• Images
• Videos
• Documents
• Books
• Articles

Definition and terminology

See also: Propaganda § Wartime, and dehumanisation

Suicide bombing

The term "suicide bombing" dates back to at least 1940 when a New York Times article mentioned the term in relation to German tactics.¹⁹[non-primary source needed] Less than two years later, the New York Times referred to a Japanese kamikaze attempt on an American carrier as a "suicide bombing".²⁰ In 1945, The Times of London referred to a kamikaze plane as a "suicide-bomb".²¹ Two years later, it referred to a new British pilot-less, radio-controlled rocket missile as originally designed "as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber'."²²

Kamikaze

Further information: Kamikaze § Definition and origin

See also: Kamikaze (typhoon)

Kamikaze was a term initially used for Japanese suicide pilots in World War II, but is occasionally used in other contexts. Some reports at the time labelled the 1972 Lod Airport massacre in Palestine by the Japanese Red Army (JRA) a "Kamikaze" attack, but others have criticized the label, including the surviving attacker's interpreter.²³²⁴ The Kamakazi were a unit of suicide bombers in for the Empire of Japan in WWII, which had a very different ideology to the JRA. Researchers from Duke University described the JRA's motives as "rooted in anti-imperialism, anti-colonialism, and anti-capitalism".²⁵ In more recent reports the 1972 JRA attack on Lod airport is described in modern terms such as "suicide attack" and "suicide mission", even when referring to the attacker who survived.²⁶²⁷ All three militants intended to die, but one survived.²⁸²⁹ He confessed and hoped to be quickly executed, but some attribute this to retrospective "survivor guilt".³⁰

Labeling as terrorism

Further information: definition of terrorism and war on terror

Suicide attacks include both "suicide terrorism" and attacks targeting combatants. "Terrorism" is often defined as any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants" for the purpose of intimidation.³¹ This definition is often not used consistently, even those claiming to define terrorism this way sometimes describe attacks on their own military as "terrorism", while attacks on civilians by allied state actors are almost never called terrorism.³²

An alternative definition provided by Jason Burke, a journalist who has lived among Islamic militants, suggests that most define terrorism as "the use or threat of serious violence" to advance some kind of "cause", stressing that terrorism is a tactic.³³ This definition is often referred to by the euphemism "political violence".

Academic Fred Halliday has written that assigning the descriptor of "terrorist" or "terrorism" to the actions of a group is a tactic used by states to deny "legitimacy" and "rights to protest and rebel".³⁴ Israeli diplomacy has been very influential in defining terrorism as a concept.³⁵³⁶³⁷ This was largely led by Menachem Begin, who himself has been labelled as a terrorist leader, as commander of the Irgun militant group before Israel was recognized as a nation state by Western powers.³⁸³⁹

Labeling as suicide

Further information: proxy bomb, suicide terminology, suicide legislation, and religious views on suicide

The definition of "suicide" in this context is also a matter of debate. Suicide terrorism itself has been defined by Ami Pedahzur, a professor at the University of Haifa,⁴⁰ as "violent actions perpetrated by people who are aware that the odds they will return alive are close to zero".⁴¹ Other sources exclude from their work "suicidal" or high risk attacks, such as the Lod Airport massacre or a "reckless charge in battle".⁴²⁴³ Despite the Lod Airport massacre being explicitly planned as a suicide attack, and modern mainstream Israeli and international media describing the event as a "suicide attack" or "suicide mission".⁴⁴⁴⁵ Yoram Schweitzer, from the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (an Israel think tank), focuses only on true "suicide attacks", where the odds of survival are not "close to zero" but required to be zero, because "the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission".⁴⁶ The narrower definition would also exclude the actions of groups such as those by the Hashishiyeen, by the Moro juramentado, and in Aceh during WWII (see below).

Also excluded from the[who?] definition are "proxy bombings", which may have political goals and be designed to look like a suicide bombing. The difference is that the "proxy" is forced to carry a bomb under threat, or the proxy isn't fully aware that they are delivering a bomb that will kill them. The definition also generally excludes mass shootings in which the perpetrators commit suicide, as the shooter committing suicide is a separate act from shooting their victims. Further distinction is how many of such shootings are driven by personal and psychological reasons, rather than political, social or religious motives, such as the Columbine High School massacre, the Virginia Tech shooting or Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in the U.S.⁴⁷[better source needed]

It may not always be clear to investigators which type of killing is which as suicide attack campaigns sometimes use proxy bombers, as alleged in Iraq,⁴⁸ or manipulate the vulnerable to become bombers.⁴⁹⁵⁰ At least one researcher, Adam Lankford, argues that the motivation to kill and be killed connects some suicide attackers more closely to "suicidal rampage" murderers than is commonly thought.⁵¹

Religious terminology for attackers and victims

Further information: Religious views on suicide, Islamic view of death § Suicide, Jewish views on suicide, and Abrahamic religions

Further information on other war martyrs: 21 Coptic Martyrs of Libya, Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War, and Chahid (Algeria)

All Abrahamic religions forbid suicide.⁵²⁵³ Suicide and suicide attempts have been decriminalised in most of the western world, but remain criminalised in some countries, such as Afghanistan,⁵⁴ Nigeria,⁵⁵ Palestine,⁵⁶ and others.⁵⁷⁵⁸⁵⁹ Terminology relating to this sin or crime is used by Jews, Christians, and Muslims to condemn suicide attackers (see also above), different terminology is usually used to describe self sacrifice that they believe is justified, including actions their enemies label suicide attacks (see below).

Martyrdom

Further information: Martyrdom, Martyrdom in Islam, Martyrdom in Judaism, Self-sacrifice in Jewish law, and Islamophobic trope

Among Muslims, secular Arabs, and related cultures, the term martyr or shaheed has a broad meaning and can refer to leaders who have been assassinated or executed, civilian casualties of war, and combatants who did not intend to die.⁶⁰

Victims of suicide bombings and the bombers are both commonly referred to as martyrs, or using other religious terminology. Some Arabic speaking militant groups and their supporters call suicide attacks "martyrdom operations" (Arabic: للعمليات الاستشهادية, romanized: aleamaliaat alistishhadia).⁶¹ This is a reference to the concept of Martyrdom in Islam (Arabic: استشهاد, romanized: istishhad). They call the suicide attacker shahid (pl. shuhada; witness or martyr). The idea being that the attacker died to testify his faith in God, such as while waging jihad bis saif (jihad by the sword). The term "suicide" is avoided because Islam forbids taking one's own life in most circumstances. The concept of martyrdom is broad including people who died in plagues and women who died in childbirth, as well as fallen combatants who did not intend to die.⁶² According to Israeli academic Assaf Moghadam, the term "martyrdom operation" has been used by Hamas, Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Fatah's Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, and other Palestinian factions.⁶³[verification needed]

Victims of attacks are also referred to as martyrs.[example needed] When an ISIS suicide bomber blew himself up at Rafah crossing in 2017, he was described as a suicide bomber (فجر انتحاري), not amartyr. The border guard who was killed attempting to stop him crossing into Egypt, a member of Hamas' Qassam Brigades, was described as a martyr (Arabic: الشهيد نضال الجعفري, romanized: al-Shaheed Nidal al-Jaafari) and his death was described as martyrdom (Arabic: استشهاد, romanized: Istishhad, Arabic: استشهاد نضال جمعة, lit. 'Martyrdom of Nidal al-Jaafari').⁶⁴⁶⁵ This language was used by Palestinian media, some international media, and even the bomber's family. His family condemned him publicly, describing his actions as unpatriotic and criminal, and announced they would not be holding funeral services for him.⁶⁶⁶⁷ Gaza's clans referred to the bombing as suicide terrorism (Arabic: العمل الإرهابي الانتحاري).⁶⁸

Progressive Muslims also use the word martyr to refer to the victims of suicide terrorism, such as, Benazir Bhutto, leader of the Pakistan People's Party, who was assassinated in 2007 by a teenage Islamic extremist.⁶⁹⁷⁰ Many things in Pakistan, mostly related to education, were named or renamed in her honour, referring to her by the title "shaheed" (martyr).⁷¹

Biblical references

See also: Judges 16, Samson, Saul, and Daniel 5

In Israel, acts of self sacrifice in battle are referred to by quoting Samson's words, , from Judges 16:30 (Hebrew: תמות נפשי עם פלשתים, lit. 'let me die with the Philistines', Biblical Hebrew: תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם-פְּלִשְׁתִּים).⁷²⁷³⁷⁴ The same biblical quote is used in both praise and criticism of this approach to warfare.⁷⁵⁷⁶ Prior to Israel, the story of Samson's suicide was used by two of the anti-British pre-state militant groups to refer to premeditated plans.⁷⁷ One leader claimed that two militants who blew themselves up had not committed suicide, as such, due to allegedly mitigating circumstances.⁷⁸ Their modern critics claim the situation itself was largely self inflicted.⁷⁹ Some within Israel view the Samson in a very negative light.⁸⁰

People from Christian backgrounds, or within majority-Christian communities, have carried out suicide attacks in Eastern Europe, Lebanon, the United States, New Zealand, and elsewhere (see below), but have not used religious language to explain or justify their actions. They have been part of secular movements, or have been isolated incidents that the attacker did not explain at length.

Redefining as homicide or genocide

Further information: definition of genocide, list of genocides, stages of genocide, dehumanization, and DARVO

"Genocide bombing" was coined in 2002 by Irwin Cotler, a member of the Canadian parliament, in an effort to focus attention on the alleged intention of Genocide by militant Palestinians in their calls to "wipe Israel off the map".⁸¹⁸²

Some efforts have been made to replace the term "suicide bombing" with "homicide bombing", based on the assertion that "homicide" is a more apt adjective than "suicide" since the primary purpose of such a bombing is to kill other people. The only major media outlets to use it were the Fox News Channel and the New York Post, both of which are owned by News Corporation and have since mostly abandoned the term.⁸³⁸⁴ Robert Goldney, a professor emeritus at the University of Adelaide, has argued in favor of the term "homicide bomber". Goldney argued that studies show that there is little in common between people who blow themselves up intending to kill as many people as possible in the process and actual suicide victims.⁸⁵ Fox News producer Dennis Murray argued that a suicidal act should be reserved for a person who does something to kill only themselves. CNN producer Christa Robinson argued that the term "homicide bomber" was not specific enough, stating that "A homicide bomber could refer to someone planting a bomb in a trash can".⁸⁶⁸⁷⁸⁸

In German-speaking areas the term "sacrifice bombing" (German: Opferanschlag) was proposed in 2012 by German scholar Arata Takeda.⁸⁹ This is different to the German word used by Nazi Germany to refer to self sacrifice atacks.

Military and militant uses of suicide that are not attacks

This article is about intentional use of suicide. For unsuccessfully avoided deaths, see suicide in the military.

See also: suicide mission, hunger strikes, self-immolation, and mass suicide

Suicide protests

Romas Kalanta was a 19-year-old Lithuanian student who self-immolated in 1972 to protest against the Soviet regime in Lithuania, sparking the 1972 unrest in Lithuania; another 13 people self-immolated in that same year.⁹⁰[additional citation(s) needed]

Hunger strikes

Main articles: hunger strikes and self-immolation

Further information: Palestine, Turkey (2016–2017), Guantanamo Bay, Suffragette, and Hunger Strike Medal

Hunger strikes are another use of self harm, and actual or potential suicide, that is used by some militant groups.[examples needed]

Self-sacrifice to prevent other casualties

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Major Roi Klein and his unit took part in the Battle of Bint Jbeil. During a Hezbollah ambush, a hand grenade was thrown over the wall that was between Hezbollah militants and Klein and his unit. Klein jumped on the live grenade and muffled the explosion with his body. The soldiers reported that Klein recited the Jewish prayer, Shema Yisrael, as he jumped on the grenade. After the grenade exploded and critically wounded him, he reported his own death, yelling "Klein's dead, Klein's dead" over the radio. In the following minutes, as he lay dying, he ordered soldiers who came to administer first aid and evacuate him to focus on Lieutenant Amichai Merhavia, another soldier who had been hit (and later died also) instead. He then handed over his encoded radio to another officer, who took command of the force, and died.^9192939495 According to The Telegraph he yelled "Long live Israel",⁹⁶ although this was probably a misinterpretation of "Shema Yisrael" (שמע ישראל).⁹⁷

Preventing capture

Further information: Islamic views on prisoners of war and Israeli military protocol

Other than as a way to cause enemy casualties, another situation in which some militaries and related bodies (such as intelligence agencies) encourage their own members to commit suicide is too avoid being captured by the enemy. The concept also often includes the use of intentional friendly fire.⁹⁸ Either to avoid disclose of military secrets, avoid the need for a prisoner exchange, or for more intangible ideological motives.⁹⁹ Individuals are encouraged by a perception that capture is a fate worse than death, and the likelihood of torture is strongly emphasised in internal propaganda. Sometimes, to the point that even civilians embrace the concept of dying (or killing people on their own side) to avoid capture.¹⁰⁰

