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Malaysia, located in Southeast Asia, is a federal constitutional monarchy made up of 13 states and three federal territories divided into Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia on Borneo. Its capital, Kuala Lumpur, is the legislative seat, while Putrajaya hosts the executive and judicial branches. With a diverse population of over 34 million, Malaysia is a megadiverse, megadiverse country with rich cultural heritage rooted in its Malay kingdoms history and British colonial past. It practices a multiethnic society under a parliamentary system and a Westminster system. The economy, once resource-based, is now a newly industrialised market economy expanding in commerce and medical tourism. Malaysia is active in regional and international organizations like ASEAN and the Commonwealth.

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Etymology

The name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malays and the Latin-Greek suffix -ia/-ία6 which can be translated as 'land of the Malays'.7 Similar-sounding variants have also appeared in accounts older than the 11th century, as toponyms for areas in Sumatra or referring to a larger region around the Strait of Malacca.8 The Sanskrit text Vayu Purana, thought to have been in existence since the first millennium CE, mentioned a land named 'Malayadvipa' which was identified by certain scholars as the modern Malay Peninsula.910111213 Other notable accounts are by Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geographia that used the name Malayu Kulon for the west coast of Golden Chersonese, and the 7th-century Yijing's account of Malayu.14

At some point, the Melayu Kingdom took its name from the Sungai Melayu.1516 Melayu then became associated with Srivijaya,17 and remained associated with various parts of Sumatra, especially Palembang, where the founder of the Malacca Sultanate is thought to have come from.18 It is only thought to have developed into an ethnonym as Malacca became a regional power in the 15th century. Islamisation established an ethnoreligious identity in Malacca, with the term Melayu beginning to appear as interchangeable with Melakans. It may have specifically referred to local Malay speakers who were loyal to the Malaccan Sultan. The initial Portuguese use of Malayos reflected this, referring only to the ruling people of Malacca. The prominence of traders from Malacca led Melayu to be associated with Muslim traders, and from there became associated with the wider cultural and linguistic group.19 Malacca and later Johor claimed they were the centre of Malay culture, a position supported by the British which led to the term Malay becoming more usually linked to the Malay peninsula rather than Sumatra.20

Before the onset of European colonisation, the Malay Peninsula was known natively as Tanah Melayu ('Malay Land').21 Under a racial classification created by a German scholar Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, the natives of maritime Southeast Asia were grouped into a single category, the Malay race.2223 Following the expedition of French navigator Jules Dumont d'Urville to Oceania in 1826, he later proposed the terms of Malaysia, Micronesia and Melanesia to the Société de Géographie in 1831, distinguishing these Pacific cultures and island groups from the existing term Polynesia. Dumont d'Urville described Malaysia as "an area commonly known as the East Indies".24 In 1850, the English ethnologist George Samuel Windsor Earl, writing in the Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, proposed naming the islands of Southeast Asia as "Melayunesia" or "Indunesia", favouring the former.25 The name Malaysia gained some use to label what is now the Malay Archipelago.26 In modern terminology, Malay remains the name of an ethnoreligious group of Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and portions of the adjacent islands of Southeast Asia, including the east coast of Sumatra, the coast of Borneo, and smaller islands that lie between these areas.27

The state that gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 took the name the Federation of Malaya, chosen in preference to other potential names such as Malaysia28 and Langkasuka,29 after the historic kingdom located at the upper section of the Malay Peninsula in the first millennium CE.3031 Nonetheless, the name Malaysia was adopted in 1963 when the existing states of the Federation of Malaya, plus Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak formed a new federation.3233 One theory posits the name was chosen so that si represented the inclusion of Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak to Malaya in 1963.34 Politicians in the Philippines contemplated renaming their state Malaysia before the modern country took the name.35

History

Main article: History of Malaysia

Evidence of modern human habitation in Malaysia dates back 40,000 years.36 In the Malay Peninsula, the first inhabitants are thought to be Negritos.3738 Areas of Malaysia participated in the Maritime Jade Road between 2000 BC to 1000 AD.39404142 Traders and settlers from India and China arrived as early as the first century AD, establishing trading ports and coastal towns in the second and third centuries. Their presence resulted in strong Indian and Chinese influences on the local cultures, and the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sanskrit inscriptions appear as early as the fourth or fifth century.43 The Kingdom of Langkasuka arose around the second century in the northern area of the Malay Peninsula, lasting until about the 15th century.44 Between the 7th and 13th centuries, much of the southern Malay Peninsula was part of the maritime Srivijayan empire. By the 13th and the 14th century, the Majapahit empire had successfully wrested control over most of the peninsula and the Malay Archipelago from Srivijaya.45 In the early 15th century, Parameswara, a runaway king of the former Kingdom of Singapura linked to the old Srivijayan court, founded the Malacca Sultanate.46 The spread of Islam increased following Parameswara's conversion to that religion. Malacca was an important commercial centre during this time, attracting trade from around the region.47

In 1511, Malacca was conquered by Portugal,48 after which it was taken by the Dutch in 1641. In 1786, the British Empire established a presence in Malaya, when the Sultan of Kedah leased Penang Island to the British East India Company. The British obtained the town of Singapore in 1819,49 and in 1824 took control of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. By 1826, the British directly controlled Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and the island of Labuan, which they established as the crown colony of the Straits Settlements. By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States, had British residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer by treaty.50 The remaining five states on the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under British rule, also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. Development on the peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. Under British rule the immigration of Chinese and Indians to serve as labourers was encouraged.51 The area that is now Sabah came under British control as North Borneo when both the Sultan of Brunei and the Sultan of Sulu transferred their respective territorial rights of ownership, between 1877 and 1878.52 In 1842, Sarawak was ceded by the Sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, whose successors ruled as the White Rajahs over an independent kingdom until 1946, when it became a crown colony.53

