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Chrysler Building
Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Chrysler Building is a 1,046-foot-tall Art Deco skyscraper in Manhattan's East Midtown neighborhood, located at 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue. Completed in 1930, it was the world's first supertall skyscraper and held the title of tallest building globally for 11 months. Commissioned by Walter Chrysler as a real estate investment, it was not the corporation’s headquarters. The design, initially met with mixed reviews, is now celebrated as an iconic example of Art Deco architecture, earning landmark status including New York City designated landmark and listing on the National Register of Historic Places. As of 2019, it ranks as the 12th-tallest building in New York City.

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Site

The Chrysler Building is on the eastern side of Lexington Avenue between 42nd and 43rd streets in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, United States.2 The land was donated to The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in 1902.34 The site is roughly a trapezoid with a 201-foot-long (61 m) frontage on Lexington Avenue; a 167-foot-long (51 m) frontage on 42nd Street; and a 205-foot-long (62 m) frontage on 43rd Street.5 The site bordered the old Boston Post Road,67 which predated, and ran aslant of, the Manhattan street grid established by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. As a result, the east side of the building's base is similarly aslant.8 The building is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10174. It is one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that have their own ZIP Codes, as of 2019.9

The Grand Hyatt New York hotel and the Graybar Building are across Lexington Avenue, while the Socony–Mobil Building is across 42nd Street. In addition, the Chanin Building is to the southwest, diagonally across Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street.10

Architecture

The Chrysler Building was designed by William Van Alen in the Art Deco style and is named after one of its original tenants, automotive executive Walter Chrysler.1112 With a height of 1,046 feet (319 m), the Chrysler is the 12th-tallest building in the city as of 2019, tied with The New York Times Building.13 The building is constructed of a steel frame infilled with masonry, with areas of decorative metal cladding. The structure contains 3,862 exterior windows.14 Approximately fifty metal ornaments protrude at the building's corners on five floors reminiscent of gargoyles on Gothic cathedrals.15 The 31st-floor contains gargoyles16 as well as replicas of the 1929 Chrysler radiator caps,1718 and the 61st-floor is adorned with eagles19 as a nod to America's national bird.20

The design of the Chrysler Building makes extensive use of bright "Nirosta"2122 stainless steel, an austenitic alloy developed in Germany by Krupp.23242526 It was the first use of this "18–8 stainless steel" in an American project,27 composed of 18% chromium and 8% nickel.28 Nirosta was used in the exterior ornaments, the window frames, the crown, and the needle.29 The steel was an integral part of Van Alen's design, as E.E. Thum explains: "The use of permanently bright metal was of greatest aid in the carrying of rising lines and the diminishing circular forms in the roof treatment, so as to accentuate the gradual upward swing until it literally dissolves into the sky...."3031 Stainless steel producers used the Chrysler Building to evaluate the durability of the product in architecture. In 1929, the American Society for Testing Materials created an inspection committee to study its performance, which regarded the Chrysler Building as the best location to do so; a subcommittee examined the building's panels every five years until 1960, when the inspections were canceled because the panels had shown minimal deterioration.32

Form

The Chrysler Building's height and legally mandated setbacks influenced Van Alen in his design.33 The walls of the lowermost sixteen floors rise directly from the sidewalk property lines, except for a recess on one side that gives the building a U-shaped floor plan above the fourth floor.3435 There are setbacks on floors 16, 18, 23, 28, and 31, making the building compliant with the 1916 Zoning Resolution. This gives the building the appearance of a ziggurat on one side and a U-shaped palazzo on the other.36 Above the 31st floor, there are no more setbacks until the 60th floor, above which the structure is funneled into a Maltese cross shape37 that "blends the square shaft to the finial", according to author and photographer Cervin Robinson.38

The floor plans of the first sixteen floors were made as large as possible to optimize the amount of rental space nearest ground level, which was seen as most desirable. The U-shaped cut above the fourth floor served as a shaft for air flow and illumination. The area between floors 28 and 31 added "visual interest to the middle of the building, preventing it from being dominated by the heavy detail of the lower floors and the eye-catching design of the finial. They provide a base to the column of the tower, effecting a transition between the blocky lower stories and the lofty shaft."39

Facade

Base and shaft

The ground floor exterior is covered in polished black granite from Shastone, while the three floors above it are clad in white marble from Georgia. There are two main entrances, on Lexington Avenue and on 42nd Street, each three floors high with Shastone granite surrounding each proscenium-shaped entryway. At some distance into each main entryway, there are revolving doors "beneath intricately patterned metal and glass screens", designed so as to embody the Art Deco tenet of amplifying the entrance's visual impact. A smaller side entrance on 43rd Street is one story high.404142 There are storefronts consisting of large Nirosta-steel-framed windows at ground level.4344 Office windows penetrate the second through fourth floors.45

The west and east elevations contain the air shafts above the fourth floor, while the north and south sides contain the receding setbacks.46 Below the 16th floor, the facade is clad with white brick, interrupted by white-marble bands in a manner similar to basket weaving.4748 The inner faces of the brick walls are coated with a waterproof grout mixture measuring about 1⁄16 inch (1.6 mm) thick.49 The windows, arranged in grids, do not have window sills, the frames being flush with the facade.50 Between the 16th and 24th floors, the exterior exhibits vertical white brick columns that are separated by windows on each floor. This visual effect is made possible by the presence of aluminum spandrels between the columns of windows on each floor. There are abstract reliefs on the 20th through 22nd-floor spandrels, while the 24th floor contains 9-foot (2.7 m) decorative pineapples.51

Above the third setback, consisting of the 24th through 27th floors, the facade contains horizontal bands and zigzagged gray-and-black brick motifs. The section above the fourth setback, between the 27th and 31st floors, serves as a podium for the main shaft of the building.5253 There are Nirosta-steel decorations above the setbacks.5455 At each corner of the 31st floor, large car-hood ornaments were installed to make the base look larger. These corner extensions help counter a common optical illusion seen in tall buildings with horizontal bands, whose taller floors would normally look larger.5657 The 31st floor also contains a gray and white frieze of hubcaps and fenders,5859 which both symbolize the Chrysler Corporation and serves as a visual signature of the building's Art Deco design.606162 The bonnet embellishments take the shape of Mercury's winged helmet and resemble hood ornaments installed on Chrysler vehicles at the time.63

The shaft of the tower was designed to emphasize both the horizontal and vertical: each of the tower's four sides contains three columns of windows, each framed by bricks and an unbroken marble pillar that rises along the entirety of each side. The spandrels separating the windows contain "alternating vertical stripes in gray and white brick", while each corner contains horizontal rows of black brick.64

Ornaments resembling:Hood ornaments(31st floor)Hubcaps and fenders(31st floor)Eagles (61st floor)

Crown and spire

The Chrysler Building is renowned for, and recognized by its terraced crown, which is an extension of the main tower.65 Composed of seven radiating terraced arches, Van Alen's design of the crown is a cruciform groin vault of seven concentric members with transitioning setbacks.6667 The entire crown is clad with Nirosta steel, ribbed and riveted in a radiating sunburst pattern with many triangular vaulted windows, reminiscent of the spokes of a wheel.686970 The windows are repeated, in smaller form, on the terraced crown's seven narrow setbacks.7172 Due to the curved shape of the dome, the Nirosta sheets had to be measured on site, so most of the work was carried out in workshops on the building's 67th and 75th floors.73 According to Robinson, the terraced crown "continue[s] the wedding-cake layering of the building itself. This concept is carried forward from the 61st floor, whose eagle gargoyles echo the treatment of the 31st, to the spire, which extends the concept of 'higher and narrower' forward to infinite height and infinitesimal width. This unique treatment emphasizes the building's height, giving it an other worldly atmosphere reminiscent of the fantastic architecture of Coney Island or the Far East."74

Television station WCBS-TV (Channel 2) originated its transmission from the top of the Chrysler Building in 1938.75 WCBS-TV transmissions were shifted to the Empire State Building in 196076 in response to competition from RCA's transmitter on that building.77 For many years WPAT-FM and WTFM (now WKTU) also transmitted from the Chrysler Building, but their move to the Empire State Building by the 1970s ended commercial broadcasting from the structure.78

The crown and spire are illuminated by a combination of fluorescent lights framing the crown's distinctive triangular windows and colored floodlights that face toward the building, allowing it to be lit in a variety of schemes for special occasions.79 The V-shaped fluorescent "tube lighting" – hundreds of 480V 40W bulbs framing 120 window openings80 – was added in 1981, although it had been part of the original design.8182 Until 1998, the lights were turned off at 2 am, but The New York Observer columnist Ron Rosenbaum convinced Tishman Speyer to keep the lights on until 6 am.83 Since 2015, the Chrysler Building and other city skyscrapers have been part of the Audubon Society's Lights Out program, turning off their lights during bird migration seasons.84

Interior

The interior of the building has several elements that were innovative when the structure was constructed. The partitions between the offices are soundproofed and divided into interchangeable sections, so the layout of any could be changed quickly and comfortably. Pipes under the floors carry both telephone and electricity cables.85 The topmost stories are the smallest in the building and have about 5,000 square feet (460 m2) each.86

