Australian Bureau of Statistics asks each Australian resident to nominate up to two ancestries each census and the responses are classified into broad ancestry groups.330331 At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestry groups as a proportion of the total population were:332 57.2% European (including 46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European), 33.8% Oceanian,333 17.4% Asian (including 6.5% Southern and Central Asian, 6.4% North-East Asian, and 4.5% South-East Asian), 3.2% North African and Middle Eastern, 1.4% Peoples of the Americas, and 1.3% Sub-Saharan African. At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:334335

At the 2021 census, 3.8% of the Australian population identified as being Indigenous—Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.338339

Language

Main article: Languages of Australia

Although English is not the official language of Australia in law, it is the de facto official and national language.340341 Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon,342 and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.343 General Australian serves as the standard dialect.344 The Australian sign language known as Auslan was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census.345

At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home were Mandarin (2.7%), Arabic (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.3%), Cantonese (1.2%) and Punjabi (0.9%).346

More than 250 Australian Aboriginal languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact.347 The National Indigenous Languages Survey (NILS) for 2018–19 found that more than 120 Indigenous language varieties were in use or being revived, although 70 of those in use were endangered.348 The 2021 census found that 167 Indigenous languages were spoken at home by 76,978 Indigenous Australians — Yumplatok (Torres Strait Creole), Djambarrpuyngu (a Yolŋu language) and Pitjantjatjara (a Western Desert language) were among the most widely spoken.349 NILS and the Australian Bureau of Statistics use different classifications for Indigenous Australian languages.350

Religion

Main article: Religion in Australia

Australia has no state religion; section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits federal legislation that would establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion.351 However, the states still retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.352

At the 2021 census, 38.9% of the population identified as having no religion,353 up from 15.5% in 2001.354 The largest religion is Christianity (43.9% of the population).355 The largest Christian denominations are the Catholic Church (20% of the population) and the Anglican Church of Australia (9.8%). Non-British immigration since the Second World War has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%), Hinduism (2.7%), Buddhism (2.4%), Sikhism (0.8%), and Judaism (0.4%).356357

In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions.358 In Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.359

Health

See also: Health care in Australia

Australia's life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females)360 is the fifth-highest in the world. It has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world,361 while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7.6%, with obesity third at 7.5%.362363 Australia ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its proportion of obese women364 and near the top of developed nations for its proportion of obese adults;365 63% of its adult population is either overweight or obese.366

Australia spent around 9.91% of its total GDP to health care in 2021.367 It introduced a national insurance scheme in 1975.368 Following a period in which access to the scheme was restricted, the scheme became universal once more in 1981 under the name of Medicare.369 The program is nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy, currently at 2%.370 The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (subsidising the costs of medicines) and general practice.371

Education

Main article: Education in Australia

School attendance, or registration for home schooling,372 is compulsory throughout Australia. Education is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories; however, the Commonwealth has significant influence through funding agreements.373 Since 2014, a national curriculum developed by the Commonwealth has been implemented by the states and territories.374 Attendance rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about 16.375376 In some states (Western Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales), children aged 16–17 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an apprenticeship.377378379380 According to the 2022 PISA evaluations, Australian 15-year-olds ranked ninth in the OECD for reading and science and tenth for maths. However, less than 60% of Australian students achieved the National Proficiency Standard – 51% in maths, 58% in science and 57% in reading.381382

Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003.383 However, a 2011–2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics found that 44% of the population does not have high literary and numeracy competence levels, interpreted by others as suggesting that they do not have the "skills needed for everyday life".384385386

Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level.387 The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university.388 There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as TAFE, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.389 About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications390 and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. 30.9% of Australia's population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world.391392393

Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.394395 Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26.7% of the student bodies of Australian universities. International education therefore represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas.396 Education is Australia's third-largest export, after iron ore and coal, and contributed more than $28 billion to the economy in the 2016–17 financial year.397398