In the Second World War, the Japanese Army invaded and occupied Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore for over three years. During this time, ethnic tensions were raised and nationalism grew.54 Popular support for independence increased after Malaya was reconquered by Allied forces.55 Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the Malayan Union met with strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The Malayan Union, established in 1946, and consisting of all the British possessions in the Malay Peninsula except for Singapore, was quickly dissolved and replaced on 1 February 1948 by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection.56

During this time, the mostly ethnically Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya.57 On 31 August 1957, Malaya became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations.58 Subsequently, a comprehensive plan was devised to unite Malaya with the crown colonies of North Borneo (known as Sabah upon joining), Sarawak, and Singapore. The envisioned federation was originally intended to take place on 31 August 1963, to coincide with the commemoration of Malayan independence. However, due to the necessity of conducting a survey on the level of support for the federation in Sabah and Sarawak by the United Nations, as requested by opponents of the federation such as Indonesia's Sukarno and the Sarawak United Peoples' Party, the date of the federation was postponed until 16 September 1963.5960

The federation brought heightened tensions including a conflict with Indonesia as well as continual conflicts against the Communists in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, which escalated to the Sarawak Communist Insurgency and Second Malayan Emergency together with several other issues such as the cross-border attacks into Sabah by Moro pirates from the southern islands of the Philippines, Singapore being expelled from the Federation in 1965,6162 and racial strife. This strife culminated in the 13 May race riots in 1969.63 After the riots, the controversial New Economic Policy was launched by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, trying to increase the share of the economy held by the bumiputera.64 Under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad there was a period of rapid economic growth and urbanization beginning in the 1980s. The economy shifted from being agriculturally based to one based on manufacturing and industry. Numerous mega-projects were completed, such as the Petronas Towers, the North–South Expressway, the Multimedia Super Corridor, and the new federal administrative capital of Putrajaya.65

In the late 1990s, the Asian financial crisis impacted the country, nearly causing their currency, stock, and property markets to crash; however, they later recovered.66 The 1MDB scandal was a major global corruption scandal that implicated then-Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2015.67 The scandal contributed to the first change in the ruling political party since independence in the 2018 general election.68 In the 2020s, the country was gripped by a political crisis that coincided with health and economic crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.69 This was then followed by an earlier general election in November 2022, which resulted in the first hung parliament in the nation's history.70 On 24 November 2022, Anwar Ibrahim was sworn in as the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia, leading a grand coalition government.71

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of Malaysia and Government of Malaysia

Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy and the only federal country in Southeast Asia.72 The system of government is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British rule.73 The head of state is the King, whose official title is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The King is elected to a five-year term by and from among the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states. The other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. By informal agreement the position is rotated among the nine,74 and has been held by Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor since 31 January 2024. The King's role has been largely ceremonial since changes to the constitution in 1994, picking ministers and members of the upper house.75

Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral federal parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives and the upper house, the Senate.76 The 222-member House of Representatives is elected for a maximum term of five years from single-member constituencies. All 70 senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and the remaining 44 are appointed by the King upon the Prime Minister's recommendation.77 The parliament follows a multi-party system and the government is elected through a first-past-the-post system.7879 Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years.80 Before 2018, only registered voters aged 21 and above could vote for the members of the House of Representatives and, in most of the states, for the state legislative chamber. Voting is not mandatory.81 In July 2019, a bill to lower the voting age to 18 years old was officially passed.82

Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. The prime minister must be a member of the House of Representatives, who in the opinion of His Majesty the King, commands the support of a majority of members. The Cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament.83 The Prime Minister is both the head of cabinet and the head of government.84 As a result of the 2018 general election Malaysia was governed by the Pakatan Harapan (PH) political alliance,85 although Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned amid a political crisis in 2020. In March 2020, the Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition formed under Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin,86 before Muhyiddin lost majority support and was replaced by deputy Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob, a veteran politician from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), in August 2021.8788 As a result of the 2022 Malaysian general election, a hung parliament was elected. Anwar Ibrahim of the PH coalition was appointed as the new Prime Minister to lead the coalition government of PH, Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and several other political parties and independents. Meanwhile, PN, the only political coalition not in the coalition government became the Opposition.

Malaysia's legal system is based on common law.89 Although the judiciary is theoretically independent, its independence has been called into question and the appointment of judges lacks accountability and transparency.90 The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by the Court of Appeal and two high courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia and one for East Malaysia. Malaysia also has a special court to hear cases brought by or against royalty.91

Race is a significant force in politics.92 Affirmative actions such as the New Economic Policy93 and the National Development Policy which superseded it, were implemented to advance the standing of the bumiputera, consisting of Malays and the indigenous tribes who are considered the original inhabitants of Malaysia, over non-bumiputera such as Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indians.94 These policies provide preferential treatment to bumiputera in employment, education, scholarships, business, and access to cheaper housing and assisted savings. However, it has generated greater interethnic resentment.95 There is ongoing debate over whether the laws and society of Malaysia should reflect Islamism or secularism.96 Islamic criminal laws passed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party with the support of UMNO state assemblymen in the state legislative assembly of Kelantan have been unenforced by the federal government on the basis that criminal laws are the responsibility of the federal government.979899