Lobby

LobbyArt Deco lampEntrance doorsFuturistic digital clock

The lobby is triangular in plan,878889 connecting with entrances on Lexington Avenue, 42nd Street, and 43rd Street.90 The lobby was the only publicly accessible part of the Chrysler Building by the 2000s.9192 The three entrances contain Nirosta steel doors,93 above which are etched-glass panels that allow natural light to illuminate the space.94 The floors contain bands of yellow travertine from Siena, which mark the path between the entrances and elevator banks.95969798 The writer Eric Nash described the lobby as a paragon of the Art Deco style, with clear influences of German Expressionism.99 Chrysler wanted the design to impress other architects and automobile magnates, so he imported various materials regardless of the extra costs incurred.100101

The walls are covered with huge slabs of African red granite.102103104 The walls also contain storefronts and doors made of Nirosta steel.105106 There is a wall panel dedicated to the work of clinchers, surveyors, masons, carpenters, plasterers, and builders. Fifty different figures were modeled after workers who participated in its construction.107 In 1999, the mural was returned to its original state after a restoration that removed the polyurethane coating and filled-in holes added in the 1970s.108 Originally, Van Alen's plans for the lobby included four large supporting columns, but they were removed after Chrysler objected on the grounds that the columns made the lobby appear "cramped".109 The lobby has dim lighting which combined with the appliqués of the lamps, create an intimate atmosphere and highlight the space.110111 Vertical bars of fluorescent light are covered with Belgian blue marble and Mexican amber onyx bands, which soften and diffuse the light.112113114 The marble and onyx bands are designed as inverted chevrons.115116

Opposite the Lexington Avenue entrance is a security guard's desk topped by a digital clock.117 The panel behind the desk is made of marble, surrounded by Nirosta steel.118119 The lobby connects to four elevator banks, each of a different design.120121122 To the north and south of the security desk are terrazzo staircases leading to the second floor and basement. The stairs contain marble walls and Nirosta-steel railings.123124 The outer walls are flat but are clad with marble strips that are slightly angled to each other, which give the impression of being curved.125 The inner railings of each stair are designed with zigzagging Art Deco motifs, ending at red-marble newel posts on the ground story. Above each stair are aluminum-leaf ceilings with etched-glass chandeliers.126127

The ceiling contains a 110-by-67-foot (34 by 20 m) mural, Transport and Human Endeavor, designed by Edward Trumbull. The mural's theme is "energy and man's application of it to the solution of his problems", and it pays homage to the Golden Age of Aviation and the Machine Age.128129130 The mural is painted in the shape of a "Y" with ocher and golden tones. The central image of the mural is a "muscled giant whose brain directs his boundless energy to the attainment of the triumphs of this mechanical era", according to a 1930 pamphlet that advertised the building. The mural's Art Deco style is manifested in characteristic triangles, sharp angles, slightly curved lines, chrome ornaments, and numerous patterns.131 The mural depicts several silver planes, including the Spirit of St. Louis, as well as furnaces of incandescent steel and the building itself.132133

When the building opened, the first and second floors housed a public exhibition of Chrysler vehicles.134 The exhibition, known as the Chrysler Automobile Salon, was near the corner of Lexington Avenue and 42nd Streets, and opened in 1936.135 The ground floor featured "invisible glass" display windows,136137138 a 51-foot (16 m) diameter turntable upon which automobiles were displayed, and a ceiling with lights arranged in concentric circles.139140141 Escalators led to the showroom's second floor where Plymouths, Dodges, and DeSotos were sold.142 The Chrysler Salon remained operational through at least the 1960s.143

Elevators

There are 32 elevators in the skyscraper, clustered into four banks.144145 At the time of opening, 28 of the elevators were for passenger use.146147 Each bank serves different floors within the building, with several "express" elevators going from the lobby to a few landings in between, while "local" elevators connect the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings.148 As per Walter Chrysler's wishes, the elevators were designed to run at a rate of 900 feet per minute (270 m/min),149 despite the 700-foot-per-minute (210 m/min) speed restriction enforced in all city elevators at the time.150 This restriction was loosened soon after the Empire State Building opened in 1931, as that building had also been equipped with high-speed elevators.151 The Chrysler Building also had three of the longest elevator shafts in the world at the time of completion.152153

Over the course of a year, Van Alen painstakingly designed these elevators with the assistance of L.T.M. Ralston, who was in charge of developing the elevator cabs' mechanical parts.154 The cabs were manufactured by the Otis Elevator Company,155 while the doors were made by the Tyler Company. The dimensions of each elevator were 5.5 feet (1.7 m) deep by 8 feet (2.4 m) wide.156 Within the lobby, there are ziggurat-shaped Mexican onyx panels above the elevator doors.157 The doors are designed in a lotus pattern and are clad with steel and wood.158 When the doors are closed, they resemble "tall fans set off by metallic palm fronds rising through a series of silver parabolas, whose edges were set off by curved lilies" from the outside, as noted by Curcio. However, when a set of doors is open, the cab behind the doors resembles "an exquisite Art Deco room".159 These elements were influenced by ancient Egyptian designs, which significantly impacted the Art Deco style.160 According to Vincent Curcio, "these elevator interiors were perhaps the single most beautiful and, next to the dome, the most important feature of the entire building."161

Even though the woods in the elevator cabs were arranged in four basic patterns, each cab had a unique combination of woods.162163164 Curcio stated that "if anything the building is based on patterned fabrics, [the elevators] certainly are. Three of the designs could be characterized as having 'geometric', 'Mexican' and vaguely 'art nouveau' motifs, which reflect the various influences on the design of the entire building."165 The roof of each elevator was covered with a metal plate whose design was unique to that cab, which in turn was placed on a polished wooden pattern that was also customized to the cab. Hidden behind these plates were ceiling fans.166 Curcio wrote that these elevators "are among the most beautiful small enclosed spaces in New York, and it is fair to say that no one who has seen or been in them has forgotten them".167 Curcio compared the elevators to the curtains of a Ziegfeld production, noting that each lobby contains lighting that peaks in the middle and slopes down on either side.168 The decoration of the cabs' interiors was also a nod to the Chrysler Corporation's vehicles: cars built during the building's early years had dashboards with wooden moldings.169 Both the doors and cab interiors were considered to be works of extraordinary marquetry.170

Basement

On the 42nd Street side of the Chrysler Building, a staircase from the street leads directly under the building to the New York City Subway's 4, ​5, ​6, <6>​, 7, <7>​​, and S trains at Grand Central–42nd Street station.171 It is part of the structure's original design.172173 The Interborough Rapid Transit Company, which at the time was the operator of all the routes serving the 42nd Street station, originally sued to block construction of the new entrance because it would cause crowding,174 but the New York City Board of Transportation pushed to allow the corridor anyway.175 Chrysler eventually built and paid for the building's subway entrance.176 Work on the new entrance started in March 1930177 and it opened along with the Chrysler Building two months later.178

The basement also had a "hydrozone water bottling unit" that would filter tap water into drinkable water for the building's tenants. The drinkable water would then be bottled and shipped to higher floors.179

Upper stories

Cloud Club

Main article: Cloud Club

The private Cloud Club formerly occupied the 66th through 68th floors.180 It opened in July 1930 with some three hundred members, all wealthy males who formed the city's elite.181182183 Its creation was spurred by Texaco's wish for a proper restaurant for its executives prior to renting fourteen floors in the building. The Cloud Club was a compromise between William Van Alen's modern style and Walter Chrysler's stately and traditional tastes.184 A member had to be elected and, if accepted, paid an initial fee of $200, plus a $150 to $300 annual fee.185 Texaco executives comprised most of the Cloud Club's membership.186 The club and its dining room may have inspired the Rockefeller Center Luncheon Club at the Rainbow Room in 30 Rockefeller Plaza.187

There was a Tudor-style foyer on the 66th floor with oak paneling, as well as an old English-style grill room with wooden floors, wooden beams, wrought-iron chandeliers, and glass and lead doors.188189190 The main dining room had a futuristic appearance, with polished granite columns and etched glass appliqués in Art Deco style.191192 There was a mural of a cloud on the ceiling and a mural of Manhattan on the dining room's north side.193194 The 66th and 67th floors were connected by a Renaissance-style marble and bronze staircase.195196 The 67th floor had an open bar with dark-wood paneling and furniture.197 On the same floor, Walter Chrysler and Texaco both had private dining rooms.198199 Chrysler's dining room had a black and frosted-blue glass frieze of automobile workers.200201 Texaco's dining room contained a mural across two walls; one wall depicted a town in New England with a Texaco gas station, while the other depicted an oil refinery and Texaco truck. The south side of the 67th floor also contained a library with wood-paneled walls and fluted pilasters.202 The 68th floor mainly contained service spaces.203