The militaries of nation states often avoid equipping their troops with any means specifically designed to facilitate suicide, but sometimes imply that soldiers are obliged to resort to extreme measures to avoid capture including taking their own lives, or killing their comrades, with whatever means are available.¹⁰¹ Hand grenades have been repeatedly used or suggested.¹⁰²¹⁰³

In 1952, three Chinese soldiers reportedly killed themselves with hand grenades to avoid capture.¹⁰⁴[additional citation(s) needed]

Sicarii in the First Jewish–Roman War

Further information: First Jewish–Roman War, Siege of Masada, and Masada myth

The Sicarii Jewish sect are sometimes described as carrying out "suicidal" attacks against their enemies. Riaz Hassan said that the first-century AD Jewish Sicarii sect carried out "suicidal missions to kill" Hellenized Jews they considered immoral collaborators.¹⁰⁵ However, they are more known for having committed mass suicide, and family murders, to avoid capture during the Siege of Masada.¹⁰⁶ The story of Masada is prominent in Israeli culture.¹⁰⁷

Before World War I

Samson's destruction of the temple

The story of Samson's suicide in the Book of Judges in the Hebrew Bible is sometimes described as the first suicide attack.¹⁰⁸ The phrase he says as he dies is usually translated to English as "Let me die with the Philistines".¹⁰⁹ In Arabic the expression is phrased differently, “Against me and my enemies, O Lord!” (Arabic: عليّ وعلى أعدائي يا رب).¹¹⁰

Hashishiyeen

The Hashishiyeen (Order of Assassins) were from a sect of Ismaili Shi'a Muslims. They assassinated two Caliphs, as well as many viziers, Sultans, and Crusade leaders over 300 years,[when?]¹¹¹ before being annihilated by Mongol invaders. Hashishiyeen were known for targeting the powerful, using the dagger as a weapon (rather than something safer for the assassin such as a crossbow), and for not attempting to escape after completing their killing.¹¹²

Switzerland

Arnold von Winkelried was considered a hero in the Swiss struggle for independence for sacrificing himself at the Battle of Sempach in 1386.

India (1780)

Further information: female suicide bombers

In 1780, an Indian woman named Kuyili applied ghee and oil onto her body and set herself ablaze. She then jumped into an armoury of the East India Company, causing it to explode. This suicide attack helped to secure victory for her queen, Velu Nachiyar, in the battle.^{113114115116117}

17th century Dutch

In the late 17th century, Qing official Yu Yonghe recorded that injured Dutch soldiers fighting against Koxinga's forces for control of Taiwan in 1661 would use gunpowder to blow up both themselves and their opponents rather than be taken prisoner.¹¹⁸ However, Yu may have confused such suicidal tactics with the standard Dutch military practice of undermining and blowing up overrun positions, which almost cost Koxinga his life during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia.¹¹⁹

On 5 February 1831, during the Belgian Revolution, a gale blew a Dutch gunboat under the command of Jan van Speyk into the quay of the port of Antwerp. As the ship was stormed by Belgians, van Speyk refused to surrender, instead igniting the ship's gunpowder with either his gun or cigar, blowing up the ship. The explosion killed 28 out of the 31 crewmen and an unknown number of Belgians.

Aceh war (1873–1904)

See also: Suicide mission, Suicide attack § Aceh in WWII, Martyrdom in Islam § Aceh, and Suicide attack § Dutch

Muslim Acehnese from the Aceh Sultanate performed suicide attacks known as parang-sabil against Dutch invaders during the Aceh War (1873–1904).[verification needed] It was considered part of personal jihad in Islam. The Dutch called it Atjèh-moord, (lit. Aceh murder).^120121122 The Acehnese work of literature the Hikayat Perang Sabil provided the background and reasoning for the Atjèh-moord as Acehnese suicide attacks upon the Dutch.^123124125[verification needed] The Indonesian translations of the Dutch terms are Aceh bodoh, Aceh pungo, Aceh gila, or Aceh mord.¹²⁶

Moro juramentado

Further information: Juramentado, Martyrdom in Islam § Juramentado, and suicide mission

Juramentado, in Philippine history, refers to a male Moro swordsman (from the Tausug tribe of Sulu) who attacked and killed targeted occupying and invading police and soldiers. Death was expected, and considered martyrdom, undertaken as a form of jihad.^{127128129130131}[verification needed]

Moro people who performed suicide attacks were called mag-sabil, and the suicide attacks were known as parang-sabil.¹³² The Spanish called them juramentados. The idea of the juramentado was considered part of jihad in the Moros' Islamic religion. During an attack, a juramentado would throw himself at his targets and kill them with bladed weapons such as barongs and kris until he was killed. The Moros performed juramentado suicide attacks against the Spanish in the Spanish–Moro conflict of the 16th to the 19th centuries, against the Americans in the Moro Rebellion from 1899 to 1913), and against the Japanese in World War II.¹³³

The Moro (Spanish: juramentados) launched suicide[verification needed] attacks on the Japanese, Spanish, Americans and Filipinos, but did not attack the non-Muslim Chinese as the Chinese were not considered enemies of the Moro people.^{134135136137138} The Japanese responded to these suicide attacks by massacring all known family members and relatives of the attackers.¹³⁹¹⁴⁰

According to historian Stephan Dale, the Moro were not the only culture who carried out suicide attacks "in their fight against Western hegemony and colonial rule". In the 18th century, suicide tactics were used on the Malabar coast of southwestern India, and in Aceh in Northern Sumatra as well.¹⁴¹¹⁴²

Ignaty Grinevitsky (1881) and others in Russia

A Russian man named Ignaty Grinevitsky is sometimes described as the first known suicide bomber.¹⁴³ The invention of dynamite in the 1860s presented revolutionary and terrorist groups in Europe with a weapon nearly 20 times more powerful than gunpowder. However, using dynamite required overcoming the technical challenges of detonating it at the right time. One solution was to use a human trigger, which was the technique used to assassinate Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1881.¹⁴⁴¹⁴⁵ A would-be suicide bomber killed Russian Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve, in St Petersburg in 1904, but survived with major injuries.¹⁴⁶

20th century personal disputes

Further information: mass murder and domestic violence

See also: Pilot suicides (below) and Individuals after 1980 (below)

1905 in New Zealand

The earliest known non-military suicide attack occurred in Murchison, New Zealand, on 14 July 1905. When a long-standing dispute between two farmers resulted in a court case, defendant Joseph Sewell arrived with sticks of gelignite strapped to his body. During the court proceedings, Sewell shouted "I'll blow the devil to hell, and I have enough dynamite to do just that." He was then ushered out of the building and when a police officer tried to arrest him on the street, Sewell detonated the charge, killing himself. No one other than Sewell was killed by the attack.¹⁴⁷

1927 Bath School bombings in Michigan, USA

Main articles: Bath School disaster, Andrew Kehoe, and Car bomb § History

The first reported car bombing was the Bath School bombings in Michigan, USA in 1927. Multiple separate explosions on the same day killed 45 people, including the bomber, and half of a school was destroyed.[according to whom?] The bombings were all carried out by Andrew Kehoe, motivated by a personal grievance. His death was possibly an intentional suicide, but the cause of the explosion was a gun shot that might not have been intended to set off the load. The explosion itself did not seem to form part of a suicide attack on a specific planned target other than possibly himself and his truck. The explosives in his truck detonated when he saw two men nearby had a gun, after he set off multiple other bombs.¹⁴⁸¹⁴⁹ The explosion may have been set off indirectly by him firing his own gun at the men.¹⁵⁰¹⁵¹ Most of the deaths were caused by the earlier bombs.¹⁵²¹⁵³

1953 in West Virginia

In January 1953 at a magistrate's Court in West Virginia, 47-year-old Donzel McCray "turned himself into a human bomb" with sticks of dynamite strapped to his waist.¹⁵⁴¹⁵⁵ He killed himself and injured his ex-wife and her lawyer.^156157158159 The couple had six children and had divorced the previous September.¹⁶⁰

During the World Wars and interwar period

See also: World War I, interwar period, and World War II

Spanish civil war

Main article: Spanish Civil War

See also: Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War

There are a few reports of suicide bombers during the civil war in the 1930s.¹⁶¹[additional citation(s) needed]

Chinese suicide squads

Further information: Martyrdom in Chinese culture

See also: Suicide attack § Korean War

During the Xinhai Revolution and the Warlord Era of the Republic of China, "Dare to Die Corps" (traditional Chinese: 敢死隊; simplified Chinese: 敢死队; pinyin: gǎnsǐduì; Wade–Giles: Kan-ssu-tui) or "suicide squads".¹⁶² were frequently used by Chinese armies.[verification needed] China deployed these suicide units against the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

In the Xinhai Revolution, many Chinese revolutionaries became martyrs in battle. "Dare to Die" student corps were founded for student revolutionaries wanting to fight against Qing dynasty rule. Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing promoted the Dare to Die Corps. Huang said, "We must die, so let us die bravely."¹⁶³ Suicide squads were formed by Chinese students going into battle, knowing that they would be killed fighting against overwhelming odds.¹⁶⁴

The 72 Martyrs of Huanghuagang died in the uprising that began the Wuchang Uprising. They were recognized as heroes and martyrs by the Kuomintang party and the Republic of China.¹⁶⁵ The martyrs in the Dare to Die Corps who died in battle wrote letters to family members before heading off to certain death. The Huanghuakang was built as a monument to the 72 martyrs.¹⁶⁶ The deaths of the revolutionaries helped the establishment of the Republic of China, overthrowing the Qing dynasty.¹⁶⁷ Other Dare to Die student corps in the Xinhai revolution were led by students who later became major military leaders in Republic of China, like Chiang Kai-shek¹⁶⁸ and Huang Shaoxiong with the Muslim Bai Chongxi against Qing dynasty forces.¹⁶⁹¹⁷⁰ Dare to Die troops were used by warlords.¹⁷¹ The Kuomintang used one to put down an insurrection in Canton.¹⁷² Many women joined them in addition to men to achieve martyrdom against China's opponents.¹⁷³¹⁷⁴ They were known as 烈士 (lit-she; martyrs) after accomplishing their mission.¹⁷⁵

During the January 28 Incident (28 January – 3 March 1932), a Dare to Die squad struck against the Japanese.

Suicide bombing was also used against the Japanese. A Dare to Die Corps was effectively used against Japanese units at the Battle of Taierzhuang. They used swords¹⁷⁶¹⁷⁷ and wore suicide vests made out of grenades.¹⁷⁸¹⁷⁹

A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese soldiers at Sihang Warehouse. Chinese troops strapped explosives such as grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up.¹⁸⁰ This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai, to stop a Japanese tank column when an attacker exploded himself beneath the lead tank,¹⁸¹ and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where Chinese troops with dynamite and grenades strapped to themselves rushed Japanese tanks and blew themselves up,^182183184185 in one incident obliterating four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.¹⁸⁶¹⁸⁷

During the 1946–1950 Communist Revolution, coolies fighting the Communists formed Dare to Die Corps to fight for their organizations.¹⁸⁸ During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, protesting students also formed "Dare to Die Corps" to risk their lives defending the protest leaders.¹⁸⁹

They also reportedly used suicide to avoid being captured.¹⁹⁰

Donkeys in Palestine (1939)

Further information: Zionist political violence, Irgun attacks, massacres in Palestine (1918–1948), history of car bombs, and suicides (below)

The Irgun militant group in Palestine abused donkeys as suicide bombers in two attacks on Haifa vegetable market in 1939. They used unwitting donkeys loaded with explosives to attack the market, one attack killed 78 people, the other killed 21 people and wounded 24.¹⁹¹¹⁹² The previous year the Irgun attacked the market with a car bomb, killing 35 Arab civilians and wounding 70.¹⁹³ There are no clearly documented cases of the Irgun using car bombs in suicide attacks, but the Irgun – and their more extreme Lehi splinter group – are seen as the key developers of car bombs, that were later used by other groups in numerous suicide attacks.¹⁹⁴ The Irgun were extremely influential.¹⁹⁵

During World War II

Germans during World War II

See also: Leonidas Squadron and Sonderkommando Elbe

Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff intended to assassinate Adolf Hitler with a suicide bombing in 1943, but was unable to complete the attack.¹⁹⁶

During the Battle for Berlin the Luftwaffe flew "self-sacrifice missions" (German: selbstopfereinsätze) against Soviet bridges over the River Oder. These "total missions" were flown by pilots of the Leonidas Squadron. From 17 to 20 April 1945, using any available aircraft, the Luftwaffe claimed the squadron had destroyed 17 bridges. However, military historian Antony Beevor believes this claim was exaggerated and only the railway bridge at Küstrin was definitely destroyed. He comments that "thirty-five pilots and aircraft was a high price to pay for such a limited and temporary success". The missions were called off when the Soviet ground forces reached the vicinity of the squadron's airbase at Jüterbog.¹⁹⁷

Allied forces

In 1941, some newspapers reported that, "While two New Zealand officers stood on a bridge in Greece holding up advancing Germans with their revolvers, a New Zealand sergeant placed two bared wires together and blew the bridge, the officers, and himself to smithereens".¹⁹⁸

Aceh in WWII

See also: Suicide attack § Aceh war (1873–1904), Suicide attack § Dutch, and Gallipoli landing

Atjèh-moord was also used against the Japanese by the Acehnese during the Japanese occupation of Aceh.¹⁹⁹ The Acehnese Ulama (Islamic Scholars) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered either up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese.²⁰⁰²⁰¹ The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school.^202203204205 During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah on 10 November and Tjot Plieng on 13 November.²⁰⁶²⁰⁷ In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.²⁰⁸

Left: Map of the Japanese administrative areas after April 1943. Right: Location of Aceh on a map of present day Indonesia.