After UMNO lost power at the 2018 Malaysian general election, Malaysia's ranking increased by 9 places in the 2019 Democracy Index to 43rd compared to the previous year and is classified as a 'flawed democracy'.100 Malaysia's ranking in the 2020 Press Freedom Index increased by 22 places to 101st compared to the previous year, making it one of two countries in Southeast Asia without a 'Difficult situation' or 'Very Serious situation' with regards to press freedom.101 However, it fell 18 places the following year due to the policies of the PN government.102

Malaysia is marked at 48th and 62nd place according to the 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index, indicating above-average levels of corruption. Freedom House noted Malaysia as "partly free" in its 2018 survey.103 A lawsuit filed by the Department of Justice alleged that at least $3.5 billion involving former prime minister Najib Razak had been stolen from Malaysia's 1MDB state-owned fund, known as the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal.104105106

Administrative divisions

Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia and Local government in Malaysia

PerlisKedahPenangKelantanTerengganuPerakSelangorNegeri SembilanMalaccaJohorPahangSarawakSabahLabuanKuala LumpurPutrajayaWest MalaysiaEast Malaysia(Blue) States(Red) Federal TerritoriesSouth China SeaStrait of MalaccaGulf of ThailandSulu SeaCelebes SeaBruneiIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaPhilippinesSingaporeThailand

Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories.107 Out of these, eleven states and two federal territories are in Peninsular Malaysia, whereas the other two states and one federal territory comprise East Malaysia.

The country has three tiers of government – federal, state and local.108 Governance of the states is divided between the federal and the state governments, with different powers reserved for each, and the federal government has direct administration of the federal territories.109 Each state has a unicameral State Legislative Assembly whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. State governments are led by Chief Ministers,110 who are state assembly members from the majority party in the assembly. In each of the states with a hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is normally required to be a Malay, appointed by the ruler upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.111 Until 2018, state elections were held concurrently with the general election by convention, except for those in Sarawak.112 Following the 2020–2022 political crisis, only Pahang, Perak and Perlis opted to conduct their state elections simultaneously with the general elections.113

Positioned below the federal and state governments, local governments represent the lowest tier of governance in Malaysia.114 As of 2024, Malaysia is divided between 19 cities, 40 municipalities, 91 district-level councils, and four statutory agencies.115 While the federal constitution assigns local authorities to the exclusive jurisdiction of state governments,116 in practice, the federal Ministry of Housing and Local Government oversees the regulation of local laws and policies.117118 Mayors (or presidents for municipal and district councils) and councillors are appointed by the respective state governments, or in the case of the federal territories, by the federal government.119

Federal laws assign land matters, including the delineation of districts, to the purview of state governments.120 Except Perlis and the federal territories, each state is divided into districts, which are further subdivided into mukims. In Sabah and Sarawak, districts are grouped into divisions.121 In contrast to local governments that manage municipal administration and infrastructure development,122 districts are solely utilised for land taxation.123

The 13 states are based on historical Malay kingdoms, and 9 of the 11 Peninsular states, known as the Malay states, retain their royal families. The King is elected by and from the nine rulers to serve a five-year term.124 This King appoints governors serving a four-year term for the states without monarchies, after consultations with the chief minister of that state. Each state has its written constitution.125 Sabah and Sarawak have considerably more autonomy than the other states, most notably having separate immigration policies and controls, and unique residency status.126127128 Federal intervention in state affairs, lack of development, and disputes over oil royalties have occasionally led to statements about secession from leaders in several states such as Penang, Johor, Kelantan, Sabah and Sarawak, although these have not been followed up and no serious independence movements exist.129130131132

States

A list of thirteen states and each state capital (in parentheses):

  1. Johor (Johor Bahru)
  2. Kedah (Alor Setar)
  3. Kelantan (Kota Bharu)
  4. Malacca (Malacca City)
  5. Negeri Sembilan (Seremban)
  6. Pahang (Kuantan)
  7. Penang (George Town)
  8. Perak (Ipoh)
  9. Perlis (Kangar)
  10. Selangor (Shah Alam)
  11. Sabah (Kota Kinabalu)
  12. Sarawak (Kuching)
  13. Terengganu (Kuala Terengganu)
Federal territories
  1. Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
  2. Federal Territory of Labuan (Victoria)
  3. Federal Territory of Putrajaya

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of Malaysia and Malaysian Armed Forces

A founding member of ASEAN133 and OIC,134 the country participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations (U.N.),135 APEC,136 the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation,137 and NAM.138 It has chaired ASEAN, OIC, and NAM in the past.139 A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth.140 Kuala Lumpur was the site of the first EAS in 2005.141

Malaysia's foreign policy is officially based on the principle of neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries, regardless of their political system.142 The government attaches a high priority to the security and stability of Southeast Asia,143 and seeks to further develop relations with other countries in the region. Historically the government has tried to portray Malaysia as a progressive Islamic nation144 while strengthening relations with other Islamic states.145 A strong tenet of Malaysia's policy is national sovereignty and right of a country to control its domestic affairs.146 Malaysia signed the U.N. treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.147148

The Spratly Islands are disputed by many states in the area, and a large portion of the South China Sea is claimed by China. Unlike its neighbours of Vietnam and the Philippines, Malaysia historically avoided conflicts with China.149 However, after the encroachment of Chinese ships in Malaysian territorial waters,150 and breach of airspace by their military aircraft, Malaysia has become active in condemning China.151152 Brunei and Malaysia in 2009 announced an end to claims of each other's land, and committed to resolve issues related to their maritime borders.153 The Philippines has a dormant claim to the eastern part of Sabah.154 Singapore's land reclamation has caused tensions,155 and minor maritime and land border disputes exist with Indonesia.156157