In the 1950s and 1960s, members left the Cloud Club for other clubs. Texaco moved to Westchester County in 1977,204 and the club closed two years later.205206 Although there have been several projects to rehabilitate the club or transform it into a disco or a gastronomic club, these plans have never materialized,207208 as then-owner Cooke reportedly did not want a "conventional" restaurant operating within the old club.209 Tishman Speyer rented the top two floors of the old Cloud Club.210 The old staircase has been removed, as have many of the original decorations,211 which prompted objections from the Art Deco Society of New York.212

Private Chrysler offices

Originally, Walter Chrysler had a two-story apartment on the 69th and 70th floors with a fireplace and a private office. The office also contained a gymnasium and the loftiest bathrooms in the city.213 The office had a medieval ambience with leaded windows, elaborate wooden doors, and heavy plaster.214 Chrysler did not use his gym much, instead choosing to stay at the Chrysler Corporation's headquarters in Detroit.215 Subsequently, the 69th and 70th floors were converted into a dental clinic.216 In 2005, a report by The New York Times found that one of the dentists, Charles Weiss, had operated at the clinic's current rooftop location since 1969.217 The office still had the suite's original bathroom and gymnasium.218 Chrysler also had a unit on the 58th through 60th floors, which served as his residence.219

Observation deck and attic

From the building's opening until 1945, it contained a 3,900 square feet (360 m2) observation deck on the 71st floor, called "Celestial".220221 For fifty cents visitors could transit its circumference through a corridor with vaulted ceilings painted with celestial motifs and bedecked with small hanging glass planets.222223224 The center of the observatory contained the toolbox that Walter P. Chrysler used at the beginning of his career as a mechanic;225226227228 it was later preserved at the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills, Michigan.229 An image of the building resembling a rocket hung above it.230 According to a contemporary brochure, views of up to 100 miles (160 km) were possible on a clear day;231 but the small triangular windows of the observatory created strange angles that made viewing difficult, depressing traffic. When the Empire State Building opened in 1931 with two observatories at a higher elevation, the Chrysler observatory lost its clientele.232 After the observatory closed, it was used to house radio and television broadcasting equipment.233 Since 1986, the old observatory has housed the office of architects Harvey Morse and Cowperwood Interests.234235

The stories above the 71st floor are designed mostly for exterior appearance, functioning mainly as landings for the stairway to the spire and do not contain office space.236 They are very narrow, have low and sloping roofs, and are only used to house radio transmitters and other mechanical and electrical equipment.237 For example, the 73rd floor houses the motors of the elevators and a 15,000-US-gallon (57,000 L) water tank, of which 3,500 US gallons (13,000 L) are reserved for extinguishing fires.238

History

In the mid-1920s, New York's metropolitan area surpassed London's as the world's most populous metropolitan area239 and its population exceeded ten million by the early 1930s.240 The era was characterized by profound social and technological changes. Consumer goods such as radio, cinema, and the automobile became widespread.241 In 1927, Walter Chrysler's automotive company, the Chrysler Corporation, became the third-largest car manufacturer in the United States, behind Ford and General Motors.242 The following year, Chrysler was named Time magazine's "Person of the Year".243244

The economic boom of the 1920s and speculation in the real estate market fostered a wave of new skyscraper projects in New York City.245 The Chrysler Building was built as part of an ongoing building boom that resulted in the city having the world's tallest building from 1908 to 1974.246 Following the end of World War I, European and American architects came to see simplified design as the epitome of the modern era and Art Deco skyscrapers as symbolizing progress, innovation, and modernity. The 1916 Zoning Resolution restricted the height that street-side exterior walls of New York City buildings could rise before needing to be setback from the street.247248 This led to the construction of Art Deco structures in New York City with significant setbacks, large volumes, and striking silhouettes that were often elaborately decorated.249250 Art Deco buildings were constructed for only a short period of time; but because that period was during the city's late-1920s real estate boom, the numerous skyscrapers built in the Art Deco style predominated in the city skyline, giving it the romantic quality seen in films and plays.251 The Chrysler Building project was shaped by these circumstances.252

Development

Originally, the Chrysler Building was to be the Reynolds Building, a project of real estate developer and former New York state senator William H. Reynolds.253254255 Prior to his involvement in planning the building, Reynolds was best known for developing Coney Island's Dreamland amusement park. When the amusement park was destroyed by a fire in 1911, Reynolds turned his attention to Manhattan real estate, where he set out to build the tallest building in the world.256257

Planning

In 1921, Reynolds rented a large plot of land at the corner of Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street with the intention of building a tall building on the site.258259260 Reynolds did not develop the property for several years, prompting the Cooper Union to try to increase the assessed value of the property in 1924. The move, which would force Reynolds to pay more rent, was unusual because property owners usually sought to decrease their property assessments and pay fewer taxes.261 Reynolds hired the architect William Van Alen to design a forty-story building there in 1927.262 Van Alen's original design featured many Modernist stylistic elements, with glazed, curved windows at the corners.263

Van Alen was respected in his field for his work on the Albemarle Building at Broadway and 24th Street, designing it in collaboration with his partner H. Craig Severance.264265 Van Alen and Severance complemented each other, with Van Alen being an original, imaginative architect and Severance being a shrewd businessperson who handled the firm's finances.266 The relationship between them became tense over disagreements on how best to run the firm.267 A 1924 article in the Architectural Review, praising the Albemarle Building's design, had mentioned Van Alen as the designer in the firm and ignored Severance's role.268269270 The architects' partnership dissolved acrimoniously several months later, with lawsuits over the firm's clients and assets lasting over a year.271272 The rivalry influenced the design of the future Chrysler Building, since Severance's more traditional architectural style would otherwise have restrained Van Alen's more modern outlook.273

Refinement of designs

By February 2, 1928, the proposed building's height had been increased to 54 stories, which would have made it the tallest building in Midtown.274 The proposal was changed again two weeks later, with official plans for a 63-story building.275 A little more than a week after that, the plan was changed for the third time, with two additional stories added.276 By this time, 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue were both hubs for construction activity, due to the removal of the Third Avenue Elevated's 42nd Street spur, which was seen as a blight on the area. The adjacent 56-story Chanin Building was also under construction. Because of the elevated spur's removal, real estate speculators believed that Lexington Avenue would become the "Broadway of the East Side", causing a ripple effect that would spur developments farther east.277

In April 1928, Reynolds signed a 67-year lease for the plot and finalized the details of his ambitious project.278 Van Alen's original design for the skyscraper called for a base with first-floor showroom windows that would be triple-height, and above would be 12 stories with glass-wrapped corners, to create the impression that the tower was floating in mid-air.279280 Reynolds's main contribution to the building's design was his insistence that it have a metallic crown, despite Van Alen's initial opposition;281 the metal-and-crystal crown would have looked like "a jeweled sphere" at night.282 Originally, the skyscraper would have risen 808 feet (246 m), with 67 floors.283284285 These plans were approved in June 1928.286 Van Alen's drawings were unveiled in the following August and published in a magazine run by the American Institute of Architects (AIA).287

Reynolds ultimately devised an alternate design for the Reynolds Building, which was published in August 1928. The new design was much more conservative, with an Italianate dome that a critic compared to Governor Al Smith's bowler hat, and a brick arrangement on the upper floors that simulated windows in the corners, a detail that remains in the current Chrysler Building. This design almost exactly reflected the shape, setbacks, and the layout of the windows of the current building, but with a different dome.288

With the design complete, groundbreaking for the Reynolds Building took place on September 19, 1928,289 but by late 1928, Reynolds did not have the means to carry on construction.290

Chrysler's plans and restart of construction

Walter Chrysler offered to buy the building in early October 1928,291 and Reynolds sold the plot, lease, plans, and architect's services to Chrysler on October 15, 1928,292293294 for more than $2.5 million.295 That day, the Goodwin Construction Company began demolition of what had been built.296297 A contract was awarded on October 28,298 and demolition was completed on November 9.299 Chrysler's initial plans for the building were similar to Reynolds's, but with the 808-foot building having 68 floors instead of 67. The plans entailed a ground-floor pedestrian arcade; a facade of stone below the fifth floor and brick-and-terracotta above; and a three-story bronze-and-glass "observation dome" at the top.300301 However, Chrysler wanted a more progressive design, and he worked with Van Alen to redesign the skyscraper to be 925 ft (282 m) tall.302 At the new height, Chrysler's building would be taller than the 792-foot (241 m) Woolworth Building, a building in lower Manhattan that was the world's tallest at the time.303304 At one point, Chrysler had requested that Van Alen shorten the design by ten floors, but reneged on that decision after realizing that the increased height would also result in increased publicity.305

From late 1928 to early 1929, modifications to the design of the dome continued.306 In March 1929, the press published details of an "artistic dome" that had the shape of a giant thirty-pointed star, which would be crowned by a sculpture five meters high.307308309 The final design of the dome included several arches and triangular windows.310 Lower down, various architectural details were modeled after Chrysler automobile products, such as the hood ornaments of the Plymouth (see § Facade).311312 The building's gargoyles on the 31st floor and the eagles on the 61st floor, were created to represent flight,313 and to embody the machine age of the time.314315 Even the topmost needle was built using a process similar to one Chrysler used to manufacture his cars, with precise "hand craftmanship".316 In his autobiography, Chrysler says he suggested that his building be taller than the Eiffel Tower.317318