Japanese kamikaze

Main articles: Japanese Special Attack Units and Kamikaze

Further information: Kaiten, Banzai charge, Fukuryu, Ohka, Lunge mine, and Shinyo (suicide motorboat)

The most overt and prolific use of suicide attacks during World War II was by Empire of Japan. It remains the most intense and deadly, campaign of suicide attacks in history.²⁰⁹ Kamikaze pilots on suicide missions flew aircraft full of bombs and improvised missiles at enemy targets.²¹⁰ The attacks used 2600 aircraft to kill 7000 allied naval personnel and 4000 Japanese suicide operatives.²¹¹²¹²

Kamikaze was a ritual[verification needed] act of self-sacrifice carried out by Japanese pilots of explosive-laden aircraft against Allied warships which occurred on a large scale at the end of World War II. About 3000 attacks were made and about 50 ships were sunk.²¹³

Later in the war, as Japan became more desperate, this act became formalised and ritualised. Planes were outfitted with explosives specific to the task of a suicide mission.²¹⁴ Kamikaze strikes were a weapon of asymmetric war used by the Empire of Japan against United States Navy and Royal Navy aircraft carriers, although the armoured flight deck of the Royal Navy carriers diminished kamikaze effectiveness. Along with fitting existing aircraft with bombs, the Japanese also developed the Ohka, a purpose-built suicide aircraft that was air-launched from a carrying bomber and propelled to the target at high speed using rocket engines. The Japanese Navy also used piloted torpedoes called kaiten (heaven shaker) on suicide missions. Although sometimes called midget submarines, these were modified versions of the unmanned torpedoes of the time and are distinct from the torpedo-firing midget submarines used earlier in the war, which were designed to infiltrate shore defenses and return to a mother ship after firing their torpedoes. Although extremely hazardous, these midget submarine attacks were not technically suicide missions, as the earlier midget submarines had escape hatches. Kaitens, however, provided no means of escape.²¹⁵²¹⁶

Left to right: Belleau Wood (left) and Franklin hit by kamikazes, 30 October 1944. Second: about to miss crash diving into escort carrier USS White Plains (CVE-66). Third: a kamikaze aircraft explodes after crashing into Essex 25 November 1944. Last: Kamikaze damage to the destroyer USS Newcomb.

Pilot suicides

See also: 20th century personal disputes (above) and Individuals after 1980 (below)

Some passenger airline pilots appear to have committed mass murder-suicide, or attempted to, with no apparent political motives.

Undisputed pilot suicides and attempted suicides

• Japan Air Lines Flight 350 – 1982 deliberate crash in Tokyo, Japan.

Speculated and disputed pilot suicides

• Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 – Pilot suicide is one of several competing explanations suggested for the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March 2014.

Early Cold War

Further information: Cold War

Insurgency in Palestine (1944–1948)

Further information: anti-British insurgency in Palestine, Executed Irgun and Lehi, and Samson Option (below)

The Lehi militant group used the Biblical story of Samson's death (Judges 16) in discussions about suicide attacks. In a meeting about ways to assassinate General Evelyn Barker, the British Army commander in Mandatory Palestine, a young woman volunteered to do the assassination as a suicide bombing.^217218219 They refer to it as a "Let my soul die with the Philistines [he]" proposal (Hebrew: תמות נפשי עם פלשתים) as a reference to the words of Samson in (Judges 16:30), or a "Samson option".^220221222223 On that occasion other members of the group allegedly rejected her offer. She also had a physical disability that might have made her unable to carry out the plan the group had in mind.^224225226 The Lehi memorialize her among their martyrs and fallen combatants (Hebrew: הללי לח"י), but her cause of death is not described.^227228229

The Irgun and Lehi militant groups collaborated on at least one intended suicide attack during their insurgency against the British (before the 1948 Palestine war). However, two of their own militants were the only casualties of their best documented plan.²³⁰ A Lehi militant and an Irgun militant blew themselves up in Jerusalem Central Prison, using improvised grenades that had been constructed by another Lehi prisoner. The explosives were disguised as oranges to hide them from the guards, and smuggled in with the prisoners' food.²³¹ Both militants had been sentenced to death by hanging. The original plan, which the Lehi called "Operation Samson", was to carry the concealed grenades with them as they were taken to the gallows then use them to carry out a suicide attack against the executioners.²³²²³³ But the explosives detonated early, while the two of them were alone together in their cell.²³⁴ Allegedly when the pair learned that Rabbi Goldman would be present at the time of the execution, they changed the plan and committed suicide alone together shortly before they were scheduled to be taken to the gallows.²³⁵ Another version of the story is that the person the militants were unwilling to harm was actually one of the British prison guards.²³⁶

The British military responded the resistance by reintroducing the death penalty for terrorism.²³⁷ The Lehi militant, who was about 21, was sentenced to death for carrying a grenade during a British imposition of martial law.²³⁸²³⁹ Sympathetic sources say he was on a mission to assassinate Brigadier A.P. Davis, the commander of the Ninth Division, with a Mills grenade.²⁴⁰ But during the British War on terror in Palestine, merely carrying a weapon was sufficient for a death sentence. The Irgun militant had been sentenced to death alongside another militant for their role in the bombing of Jerusalem Train Station [he].²⁴¹²⁴² The other militant later had his sentence commuted to life in prison. There was heated debate about the age of the Irgun suicide militant when he was sentenced. His mother and brother claimed he was 17, too young to be executed according to the law of the British authorities.^{243244245246247} The court claimed he was 23, since the boy had served in the British military during World War II, and the authorities refused to believe they had recruited a minor who was lying about his age.²⁴⁸ Yehuda Lapidot and the IDF say he was born on 5 October 1927.²⁴⁹ Surviving relatives disagree, maintaining that he was born in July 1929.²⁵⁰

Before they blew themselves up, the Irgun boy gave his Bible to the guard, the Bible had been given to the militant by his older brother.²⁵¹ Foreign newspapers reported that they wrote "Mene! Mene! Tekel Upharsin!", from Daniel 5:25, on the walls of their shared death row cell, shortly before they blew themselves to pieces.²⁵²²⁵³

Israeli newspapers quote the father of the Lehi militant, years after the event, thanking the militant who constructed the bombs for "saving the honour of Israel".²⁵⁴

The story of their deaths frequently featured in political speeches of the Irgun commander and his political successors in the Likud party.^255256257258 In 2007, The Jerusalem Post described the double suicide as "One of the best-known stories of heroism leading to the creation of the State of Israel".²⁵⁹ In 2007, prison guard's son returned the Bible to the militant's nephew, in a ceremony with a speech by Ehud Olmert.²⁶⁰²⁶¹ Olmert claimed the reason they abandoned the planned attack was mercy for the guard.²⁶² In 2009 the Likud-led government introduced controversial changes to the high school curriculum that included a study unit focused on the suicides and other martyred pre-state militants.²⁶³ In 2010 two Arab Israeli Knesset members (KM) were ejected from the chamber after heckling a speech by Benjamin Netanyahu memorializing the militants (the 2 suicides and 10 who were hung). Another KM, and Nissim Ze'ev, yelled "Haniyeh is waiting for you in Gaza".²⁶⁴

Left: Plaque at the train station about the bombing and the suicide afterwards, but omitting the British sapper (Note: the date is incorrectly shown as 12 April, other sources say the night of 21‑22 April 1947) Right: Sign for a path named after the Lehi militant, in the Yair Farm settlement (named after Lehi founder Yair Stern), in the West Bank, Palestine.

Korean War (1950–1953)

Main article: Korean War

North Korean tanks were attacked by South Koreans with suicide tactics during the Korean War.²⁶⁵²⁶⁶

American tanks in Seoul were attacked by North Korean suicide squads, who used satchel charges.²⁶⁷²⁶⁸ North Korean soldier Li Su-Bok is considered a hero for destroying an American tank with a suicide bomb.²⁶⁹

In 1952, three Chinese soldiers reportedly killed themselves with hand grenades to avoid capture.²⁷⁰

Israeli and Egyptian wars (1956–1970)

Further information: Suez Crisis, Six-Day War, War of Attrition, and Samson Option

Israelis "dying with the Philistines" in Gaza

Some Israelis romanticize acts of self sacrifice in battle by analogy to the Biblical hero Samson, particularly if they take place in Gaza, where Israelis believe Samson committed suicide and killed thousands of enemy Philistines in the process.²⁷¹ In situations where death or severe injury is already difficult to avoid, it is seen as heroic to abandon efforts to save one's self and instead focus on causing as much harm as possible to the enemy, in the process of effectively committing suicide.²⁷² This includes some anecdotes of events during their wars with Egypt.²⁷³

Suez Crisis (1956)

According to Egyptian media, an Arab Christian military officer from Syria, Jules Jammal, sunk a French ship with a suicide attack during the Suez Crisis in 1956.²⁷⁴ However, none of the French ships named by the sources were harmed during the crisis. It is unclear which actual ship he is supposed to have sunk. One source calls the ship at issue the "liner Jean D'Arc"²⁷⁵ and another the "French warship, Jeanne D'Arc".²⁷⁶ There was a French cruiser Jeanne d'Arc in service at that time, but it was decommissioned in 1964 rather than sunk. Some sources name the battleship Jean Bart.²⁷⁷

"War of Attrition" (1967–1970)

Main articles: War of Attrition, Israeli-Egyptian War, and Battle of Karameh

On 21 March 1968, in response to persistent Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) raids against Israeli civilian targets, Israel attacked the town of Karameh, Jordan, the site of a major PLO camp. The goal of the invasion was to destroy the Karameh camp and capture Yasser Arafat in reprisal for the attacks by the PLO against Israeli civilians. The PLO attacks had culminated in an Israeli school bus hitting a mine in the Negev.²⁷⁸ This engagement marked the first known deployment of suicide bombers by Palestinian forces.²⁷⁹[verification needed]

Nuclear weapons

Further information: Nuclear weapons

United States nuclear weapons

Main article: Nuclear weapons of the United States

On 27 December 2018, the Green Bay Press-Gazette interviewed veteran Mark Bentley, who had trained for the Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM) program to manually place and detonate a modified version of the W54 nuclear bomb. The report stated that he and other soldiers training for the program knew this was a suicide mission because either it would be unrealistic to outrun the timer on the bomb, or that soldiers would be obligated to secure the site before the timer went off. However, in theory the timer could be set long enough to give the team a chance to escape. Bently claimed:²⁸⁰

We all knew it was a one-way mission, a suicide mission […] You set your timer, and it would click when it went off, or it went ding or I forget what, but you knew you were toast. Ding! Your toast is ready, and it's you. […] The Army is not going to set a bomb like that and run away and leave it, because they don't know if someone else would get ahold of it. They have to leave troops there to make sure it's not stolen or compromised, and that would just be collateral damage. You didn't go out with the thought that it was anything other than a one-way mission. If you're Bruce Willis, you get away, but I ain't Bruce Willis.