The Malaysian Armed Forces has three branches: the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. There is no conscription, and the required age for voluntary military service is 18. The military uses 1.5% of the country's GDP, and employs 1.23% of Malaysia's manpower.158 Malaysian peacekeeping forces of MALBATT have contributed to many U.N. peacekeeping missions, such as in Congo, Iran–Iraq, Namibia, Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, East Timor, and Lebanon.159160

The Five Power Defence Arrangements is a regional security initiative that has been in place for almost 40 years. It involves joint military exercises held among Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.161 Joint exercises and war games have also been held with Brunei,162 China,163 India,164 Indonesia,165 Japan,166 and the United States.167 Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam have agreed to host joint security force exercises to secure their maritime border and tackle issues such as illegal immigration, piracy, and smuggling.168169170 Previously there were fears that extremist militant activities in the Muslim areas of the southern Philippines171 and southern Thailand172 would spill over into Malaysia. Because of this, Malaysia began to increase its border security.173174

Human rights

See also: Human rights in Malaysia and LGBT rights in Malaysia

Homosexuality is illegal in Malaysia,175176 and authorities have imposed punishments such as caning and imprisonment.177178 Human trafficking and sex trafficking in Malaysia are significant problems.179180 There have also been cases of vigilante executions and beatings against LGBT individuals in Malaysia.181182 The illegality of homosexuality in Malaysia has also been the forefront of Anwar Ibrahim's sodomy trials, which Anwar has called politically motivated, a characterization supported by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, along with Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch.183184185

The death penalty is in use for serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, drug trafficking, and kidnapping,186187 but in June 2022, Malaysian law minister Wan Junaidi pledged to abolish capital punishment and replace it with other punishments at the discretion of the court.188

Geography

Main article: Geography of Malaysia

Malaysia is the 66th largest country by total land area, with a total area of 330,803 km2 (127,724 sq mi).189 It has land borders with Thailand in West Malaysia, and Indonesia and Brunei in East Malaysia.190 It is linked to Singapore by a narrow causeway and a bridge. The country also has maritime boundaries with Vietnam191 and the Philippines.192 The land borders are defined in large part by geological features such as the Perlis River, the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal, whilst some of the maritime boundaries are the subject of ongoing contention.193 Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia,194 with the state of Sarawak dividing it into two parts. Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago.195 The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is one of the most important thoroughfares in global commerce, carrying 40 percent of the world's trade.196

The two parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains.197 Peninsular Malaysia, containing 40 per cent of Malaysia's land area,198 extends 740 km (460 mi) from north to south, and its maximum width is 322 km (200 mi).199 It is divided between its east and west coasts by the Titiwangsa Mountains,200 rising to a peak elevation of 2,183 metres (7,162 ft) at Mount Korbu,201 part of a series of mountain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula.202 These mountains are heavily forested,203 and mainly composed of granite and other igneous rocks. Much of it has been eroded, creating a karst landscape.204 The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems.205 The coastal plains surrounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of 50 kilometres (31 mi), and the peninsula's coastline is nearly 1,931 km (1,200 mi) long, although harbours are only available on the western side.206

East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of 2,607 km (1,620 mi).207 It is divided between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous interior.208 The Crocker Range extends northwards from Sarawak,209 dividing the state of Sabah. It is the location of the 4,095 m (13,435 ft) high Mount Kinabalu,210211 the tallest mountain in Malaysia. Mount Kinabalu is located in the Kinabalu National Park, which is protected as one of the four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Malaysia.212 The highest mountain ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. Sarawak contains the Mulu Caves, the largest cave system in the world, in the Gunung Mulu National Park which is also a World Heritage Site.213 The largest river in Malaysia is the Rajang.

Around these two halves of Malaysia are numerous islands, the largest of which is Banggi.214 The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons.215 The temperature is moderated by the presence of the surrounding oceans.216 Humidity is usually high, and the average annual rainfall is 250 cm (98 in).217 The climates of the Peninsula and the East differ, as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East. Local climates can be divided into three regions, highland, lowland, and coastal.218 Climate change will cause sea level rise and increased rainfall, increasing flood risks and leading to droughts.219

Biodiversity and conservation

Main articles: Wildlife of Malaysia, Environmental issues in Malaysia, and List of national parks in Malaysia

Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994.220 It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998.221 The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism.222 It is estimated to contain 20 per cent of the world's animal species.223 High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo's mountains, as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest.224

There are about 210 mammal species in the country.225 Over 620 species of birds have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia,226 with many endemic to the mountains there. A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Borneo.227 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country, with about 150 species of snakes228 and 80 species of lizards.229 There are about 150 species of frogs,230 and thousands of insect species.231 The Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia is 334,671 km2 (129,217 sq mi) and 1.5 times larger than its land area. It is mainly in the South China Sea.232233 Some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle, a biodiversity hotspot.234 The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world.235 Bordering East Malaysia, the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species.236 The unique biodiversity of Malaysian Caves always attracts lovers of ecotourism from all over the world.237

Nearly 4,000 species of fungi, including lichen-forming species have been recorded from Malaysia. Of the two fungal groups with the largest number of species in Malaysia, the Ascomycota and their asexual states have been surveyed in some habitats (decaying wood, marine, and freshwater ecosystems, as parasites of some plants, and as agents of biodegradation), but have not been or have been only poorly surveyed in other habitats (as endobionts, in soils, on dung, as human and animal pathogens); the Basidiomycota are only partly surveyed: bracket fungi, and mushrooms and toadstools have been studied, but Malaysian rust and smut fungi remain very poorly known. Without a doubt, many more fungal species in Malaysia are yet to be recorded, and it is likely that many of those, when found, will be new to science.238