Meanwhile, excavation of the new building's 69-foot-deep (21 m) foundation began in mid-November 1928319320 and was completed in mid-January 1929, when bedrock was reached.321 A total of 105,000,000 pounds (48,000,000 kg) of rock and 36,000,000 pounds (16,000,000 kg) of soil were excavated for the foundation, equal to 63% of the future building's weight.322 Construction of the building proper began on January 21, 1929.323 The Carnegie Steel Company provided the steel beams, the first of which was installed on March 27; and by April 9, the first upright beams had been set into place.324 The steel structure was "a few floors" high by June 1929, 35 floors high by early August,325 and completed by September.326 Despite a frantic steelwork construction pace of about four floors per week,327 no workers died during the construction of the skyscraper's steelwork.328 Chrysler lauded this achievement, saying, "It is the first time that any structure in the world has reached such a height, yet the entire steel construction was accomplished without loss of life".329 In total, 391,881 rivets were used,330 and approximately 3,826,000 bricks were laid to create the non-loadbearing walls of the skyscraper.331 Walter Chrysler personally financed the construction with his income from his car company.332 The Chrysler Building's height officially surpassed the Woolworth's on October 16, 1929, thereby becoming the world's tallest structure.333

Competition for "world's tallest building" title

The same year that the Chrysler Building's construction started, banker George L. Ohrstrom proposed the construction of a 47-story office building at 40 Wall Street downtown, designed by Van Alen's former partner Severance. Shortly thereafter, Ohrstrom expanded his project to 60 floors, but it was still shorter than the Woolworth and Chrysler buildings.334 That April, Severance increased 40 Wall's height to 840 feet (260 m) with 62 floors, exceeding the Woolworth's height by 48 feet (15 m) and the Chrysler's by 32 feet (9.8 m).335 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building started competing for the title of "world's tallest building".336337338 The Empire State Building, on 34th Street and Fifth Avenue, entered the competition in 1929.339 The race was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive the Wall Street Crash of 1929.340341 The "Race into the Sky", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s, which helped fuel the building boom in major cities.342 Van Alen expanded the Chrysler Building's height to 925 feet (282 m), prompting Severance to increase the height of 40 Wall Street to 927 feet (283 m) in April 1929.343344 Construction of 40 Wall Street began that May and was completed twelve months later.345

In response, Van Alen obtained permission for a 125-foot-long (38 m) spire.346347348 He had it secretly constructed inside the frame of the Chrysler Building,349350351 ensuring that Severance did not know the Chrysler Building's ultimate height until the end.352 The spire was delivered to the site in four sections.353 On October 23, 1929, one week after the Chrysler Building surpassed the Woolworth Building's height and one day before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the spire was assembled. According to one account, "the bottom section of the spire was hoisted to the top of the building's dome and lowered into the 66th floor of the building."354 Then, within 90 minutes the rest of the spire's pieces were raised and riveted in sequence,355 raising the tower to 1,046 feet.356357358 Van Alen, who witnessed the process from the street along with its engineers and Walter Chrysler,359 compared the experience to watching a butterfly leaving its cocoon.360361 In the October 1930 edition of Architectural Forum, Van Alen explained the design and construction of the crown and needle:362363

A high spire structure with a needle-like termination was designed to surmount the dome. This is 185 feet high and 8 feet square at its base. It was made up of four corner angles, with light angle strut and diagonal members, all told weighing 27 tons. It was manifestly impossible to assemble this structure and hoist it as a unit from the ground, and equally impossible to hoist it in sections and place them as such in their final positions. Besides, it would be more spectacular, for publicity value, to have this cloud-piercing needle appear unexpectedly.

The steel tip brought the Chrysler Building to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m), greatly exceeding 40 Wall Street's height.364365 Contemporary news media did not write of the spire's erection, nor were there any press releases celebrating the spire's erection. Even the New York Herald Tribune, which had virtually continuous coverage of the tower's construction, did not report on the spire's installation until days after the spire had been raised.366

Chrysler realized that his tower's height would exceed the Empire State Building's as well, having ordered Van Alen to change the Chrysler's original roof from a stubby Romanesque dome to the narrow steel spire.367 However, the Empire State's developer John J. Raskob reviewed the plans and realized that he could add five more floors and a spire of his own to his 80-story building368 and acquired additional plots to support that building's height extension.369370 Two days later, the Empire State Building's co-developer, former governor Al Smith, announced the updated plans for that skyscraper, with an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck at 783 feet (239 m).371

Completion

In January 1930, it was announced that the Chrysler Corporation would maintain satellite offices in the Chrysler Building during Automobile Show Week.372 The skyscraper was never intended to become the Chrysler Corporation's headquarters, which remained in Detroit.373 The first leases by outside tenants were announced in April 1930, before the building was officially completed.374375 The building was formally opened on May 27, 1930, in a ceremony that coincided with the 42nd Street Property Owners and Merchants Association's meeting that year. In the lobby of the building, a bronze plaque that read "in recognition of Mr. Chrysler's contribution to civic advancement" was unveiled. Former Governor Smith, former Assemblyman Martin G. McCue, and 42nd Street Association president George W. Sweeney were among those in attendance.376377 By June, it was reported that 65% of the available space had been leased.378 By August, the building was declared complete, but the New York City Department of Construction did not mark it as finished until February 1932.379

The added height of the spire allowed the Chrysler Building to surpass 40 Wall Street as the tallest building in the world and the Eiffel Tower as the tallest structure.380 The Chrysler Building was thus the first man-made structure to be taller than 1,000 feet (300 m)381 and, by extension, the world's first supertall skyscraper.382 As one newspaper noted, the tower was also taller than the highest points of five states.383 The tower remained the world's tallest for 11 months after its completion.384385 The Chrysler Building was appraised at $14 million, but was exempt from city taxes per an 1859 law that gave tax exemptions to sites owned by the Cooper Union.386 The city had attempted to repeal the tax exemption, but Cooper Union had opposed that measure.387 Because the Chrysler Building retains the tax exemption, it has paid Cooper Union for the use of their land since opening.388 While the Chrysler Corporation was a tenant, it was not involved in the construction or ownership of the Chrysler Building; rather, the tower was a project of Walter P. Chrysler for his children.389390 In his autobiography, Chrysler wrote that he wanted to erect the building "so that his sons would have something to be responsible for".391392

Van Alen's satisfaction at these accomplishments was likely muted by Walter Chrysler's later refusal to pay the balance of his architectural fee.393 Chrysler alleged that Van Alen had received bribes from suppliers, and Van Alen had not signed any contracts with Walter Chrysler when he took over the project.394 Van Alen sued and the courts ruled in his favor, requiring Chrysler to pay Van Alen $840,000, or six percent of the total budget of the building.395 However, the lawsuit against Chrysler markedly diminished Van Alen's reputation as an architect, which, along with the effects of the Great Depression and negative criticism, ended up ruining his career.396397 Van Alen ended his career as professor of sculpture at the nearby Beaux-Arts Institute of Design and died in 1954. According to author Neal Bascomb, "The Chrysler Building was his greatest accomplishment, and the one that guaranteed his obscurity."398

The Chrysler Building's distinction as the world's tallest building was short-lived. John Raskob realized the 1,050-foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building,399 and Raskob was afraid that Walter Chrysler might try to "pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute."400 Another revision brought the Empire State Building's roof to 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world by far401402 when it opened on May 1, 1931.403 However, the Chrysler Building is still the world's tallest steel-supported brick building.404 The Chrysler Building fared better commercially than the Empire State Building did: by 1935, the Chrysler had already rented 70 percent of its floor area.405 By contrast, Empire State had only leased 23 percent of its space406 and was popularly derided as the "Empty State Building".407

Use

1940s to 1960s

The Chrysler family inherited the property after the death of Walter Chrysler in 1940, with the property being under the ownership of W.P. Chrysler Building Corporation.408 In 1944, the corporation filed plans to build a 38-story annex to the east of the building, at 666 Third Avenue.409 In 1949, this was revised to a 32-story annex costing $9 million.410 The annex building, designed by Reinhard, Hofmeister & Walquist,411412 had a facade similar to that of the original Chrysler Building. The stone for the original building was no longer manufactured, and had to be specially replicated.413 Construction started on the annex in June 1950,414 and the first tenants started leasing in June 1951.415 The building itself was completed by 1952,416 and a sky bridge connecting the two buildings' seventh floors was built in 1959.417

The family sold the building in 1953 to William Zeckendorf418419 for its assessed price of $18 million.420 The 1953 deal included the annex and the nearby Graybar Building, which, along with the Chrysler Building, sold for a combined $52 million. The new owners were Zeckendorf's company Webb and Knapp, who held a 75% interest in the sale, and the Graysler Corporation, who held a 25% stake. At the time, it was reported to be the largest real estate sale in New York City's history.421 In 1957, the Chrysler Building, its annex, and the Graybar Building were sold for $66 million to Lawrence Wien's realty syndicate, setting a new record for the largest sale in the city.422