However, employment manuals for atomic demolition munitions specifically describe the firing party and their guard retreating from the emplacement site, at which point the device is protected through a combination of passive security measures including concealment, camouflage and the use of decoys, as well as active security measures including booby-traps, obstacles such as concertina wire and landmines, and long ranged artillery fire.²⁸¹ Further, the SADM included a Field Wire Remote Control System (FWRCS). This device enabled the sending of safe/arm and firing signals to the weapon via a wire for safe remote detonation of the weapon.²⁸²

Mutually assured destruction

Main article: Mutually assured destruction

Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy which posits that a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by an attacker on a nuclear-armed defender with second-strike capabilities would result in the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender.²⁸³

Samson Option

Main article: Samson Option

Israel's alleged nuclear strategy, the "Samson Option", takes its name from Samson's suicide in Gaza City, the same Biblical story that the Lehi and Irgun militant group used to describe potential and attempted suicide attacks (see above).^284285286 The story is about an Israelite judge named Samson, who kills himself and the Philistines who captured him by pushing apart the pillars of a Dagon temple, bringing down the roof crushing everyone.²⁸⁷²⁸⁸

The Lehi militant who built the bombs for Operation Samson, the intended suicide attack in Jerusalem Central Prison in 1947, later had a leadership role in the Israeli military's nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons division (Hebrew: אב״כ).^{289290291292293} He originally enlisted using his girlfriend's surname.²⁹⁴²⁹⁵ Some of his work was purely defensive, such as the development of gas masks, but even that was conducted in great secrecy.²⁹⁶

Lod airport massacre (1972)

Main articles: Lod airport massacre, Japanese Red Army, and PFLP-EO

One of the first incidents to be labelled "suicide terrorism" was the mass shooting at the airport in Lod (also known as Lydda), Israel's international airport.²⁹⁷ Two of the attackers died during the attack, one of whom deliberately committed suicide using a hand grenade.²⁹⁸ According to France 24 and AFP, "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult".²⁹⁹³⁰⁰

It was carried out by three foreign fighters from the Japanese Red Army (a communist militant group from Japan) in corroboration with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO) division, led by Wadie Haddad, a rebellious offshoot of the PFLP.³⁰¹ Some reports at the time labelled the incident a "Kamikaze" attack,³⁰² but others have criticized the label, including the surviving attacker's interpreter.³⁰³ The Kamakazi were a unit of suicide bombers in the airforce of imperial Japan in WWII, the Empire of Japan had a very different ideology to the JRA. Researchers from Duke University described the JRA's motives as "rooted in anti-imperialism, anti-colonialism, and anti-capitalism".³⁰⁴ In 2010, Ze'ev Sarig, the former manager of Lod Airport, compared the attack to the September 11 attacks in New York, "This attack was for Israelis what the September 11th attacks were for Americans", when trying to sue North Korea for the attack in a United States court in Puerto Rico in 2010.³⁰⁵

Late Cold War and War on Terror

Further information: Cold War and War on Terror

Background to the era

Further information: Timeline of the Cold War

Towards the end of the Cold War, frequent suicide bombings returned. The number of attacks using suicide tactics grew from an average of fewer than five per year during the 1980s to 81 suicide attacks in 2001 and 460 in 2005.³⁰⁶ By 2005, the tactic had spread to dozens of countries.³⁰⁷

Suicide attacks by organization, 1982 to mid-2015³⁰⁸

Group	Attacks	Peoplekilled
Others/unidentified attackers	2547	22877
Islamic State309	424	4949
Al-Qaeda (Central)	20	3391
Taliban (Afghanistan)	665	2925
Al-Qaeda in Iraq	121	1541
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam	82	961
Al-Shabab	64	726
Hamas	78	511
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula	23	354
Ansar al-Sunna (Iraq)	28	319
Palestinian Islamic Jihad	50	225
Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades	40	107
Taliban (Pakistan)	7	92
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis	10	84
PKK (Turkey)	10	32
Hezbollah	7	28

Late Cold War armed conflicts

Further information: Cold War in Asia and Soviet–Afghan War

Sunni Muslims were possibly the last major branch of the Abrahamic religions to resort to overt suicide attacks. Islamic suicide bombing is a fairly recent phenomenon. It was absent from the 1979–1989 Afghan jihad against the Soviet Union,³¹⁰ an asymmetrical war where the mujahideen fought Soviet warplanes, helicopters and tanks primarily with light weapons. According to author Sadakat Kadri, "the very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield". After 1983, the process was limited among Muslims to Hezbollah and other Lebanese Shia factions for more than a decade.³¹¹

Middle Eastern politics in the 1970s and 1980s

Suicide attacks by location, 1982 to mid-2015³¹²

Country	Attacks	People killed
Iraq	1938	20084
Pakistan	490	6287
Afghanistan	1059	4748
United States	4	2997
Syria	172	2058
Sri Lanka	115	1584
Nigeria	103	1347
Yemen	87	1128
Lebanon	66	1007
Somalia	91	829
Russia	86	782
Israel	113	721
Algeria	24	281
Indonesia	10	252
Egypt	21	246
Kenya	2	213
Iran	8	160
Libya	29	155
India	15	123
Turkey	29	115
United Kingdom	5	78
Palestinian Territory	59	67
All other countries	99	674

In 1977 the former Irgun commander became prime minister, after previously being in opposition.³¹³ Historical militants featured prominently in his political speeches.^314315316 He praised the actions of his militants during the insurgency in Palestine in the 1940s, including the leader of the cell who bombed the King David Hotel (killing 91 people and 1 terrorist). His favourites were the two young militants who blew themselves up in Jerusalem prison in 1947.^317318319

Redefinition of the concept

The United States government defined "modern" suicide bombing has been defined as "involving explosives deliberately carried to the target either on the person or in a civilian vehicle and delivered by surprise".³²⁰[verification needed] Noah Feldman and many others[who?] exclude terror attacks, such as the Lod Airport massacre, where "the perpetrator's ensured death" was not "a precondition for the success of his mission".³²¹ The intended targets are often civilian, not just military or political. Despite the Lod Airport attack being overtly planned as a suicide attack, and often referred to as such.³²²³²³ As well as the surviving attacker wanting the death penalty.³²⁴

Suicide attacks in the 1980s and 1990s

Further information: 1982 Lebanon War

The Islamic Dawa Party's car bombing of the Iraqi embassy in Beirut in December 1981 and Hezbollah's bombing of the U.S. embassy in April 1983 and attack on United States Marines and French barracks in October 1983 brought suicide bombings international attention and began the modern suicide bombing era.³²⁵ Other parties to the civil war were quick to adopt the tactic, and by 1999 factions such as Hezbollah, the Amal Movement, the Ba'ath Party, and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party had carried out a total of roughly 50 suicide bombings. The Syrian Social Nationalist Party sent the first recorded female suicide bomber in 1985.^326327328329

During the Sri Lankan Civil War, the Tamil Tigers (LTTE) adopted suicide bombing as a tactic, using bomb belts and female bombers. The LTTE carried out their first suicide attack in July 1987.³³⁰³³¹ Their Black Tiger unit committed 83 suicide attacks from 1987 to 2009, killing 981 people.³³² Those killed included former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi^333334335 and the president of Sri Lanka, Ranasinghe Premadasa.^336337338339

The White Wolves, a loosely affiliated and semi mythical group of pro-apartheid terrorists in South Africa, expressed an overt willingness to die during attacks.³⁴⁰[additional citation(s) needed]

The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a secular group, have also been involved in suicide attacks. The PKK began their insurgency against the Turkish state in 1984. According to the Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism's Suicide Attack Database, as of 2015, ten suicide attacks by the PKK from 1996 to 2012 killed 32 people and injured 116.³⁴¹[needs update]

Al-Qaeda carried out its first suicide attack in the mid-1990s.³⁴²

Suicide attacks first occurred in Israel and the Palestinian Territories in 1989.³⁴³

The 2001 September 11 attacks and after

Further information: September 11 attacks and War on terror

In early 2000, analyst Yoram Schweitzer saw a pause in bombing campaigns and argued that "most of the groups that were involved in suicide terrorism either stopped using it or eventually reduced it significantly."³⁴⁴

Suicide bombing became a popular tactic among Palestinian militant organizations such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, and occasionally by the PFLP.³⁴⁵ The first suicide bombing in Israel was done by Hamas in 1994.³⁴⁶ Attacks peaked from 2001 to 2003 with over 40 bombings and over 200 killed in 2002.³⁴⁷³⁴⁸ Bombers affiliated with these groups often use so-called "suicide belts", explosive devices which often included shrapnel designed to be strapped to the body under clothing. To maximize the loss of life, the bombers seek out enclosed spaces, such as cafés or city buses crowded with people at rush hour.³⁴⁹ Less common are military targets such as soldiers waiting for transport at the roadside. These bombings have had more popular support than in other Muslim countries. More music videos and announcements that promise eternal reward for suicide bombers can be found on Palestinian television, according to Palestinian Media Watch.³⁵⁰³⁵¹[better source needed] Israeli sources observed that Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Fatah operate "Paradise Camps", training children as young as 11 to become suicide bombers.³⁵²³⁵³ In 2004, due to increased effectiveness in Israel's security measures and stricter checkpoint protocols, terrorist organizations began employing women and children more frequently as operatives, assuming that they would raise fewer suspicions and undergo less rigorous inspections.³⁵⁴³⁵⁵

The September 11 attacks in 2001, orchestrated by al-Qaeda, were the deadliest attacks on American soil since the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which thrust the United States into World War II.³⁵⁶ They involved the hijacking of four large passenger jet airliners. Unlike earlier airline hijackings, the primary focus was the planes instead of the passengers because their long transcontinental flight plans meant they carried more fuel, allowing a bigger explosion on impact.³⁵⁷ American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 were deliberately flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, destroying both 110-story skyscrapers in less than two hours. American Airlines Flight 77 was flown into the Pentagon (U.S. Department Of Defense Headquarters) in Arlington County, Virginia, causing severe damage to the west side of the building. These attacks resulted in the deaths of 221 people (including the 15 hijackers) on board the three planes as well as 2,731 more in and around the targeted buildings.³⁵⁸ United Airlines Flight 93 crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after a revolt by the plane's passengers, killing all 44 people (including the four hijackers) on board.^359360361 In total, the attacks killed 2,996 people and injured more than 6,000 others.³⁶² The U.S. stock market closed for four trading days after the attacks in the first unscheduled close since the Great Depression.³⁶³ Nine days after the attack, U.S. President George W. Bush called for a "War on terror".^{364365366367368} Shortly thereafter he launched the War in Afghanistan to find and capture Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda.³⁶⁹³⁷⁰ A copy of The Revolt, memour of the Irgun commander, was found in one of al-Qaeda's training bases.³⁷¹³⁷²

After the invasion of Iraq in 2003 led by the U.S., Iraqi and foreign insurgents carried out waves of suicide bombings. More attacks have been carried out in Iraq than in any other country, with 1,938 as of mid-2015.³⁷³

In addition to United States military targets, they attacked many civilian targets such as Shiite mosques as well as international offices of the UN and the Red Cross. Iraqi men waiting to apply for jobs with the new army and police force were targets. In the lead up to the Iraqi parliamentary election on 30 January 2005, suicide attacks upon civilian and police personnel involved with the elections increased. There were also reports of the insurgents co-opting disabled people as involuntary suicide bombers.³⁷⁴}

Shaheed (martyr) Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan and leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), was assassinated in a terrorist attack on 27 December 2007.^375376377 Benazir and 23 other people were killed by a 16-year-old suicide bomber using a explosive belt and used a gun.³⁷⁸ Bhutto had already survived a previous assassination attempt in Karachi.^379380381 Following this, many schools and universities were named in honour of her martyrdom.³⁸²

Other major locations of suicide attack are Afghanistan, with 1,059 attacks as of mid-2015,³⁸³ and Pakistan, with 490 attacks.³⁸⁴ In the first eight months of 2008, Pakistan overtook Iraq and Afghanistan in suicide bombings, with 28 bombings killing 471 people.³⁸⁵ Suicide bombings have become a tactic in Chechnya, first being used in the conflict in 2000 in Alkhan Kala.³⁸⁶ and spreading to Russia, notably with the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002 and the Beslan school hostage crisis in 2004.³⁸⁷[better source needed]

In Europe, four Islamist suicide bombers exploded home-made peroxide explosives on three London underground trains and a bus on 7 July 2005, during the morning rush hour. These "7/7" bombings killed 52 civilians and injured 700.³⁸⁸

Since 2006, al-Shabaab has carried out major suicide attacks in Somalia,³⁸⁹ the worst year so far being 2016 with 28 attacks.

On 22 May 2017, the Manchester Arena bombing occurred which resulted in 23 deaths and 1,017 injuries. The attack was carried out as people were leaving an Ariana Grande concert.³⁹⁰

Individuals after 1980

See also: 20th century personal disputes (above), Pilot suicides (above), lone wolf, and car bomb

2020 in Nashville, Tennessee

Main article: 2020 Nashville bombing

On 25 December 2020, a suicide bombing occurred in Nashville, Tennessee.