About two thirds of Malaysia was covered in forest as of 2007,239 with some forests believed to be 130 million years old.240 The forests are dominated by dipterocarps.241 Lowland forest covers areas below 760 m (2,490 ft),242 and formerly East Malaysia was covered in such rainforest,243 which is supported by its hot wet climate.244 There are around 14,500 species of flowering plants and trees.245 Besides rainforests, there are over 1,425 km2 (550 sq mi) of mangroves in Malaysia,246 and a large amount of peat forest. At higher altitudes, oaks, chestnuts, and rhododendrons replace dipterocarps.247 There are an estimated 8,500 species of vascular plants in Peninsular Malaysia, with another 15,000 in the East.248 The forests of East Malaysia are estimated to be the habitat of around 2,000 tree species, and are one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, with 240 different species of trees every hectare.249 These forests host many members of the Rafflesia genus, the largest flowers in the world,250 with a maximum diameter of 1 m (3 ft 3 in).251

Logging, along with cultivation practices, has devastated tree cover, causing severe environmental degradation in the country. Over 80 per cent of Sarawak's rainforest has been logged.252 Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees, and over 60 per cent of the peninsula's forests have been cleared.253 With current rates of deforestation, mainly for the palm oil industry, the forests are predicted to be extinct by 2020.254255 Deforestation is a major problem for animals, fungi and plants, having caused species such as Begonia eiromischa to go extinct.256 Most remaining forest is found inside reserves and national parks.257 Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life.258 Illegal fishing is another major threat,259 with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems.260 Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98 per cent since the 1950s.261 Hunting has also been an issue for some animals,262 with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals, from marine life263 to tigers.264 Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism.265

The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection, but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment.266 Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation;267 and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10 per cent each year. A total of 28 national parks have been established, 23 in East Malaysia and five in the peninsula.268 Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island.269 Wildlife trafficking is a large issue, and the Malaysian government has held talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws.270

Economy

Main article: Economy of Malaysia

Malaysia is a relatively open state-oriented and newly industrialised market economy.271 It has the world's 36th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 31st-largest by PPP. In 2017, the large service sector contributed to 53.6% of total GDP, the industrial sector 37.6%, and the small agricultural sector roughly 8.8%.272 Malaysia has a low official unemployment rate of 3.4% as of 2024.273 Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's 24th-largest.274 It has a labour force of about 15 million, which is the world's 34th-largest.275 Malaysia's large automotive industry ranks as the world's 22nd-largest by production.276

Malaysia is the world's 23rd-largest exporter and 25th-largest importer.277278 However, economic inequalities exist between different ethnic groups.279 The Chinese make up about one-quarter of the population, but account for 70 per cent of the country's market capitalisation.280 Chinese businesses in Malaysia are part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses in the Southeast Asian market sharing common family and cultural ties.281

International trade, facilitated by the shipping route in adjacent Strait of Malacca, and manufacturing are the key sectors.282283284 Malaysia is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, and petroleum is a major export.285 Malaysia has once been the largest producer of tin,286 rubber and palm oil in the world. Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy,287 although Malaysia's economic structure has been moving away from it.288 Malaysia remains one of the world's largest producers of palm oil.289

Tourism is the third-largest contributor to Malaysia's GDP, after the manufacturing and commodities sectors.290 In 2019, the sector contributed about 15.9 percent to the total GDP. According to the World Tourism Organization, Malaysia was the fourteenth-most visited country in the world, and the fourth-most visited country in Asia in 2019, with over 26.1 million visits.291 Malaysia was ranked 38th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019.292 Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $19.8 billion.293

The country has developed into a centre of Islamic banking and has the highest number of female workers in that industry.294 Knowledge-based services are also expanding.295 In 2020, Malaysia exported high-tech products worth $92.1 billion, the second-highest in ASEAN, after Singapore.296 Malaysia was ranked 33rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2024, and 32nd in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2022.297298

Infrastructure

See also: Transport in Malaysia

Railway transport in Malaysia is state-run, and spans some 2,783 kilometres (1,729 mi).299 As of 2016, Malaysia has the world's 26th-largest road network, with some 238,823 kilometres (148,398 mi) of roads. Malaysia's inland waterways are the world's 22nd-longest, and total 7,200 km (4,474 mi).300 Among Malaysia's 114 airports,301 among which the busiest is Kuala Lumpur International Airport located south of Kuala Lumpur in Sepang District, which is also the twelfth-busiest airport in Asia. Among the 7 federal ports, the major one is Port Klang,302 which is the thirteenth-busiest container port.303 Malaysia's flag carrier is Malaysia Airlines, providing international and domestic air services.304

Malaysia's telecommunications network is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia, with 4.7 million fixed-line subscribers and more than 30 million cellular subscribers.305306 There are 200 industrial parks along with specialised parks such as Technology Park Malaysia and Kulim Hi-Tech Park.307 Fresh water is available to over 95% of the population, with ground water accounting for 90% of the freshwater resources.308309 Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.310 The telecommunication network, although strong in urban areas, is less available to the rural population.311

Malaysia's energy infrastructure sector is largely dominated by Tenaga Nasional, the largest electric utility company in Southeast Asia. Customers in Peninsular Malaysia are connected to electricity through the National Grid.312 The other two electric utility companies in the country are Sarawak Energy and Sabah Electricity.313 In 2013, Malaysia's total power generation capacity was over 29,728 megawatts. Total electricity generation was 140,985.01 GWh and total electricity consumption was 116,087.51 GWh.314 Energy production in Malaysia is largely based on oil and natural gas, owing to Malaysia's oil and natural gas reserves, which are the fourth largest in the Asia-Pacific region.315