Culture

Main article: Culture of Australia

Contemporary Australian culture is diverse399 and reflects the country's Indigenous traditions, Anglo-Celtic heritage, and post-1945 history of multicultural immigration.400401 The culture of the United States has also been influential.402 The evolution of Australian culture since British colonisation has given rise to distinctive cultural traits.403404

Many Australians identify egalitarianism, mateship, irreverence and a lack of formality as part of their national identity.405406407 These find expression in Australian slang, as well as Australian humour, which is often characterised as dry, irreverent and ironic.408409 New citizens and visa holders are required to commit to "Australian values", which are identified by the Department of Home Affairs as including: a respect for the freedom of the individual; recognition of the rule of law; opposition to racial, gender and religious discrimination; and an understanding of the "fair go", which is said to encompass the equality of opportunity for all and compassion for those in need.410 What these values mean, and whether or not Australians uphold them, has been debated since before Federation.411412413414

Arts

Main articles: Australian art, Australian literature, Theatre of Australia, Dance in Australia, and Music of Australia

Australia has more than 100,000 Aboriginal rock art sites,415 and traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse contemporary Indigenous Australian art, "the last great art movement of the 20th century" according to critic Robert Hughes;416 its exponents include Emily Kame Kngwarreye.417 Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land.418 The impressionistic works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and other members of the 19th-century Heidelberg School—the first "distinctively Australian" movement in Western art—gave expression to nationalist sentiments in the lead-up to Federation.419 While the school remained influential into the 1900s, modernists such as Margaret Preston and Clarice Beckett, and, later, Sidney Nolan, explored new artistic trends.420 The landscape remained central to the work of Aboriginal watercolourist Albert Namatjira,421 as well as Fred Williams, Brett Whiteley and other post-war artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the figurative and the abstract.422423

Australian literature grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous oral traditions, many of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older.424 In the 19th century, Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson captured the experience of the bush using a distinctive Australian vocabulary.425 Their works are still popular; Paterson's bush poem "Waltzing Matilda" (1895) is regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem.426 Miles Franklin is the namesake of Australia's most prestigious literary prize, awarded annually to the best novel about Australian life.427 Its first recipient, Patrick White, went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973.428 Australian Booker Prize winners include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan.429 Australian public intellectuals have also written seminal works in their respective fields, including feminist Germaine Greer and philosopher Peter Singer.430

In the performing arts, Aboriginal peoples have traditions of religious and secular song, dance and rhythmic music often performed in corroborees.431 At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers,432 and later popular music acts such as the Bee Gees, AC/DC, INXS and Kylie Minogue achieved international recognition.433 Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the Australian government's Australia Council.434 There is a symphony orchestra in each state,435 and a national opera company, Opera Australia,436 well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.437 Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.438

Media

Main articles: Cinema of Australia, Television in Australia, and Media of Australia

The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era.439 After World War I, Hollywood monopolised the industry,440 and by the 1960s Australian film production had effectively ceased.441 With the benefit of government support, the Australian New Wave of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films, many exploring themes of national identity, such as Picnic at Hanging Rock, Wake in Fright and Gallipoli,442 while Crocodile Dundee and the Ozploitation movement's Mad Max series became international blockbusters.443 In a film market flooded with foreign content, Australian films delivered a 7.7% share of the local box office in 2015.444 The AACTAs are Australia's premier film and television awards, and notable Academy Award winners from Australia include Geoffrey Rush, Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger.445

Australia has two public broadcasters (the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services,446 and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper,447 and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.448 In 2024, Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 39th on a list of 180 countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (19th) and the United Kingdom (23rd), but ahead of the United States (55th).449 This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;450 most print media are under the control of News Corp Australia (59%) and Nine Entertainment (23%).451

Cuisine

Main article: Australian cuisine

Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker.452 It has increased in popularity among non-Indigenous Australians since the 1970s, with examples such as lemon myrtle, the macadamia nut and kangaroo meat now widely available.453454