2025 in Palm Springs, California

Main article: 2025 Palm Springs fertility clinic bombing

On 17 May 2025, a 2010 silver Ford Fusion sedan loaded with explosives detonated outside the American Reproductive Centers fertility clinic in Palm Springs, California, resulting in the death of the perpetrator, 25-year-old Guy Edward Bartkus, and injuries to four others.^391392393 Nearby buildings were damaged and windows were shattered.³⁹⁴³⁹⁵ A tripod and camera were found at the scene.³⁹⁶³⁹⁷ The FBI called it an "intentional act of terrorism".³⁹⁸³⁹⁹ Bartkus reportedly identified himself as the perpetrator of the bombing in a video posted online, an audio recording, and manifesto in which he described himself as a "pro-mortalist" and said people did not give consent to exist.⁴⁰⁰ A 32 year old man named Daniel Jongyon Park was arrested for possible involvement.⁴⁰¹⁴⁰² Park was expelled from Poland to face prosecution on the United States.⁴⁰³

Organised groups coordinating suicide attacks after 1980

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam were thought[who?] to have mastered[tone] the use of suicide attacks and had a separate unit, "The Black Tigers", consisting "exclusively of cadres who have volunteered to conduct suicide operations".⁴⁰⁴

Al-Qaeda

Analysis of the 9/11 al-Qaeda attackers found almost all had joined the group with someone else. About 70% of them joined with friends and 20% with kin. Interviews with friends of the 9/11 hijackers reveal they were not "recruited" into al-Qaeda. They were Middle Eastern Arabs isolated even among the Moroccan and Turkish Muslims who are predominate in Germany. Seeking friendship, they began socializing after services at the Masjad al-Quds and other nearby mosques in Hamburg, in local restaurants and the dormitory of the Technical University in the suburb of Harburg. Mohamed Atta, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and Marwan al-Shehhi lived together as they self-radicalized. They wanted to go to Chechnya, then Kosovo.⁴⁰⁵

Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)

Hamas's most sustained suicide bombing campaign from 2003 to 2004 involved several members of Hebron's Masjad (mosque) al-Jihad soccer team. Most lived in the Wad Abu Katila neighborhood and belonged to the al-Qawasmeh hamula (clan). Several were classmates in the neighborhood's local branch of the Palestinian Polytechnic College. Their ages ranged from 18 to 22. At least eight team members were dispatched to suicide shooting and bombing operations by the Hamas military leader in Hebron, Abdullah al-Qawasmeh. Al-Qawasmeh was killed by Israeli forces in June 2003 and succeeded by his relatives Basel al-Qawasmeh, killed in September 2003, and Imad al-Qawasmeh, captured on 133 October 2004. In retaliation for the assassinations of Hamas leaders Sheikh Ahmed Yassin on 22 March 2004 and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi on 17 April 2004, Imad al-Qawasmeh dispatched Ahmed al-Qawasmeh and Nasim al-Ja'abri for a suicide attack on two buses in Beer Sheva. The attack took place on 31 August 2004. In December 2004, Hamas declared a halt to suicide attacks.⁴⁰⁶

On 15 January 2008, the son of Mahmoud al-Zahar, the leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, was killed. Another son had been killed in a 2003 assassination attempt on Zahar. Three days later, Israel Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered the Israel Defense Forces to seal all border crossings with Gaza, cutting off the flow of supplies to the territory in an attempt to stop rocket barrages on Israeli border towns. Nevertheless, violence from both sides only increased. On 4 February 2008, friends Mohammed Herbawi and Shadi Zghayer, who were members of the Masjad al-Jihad soccer team, staged a suicide bombing at a commercial center in Dimona, Israel. Herbawi had previously been arrested as a 17-year-old on 15 March 2003 shortly after a suicide bombing on Haifa bus, which was done by Mamoud al-Qawasmeh on March 5, 2003. Herbawi had coordinated suicide shooting attacks on Israeli settlements by others on the team, such as on 7 March 2003 with an attack by Muhsein, Hazem al-Qawasmeh, Fadi Fahuri, and Sufian Hariz. He was also involved with another set of suicide bombings in Hebron and Jerusalem on 17 and 18 May 2003 by Fuad al-Qawasmeh, Basem Takruri, and Mujahed al-Ja'abri. Although Hamas claimed responsibility for the Dimona attack, the politburo leadership in Damascus and Beirut was initially unaware of who initiated and carried out the attack. It appears that Ahmad al-Ja'abri, military commander of Hamas's Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades in Gaza, requested the suicide attack through Ayoub Qawasmeh, Hamas's military liaison in Hebron, who knew where to look for eager young men who had self-radicalized together and had already mentally prepared themselves for martyrdom.⁴⁰⁷⁴⁰⁸

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

Further information: Islamic State, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, and Islamic State – Khorasan Province

The self-declared "Islamic State" (ISIS)⁴⁰⁹ use suicide attacks against government targets before they attack. The attackers use a wide range of methods, from suicide vests and belts to bomb trucks and cars and APCs filled with explosives. Usually, the suicide bomber involved in a "martyrdom operation" will record his last words in a martyrdom video before they start their attack, which will be released after the suicide attack is done. A study published by The Guardian in 2017 analyzed 923 attacks done between December 2015 and November 2016 and compared the military tactic to those used by kamikaze operations.⁴¹⁰ Charlie Winter, the author of the study, said that ISIS had "industrialized the concept of martyrdom". 84% of suicide attacks were directed towards military targets, usually with armed vehicles. About 80% of the attackers were of Iraqi or Syrian origin.⁴¹¹ According to the Institute for National Security Studies, there were fewer suicide attacks worldwide in 2017, but more female suicide bombers participated in them. According to the institute, ISIS and al-Qaeda led the suicide terrorism.⁴¹²

In 2017 and 2019, during the Sinai insurgency, there were suicide bombings in the Gaza Strip by local ISIS sympathizers. ISIS are a global extremist group, with an ideology that fundamentally opposes the Palestinian nationalism of Hamas and the other groups above.⁴¹³ In 2017 two Hamas government border guards were killed while attempting to intercept an ISIS suicide bomber at Rafah Crossing.⁴¹⁴⁴¹⁵ The Hamas government responded to that bombing with a crackdown on followers of "deviant ideologies" (meaning ISIS and similar groups).⁴¹⁶⁴¹⁷ In 2018, members of ISIS in the Sinai "declared war" on Hamas, demanding Hamas release ISIS militants held in Gaza's prisons.⁴¹⁸ Then in 2019, another suicide attack – also attributed to ISIS – directly targeted Gaza Strip police.⁴¹⁹ Three police officers were killed,^420421422 all three victims were allegedly members of Hamas.⁴²³ Gaza's Security forces responded by arresting ten people whom they suspected were members of the cell who arranged the attack.

In the following years, ISIS members also carried out suicide attacks in different locations. In December 2018, according to the director of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Rami Abdel Rahman, at least three suicide bombers blew themselves up inside the city of As-Suwayda in the Jabal al-Druze of southern Syria. This was in addition to suicide bombers who attacked seven villages in the surrounding suburbs.⁴²⁴ According to The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, On January 2019, ISIS carried out a suicide bombing attack using a car bomb against a joint American-Kurdish patrol.⁴²⁵ 2021 Kabul airport attack was suicide bombing attack. In January 2021, ISIS claimed responsibility for a double suicide bombing in a Baghdad market that killed at least 32 people and wounded more than 100. It was the first major suicide attack by the Islamic State group in the previous three years.⁴²⁶ In June 2025, the Syrian Interior Ministry announced a suicide attack carried out by a member of the Islamic State organization in Church. According to the statement, he shot at worshippers in a church and then blew himself up inside.⁴²⁷⁴²⁸

Age and gender

Children and teenagers

Araki Yukio was born on 10 March 1928, at the age of fifteen he joined the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service's Youth Pilot Training Program.⁴²⁹ On 27 May 1945, Araki took off from Bansei Airfield, in Kagoshima Prefecture, on a kamikaze mission, flying a Mitsubishi Ki-51.⁴³⁰ At the age of seventeen, Araki is one of the youngest known kamikaze pilots. It has been speculated that his plane was one of two that struck the USS Braine, killing 66 of its crew; however, the ship did not sink.⁴³¹⁴³²

In Lebanon on 9 April 1985, Sana'a Mehaidli, a 16-year-old member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), detonated an explosive-laden vehicle that killed two Israeli soldiers and injured twelve more. She is believed to have been the first female suicide bomber.^433434435436 She is known as "the Bride of the South".⁴³⁷[verification needed] During the Lebanese Civil War, female SSNP members bombed Israeli troops and the Israeli proxy militia, the South Lebanon Army.

Women

Main article: Female suicide bomber

Suicide operatives are overwhelmingly male in most groups, but among Chechen rebels⁴³⁸ and the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) women form the majority of the attackers.⁴³⁹

Female suicide bombers have been observed in many predominantly nationalist conflicts by a variety of organizations against both military and civilian targets. In February 2002, however, religious leader of Hamas Sheikh Ahmed Yassin issued a fatwa permitting women to participate in suicide attacks.⁴⁴⁰

During the 1980s, the greatest number of female suicide attacks in any single year was five. By contrast, in 2008 alone there were 35 female suicide attackers and in 2014 there were 15 such attacks according to the Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism (CPOST) Suicide Attack Database.⁴⁴¹

Sri Lanka's militant organization, the Black Wing Tigers, executed 330 suicide bombing attacks which were executed mainly by women. The group was formed in 1987 and was disbanded in 2009.

On 21 May 1991, former Indian Prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by Thenmozhi Rajaratnam, a member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Approximately 30% of the organization's suicide bombings were carried out by women.⁴⁴²

The Chechen shahidkas (a Russian corruption of the Arabic word for martyr) have attacked Russian troops in Chechnya and Russian civilians elsewhere. For example, in the Moscow theater hostage crisis.

Women of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) have carried out suicide bombings primarily against Turkish Armed Forces. In some cases they strapped explosives to their abdomen to simulate pregnancy.⁴⁴³: 66 

Wafa Idris, under the Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, became the first Palestinian female suicide bomber on 28 January 2002, when she blew herself up on Jaffa Road in Central Jerusalem.⁴⁴⁴: 221 

On 27 February 2002, Darine Abu Aisha carried out a suicide bombing at the Maccabim checkpoint of the Israeli army near Jerusalem. On the same day, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the religious leader of the Palestinian Islamist militant group Hamas, issued a fatwa that permitted women to participate in suicide attacks and stated that they would be rewarded in the afterlife.⁴⁴⁵: 315 

Ayat al-Akhras, the third and youngest Palestinian female suicide bomber at age 18, killed herself and two Israeli civilians on 29 March 2002 by detonating explosives belted to her body in a supermarket. She had been trained by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, a group linked to the armed branch of Fatah. The killings gained widespread international attention due to Ayat's age and gender and the fact that one of the victims was also a teenage girl.

Hamas deployed its first female suicide bomber, Reem Riyashi, on 14 January 2004. Al-Riyashi attacked Erez checkpoint, killing 7 people.⁴⁴⁶: 171 

Two female attackers attacked U.S. troops in Iraq on 5 August 2003. Whereas female suicide bombers are not typically introduced in initial stages of a conflict, this attack demonstrated the early and significant involvement of Iraqi women in the Iraq War.⁴⁴⁷: 284 

On 29 March 2010, two female Chechen terrorists bombed two Moscow subway stations killing at least 38 people and injuring more than 60 people.

The Taliban has used at least one female suicide bomber in Afghanistan.⁴⁴⁸

On 25 December 2010, the first female suicide bomber in Pakistan detonated her explosives-laden vest, killing at least 43 people at an aid distribution center in northwestern Pakistan.⁴⁴⁹

On 29 December 2013, a female Chechen suicide bomber detonated her vest in the Volgograd railway station killing at least 17 people.⁴⁵⁰

On 23 December 2016, the first female suicide bomber in Bangladesh detonated her explosive during a police raid.⁴⁵¹

According to a report issued by intelligence analysts in the U.S. army in 2011, "Although women make up roughly 15% of the suicide bombers within groups which utilize females, they were responsible for 65% of assassinations; 20% of women who committed a suicide attack did so with the purpose of assassinating a specific individual, compared with 4% of male attackers." The report further stated that female suicide bombers often were "grieving the loss of family members [and] seeking revenge against those they feel are responsible for the loss, unable to produce children, [and/or] dishonored through sexual indiscretion."⁴⁵²⁴⁵³ Male suicide bombers are presented as being motivated more by political factors than female suicide bombers are.⁴⁵⁴

Another study of suicide bombers from 1981 and July 2008 [when?] by Lindsey A. O'Rourke found female bombers are generally in their late twenties, significantly older than their male counterparts.⁴⁵⁵

O'Rourke found the average number of victims killed by a female suicide attacker was higher than that for male attackers for every group studied, which included Tamil, PKK, Lebanese, Chechen, and Palestinian attackers.⁴⁵⁶ Consequently, terrorist organizations recruit and motivate women to participate in suicide attacks, using traditional attitudes of honor, feminine harmlessness, and vulnerability among target populations to insert attackers where they can cause a maximum of death and destruction.⁴⁵⁷ Bombs have been disguised as a pregnant stomach, avoiding invasive searches, seen as taboo. By stumbling or calling out in distress, more victims may be drawn to the explosion.⁴⁵⁸ These women have proven to be deadlier with higher completion rates with more casualties and deaths than their male counterparts. The female bomb carriers are not permitted to hold and control the detonator, which the men in charge still hold.⁴⁵⁹ Until recently, attacks of female bombers were considered more newsworthy because of the "unladylike" behavior of their perpetrator.⁴⁶⁰