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Malaysia

According to the Malaysian Department of Statistics, the country's population was 32,447,385 in 2020,316 making it the 42nd most populated country. According to a 2012 estimate, the population is increasing by 1.54 percent per year. Malaysia has an average population density of 96 people per km2, ranking it 116th in the world for population density. People within the 15–64 age group constitute 69.5 percent of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 24.5 percent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 6.0 percent. In 1960, when the first official census was recorded in Malaysia, the population was 8.11 million. 91.8 percent of the population are Malaysian citizens.317

Malaysian citizens are divided along local ethnic lines, with 69.7 percent considered bumiputera.318 The largest group of bumiputera are Malays, who are defined in the constitution as Muslims who practise Malay customs and culture. They play a dominant role politically.319 Bumiputera status is also accorded to the non-Malay indigenous groups of Sabah and Sarawak: which includes Dayaks (Iban, Bidayuh, Orang Ulu), Kadazan-Dusun, Melanau, Bajau and others. Non-Malay bumiputeras make up more than half of Sarawak's population and over two-thirds of Sabah's population.320321 There are also indigenous or aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsular, where they are collectively known as the Orang Asli.322 Laws over who gets bumiputera status vary between states.323

There are also two other non-Bumiputera local ethnic groups. 22.8 percent of the population are Malaysian Chinese, while 6.8 percent are Malaysian Indian.324 The local Chinese have historically been more dominant in the business community. Local Indians are mostly of Tamil descent.325326 Malaysian citizenship is not automatically granted to those born in Malaysia, but is granted to a child born of two Malaysian parents outside Malaysia. Dual citizenship is not permitted.327 Citizenship in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo are distinct from citizenship in Peninsular Malaysia for immigration purposes. Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card known as MyKad at the age of 12 and must carry the card at all times.328

The population is concentrated on Peninsular Malaysia,329 where 20 million out of approximately 28 million Malaysians live.330 70 per cent of the population is urban.331 Due to the rise in labour-intensive industries,332 the country is estimated to have over 3 million migrant workers; about 10 per cent of the population.333 Sabah-based NGOs estimate that out of the 3 million that make up the population of Sabah, 2 million are illegal immigrants.334 Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 171,500. Of this population, approximately 79,000 are from Burma, 72,400 from the Philippines, and 17,700 from Indonesia. Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007, and Malaysia employs RELA, a volunteer militia with a history of controversies, to enforce its immigration law.335

 
  • v
  • t
  • e
Largest cities and municipalities in MalaysiaDepartment of Statistics, Malaysia (2020)
RankNameState Pop.RankNameState Pop.
Kuala LumpurKajang1Kuala LumpurFederal Territory1,982,11211IpohPerak759,952Seberang PeraiSubang Jaya
2KajangSelangor1,047,35612SerembanNegeri Sembilan681,541
3Seberang PeraiPenang946,09213Iskandar PuteriJohor575,977
4Subang JayaSelangor902,08614KuantanPahang548,014
5KlangSelangor902,02515Sungai PetaniKedah545,053
6Johor BahruJohor858,11816Ampang JayaSelangor531,904
7Shah AlamSelangor812,32717Kota KinabaluSabah500,425
8George TownPenang794,31318Malacca CityMalacca453,904
9Petaling JayaSelangor771,68719SandakanSabah439,050
10SelayangSelangor764,32720Alor SetarKedah423,868

Religion

Main article: Religion in Malaysia

The constitution grants freedom of religion, while establishing Islam as the "religion of the Federation".336337 According to the Population and Housing Census 2020 figures, ethnicity and religious beliefs correlate highly. Approximately 63.5% of the population practise Islam, 18.7% practise Buddhism, 9.1% Christianity, 6.1% Hinduism and 1.3% practise Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions. 2.7% declared no religion or practised other religions or did not provide any information.338 The states of Sarawak, Penang and the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur have non-Muslim majorities.339340

Sunni Islam of the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence is the dominant branch of Islam in Malaysia,341342 while 18% are nondenominational Muslims.343 The Malaysian constitution strictly defines what makes a "Malay", defining Malays as those who are Muslim, speak Malay regularly, practise Malay customs, and lived in or have ancestors from Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore.344 Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 83.6% of the Chinese population identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (3.4%) and Christianity (11.1%), along with small Muslim populations in areas like Penang. The majority of the Indian population follows Hinduism (86.2%), with a significant minority identifying as Christians (6.0%) or Muslims (4.1%). Christianity is the predominant religion of the non-Malay bumiputera community (46.5%), while 40.4% identify as Muslims.345

Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Syariah Courts (i.e. Shariah courts) in matters concerning their religion. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the Shafi'i legal school of Islam, which is the main madh'hab of Malaysia.346 The jurisdiction of Syariah courts is limited to Muslims in matters such as marriage, inheritance, divorce, apostasy, religious conversion, custody and limited Islamic criminal law. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Syariah courts, which have a similar hierarchy to the civil courts. The civil courts do not hear matters related to Islamic practices.347

Languages

Main article: Languages of Malaysia

The official and national language of Malaysia is Malaysian Malay,348 a standardised form of the Malay language.349 The previous official terminology was Bahasa Malaysia (lit. 'Malaysian language')350351352 but now government policy uses "Bahasa Melayu" (Malay language) to refer to the official language353 and both terms remain in use.354355 The National Language Act 1967 specifies the Latin (Rumi) script as the official script of the national language, but does not prohibit the use of the traditional Jawi script.356