In 1960, the complex was purchased by Sol Goldman and Alex DiLorenzo,423 who received a mortgage from the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company.424 The next year, the building's stainless steel elements, including the needle, crown, gargoyles, and entrance doors, were polished for the first time.425426 A group of ten workers steam-cleaned the facade below the 30th floor, and manually cleaned the portion of the tower above the 30th floor, for a cost of about $200,000.427 Under Goldman and DiLorenzo's operation, the building began to develop leaks and cracked walls, and about 1,200 cubic yards (920 m3) of garbage piled up in the basement. The scale of the deterioration led one observer to say that the Chrysler Building was being operated "like a tenement in the South Bronx".428429 The Chrysler Building remained profitable until 1974, when the owners faced increasing taxes and fuel costs.430

1970s to mid-1990s

Foreclosure proceedings against the building began in August 1975, when Goldman and DiLorenzo defaulted on the $29 million first mortgage and a $15 million second mortgage.431 The building was about 17 percent vacant at the time.432 Massachusetts Mutual acquired the Chrysler Building for $35 million,433 purchasing all the outstanding debt on the building via several transactions.434 The next year, the Chrysler Building was designated as a National Historic Landmark.435436 Texaco, one of the building's major tenants, was relocating to Westchester County, New York, by then,437 vacating hundreds of thousands of square feet at the Chrysler Building.438439 In early 1978, Mass Mutual devised plans to renovate the facade, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, elevators, lobby murals, and Cloud Club headquarters for $23 million.440441442 At a press conference announcing the renovation, mayor Ed Koch proclaimed that "the steel eagles and the gargoyles of the Chrysler Building are all shouting the renaissance of New York".443444 Massachusetts Mutual had hired Josephine Sokolski, who had proposed modifying Van Alen's original lobby design substantially.445446

After the renovation was announced, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) considered designating the Chrysler Building as a city landmark.447 Though Mass Mutual had proclaimed "sensitivity and respect" for the building's architecture,448 it had opposed the city landmark designation, concerned that the designation would hinder leasing.449450 At the time, the building had 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of vacant floor space, representing 40% of the total floor area.451 The owners hired the Edward S. Gordon Company as the building's leasing agent, and the firm leased 750,000 square feet (70,000 m2) of vacant space within five years.452 The LPC designated the lobby and facade as city landmarks in September 1978.453 Massachusetts Mutual had hired Josephine Sokolski to renovate the lobby, but the LPC objected that many aspects of Sokolski's planned redesign had deviated too much from Van Alen's original design.454455 As a result of these disputes, the renovation of the lobby was delayed.456

The building was sold again in August 1979, this time to entrepreneur and Washington Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke, in a deal that also transferred ownership of the Los Angeles Kings and Lakers to Jerry Buss.457 At the time, the building was 96 percent occupied. The new owners hired Kenneth Kleiman of Descon Interiors to redesign the lobby and elevator cabs in a style that was much closer to Van Alen's original design.458459 Cooke also oversaw the completion of a lighting scheme at the pinnacle, which had been part of the original design but was never completed.460 The lighting system, consisting of 580 fluorescent tubes installed within the triangular windows of the top stories, was first illuminated in September 1981.461462

Cooke next hired Hoffman Architects to restore the exterior and spire from 1995 to 1996.463464 The joints in the now-closed observation deck were polished, and the facade restored, as part of a $1.5 million project. Some damaged steel strips of the needle were replaced and several parts of the gargoyles were re-welded together.465 The cleaning received the New York Landmarks Conservancy's Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award for 1997.466 Cooke died in April 1997, and his mortgage lender Fuji Bank moved to foreclose on the building the next month.467 Shortly after Fuji announced its intent to foreclose, several developers and companies announced that they were interested in buying the building.468 Ultimately, 20 potential buyers submitted bids to buy the Chrysler Building and several adjacent buildings.469

Late 1990s to 2010s

Tishman Speyer Properties and the Travelers Insurance Group won the right to buy the building in November 1997, having submitted a bid for about $220 million (equal to $430 million in 2024). Tishman Speyer had negotiated a 150-year lease from the Cooper Union, which continued to own the land under the Chrysler Building.470471 In 1998, Tishman Speyer announced that it had hired Beyer Blinder Belle to renovate the building and incorporate it into a commercial complex known as the Chrysler Center.472473 As part of this project, EverGreene Architectural Arts restored the Transport and Human Endeavor mural in the lobby, which had been covered up during the late-1970s renovation.474475 The renovation cost $100 million.476 In 2001, a 75 percent stake in the building was sold for US$300 million (equal to $530 million in 2024) to TMW, the German arm of an Atlanta-based investment fund.477 The building was 95 percent occupied by 2005.478479

In June 2008, it was reported that the Abu Dhabi Investment Council was in negotiations to buy TMW's 75 percent ownership stake, Tishman Speyer's 15 percent stake, and a share of the Trylons retail structure next door for US$800 million.480 The transaction was completed the next month, and the Abu Dhabi Investment Council assumed a 90 percent stake in the building, with Tishman Speyer retaining 10 percent.481482 Tishman continued to manage the building and paid the Cooper Union $7.5 million a year.483 From 2010 to 2011, the building's energy, plumbing, and waste management systems were renovated. This resulted in a 21 percent decrease in the building's total energy consumption and 64 percent decrease in water consumption. In addition, 81 percent of waste was recycled. In 2012, the building received a LEED Gold accreditation from the U.S. Green Building Council, which recognized the building's environmental sustainability and energy efficiency.484

RFR Holding operation

The Abu Dhabi Investment Council and Tishman Speyer put the Chrysler Building's leasehold for sale again in January 2019.485 That March, the media reported that Aby Rosen's RFR Holding LLC, in a joint venture with the Austrian Signa Group, had reached an agreement to purchase the leasehold486487 at a steeply discounted $150 million.488 In exchange, Rosen had to pay the Cooper Union $32.5 million a year, a steep increase from the rate the previous leaseholders had paid.489490

Rosen initially planned to convert the building into a hotel,491 but he dropped these plans in April 2019, citing difficulties with the ground lease.492 Rosen then announced plans for an observation deck on the 61st-story setback,493 which the LPC approved in May 2020.494 He also wanted to reopen the Cloud Club and attract multiple restaurateurs.495 Rosen sought to renegotiate the terms of his ground lease with Cooper Union in 2020,496 and he evicted storeowners from all of the building's shops in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to renovate the retail space.497498 To attract tenants following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020,499 he converted the Chrysler Building's ground-floor space into a tenant amenity center.500 RFR estimated that it had spent $170 million to renovate the building.501 RFR and Signa attempted to restructure the ground lease again in 2021 and 2023, both times without success.502503 By then, according to an anonymous source cited by Curbed, RFR was losing an estimated $1 million a month from the Chrysler Building's operation.504

In December 2023, Signa's creditors ordered the company to sell its stake in the Chrysler Building, following Signa's insolvency.505 RFR offered to buy Signa's ownership stake for a nominal fee of $1.506 Meanwhile, RFR sought to lease the building's retail space to luxury stores, signing their first luxury tenant in March 2024.507 By mid-2024, the building was aging significantly, and RFR had listed about 650,000 square feet (60,000 m2) of the Chrysler Building's office space as being "immediately available for rent".508509 The New York Times reported that employees had complained about pest infestations, fountains with brown water, weak cellular reception, elevator delays, and poor natural lighting.510 Additionally, it would cost millions of dollars to upgrade the building to meet modern energy-efficiency codes.511 The Cooper Union moved to terminate RFR's ground lease of the Chrysler Building in September 2024, and RFR sued the college to prevent the termination of its leasehold.512513 In its lawsuit, RFR claimed that the Cooper Union had driven away some tenants and had directed other tenants to make rent payments to the college rather than to RFR.514 Subsequently, the Cooper Union requested that RFR be evicted,515 and a state judge ordered tenants to pay rent to the Cooper Union that October.516 RFR's lease was ultimately terminated in January 2025,517 and the Cooper Union began seeking buyers for the building's ground lease that May.518

Chrysler Center

Chrysler Center is the building complex consisting of the Chrysler Building to the west, Chrysler Building East to the east, and the Chrysler Trylons commercial pavilion in the middle. After Tishman Speyer had acquired the entire complex, the firm renovated it completely from 1998 to 2000.519

The structure at 666 Third Avenue, known as the Kent Building at the time, was renovated and renamed Chrysler Building East.520 This International Style building, built in 1952,521 is 432 feet (132 m) high and has 32 floors.522523 The mechanical systems were modernized and the interior was modified.524525 Postmodern architect Philip Johnson designed a new facade of dark-blue glass, which was placed about 4 inches (100 mm) in front of the Kent Building's existing facade.526 The structure did not resemble its western neighbor; Johnson explained that he did not "even like the architecture" of the Chrysler Building, despite acknowledging it as "the most loved building in New York".527528 His design also included a 135,000-square-foot (12,500 m2) extension.529530 which surrounded the elevator core on the western end of the original Kent Building.531532 The expansion used 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of unused air rights above the buildings in the middle of the block.533 The Kent Building was not a New York City designated landmark, unlike the Chrysler Building, so its renovation did not require the LPC's approval.534 After the addition, the total area of the Kent building was 770,000 square feet (72,000 m2).535