Gendered motivations

Further information: female suicide bombers

In some traditions,[who?] women are customarily seen as peace-makers rather than as front-line actors in conflicts.⁴⁶¹ This stereotype has made them useful as suicide bombers, because they might be underestimated and thus be able to enter target areas inconspicuously, leading to more lethal suicide attacks.⁴⁶² Whether women's motivations for becoming suicide bombers generally differ from men's remains a pertinent question. Bloom has suggested some salient reasons for women to turn to suicide bombings, such as "to avenge a personal loss, to redeem the family name, to escape a life of sheltered monotony and achieve fame, or to equalize the patriarchal societies in which they live."⁴⁶³ Some earlier literature suggested that women tend to be motivated by personal trauma rather than by ideological reasons.⁴⁶⁴ Other researchers disagree with this assessment and state that it reduces women's political agency, seeing as they are just as capable of making a choice based on ideology.⁴⁶⁵ Women's as well as men's usual motivations for becoming suicide bombers should be assumed to be nuanced and complex.⁴⁶⁶

Tactics and response

Further information: counterterrorism, public diplomacy, public diplomacy of Israel, public diplomacy of the United States, public diplomacy of Pakistan, war on terrorism, and bulldozer politics

Strategy and advantages

According to author Jeffrey William Lewis, success campaigns of suicide bombing require: willing individuals, organizations to train and use them, and a society willing to accept such acts in the name of a greater good.⁴⁶⁷ The organizations work to guarantee individual suicide bombers that they "will be remembered as martyrs dying for their communities". By imbuing suicide attacks with "reverence and heroism", it becomes more attractive to recruits.⁴⁶⁸ According to Yoram Schweitzer, modern suicide terrorism is "aimed at causing devastating physical damage, through which it inflicts profound fear and anxiety". Its goal is not to produce a negative psychological effect only on the victims of the actual attack, but on the entire target population.⁴⁶⁹ Attackers themselves have often framed suicide attacks as acts of courageous self-sacrifice made necessary by the superior military or security strength of the enemy. The technique has also been called "the atomic weapon of the weak".⁴⁷⁰ According to Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the former leader of Hamas, "Once we have warplanes and missiles, then we can think of changing our means of legitimate self-defense. But right now, we can only tackle the fire with our bare hands and sacrifice ourselves".⁴⁷¹ While this arguably explains the motivation of many early suicide bombings in the 1980s and 90s, it cannot explain many later attacks, such as those on funeral processions of the minority Shia in Pakistan.

A major reason for the popularity of suicide attacks, despite the sacrifice involved for its perpetrators, is its tactical advantages over other types of terrorism such as the ability to conceal weapons, make last-minute adjustments, an increased ability to infiltrate heavily guarded targets, and the lack of need for remote or delayed detonation, escape plans or rescue teams. Robert Pape observed that "Suicide attacks are an especially convincing way to signal the likelihood of more pain to come, because if you are willing to kill yourself you are also willing to endure brutal retaliation. [...] The element of suicide itself helps increase the credibility of future attacks because it suggests that attackers cannot be deterred."⁴⁷² Other scholars have criticized Pape's research design, arguing that it cannot draw any conclusions on the efficacy of suicide terrorism.⁴⁷³

Bruce Hoffman described the characteristics of suicide bombing as "universal" — "Suicide bombings are inexpensive and effective. They are less complicated and compromising than other kinds of terrorist operations. They guarantee media coverage. The suicide terrorist is the ultimate smart bomb. Perhaps most important, coldly efficient bombings tear at the fabric of trust that holds societies together".⁴⁷⁴

Tactics

Various groups adapt their strategies to suit specific targets. For example, in the 1980s, Hezbollah favored the use of explosive-laden cars, while the LTTE in Sri Lanka employed tactics involving explosive-laden boats. Palestinian organizations in the 1990s refined an approach involving suicide bombers with explosive belts, influencing groups like the Chechens and the PKK. In contemporary Iraq, local factions have utilized explosive-laden vehicles to target heavily guarded military facilities.⁴⁷⁵

Response

See also: Ilan Pape

Suicide bombings are often followed by heightened security measures and reprisals by their targets. Because a deceased suicide bomber cannot be targeted, the response is often a targeting of those believed to have sent the bomber. Because the threat of retaliation cannot deter future attacks if the attackers were already willing to kill themselves, pressure is great to employ intensive surveillance of virtually any potential perpetrator, "to look for them almost everywhere, even if no evidence existed that they were there at all".⁴⁷⁶

In the West Bank, the IDF has at times demolished homes that belong to families whose children or landlords whose tenants had volunteered for such missions, whether completed or not.⁴⁷⁷ An internal review starting in October 2004 brought an end to the policy, but it was resumed in 2014.⁴⁷⁸ Other military measures taken during the suicide attack campaign included: a widescale re-occupation of the West Bank and blockading of Palestinian towns; "targeted assassinations" of militants, an approach used since the 1970s; raids against militants suspected of plotting attacks; mass arrests; curfews; stringent travel restrictions; and physical separation from Palestinians via the 650 kilometres (400 mi) Israeli West Bank barrier in and around the West Bank.⁴⁷⁹⁴⁸⁰ The Second Intifada and its suicide attacks are often dated as ending around the time of an unofficial ceasefire with some of the most powerful Palestinian militant groups in 2005.⁴⁸¹ A new "knife intifada" started in September 2015. Still, although many Palestinians were killed in the process of stabbing or attempting to stab Israelis, their deaths were not "a precondition for the success" of their mission and so are not considered suicide attacks by many observers.⁴⁸²

In the United States, the element of suicide in the 9/11 attacks persuaded many that previously unthinkable, "out of the box" strategic policies in a "war on terrorism" were necessary. This included "preventive war" against countries not immediately attacking the U.S., to almost unlimited surveillance of virtually any person in the United States by the government without normal congressional and judicial oversight.⁴⁸³ These responses "produced their own costs and risks—in lives, national debt, and America's standing in the world".⁴⁸⁴

The "heightened security measures" also affected the target populations. During the bombing campaign, Israelis were questioned by armed guards and given a quick pat down before being let into cafés.⁴⁸⁵ In the U.S., the post-9/11 era meant "previously inconceivable security measures—in airports and other transportation hubs, hotels and office buildings, sports stadiums and concert halls".⁴⁸⁶

Results

One of the first bombing campaigns utilizing primarily suicide attacks had considerable political success. In the early 1980s, Hezbollah used these bombing attacks, targeting first foreign peacekeepers and then Israel. The result in both cases was the targets withdrawing from Lebanon.⁴⁸⁷[better source needed]

Other groups have had mixed results. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) pioneered the use of suicide bombings against civilian and political targets. In 2000, Yoram Schweitzer called the LTTE "unequivocally the most effective and brutal terrorist organization ever to utilize suicide terrorism".⁴⁸⁸ Their struggle for an independent state in the North and East of the island lasted for 26 years and led to the deaths of two heads of state or government, several ministers, and up to 100,000 combatants and civilians, from by a UN estimate.⁴⁸⁹ Politically, its attacks succeeded in halting the deployment of the Indian peace keeping troops to Sri Lanka and the subsequent postponement of the peace-talks in Sri Lanka.⁴⁹⁰ Nonetheless, the conflict ended in May 2009 not with an independent Eelam, but with the overrunning of LTTE strongholds and the killing of its leadership by the Sri Lankan military and security forces.

It is more difficult to determine whether Palestinian suicide bombings have proved to be a successful political tactic. Hamas "came to prominence" after the first intifada as "the main Palestinian opponent of the Oslo Accords", the US-sponsored peace process that oversaw the gradual and partial removal of Israel's occupation in return for Palestinian guarantees to protect Israeli security.⁴⁹¹ according to the BBC.⁴⁹²⁴⁹³ The accords were sidetracked after the 1996 election of right-wing Israeli leader Benjamin Netanyahu. From 1994 to 1997, there were 14 suicide attacks that killed 159, not all of which were attributed to Hamas.⁴⁹⁴ Hamas's suicide bombings of Israeli targets "were widely" credited for the popularity among Israelis of the hardline Netanyahu,⁴⁹⁵ who was a staunch opponent of the Oslo accords, but an even stauncher enemy of Hamas.

The efficacy of suicide bombing, however, does not appear to have been demonstrated by the al-Aqsa Intifada. During this Intifada, the number of suicide attacks increased markedly. In the first campaign from 1994 to 1997, there were 14 suicide attacks, in the second from 2001 to 2005, there were 93 attacks.⁴⁹⁶ These attacks petered out around 2005 following harsh Israeli security measures, such as "targeted assassinations" of Palestinians reportedly involved in terrorism, and the building of a "separation barrier" that severely hampered Palestinian travel, but with no withdrawal by the Israelis from any occupied territory.

The drop in suicide bombings in Israel has been explained by the many security measures taken by the Israeli government,⁴⁹⁷⁴⁹⁸ especially the building of the "separation barrier",⁴⁹⁹⁵⁰⁰ and a general consensus among Palestinians that the bombings were a "losing strategy".⁵⁰¹ The suicides and other attacks on civilians had "a major impact" on the attitudes of the Israeli public.⁵⁰² Instead of creating demoralization, the attacks generated even greater support for the right-wing Likud party which brought to office another hardliner, the former general Ariel Sharon. In 2001, 89% of Israeli Jews supported the Sharon government's policy of "targeted assassinations" of Palestinian militants involved in terrorism against Israel, the number rising to 92% in 2003.⁵⁰³ Opinion polls of the Jewish Israelis found 78–84% supported the "separation barrier" in 2004.⁵⁰⁴

In the case of the 9/11 attacks in the U.S., at least in the short term, the results were negative for Al-Qaeda, as well as the Taliban. Since the attacks, Western nations have diverted massive resources towards stopping similar actions, as well as increasing border security, and military actions against various countries believed to have been involved with terrorism.⁵⁰⁵ Critics of the War on Terrorism suggest the results were negative, as the subsequent actions of the United States and other countries has increased the number of recruits and their willingness to carry out suicide bombings.

Attacker profiles and motivations

Studies of who becomes a suicide attacker and what motivates them have often come to different conclusions. According to Riaz Hassan,⁵⁰⁶

apart from one demographic attribute—that the majority of suicide bombers tend to be young males—the evidence has failed to find a stable set of demographic, psychological, socioeconomic and religious variables that can be causally linked to suicide bombers' personality or socioeconomic origins.

Anthropologist Scott Atran wrote, "[Terrorists] are not sufficiently different from everyone else. Insights into homegrown jihadi attacks will have to come from understanding group dynamics, not individual psychology. Small-group dynamics can trump individual personality to produce horrific behavior in otherwise ordinary people.⁵⁰⁷ Atran's research has found that the attacks are not organized from the top down, but occur from the bottom up. It is usually a matter of following one's friends and ending up in environments that foster groupthink. Atran is also critical of the claim that terrorists simply crave destruction; rather, they are often motivated by beliefs they hold sacred, as well as their moral reasoning.⁵⁰⁸

A study of the remains of 110 suicide bombers in Afghanistan for the first part of 2007 by Afghan pathologist Yusef Yadgari found 80% were suffering from physical ailments such as missing limbs (before the blasts), cancer, or leprosy. Also, in contrast to earlier findings of suicide bombers, the Afghan bombers were "not celebrated like their counterparts in other Arab nations. Afghan bombers are not featured on posters or in videos as martyrs".⁵⁰⁹

Robert Pape, director of the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, found the majority of suicide bombers came from the educated middle classes. For example, Humam Balawi, who perpetrated the Camp Chapman attack in Afghanistan in 2010, was a medical doctor.⁵¹⁰

A 2004 paper by Harvard University Professor of Public Policy Alberto Abadie "cast[s] doubt on the widely held belief that terrorism stems from poverty, finding instead that terrorist violence is related to a nation's level of political freedom", with countries "in some intermediate range of political freedom" more prone to terrorism than countries with "high levels" of political freedom or countries with "highly authoritarian regimes". "When governments are weak, political instability is elevated, so conditions are favorable for the appearance of terrorism".⁵¹¹⁵¹² A 2020 study found that while well-educated and economically well-off individuals are more likely to be behind suicide terrorism, it is not because these individuals self-select into suicide terrorism, but rather because terrorist groups are more likely to select high-quality individuals to commit suicide terrorist attacks.⁵¹³

Pape found that among Islamic suicide terrorists, 97 percent were unmarried and 84 percent were male. If the Kurdistan Workers' Party was excluded, this changed to be 91 percent male.⁵¹⁴ A study conducted by the U.S. military in Iraq in 2008 found that suicide bombers were almost always single men without children aged 18 to 30, with a mean age of 22, and were typically students or employed in blue-collar occupations.⁵¹⁵ In a 2011 doctoral thesis, anthropologist Kyle R. Gibson reviewed three studies documenting 1,208 suicide attacks from 1981 to 2007 and found that countries with higher polygyny rates correlated with greater production of suicide terrorists.⁵¹⁶⁵¹⁷ Political scientists Valerie M. Hudson and Bradley Thayer noted that countries where polygyny is widely practiced tend to have higher homicide rates and rates of rape. The pair have argued that because Islam is the only major religious tradition where polygyny is still largely condoned, the higher degrees of marital inequality in Islamic countries compared to most of the world causes them to have larger populations susceptible to suicide terrorism. Hudson and Theyer contended that promises of harems of virgins for martyrdom serves as a mechanism to mitigate in-group conflict within Islamic countries by redirecting their violence towards out-groups.⁵¹⁸