English remains an active second language, with its use allowed for some official purposes under the National Language Act of 1967.357 In Sarawak, English is an official state language alongside Malay.358359360 Historically, English was the de facto administrative language; Malay became predominant after the 1969 race riots (13 May incident).361 Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English, is a form of English derived from British English. Malaysian English is widely used in business, along with Manglish, which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay, Chinese, and Tamil influences. The government discourages the use of non-standard Malay but has no power to issue compounds or fines to those who use what is perceived as improper Malay on their advertisements.362363

Many other languages are used in Malaysia, which contains speakers of 137 living languages.364 Peninsular Malaysia contains speakers of 41 of these languages.365 The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to, but easily distinguishable from, Malay. Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic and Kadazan languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah.366 Chinese Malaysians predominantly speak Chinese dialects from the southern part of China. The more common Chinese varieties in the country are Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien, and so on.367 The Tamil language is used predominantly by the majority of Malaysian Indians.368 A small number of Malaysians have European ancestry and speak creole languages, such as the Portuguese-based Malaccan Creoles,369 and the Spanish-based Chavacano language.370

Health

Main article: Health in Malaysia

Malaysia operates an efficient and widespread two-tier healthcare system, consisting of a universal healthcare system and a co-existing private healthcare system; provided by highly subsidized healthcare through its extensive network of public hospitals and clinics.371 The Ministry of Health is the main provider of healthcare services to the country's population.372 Malaysia's healthcare system is considered to be among the most developed in Asia, which contributes to its thriving medical tourism industry.373

Malaysia spent 3.83% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019.374 In 2020, the overall life expectancy in Malaysia at birth was 76 years (74 years for males and 78 years for females),375 and it had an infant mortality rate of 7 deaths per 1000 births.376 Malaysia had a total fertility rate of 2.0 in 2020, which is just below the replacement level of 2.1.377 In 2020, the country's crude birth rate was 16 per 1000 people, and the crude death rate was 5 per 1000 people.378379

In 2021, the principal cause of death among Malaysian adults was coronary artery disease, representing 17% of the medically certified deaths in 2020—being followed by pneumonia; which accounted for 11% of the deaths.380 Transport accidents are considered a major health hazard, as Malaysia, relative to its population, has one of the highest traffic fatality rates in the world.381 Smoking is also considered a major health issue across the country.382

Education

Main article: Education in Malaysia

The education system of Malaysia features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education and five years of optional secondary education.383 Schools in the primary education system are divided into two categories: national primary schools, which teach in Malay (i.e.:Sekolah Kebangsaan Sungai Binjai, SK Bukit Tiu), and vernacular schools, which teach in Chinese or Tamil (i.e.:SJK(C) Pin Hwa 2, SJK(T) Bandar Mentakab).384 Secondary education (i.e.:SMK Sura, Kajang High School) is conducted for five years. In the final year of secondary education, students sit for the Malaysian Certificate of Education examination.385 Since the introduction of the matriculation programme in 1999, students who completed the 12-month programme in matriculation colleges can enroll in local universities. However, in the matriculation system, only 10 percent of places are open to non-bumiputera[jargon] students.386

Culture

Main article: Culture of Malaysia

Malaysia has a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society. Substantial influence exists from Chinese and Indian culture, dating back to when foreign trade began. Other cultural influences include the Persian, Arabic, and British cultures. Due to the structure of the government, coupled with the social contract theory, there has been minimal cultural assimilation of ethnic minorities.387 Some cultural disputes exist between Malaysia and neighbouring countries, notably Indonesia.388

In 1971, the government created a "National Cultural Policy", defining Malaysian culture. It stated that Malaysian culture must be based on the culture of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia, that it may incorporate suitable elements from other cultures, and that Islam must play a part in it.389 It also promoted the Malay language above others.390 This government intervention into culture has caused resentment among non-Malays who feel their cultural freedom was lessened. Both Chinese and Indian associations have submitted memorandums to the government, accusing it of formulating an undemocratic culture policy.391

Fine arts

Main article: Malaysian art

See also: Music of Malaysia and Malaysian literature

Traditional Malaysian art was mainly centred on the areas of carving, weaving, and silversmithing.392 Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts. Common artworks included ornamental kris, beetle nut sets, and woven batik and songket fabrics. Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks.393 Each ethnic group have distinct performing arts, with little overlap between them. However, Malay art does show some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India.394

Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand, and Indonesia. The music is based around percussion instruments,395 the most important of which is the gendang (drum). There are at least 14 types of traditional drums.396 Drums and other traditional percussion instruments and are often made from natural materials.397 Music is traditionally used for storytelling, celebrating life-cycle events, and occasions such as a harvest.398 It was once used as a form of long-distance communication.399 In East Malaysia, gong-based musical ensembles such as agung and kulintang are commonly used in ceremonies such as funerals and weddings.400 These ensembles are also common in neighbouring regions such as in Mindanao in the Philippines, Kalimantan in Indonesia and Brunei.401

Malaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing and continues today. Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own literary tradition, influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories that came with Islam.402 The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script. The earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone, made in 1303.403 Chinese and Indian literature became common as the number of speakers increased in Malaysia, and locally produced works based on languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century.404 English has also become a common literary language.405 In 1971, the government took the step of defining the literature of different languages. Literature written in Malay was called "the national literature of Malaysia", literature in other bumiputera languages was called "regional literature", while literature in other languages was called "sectional literature".406 Malay poetry is highly developed, and uses many forms. The Hikayat form is popular, and the pantun has spread from Malay to other languages.407