A new building, also designed by Philip Johnson, was built between the original skyscraper and the annex.536 This became the Chrysler Trylons, a commercial pavilion three stories high with a retail area of 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2).537 Its design consists of three triangular glass "trylons" measuring 57 ft (17 m), 68 ft (21 m), and 73 ft (22 m) tall; each is slanted in a different direction.538539 The trylons are supported by vertical steel mullions measuring 10 in (250 mm) wide; between the mullions are 535 panes of reflective gray glass.540 The retail structures themselves are placed on either side of the trylons.541 Due to the complexity of the structural work, structural engineer Severud Associates built a replica at Rimouski, Quebec. Johnson designed the Chrysler Trylons as "a monument for 42nd Street [...] to give you the top of the Chrysler Building at street level."542

After these modifications, the total leasable area of the complex was 2,062,772 square feet (191,637.8 m2).543 The total cost of this project was about one hundred million dollars.544 This renovation has won several awards and commendations, including an Energy Star rating from the Environmental Protection Agency;545 a LEED Gold designation;546 and the Skyscraper Museum Outstanding Renovation Award of 2001.547

Tenants

In January 1930, the Chrysler Corporation opened satellite offices in the Chrysler Building during Automobile Show Week.548 In addition to the Chrysler Salon product showroom on the first and second floors, the building had a lounge and a theater for showing films of Chrysler products.549 Other original large tenants included Time, Inc. and Texaco oil.550 Needing more office space,551 Time moved to Rockefeller Center in 1937.552 By October 1946, television transmitter equipment for CBS was located in the Chrysler Building spire,553 fed by cables from CBS television studios located nearby in the Grand Central Terminal building, above the former waiting room.554555

In 1977, Texaco relocated to a more suburban workplace in Purchase, New York.556 In addition, the offices of Shaw Walker and J. S. Bache & Company were immediately atop the Chrysler Salon, while A. B. Dick, Pan American World Airways, Adams Hats, Schrafft's, and Florsheim Shoes also had offices in the building.557 By the 21st century, many of the Chrysler Building's tenants leased space there because of the building's historical stature, rather than because of its amenities.558

Notable tenants in the 21st century include:

Impact

Reception

The completed Chrysler Building garnered mixed reviews in the press. Van Alen was hailed as the "Doctor of Altitude" by Architect magazine, while architect Kenneth Murchison called Van Alen the "Ziegfeld of his profession", comparing him to popular Broadway producer Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.566567 The building was praised for being "an expression of the intense activity and vibrant life of our day", and for "teem[ing] with the spirit of modernism, ... the epitome of modern business life, stand[ing] for progress in architecture and in modern building methods."568569570 An anonymous critic wrote in Architectural Forum's October 1930 issue: "The Chrysler...stands by itself, something apart and alone. It is simply the realization, the fulfillment in metal and masonry, of a one-man dream, a dream of such ambitions and such magnitude as to defy the comprehension and the criticism of ordinary men or by ordinary standards."571572 Walter Chrysler himself regarded the building as a "monument to me".573

The journalist George S. Chappell called the Chrysler's design "distinctly a stunt design, evolved to make the man in the street look up".574575 Douglas Haskell stated that the building "embodies no compelling, organic idea",576 and alleged that Van Alen had abandoned "some of his best innovations in behalf of stunts and new 'effects'".577 Others compared the Chrysler Building to "an upended swordfish",578579 or claimed it had a "Little Nemo"-like design.580 Lewis Mumford, a supporter of the International Style and one of the foremost architectural critics of the United States at the time, despised the building for its "inane romanticism, meaningless voluptuousness, [and] void symbolism".581582583 The public also had mixed reviews of the Chrysler Building, as Murchison wrote: "Some think it's a freak; some think it's a stunt."584585 The architectural professor Gail Fenske586 said that, although the Chrysler Building was criticized as "too theatrical" at the time of its completion, the general public quickly took a liking to "the city's crowning skyscraper".587

Later reviews were more positive. Architect Robert A. M. Stern wrote that the Chrysler Building was "the most extreme example of the [1920s and 1930s] period's stylistic experimentation", as contrasted with 40 Wall Street and its "thin" detailing.588 George H. Douglas wrote in 2004 that the Chrysler Building "remains one of the most appealing and awe-inspiring of skyscrapers".589 Architect Le Corbusier called the building "hot jazz in stone and steel".590 Architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable stated that the building had "a wonderful, decorative, evocative aesthetic", while Paul Goldberger noted the "compressed, intense energy" of the lobby, the "magnificent" elevators, and the "magical" view from the crown.591 Anthony W. Robins said the Chrysler Building was "one-of-a-kind, staggering, romantic, soaring, the embodiment of 1920s skyscraper pizzazz, the great symbol of Art Deco New York".592 Kim Velsey of Curbed said that the building "is unabashedly over the top" because of "its steel gargoyles, Moroccan marble lobby, and illuminated spire".593

The LPC said that the tower "embodies the romantic essence of the New York City skyscraper".594 Pauline Frommer, in the travel guide Frommer's, gave the building an "exceptional" recommendation, saying: "In the Chrysler Building we see the roaring-twenties version of what Alan Greenspan called 'irrational exuberance'—a last burst of corporate headquarter building before stocks succumbed to the thudding crash of 1929."595

As icon

The Chrysler Building appears in several films set in New York596 and is widely considered one of the most positively acclaimed buildings in the city.597598 A 1996 survey of New York architects revealed it as their favorite, and The New York Times described it in 2005 as "the single most important emblem of architectural imagery on the New York skyline".599 In mid-2005, the Skyscraper Museum in Lower Manhattan asked 100 architects, builders, critics, engineers, historians, and scholars, among others, to choose their 10 favorites among 25 of the city's towers. The Chrysler Building came in first place, with 90 respondents placing it on their ballots.600 In 2007, the building ranked ninth among 150 buildings in the AIA's List of America's Favorite Architecture.601 The building was included in the Lego Company's architecture set representing the New York City skyline.602

The Chrysler Building is widely heralded as an Art Deco icon. Fodor's New York City 2010 described the building as being "one of the great art deco masterpieces"603 which "wins many a New Yorker's vote for the city's most iconic and beloved skyscraper".604 Frommer's states that the Chrysler was "one of the most impressive Art Deco buildings ever constructed".605 Insight Guides' 2016 edition maintains that the Chrysler Building is considered among the city's "most beautiful" buildings.606 Its distinctive profile has inspired similar skyscrapers worldwide, including One Liberty Place in Philadelphia,607 Two Prudential Plaza in Chicago,608 and the Al Kazim Towers in Dubai.609 In addition, the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Paradise, Nevada, contains the "Chrysler Tower",610 a replica of the Chrysler Building measuring 35 or 40 stories tall.611612 A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Chrysler Building's interior.613

In media

While seen in many films, the Chrysler Building almost never appears as a main setting in them, prompting architect and author James Sanders to quip it should win "the Award for Best Supporting Skyscraper".614 The building was supposed to be featured in the 1933 film King Kong, but only makes a cameo at the end thanks to its producers opting for the Empire State Building in a central role.615 The Chrysler Building appears in the background of The Wiz (1978); as the setting of much of Q - The Winged Serpent (1982); in the initial credits of The Shadow of the Witness (1987); and during or after apocalyptic events in Independence Day (1996), Armageddon (1998), Deep Impact (1998), Godzilla (1998), and A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001).616 The building also appears in other films, such as Spider-Man (2002),617 Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007),618 Two Weeks Notice (2002),619 The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010),620 The Avengers (2012)621 and Men in Black 3 (2012).622623 The building is mentioned in the number "It's the Hard Knock Life" for the musical Annie,624 and it is the setting for the post-game content in the Squaresoft video game Parasite Eve.625 In addition, the introductory scenes of the TV show Sex and the City depict the Chrysler Building.626

In December 1929, Walter Chrysler hired Margaret Bourke-White to take publicity images from a scaffold 400 feet (120 m) high.627628629 She was deeply inspired by the new structure and especially smitten by the massive eagle's-head figures projecting off the building.630 According to one account, Bourke-White wanted to live in the building for the duration of the photo shoot, but the only person able to do so was the janitor, so she was instead relegated to co-leasing a studio with Time Inc.631 In 1930, several of her photographs were used in a special report on skyscrapers in the then-new Fortune magazine.632 Bourke-White worked in a 61st-floor studio designed by John Vassos633634 until she was evicted in 1934.635 That year, Bourke-White's partner Oscar Graubner took a famous photo called "Margaret Bourke-White atop the Chrysler Building", which depicts her taking a photo of the city's skyline while sitting on one of the 61st-floor eagle ornaments.636637 On October 5, 1998, Christie's auctioned the photograph for $96,000.638