Along with his research on the Tamil Tigers, Scott Atran found that Palestinian jihadist groups such as Hamas provide monthly stipends, lump-sum payments, and prestige to the families of suicide terrorists.⁵¹⁹⁵²⁰ Cognitive scientist Steven Pinker argues in The Better Angels of Our Nature (2011) that because the families of men in the West Bank and Gaza often cannot afford bride prices and that many potential brides end up in polygynous marriages, the financial compensation of an act of suicide terrorism can buy enough brides for a man's brothers to have children to make the self-sacrifice pay off in terms of kin selection and biological fitness.⁵²¹

Motivations vary greatly and are different in the case of each individual. Fanaticism (nationalist, religious, or both) may result from brain-washing, negative experiences regarding "the enemy", and the lack of a perspective in life. Suicide attackers may want to hurt or kill their targets because they hold them responsible for all bad things that have happened to them or in the world, or simply just because they want to escape misery and poverty.⁵²² Based on biographies of more than seven hundred foreign fighters uncovered at an Iraqi insurgent camp, researchers believe that the motivation for suicide missions at least in Iraq was not "the global jihadi ideology", but "an explosive mix of desperation, pride, anger, sense of powerlessness, local tradition of resistance, and religious fervor".⁵²³ A study by German scholar Arata Takeda analyzes analogous behavior represented in literary texts from the antiquity through the 20th century, these being Ajax, Samson Agonistes, The Robbers, and The Just Assassins. The study concluded "that suicide bombings are not the expressions of specific cultural peculiarities or exclusively religious fanaticisms. Instead, they represent a strategic option of the desperately weak who strategically disguise themselves under the mask of apparent strength, terror, and invincibility."⁵²⁴⁵²⁵

Criminal justice professor Adam Lankford argues that suicide terrorists are not psychologically normal or stable. They are motivated to suicide and killing to mask their desire to die beneath a "veneer of heroic action" because of the religious consequences of killing themselves outright.⁵²⁶ He has identified more than 130 individual suicide terrorists, including 9/11 ringleader Mohamed Atta, with classic suicidal risk factors such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, other mental health problems, drug addictions, serious physical injuries or disabilities, having suffered the unexpected death of a loved one, or other personal crises.⁵²⁷

Nationalist resistance and religion

To what extent attackers are motivated by religious enthusiasm, by resistance to perceived outsider oppression, or some combination of the two is disputed.

According to Robert Pape, director of the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, as of 2005, 95 percent of suicide attacks have the same specific strategic goal. This goal is to cause an occupying state to withdraw forces from a disputed territory, making nationalism their principal motivation rather than religion.⁵²⁸

Alternately, another source found that in Lebanon from 1983 to 1999, it was Islamists who influenced secular nationalists. Their use of suicide attacks spread to the secular groups. Five Lebanese groups "espousing a non-religious nationalist ideology" followed the lead of Islamist groups in attacking by suicide, "impressed by the effectiveness of Hezbollah's attacks in precipitating the withdrawal of the 'foreigners' from Lebanon".⁵²⁹ In Israel suicide attacks by Islamist Islamic Jihad and Hamas also preceded those of the secular PFLP and the Al-Fatah-linked Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. However, the first suicide attack in post-independence Israel was in 1972, by foreign fighters from the Japanese Red Army (a secular militant group) allied to PFLP-EO unit (a secular group, led by Wadie Haddad).^530531532

Pape found other factors associated with suicide attacks. This included the government of the targeted country being democratic and the public opinion of the country playing a role in determining policy. He also found that a difference in religion between the attackers and occupiers, and⁵³³ grassroots support for the attacks⁵³⁴ contributed. Other factors include attackers being disproportionately from the educated middle classes,⁵³⁵ high levels of brutality and cruelty by the occupiers,⁵³⁶ and competition among militant groups fighting the occupiers.⁵³⁷

Other researchers, such as Yotam Feldner, argue that perceived religious rewards after death are instrumental in encouraging Muslims to commit suicide attacks.⁵³⁸⁵³⁹ These researchers contend that Pape's analysis is flawed, particularly his contention that democracies are the main targets of such attacks.⁵⁴⁰ Other scholars have criticized Pape's research design, arguing that it cannot draw any conclusions on the causes of suicide terrorism.⁵⁴¹

Atran argues that suicide bombing has moved on from the days of Pape's study,⁵⁴² where non-Islamic groups have carried out very few bombings since 2003. Instead, bombing by Muslim or Islamist groups associated with a "global ideology" of "martyrdom" has skyrocketed. In 2004 in Iraq alone, there were 400 suicide attacks and 2,000 casualties.⁵⁴³ Other researchers question why prominent anti-occupation secular terrorist groups have not used suicide, such as the Provisional IRA, ETA, or anti-colonialist insurgents in Vietnam, Algeria, and elsewhere.⁵⁴⁴⁵⁴⁵ They also question Pape omits that the first suicide attack in Lebanon targeted the embassy of Iraq, a country that was not occupying Lebanon.⁵⁴⁶

Mia Bloom agrees with Pape that competition among insurgents groups is a significant motivator, arguing the growth in suicide as a tactic is a product of "outbidding". That is, the need by competing insurgent groups to demonstrate their commitment to the cause to the broader public. This is achieved as making the ultimate sacrifice for the insurgency is a "bid" impossible to top.⁵⁴⁷ This explains its use by Palestinian groups, but not that by the Tamil Tigers.⁵⁴⁸ Still other researchers have identified sociopolitical factors as more central in the motivation of suicide attackers than religion.⁵⁴⁹⁵⁵⁰

According to Atran,⁵⁵¹ and former CIA case officer Marc Sageman,⁵⁵² support for suicide actions is triggered by moral outrage at perceived attacks against Islam and sacred values. However, this is converted to action as a result of small-world factors, such as being part of a football club with other jihadis. Millions express sympathy with global jihad. According to a 2006 Gallup study involving more than 50,000 interviews in dozens of countries, seven percent of the world's 1.3 billion Muslims consider the 9/11 attacks "completely justified".⁵⁵³⁵⁵⁴

Assaf Moghadam is also arguing that the increase in suicide terrorism since 2001 is driven by Salafi jihadist ideology and Al-Qaeda.⁵⁵⁵⁵⁵⁶

Updating his work in a 2010 book Cutting the Fuse, Pape reported that a close analysis of the time and location of attacks strongly support his conclusion that "foreign military occupation accounts for 98.5%—and the deployment of American combat forces for 92%—of all the 1,833 suicide terrorist attacks around the world" between 2004 and 2009.⁵⁵⁷ Pape wrote that, "the success attributed to the surge in 2007 and 2008 was actually less the result of an increase in coalition forces and more to a change of strategy in Baghdad and the empowerment of the Sunnis in Anbar".⁵⁵⁸

The same logic can be seen in Afghanistan. In 2004 and early 2005, NATO occupied the north and west, which was controlled by the Northern Alliance, whom NATO had previously helped fight the Taliban. An enormous spike in suicide terrorism only occurred later in 2005 as NATO moved into the south and east, which had previously been controlled by the Taliban, and locals were more likely to see NATO as a foreign occupation threatening local culture and customs.⁵⁵⁹ Critics argue the logic cannot be seen in Pakistan,⁵⁶⁰⁵⁶¹ which has no occupation and the second highest number of suicide bombing fatalities as of mid-2015.

Islam

Main articles: Islamic terrorism, Istishhad, Inghimasi, and Suicide legislation § Asia

What connection the high percentage of suicide attacks executed by Islamist groups since 1980 has to do with the religion of Islam is disputed. Specifically, scholars, researchers, and others disagree over whether Islam forbids suicide in the process of attacking enemies, or the killing of civilians. According to a report compiled by the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, 224 of 300 suicide terror attacks from 1980 to 2003 involved Islamist groups or took place in Muslim-majority countries.⁵⁶²[original research?] Another tabulation found more than a fourfold increase in suicide bombings in the two years following Pape's study and that the overwhelming majority of these bombers were motivated by the ideology of Islamist martyrdom.⁵⁶³ For example, as of early 2008, 1,121 Muslim suicide bombers have blown themselves up in Iraq.⁵⁶⁴

Recent emergence of suicide attacks by Muslims

Sunni Muslims were possibly the last major branch of the Abrahamic religions to resort to overt suicide attacks. Islamic suicide bombing is a fairly recent phenomenon. It was absent from the 1979–1989 Afghan jihad against the Soviet Union,⁵⁶⁵ an asymmetrical war where the mujahideen fought Soviet warplanes, helicopters and tanks primarily with light weapons. According to author Sadakat Kadri, "the very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield". After 1983, the process was limited among Muslims to Hezbollah and other Lebanese Shia factions for more than a decade.⁵⁶⁶

Since then, according to Noah Feldman, videotaped pre-confession of faith by attackers known as the "vocabulary of martyrdom and sacrifice" have become part of "Islamic cultural consciousness" and these confessions are "instantly recognizable" to Muslims.⁵⁶⁷ The tactic has spread through the Muslim world "with astonishing speed and on a surprising course".⁵⁶⁸ "First the targets were American soldiers, then mostly Israelis, including women and children. From Lebanon and Israel, the technique of suicide bombing moved to Iraq, where the targets have included mosques and shrines, and the intended victims have mostly been Shia Iraqis. ... [In] Afghanistan, ... both the perpetrators and the targets are orthodox Sunni Muslims. Not long ago, a bombing in Lashkar Gah, the capital of Helmand Province, killed Muslims, including women, who were applying to go on pilgrimage to Mecca. Overall, the trend is definitively in the direction of Muslim-on-Muslim violence. By a conservative accounting, more than three times as many Iraqis have been killed by suicide bombings in just three years (2003–6) as have Israelis in ten (from 1996–2006). Suicide bombing has become the archetype of Muslim violence;– not just to Westerners but also to Muslims themselves".⁵⁶⁹

Recent research on the rationale of suicide bombing has identified both religious and sociopolitical motivations.^570571572573 Those who cite religious factors as an important influence note that religion provides the framework because the bombers believe they are acting in the name of Islam and will be rewarded as martyrs. Since martyrdom is seen as a step towards paradise, those who commit suicide while discarding their community from a common enemy believe that they will reach an ultimate salvation after they die.⁵⁷⁴

In the media attention given to suicide bombing during the Second Intifada and after 9/11, sources hostile to radical Islamism quoted radical scholars promising various heavenly rewards, such as 70 virgins (Arabic: houri) as wives, to Muslims who die as martyrs, specifically as suicide attackers.⁵⁷⁵⁵⁷⁶ Other alleged rewards for those dying are being cleansed of all sin and brought directly to paradise, and not having to wait for the Day of Judgement.⁵⁷⁷⁵⁷⁸

Others, such as As'ad AbuKhalil, maintain that "the tendency to dwell on the sexual motives" of the suicide bombers "belittles" the bombers "sociopolitical causes", and that the alleged "sexual frustration" of young Muslim men "has been overly emphasized in the Western and Israeli media" as a motive for terrorism.⁵⁷⁹

Support for "martyrdom operations"

Further information: Martyrdom § Islam, Suicide legislation, and Islamic view of death § Suicide

Islamist militant organizations including al-Qaeda, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad argue that, despite what some Muslims claim is Islam's strict prohibition of suicide and murder,⁵⁸⁰⁵⁸¹ suicide attacks fulfill the obligation of jihad against the "oppressor", "martyrs" will be rewarded with paradise, and have the support of some Muslim clerics.[who?] Clerics have supported suicide attacks largely in connection with the Palestinian issue. Prominent Sunni cleric Yusuf al-Qaradawi had previously supported such attacks by Palestinians in perceived defense of their homeland as heroic and an act of resistance.⁵⁸² Shia Lebanese cleric Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, the spiritual authority recognized by Hezbollah, holds similar views.⁵⁸³

The articles maintains that Abu Huraira, a companion of the Muhammad, and Umar ibn Khattab, the second caliph of Islam, approved acts which Muslims knew would lead to certain death. The Islamic prophet Muhammad also approved of such acts, according to authors Maulana Muawiya Hussaini and Ikrimah Anwar who cited numerous Hadith of Muhammad on the authority of Islamic jurist Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. "The Sahaba [companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad] who carried out the attacks almost certainly knew that they were going to be killed during their operations but they still carried them out and such acts were extolled and praised in the sharia."⁵⁸⁴