Cuisine

Main article: Malaysian cuisine

Malaysia's cuisine reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population.408 Many cultures from within the country and from surrounding regions have greatly influenced the cuisine. Much of the influence comes from the Malay, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran cultures,409 largely due to the country being part of the ancient spice route.410 The cuisine is very similar to that of Singapore and Brunei,411 and also bears resemblance to Filipino cuisine.412 The different states have varied dishes,413 and often the food in Malaysia is different from the original dishes.414

Sometimes food not found in its original culture is assimilated into another; for example, Chinese restaurants in Malaysia often serve Malay dishes.415 Food from one culture is sometimes also cooked using styles taken from another culture,416 For example, sambal belacan (shrimp paste) are commonly used as ingredients by Chinese restaurants to create the stir fried water spinach (kangkung belacan).417 This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a certain culture, they have their own identity.418 Rice is a staple food and an important constituent of the country's culture.419 Chili is commonly found in local cuisine, although this does not necessarily make them spicy.420

Media

Main article: Mass media in Malaysia

Malaysia's main newspapers are owned by the government and political parties in the ruling coalition,421422 although some major opposition parties also have their own, which are openly sold alongside regular newspapers. A divide exists between the media in the two halves of the country. Peninsular-based media gives a low priority to news from the East and often treats the eastern states as colonies of the peninsula.423 As a result of this, the East Malaysia region of Sarawak launched TV Sarawak as internet streaming beginning in 2014, and as TV station on 10 October 2020424 to overcome the low priority and coverage of Peninsular-based media and to solidify the representation of East Malaysia.425 The media have been blamed for increasing tension between Indonesia and Malaysia, and giving Malaysians a bad image of Indonesians.426 The country has Malay, English, Chinese, and Tamil daily newspapers.427 Kadazandusun and Bajau news are available only via TV broadcast Berita RTM.428 Written Kadazan news was once included in publications such as The Borneo Post, the Borneo Mail, the Daily Express, and the New Sabah Times, but publication has ceased with the newspaper or as a section.429430

Freedom of the press is limited, with numerous restrictions on publishing rights and information dissemination.431 The government has previously tried to crack down on opposition papers before elections.432 In 2007, a government agency issued a directive to all private television and radio stations to refrain from broadcasting speeches made by opposition leaders,433 a move condemned by politicians from the opposition Democratic Action Party.434 Sabah, where all tabloids but one are independent of government control, has the freest press in Malaysia.435 Laws such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act have also been cited as curtailing freedom of expression.436

Holidays and festivals

Main article: Public holidays in Malaysia

Malaysians observe several holidays and festivities throughout the year. Some are federally gazetted public holidays and some are observed by individual states. Other festivals are observed by particular ethnic or religious groups, and the main holiday of each major group has been declared a public holiday. The most observed national holiday is Hari Merdeka (Independence Day) on 31 August, commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957.437 Malaysia Day on 16 September commemorates federation in 1963.438 Other notable national holidays are Labour Day (1 May) and the King's birthday (first week of June).439

Muslim holidays are prominent as Islam is the state religion; Hari Raya Puasa (also called Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Malay for Eid al-Fitr), Hari Raya Haji (also called Hari Raya Aidiladha, Malay for Eid al-Adha), Maulidur Rasul (birthday of the Prophet), and others being observed.440 Malaysian Chinese celebrate festivals such as Chinese New Year and others relating to traditional Chinese beliefs. Wesak Day is observed and celebrated by Buddhists. Hindus in Malaysia celebrate Deepavali, the festival of lights,441 while Thaipusam is a religious rite which sees pilgrims from all over the country converge at the Batu Caves.442 Malaysia's Christian community celebrates most of the holidays observed by Christians elsewhere, most notably Christmas and Easter. In addition to this, the Dayak community in Sarawak celebrate a harvest festival known as Gawai,443 and the Kadazandusun community celebrate Kaamatan.444 Despite most festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, celebrations are universal. In a custom known as "open house" Malaysians participate in the celebrations of others, often visiting the houses of those who identify with the festival.445

Sports

Main article: Sport in Malaysia

Popular sports in Malaysia include association football, badminton, field hockey, bowls, tennis, squash, martial arts, horse riding, sailing, and skate boarding.446 Football is the most popular sport in Malaysia.447 Badminton matches also attract thousands of spectators, and since 1948 Malaysia has been one of four countries to hold the Thomas Cup, the world team championship trophy of men's badminton.448 The Malaysian Lawn Bowls Federation was registered in 1997.449 Squash was brought to the country by members of the British army, with the first competition being held in 1939.450 The Squash Racquets Association of Malaysia was created on 25 June 1972.451 The men's national field hockey team ranked 10th in the world as of June 2022.452 The 3rd Hockey World Cup was hosted at Merdeka Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, as well as the 10th cup.453 The country also has its own Formula One track – the Sepang International Circuit, with the first Malaysian Grand Prix held in 1999.454 Traditional sports include Silat Melayu, the most common style of martial arts practised by ethnic Malays.455

The Federation of Malaya Olympic Council was formed in 1953, and received recognition by the IOC in 1954. It first participated in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. The council was renamed the Olympic Council of Malaysia in 1964, and has participated in all but one Olympic games since its inception. The largest number of athletes ever sent to the Olympics was 57 to the 1972 Munich Olympic Games.456 Besides the Olympic Games, Malaysia also participates in the Paralympic Games.457 Malaysia has competed at the Commonwealth Games since 1950 as Malaya, and 1966 as Malaysia, and the games were hosted in Kuala Lumpur in 1998.458459

See also

  • Malaysia portal
  • Asia portal
  • World portal

Notes

2°N 112°E / 2°N 112°E / 2; 112

References

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