The first colonists introduced British and Irish cuisine to the continent.455456 This influence is seen in dishes such as fish and chips, and in the Australian meat pie, which is related to the British steak pie. Also during the colonial period, Chinese migrants paved the way for a distinctive Australian Chinese cuisine.457

Post-war migrants transformed Australian cuisine, bringing with them their culinary traditions and contributing to new fusion dishes.458 Italians introduced espresso coffee and, along with Greeks, helped develop Australia's café culture, of which the flat white and avocado toast are now considered Australian staples.459460 Pavlovas, lamingtons, Vegemite and Anzac biscuits are also often called iconic Australian foods.461

Australia is a leading exporter and consumer of wine.462 Australian wine is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country.463 The nation also ranks highly in beer consumption,464 with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries.

Sport and recreation

Main article: Sport in Australia

The most popular sports in Australia by adult participation are: swimming, athletics, cycling, soccer, golf, tennis, basketball, surfing, netball and cricket.465

Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every Summer Olympics of the modern era,466 and has hosted the Games twice: 1956 in Melbourne and 2000 in Sydney.467 It is also set to host the 2032 Games in Brisbane.468 Australia has also participated in every Commonwealth Games,469 hosting the event in 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 and 2018.470

The Australian national cricket team competed against England in the first Test match (1877) and the first One Day International (1971), and against New Zealand in the first Twenty20 International (2004), winning all three games.471 It has also won the men's Cricket World Cup a record six times.472

Australia has professional leagues for four football codes, whose relative popularity is divided geographically.473 Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, Australian rules football attracts the most television viewers in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union.474 Soccer, while ranked fourth in television viewers and resources, has the highest overall participation rates.475

The surf lifesaving movement originated in Australia in the early 20th century, following the relaxation of laws prohibiting daylight bathing on Australian beaches. The volunteer lifesaver is one of the country's icons.476477

See also

  • Australia portal
  • Oceania portal
  • Countries portal

Notes

Bibliography

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  • Coman, Brian J. (2007). A Loose Canon: Essays on History, Modernity and Tradition. Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9802-9362-3.
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  • Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1070-1153-3.
  • Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; Macintyre, Stuart (1998). The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1955-3597-6.
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  • Flood, Josephine (2019). Original Australians (2 ed.). Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-76052-707-5.
  • Garton, Stephen; Stanley, David (2013). "The Great War and its aftermath, 1914-22". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2: The Commonwealth of Australia. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107011540.
  • Henderson, Robert; Johnson, David (2016). Geology of Australia (3rd ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107432413.
  • Jupp, James (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5218-0789-0.
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Further reading

Further information: Bibliography of Australian history

  • Blainey, Geoffrey (2015). The Story of Australia's People, Volume 1: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic. ISBN 978-0-6700-7871-4
  • Denoon, Donald, et al. (2000). A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-17962-7.
  • Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds.) (2011). The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5218-8857-8.
  • Hughes, Robert (1986). The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-50668-5.
  • Johnson, Louise C.; Luckins, Tanja; Walker, David (2022). The Story of Australia: A New History of People and Place. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781760297084.
  • Milne, John (1886). Colonial facts and fictions: Humorous sketches. United Kingdom: Chatto and Windus.
  • Kemp, David (2018). The Land of Dreams: How Australians Won Their Freedom, 1788–1860. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-5228-7334-4. OCLC 1088319758.
  • Powell, J.M. (1988). An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-25619-3
  • Robinson, G.M., Loughran, R.J., and Tranter, P.J. (2000). Australia and New Zealand: Economy, Society and Environment. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-340-72033-2 paperback, ISBN 978-0-340-72032-5 hardback.

Government

Travel

25°S 133°E / 25°S 133°E / -25; 133

References

  1. 42% of the Antarctic continent is also claimed by the country; however this is only recognised by the UK, France, New Zealand and Norway.[16] /wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory ↩

  2. "The Australian continent". australia.gov.au. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20200313202829/https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/the-australian-continent ↩

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