The Chrysler Building has been the subject of other photographs as well. During a January 1931 dance organized by the Society of Beaux-Arts, six architects, including Van Alen, were photographed while wearing costumes resembling the buildings that each architect designed.639 In 1991, the photographer Annie Leibovitz took pictures of the dancer David Parsons reclining on a ledge near the top of the building.640

See also

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

References

  1. "Chrysler Building – The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved February 28, 2024. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/chrysler-building/422 ↩

  2. White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7. 978-0-19538-386-7 ↩

  3. "Cooper Union and Chrysler Building". Cooper Union. September 15, 2004. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100708221034/http://www.cooper.edu/cubuilds/news_20040818.html ↩

  4. Gregor, Alison (February 13, 2008). "Smart Land Deals as a Cornerstone of Free Tuition". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 15, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/13cooper.html ↩

  5. "Chrysler Plans 68-Story Building in Midtown; $14,000,000 Edifice to Top Woolworth Tower" (PDF). The New York Times. October 17, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 2, 2017. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/10/17/118344646.pdf ↩

  6. "Open House New York 2006". Forgotten New York. October 7, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2017. http://forgotten-ny.com/2006/10/open-house-new-york-2006/ ↩

  7. The Chrysler Building. Chrysler Tower Corporation. 1930. p. 4. Retrieved September 28, 2024. https://books.google.com/books?id=AYOGWG1d064C ↩

  8. Walsh, Kevin (2006). Forgotten New York: Views of a Lost Metropolis. HarperCollins. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-06-114502-5. Retrieved November 2, 2017. 978-0-06-114502-5 ↩

  9. Brown, Nicole (March 18, 2019). "Why do some buildings have their own ZIP codes? NYCurious". amNewYork. Retrieved July 8, 2022. https://www.amny.com/news/nyc-zip-codes-1-28558957/ ↩

  10. White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7. 978-0-19538-386-7 ↩

  11. Binder 2006, p. 62. - Binder, Georges (2006). 101 of the World's Tallest Buildings. Council of Tall Buildings in Urban Habitats. ISBN 978-1-86470-173-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Lcir7wwIzhIC&pg=PA102 ↩

  12. Reynolds 1994, p. 280. - Reynolds, Donald (1994). The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols. New York: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01439-3. OCLC 45730295. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45730295 ↩

  13. "The 11 tallest buildings in New York City right now, ranked". Business Insider. September 18, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/tallest-buildings-new-york-city-nyc-ranked-skyscrapers-supertall-2019-4#t11-new-york-times-tower-1 ↩

  14. "Emporis building ID 114867". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142806/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114867 ↩

  15. Cobb 2010, p. 118. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  16. Curcio 2001, p. 424. - Curcio, Vincent (2001). Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius. Automotive History and Personalities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=w8djsCB8-OUC&pg=PA426 ↩

  17. Nash & McGrath 1999, p. 65. - Nash, E.; McGrath, N. (1999). Manhattan Skyscrapers. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-56898-181-9. https://archive.org/details/manhattanskyscra00nash_0 ↩

  18. "1926 Chrysler Radiator Cap Used On The Chrysler Building". Imperialclub.com. December 13, 2006. Archived from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20150517030020/http://www.imperialclub.com/Yr/1926/building/Cap.htm ↩

  19. Curcio 2001, p. 424. - Curcio, Vincent (2001). Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius. Automotive History and Personalities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=w8djsCB8-OUC&pg=PA426 ↩

  20. Cobb 2010, p. 119. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  21. Cobb 2010, pp. 105–106. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  22. Davies, Rachel (October 29, 2024). "The Chrysler Building: Everything You Need to Know About New York City's Art Deco Masterpiece". Architectural Digest. Retrieved November 1, 2024. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-chrysler-building-everything-you-need-to-know ↩

  23. Kingston 2017, p. 173. - Kingston, G.C. (2017). William Van Alen, Fred T. Ley and the Chrysler Building. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6847-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=18dADgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 ↩

  24. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 3. - Chrysler Building (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 12, 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0992.pdf ↩

  25. Pierpont, Claudia Roth (November 18, 2002). "The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 23, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/11/18/the-silver-spire ↩

  26. Cobb 2010, p. 106. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  27. Miller 2015, p. 260. - Miller, Donald L. (2015). Supreme City: How Jazz Age Manhattan Gave Birth to Modern America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-5020-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1DCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 ↩

  28. Cobb 2010, p. 106. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  29. Cobb 2010, pp. 106–108. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  30. Cobb 2010, p. 118. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  31. Thum, E.E. (1935). The book of stainless steels: corrosion resisting and heat resisting alloys. American Society for Metals. p. 657. Retrieved November 5, 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=q_BhvgAACAAJ ↩

  32. Cobb 2010, p. 119. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  33. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 3. - Chrysler Building (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 12, 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0992.pdf ↩

  34. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 606. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977. https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster ↩

  35. Curcio 2001, p. 418. - Curcio, Vincent (2001). Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius. Automotive History and Personalities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=w8djsCB8-OUC&pg=PA426 ↩

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  37. Douglas 2004, p. 96. - Douglas, G.H. (2004). Skyscrapers: A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2030-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=IxDUUqut-XkC ↩

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  40. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 608. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977. https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster ↩

  41. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 3. - Chrysler Building (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 12, 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0992.pdf ↩

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  47. Robins 2017, p. 82. - Robins, Anthony W. (2017). New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture. Excelsior Editions. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6396-4. OCLC 953576510. https://books.google.com/books?id=cnC6DgAAQBAJ ↩

  48. Bascomb 2004, p. 161. - Bascomb, Neal (2004). Higher: A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1268-6. ↩

  49. "Skyscrapers Made Rainproof With 'Blotters': Absorbing Composition Is Shot Against Back of Bricks to Catch Seepage Best of Them Let In Water In Old Days Roof Was the Vulnerable Point of Attack". New York Herald Tribune. May 24, 1931. p. E6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1115100040. /wiki/ISSN_(identifier) ↩

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  51. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 3. - Chrysler Building (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 12, 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0992.pdf ↩

  52. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 606. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977. https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster ↩

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  61. Pierpont, Claudia Roth (November 18, 2002). "The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 23, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/11/18/the-silver-spire ↩

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  69. Pierpont, Claudia Roth (November 18, 2002). "The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 23, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/11/18/the-silver-spire ↩

  70. Cobb 2010, pp. 105–108. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  71. Pierpont, Claudia Roth (November 18, 2002). "The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 23, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/11/18/the-silver-spire ↩

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  75. "Columbia Setting Up Television Station; $650,000 Installation Atop the Chrysler Building". The New York Times. September 28, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/28/archives/columbia-setting-up-television-station-650000-installation-atop-the.html ↩

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  77. Balio, Tino (2013). Hollywood in the Age of Television. Routledge Library Editions: Cinema. Taylor & Francis. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-317-92915-4. Retrieved November 5, 2017. 978-1-317-92915-4 ↩

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  82. Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0300055366. 0300055366 ↩

  83. See: * Rosenbaum, Ron (February 23, 1998). "Come On Tishman, Light My Spire". Observer. Retrieved November 5, 2017. (lights turn on until 6 am) * Rosenbaum, Ron (August 11, 2003). "Edgy Gets Results! The Chrysler Spire Is Re-Lit Till Dawn". Observer. Retrieved November 5, 2017. (lights turned off, then re-lit at Rosenbaum's request) https://observer.com/1998/02/come-on-tishman-light-my-spire/ ↩

  84. Russ, Hilary (April 27, 2015). "New York state to turn lights out for migrating birds". U.S. Retrieved November 5, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-new-york-birds/new-york-state-to-turn-lights-out-for-migrating-birds-idUSKBN0NI21R20150427 ↩

  85. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 4. - Chrysler Building (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 12, 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0992.pdf ↩

  86. Velsey, Kim (December 19, 2024). "How Aby Rosen Lost the Chrysler Building". Curbed. Retrieved December 21, 2024. https://www.curbed.com/article/aby-rosens-chrysler-building-saga-a-timeline.html ↩

  87. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, pp. 608–609. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977. https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster ↩

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  101. Trachtenberg, M.; Hyman, I. (2002). Architecture, from Prehistory to Postmodernity. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 526–528. ISBN 978-0-13-091841-3. Retrieved November 5, 2017. 978-0-13-091841-3 ↩

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  108. Dunlap, David W. (March 21, 1999). "POSTINGS: 110- by 76-Foot Work on Ceiling Was Installed in 1930; Chrysler Building Mural Awakens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/21/realestate/postings-110-76-foot-work-ceiling-was-installed-1930-chrysler-building-mural.html ↩

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  303. Gray, Christopher (November 15, 1992). "Streetscapes: 40 Wall Street; A Race for the Skies, Lost by a Spire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 3, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/realestate/streetscapes-40-wall-street-a-race-for-the-skies-lost-by-a-spire.html ↩

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  305. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 605. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977. https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster ↩

  306. Bascomb, Neal (May 26, 2005). "For the Architect, a Height Never Again to Be Scaled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 1, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/garden/for-the-architect-a-height-never-again-to-be-scaled.html ↩

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  308. Pierpont, Claudia Roth (November 18, 2002). "The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 23, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/11/18/the-silver-spire ↩

  309. Bascomb 2004, p. 57. - Bascomb, Neal (2004). Higher: A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1268-6. ↩

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  312. "Emporis building ID 114867". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142806/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114867 ↩

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  315. "Emporis building ID 114867". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142806/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114867 ↩

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  317. Chrysler, Walter P. (1950). Life of an American Workman. Benediction Classics. p. 197. ISBN 9781849023276. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) 9781849023276 ↩

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  319. Stravitz 2002, p. 54. - Stravitz, David (2002). The Chrysler Building: Creating a New York Icon Day by Day. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-354-9. ↩

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  321. Cobb 2010, p. 109. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

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  325. Curcio 2001, p. 420. - Curcio, Vincent (2001). Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius. Automotive History and Personalities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=w8djsCB8-OUC&pg=PA426 ↩

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  328. "Lauds Safety Record" (PDF). The New York Times. January 19, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2017. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/01/19/96905885.pdf ↩

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  330. Chrysler, W.P. (1930). The Chrysler Building. Chrysler Tower Corporation. p. 8. https://books.google.com/books?id=AYOGWG1d064C ↩

  331. Stravitz 2002, pp. 54, 158. - Stravitz, David (2002). The Chrysler Building: Creating a New York Icon Day by Day. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-354-9. ↩

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  334. Gray, Christopher (November 15, 1992). "Streetscapes: 40 Wall Street; A Race for the Skies, Lost by a Spire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 3, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/realestate/streetscapes-40-wall-street-a-race-for-the-skies-lost-by-a-spire.html ↩

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  336. Davies, Rachel (October 29, 2024). "The Chrysler Building: Everything You Need to Know About New York City's Art Deco Masterpiece". Architectural Digest. Retrieved November 1, 2024. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-chrysler-building-everything-you-need-to-know ↩

  337. Emporis GmbH. "Emporis Data "...a celebrated three-way race to become the tallest building in the world."". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2010; "The Manhattan Company – Skyscraper.org; "...'race' to erect the tallest tower in the world."". Skyscraper.org. Archived from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120224222332/http://www.emporis.com/building/the-trump-building-new-york-city-ny-usa ↩

  338. Reynolds 1994, p. 281. - Reynolds, Donald (1994). The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols. New York: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01439-3. OCLC 45730295. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45730295 ↩

  339. Rasenberger 2009, pp. 388–389. - Rasenberger, Jim (2009). High Steel: The Daring Men Who Built the World's Greatest Skyline, 1881 to the Present. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-174675-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=XDSxwPx-yJ4C ↩

  340. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 612. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977. https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster ↩

  341. These proposals included the 100-story Metropolitan Life North Building; a 1,050-foot (320 m) tower built by Abraham E. Lefcourt at Broadway and 49th Street; a 100-story tower developed by the Fred F. French Company on Sixth Avenue between 43rd and 44th Streets; an 85-story tower to be developed on the site of the Belmont Hotel near Grand Central Terminal; and the Noyes-Schulte Company's proposed tower on Broadway between Duane and Worth Streets. Only one of these projects was even partially completed: the base of the Metropolitan Life North Building.[168] /wiki/Metropolitan_Life_North_Building ↩

  342. Rasenberger 2009, pp. 388–389. - Rasenberger, Jim (2009). High Steel: The Daring Men Who Built the World's Greatest Skyline, 1881 to the Present. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-174675-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=XDSxwPx-yJ4C ↩

  343. Reynolds 1994, p. 281. - Reynolds, Donald (1994). The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols. New York: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01439-3. OCLC 45730295. https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45730295 ↩

  344. Tauranac 2014, p. 130. - Tauranac, John (2014). The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19678-7. https://archive.org/details/empirestatebuild0000taur_w8o4 ↩

  345. Gray, Christopher (November 15, 1992). "Streetscapes: 40 Wall Street; A Race for the Skies, Lost by a Spire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 3, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/realestate/streetscapes-40-wall-street-a-race-for-the-skies-lost-by-a-spire.html ↩

  346. Stravitz 2002, p. 161. - Stravitz, David (2002). The Chrysler Building: Creating a New York Icon Day by Day. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-354-9. ↩

  347. Binder 2006, p. 102. - Binder, Georges (2006). 101 of the World's Tallest Buildings. Council of Tall Buildings in Urban Habitats. ISBN 978-1-86470-173-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Lcir7wwIzhIC&pg=PA102 ↩

  348. According to Robert A. M. Stern, the spire was 185 feet (56 m) long.[153] /wiki/Robert_A._M._Stern ↩

  349. Robins 2017, p. 82. - Robins, Anthony W. (2017). New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture. Excelsior Editions. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6396-4. OCLC 953576510. https://books.google.com/books?id=cnC6DgAAQBAJ ↩

  350. Tauranac 2014, p. 130. - Tauranac, John (2014). The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19678-7. https://archive.org/details/empirestatebuild0000taur_w8o4 ↩

  351. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 605. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977. https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster ↩

  352. Davies, Rachel (October 29, 2024). "The Chrysler Building: Everything You Need to Know About New York City's Art Deco Masterpiece". Architectural Digest. Retrieved November 1, 2024. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-chrysler-building-everything-you-need-to-know ↩

  353. Stravitz 2002, p. 161. - Stravitz, David (2002). The Chrysler Building: Creating a New York Icon Day by Day. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-354-9. ↩

  354. Gray, Christopher (November 15, 1992). "Streetscapes: 40 Wall Street; A Race for the Skies, Lost by a Spire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 3, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/realestate/streetscapes-40-wall-street-a-race-for-the-skies-lost-by-a-spire.html ↩

  355. Stravitz 2002, p. xiii, 161. - Stravitz, David (2002). The Chrysler Building: Creating a New York Icon Day by Day. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-354-9. ↩

  356. Robins 2017, p. 82. - Robins, Anthony W. (2017). New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture. Excelsior Editions. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6396-4. OCLC 953576510. https://books.google.com/books?id=cnC6DgAAQBAJ ↩

  357. Curcio 2001, p. 426. - Curcio, Vincent (2001). Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius. Automotive History and Personalities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=w8djsCB8-OUC&pg=PA426 ↩

  358. Cobb 2010, p. 110. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  359. Curcio 2001, p. 426. - Curcio, Vincent (2001). Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius. Automotive History and Personalities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=w8djsCB8-OUC&pg=PA426 ↩

  360. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 605. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977. https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster ↩

  361. Cobb 2010, p. 110. - Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. Asm Handbook. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC ↩

  362. Curcio 2001, p. 425. - Curcio, Vincent (2001). Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius. Automotive History and Personalities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=w8djsCB8-OUC&pg=PA426 ↩

  363. Willis, Carol. "The Skyscraper Museum: Times Square, 1984: The Postmodern Moment Walkthrough". The Skyscraper Museum. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160422174957/http://skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/TEN_TOPS/chrysler.php ↩

  364. Willis & Friedman 1998, p. 14. - Willis, Carol; Friedman, Donald (1998). Building the Empire State. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-73030-2. ↩

  365. Robins 2017, p. 82. - Robins, Anthony W. (2017). New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture. Excelsior Editions. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6396-4. OCLC 953576510. https://books.google.com/books?id=cnC6DgAAQBAJ ↩

  366. Miller 2015, p. 258. - Miller, Donald L. (2015). Supreme City: How Jazz Age Manhattan Gave Birth to Modern America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-5020-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1DCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 ↩

  367. Tauranac 2014, p. 130. - Tauranac, John (2014). The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19678-7. https://archive.org/details/empirestatebuild0000taur_w8o4 ↩

  368. Tauranac 2014, p. 131. - Tauranac, John (2014). The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19678-7. https://archive.org/details/empirestatebuild0000taur_w8o4 ↩

  369. Bascomb 2004, p. 230. - Bascomb, Neal (2004). Higher: A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1268-6. ↩

  370. "Enlarges Site For 1,000-Foot Building" (PDF). The New York Times. November 19, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2017. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/11/19/107107719.pdf ↩

  371. Tauranac 2014, p. 131. - Tauranac, John (2014). The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19678-7. https://archive.org/details/empirestatebuild0000taur_w8o4 ↩

  372. "Division Offices Opened In New Chrysler Bldg" (PDF). The New York Times. 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2017. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/01/05/132757162.pdf ↩

  373. Langworth, Richard M.; Norbye, Jan P. (1985). The Complete History of Chrysler Corporation 1924–1985. Skokie, Illinois: Publications International. p. 47. ISBN 0-88176-200-8. 0-88176-200-8 ↩

  374. "Universal Atlas Cement Co. Leases in Chrysler Building" (PDF). The New York Times. April 22, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2017. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/04/22/96104542.pdf ↩

  375. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 2. - Chrysler Building (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 12, 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0992.pdf ↩

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