Opposition and responses from Muslim scholars

Others, such as Middle East historian Bernard Lewis, disagree: "… a clear difference was made between throwing oneself to certain death at the hands of an overwhelmingly strong enemy, and dying by one's own hand. The first, if conducted in a properly authorized [ jihad ], was a passport to heaven; the second to damnation. The blurring of their previously vital distinction was the work of some twentieth-century theologians who outlined the new theory which the suicide bombers put into practice".⁵⁸⁵

The distinction from engaging in an act where the perpetrator plans to fight to the death but where the attack does not require their death is important to at least one Islamist terror group, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).[where?] While the group extols "martyrdom" and has killed many civilians, LeT believes suicide attacks where the attackers die by their own hand, such as by pressing a detonation button, are haram (forbidden). Its "trademark" is that of perpetrators fighting "to the death" but escaping "if practical". "This distinction has been the subject of extensive discourse among radical Islamist leaders".⁵⁸⁶

Several Western and Muslim scholars of Islam have posited that suicide attacks are a clear violation of classical Islamic law, and characterized such attacks against civilians as murderous and sinful.⁵⁸⁷⁵⁸⁸

According to Bernard Lewis, "the emergence of the now widespread terrorism practice of suicide bombing is a development of the 20th century. It has no antecedents in Islamic history, and no justification in terms of Islamic theology, law, or tradition."⁵⁸⁹ Islamic legal rules of armed warfare or military jihad are covered in detail in the classical texts of Islamic jurisprudence,⁵⁹⁰ which forbid the killing of women, children, or non-combatants, and the destruction of cultivated or residential areas.^591592593

For more than a millennium, these tenets were accepted by Sunnis and Shiites. However, since the 1980s militant Islamists have challenged the traditional Islamic rules of warfare to justify suicide attacks.⁵⁹⁴⁵⁹⁵

Several respected Muslim scholars have provided scholastic refutations of suicide bombings, condemning them as terrorism prohibited in Islam and leading their perpetrators to hell.⁵⁹⁶ In his over 400 page long Fatwa on Terrorism condemning suicide attacks, Muslim Islamic scholar Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri directly disputed the rationale of Islamists. He argues that indiscriminately killing both Muslims and non-Muslims is unlawful, and brings the Muslim ummah into disrepute, no matter how lofty the killers intentions.⁵⁹⁷ Tahir-ul-Qadri states terrorism "has no place in Islamic teaching, and no justification can be provided to it [...] good intention cannot justify a wrong and forbidden act".⁵⁹⁸

Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh issued a fatwa on 12 September 2013 that suicide bombings are "great crimes" and bombers are "criminals who rush themselves to hell by their actions". Al Shaykh described suicide bombers as "robbed of their minds [...] who have been used [as tools] to destroy themselves and societies".⁵⁹⁹ "In view of the fast-moving dangerous developments in the Islamic world, it is very distressing to see the tendencies of permitting or underestimating the shedding of blood of Muslims and those under protection in their countries. The sectarian or ignorant utterances made by some of these people would benefit none other than the greedy, vindictive and envious people. Hence, we would like to draw attention to the seriousness of the attacks on Muslims or those who live under their protection or under a pact with them|Al Shaykh, quoting a number of verses from the Qur'an and Hadith".⁶⁰⁰

In 2005, following a series of bombings by the banned outfit Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), chief cleric of Bangladesh Ubaidul Haq led a protest of ulema denouncing terrorism.⁶⁰¹ He said: "Islam prohibits suicide bombings. These bombers are enemies of Islam. [...] It is a duty for all Muslims to stand up against those who are killing people in the name of Islam".

In January 2006, Shia Marja (high ranking cleric) Ayatollah al-Udhma Yousof al-Sanei decreed a fatwa against suicide bombing, declaring it a "terrorist act".⁶⁰²⁶⁰³ In 2005, Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti also issued a fatwa "Against The Targeting Of Civilians".⁶⁰⁴

Ihsanic Intelligence, a London-based Islamic think-tank, published their two-year study into suicide bombings in the name of Islam titled The Hijacked Caravan.⁶⁰⁵ The study concluded that, "The technique of suicide bombing is anathema, antithetical and abhorrent to Sunni Islam. It is considered legally forbidden, constituting a reprehensible innovation in the Islamic tradition, morally an enormity of sin combining suicide and murder and theologically an act which has consequences of eternal damnation".⁶⁰⁶

American based Islamic jurist and scholar Khaled Abou Al-Fadl argues, "The classical jurists, nearly without exception, argued that those who attack by stealth, while targeting noncombatants in order to terrorize the resident and wayfarer, are corrupters of the earth. "Resident and wayfarer" was a legal expression that meant that whether the attackers terrorize people in their urban centers or terrorize travelers, the result was the same: all such attacks constitute a corruption of the earth. The legal term given to people who act this way was muharibun (those who wage war against society), and the crime is called the crime of hiraba (waging war against society). The crime of hiraba was so serious and repugnant that, according to Islamic law, those guilty of this crime were considered enemies of humankind and were not to be given quarter or sanctuary anywhere .... Those who are familiar with the classical tradition will find the parallels between what were described as crimes of hiraba and what is often called terrorism today nothing short of remarkable. The classical jurists considered crimes such as assassinations, setting fires, or poisoning water wells – that could indiscriminately kill the innocent – as offenses of hiraba. Furthermore, hijacking methods of transportation or crucifying people in order to spread fear are also crimes of hiraba. Importantly, Islamic law strictly prohibited the taking of hostages, the mutilation of corpses, and torture".⁶⁰⁷

According to theologian Charles Kimball, "There is only one verse in the Qur'an that contains a phrase related to suicide" (4:29):⁶⁰⁸ "O you who have believed, do not consume one another's wealth unjustly but only [in lawful] business by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves. Indeed, Allah is to you ever Merciful."⁶⁰⁹

Some commentators posit that "do not kill yourselves" is better translated "do not kill each other", and some translations, such as those by M. H. Shakir, reflect that view. Mainstream Islamic groups such as the European Council for Fatwa and Research also cite the Quranic verse Al-An'am 6:151⁶¹⁰)] as prohibiting suicide: "And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by way of justice and law".⁶¹¹ The Hadith, including Bukhari 2:445, states: "The Prophet said, '...whoever commits suicide with a piece of iron will be punished with the same piece of iron in the Hell Fire', [and] 'A man was inflicted with wounds and he committed suicide, and so Allah said: 'My slave has caused death on himself hurriedly, so I forbid Paradise for him.'"⁶¹²⁶¹³

Other Muslims have also noted Quranic verses in opposition to suicide, to taking of life other than by way of justice such as the death penalty for murder, and to collective punishment.⁶¹⁴[better source needed]

The international community considers the use of indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations⁶¹⁵⁶¹⁶ as illegal under international law.⁶¹⁷

Public surveys

Muslim views on suicide bombings, 2002 to 2014

YearLocation	2002	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2013	2014
	Answer: "often" or "sometimes" justified (%)
Palestinian Territory	–	–	–	–	70	–	68	–	68	62	46
Lebanon	74	–	39	–	34	32	38	39	35	33	29
Egypt	–	–	–	28	8	13	15	20	28	25	24
Turkey	13	15	14	17	16	3	4	6	7	16	18
Jordan	43	–	57	29	23	25	12	20	13	12	15
Tunisia	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12	5
Bangladesh	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	47
Malaysia	–	–	–	–	26	–	–	–	–	27	18
Indonesia	26	–	15	10	10	11	13	15	10	6	9
Pakistan	33	41	25	14	9	5	5	8	5	3	3
Tanzania	18	–	–	–	11	12	–	–	–	–	26
Nigeria	47	–	–	46	42	32	43	34	–	8	19
Senegal	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	18	15
Israel	–	–	–	–	–	–	7	–	20	7	16
Results of Pew Research Center survey asking Muslims[who?] the question: "Suicide bombings can be ___ justified against civilian targets in order to defend Islam from its enemies?" Percentage of respondents[where?] choosing "often" or "sometimes" rather than "rarely" or "never".618619

Muslim support for suicide bombings against civilian targets to defend Islam has varied over time and by country. The Pew Global Attitudes Project survey of the Muslim public found that support has declined over the years since a high point immediately after 9/11. The highest support for suicide bombings has been reported in the occupied Palestinian territories, where in 2014, 46% of Muslims thought that such attacks were often or sometimes justified.

See also

• 7 July 2005 London bombings – Islamist suicide terrorist attacks in London
• 2010 Austin plane crash – Suicide by pilot in Austin, TexasPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Islamophobic trope § 72 Virgins
• 2018 Austin bombings – Series of consecutive bombings in Austin, Texas, US
• Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict – Child exploitation by Palestinian militant groupsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Explosive belt – Explosive device that an individual wears
• Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg – German World War II attack aircraft
• Heather Penney – United States Air Force officer
• Japanese Special Attack Units – Japanese military units during World War II
• Kamikaze – 1944–1945 Japanese suicidal aircraft attacks
• Martyr – Person who suffers persecution
• Martyrdom video – Intentional recording of suicide attack
• Martyrdom in Islam – Arabic term for martyrdom as used in Islamic theologyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Martyrdom in Palestinian society
• Murder-suicide – Committing murder and suicidePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Olei Hagardom – Twelve members of Zionist paramilitary organizations executed by the British
• Palestinian suicide attacks – Suicide bombings by Palestinian groups in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
• Pierre Rehov – French–Israeli documentary filmmaker, director, and novelist

Explanatory notes

Citations

Sources

• Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015.

• Begin (April 1947). ירושלים (מאיר פיינשטיין ומשה ברזני). מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew).

• Begin (8 December 1964). הישיבה הארבע-מאות-ושמונה-עשרה של הכנסת החמישית יום שלישי, ג׳ טבת תשכ״ה (8 דצמבר 1964) הודעת הממשלה על מיזוג עדות - דיון. מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 11 August 2022.

• Begin, Menachem (1981). נאום בחירות בכיכר מלכי ישראל (מוכר כנאום הצ'חצ'חים) [Election speech at Malki Yisrael Square – known as the Tchach-Tchachim Speech]. מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew). — Hebrew Wikipedia page about the speech: The Tchach-Tchachim Speech [he]

• Fisk, Robert (14 March 2008). "The Cult of the Suicide Bomber". commondreams.org.

• Harkov, Lahav (3 April 2019). "From Begin's tchach-tchachim to Bibi's bots- analysis". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 June 2025.

• Hoffman, Bruce; Ware, Jacob (22 July 2021). "July 22: A Pivotal Day in Terrorism History". War on the Rocks.

• Hersh, Seymour (1991). The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. Random House.

• Klein, Yair (3 May 2022). היום בהיסטוריה: פיינשטיין וברזני מקדימים את התליין [Today in History: Feinstein and Barzani outrun the executioner]. srugim.co.il (in Hebrew). Israel. Archived from the original on 30 June 2025. (Note: "today in history" refers to the anniversary in the Hebrew calendar)

• Kowner, Rotem (27 May 2022). "The Strange Story of the Japanese Terrorists Behind the '72 Israel Airport Massacre".

• Lankford, Adam (2013). The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34213-2.

• Leibovitz, Liel (29 June 2018). "In Menachem Begin's Rise, Lessons for the #Resistance to Trump". Tablet (magazine).

• Netanyahu (9 March 2010). "PM Netanyahu's Speech at the Knesset Special Session in Memory of the Jewish Prisoners Hung from the Gallows". www.gov.il/en.

• Olmert, Ehud (19 April 2007). "PM's Speech at the Ceremony Marking 60 Years Since Feinstein and Barzani Faced the Gallows". Prime Minister's Office: The 31st Government.

• Pape, Robert (2005). Dying to Win. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-58836-460-9.

• Pape, Robert; Feldman, James K. (2010). Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-64560-5.

• Pedahzur, Ami (2004). Suicide Terrorism. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3383-1. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

• Pomerantz, Batsheva (19 April 2007). "The writing on the wall". The Jerusalem Post. It was termed "Operation Shimshon" after the biblical Samson who brought down with him the crowded Philistine temple, claiming "let me die with the Philistines". Barazani and Feinstein were eager to carry out the plan. Eliezer Ben-Ami [he], an imprisoned Lehi member, assembled hand grenades from pieces that were smuggled into the prison separately…

• Rinon, Yoav (16 March 2024). "The destructive wish for revenge followed by suicide is rooted in the Israeli ethos". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 June 2025.

• Sheleg, Yair (7 April 2007). "The Good Jailer". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 July 2008. — Archive: "The good jailer". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009.

• Weisstuch, Moshe (21 May 2021). בגיל 98: לוחם המחתרת שסייע להתאבדות עולי הגרדום לא מתחרט [At 98: The underground fighter who helped the suicide of the Gallows immigrants has no regrets]. Israel Hayom (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 7 May 2025.

• Zbeedat, Nagham (23 June 2024). "Explained: What 'shahid' or 'martyr' means for Palestinians and Israelis". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 15 March 2025.

Agency authorship

• "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission". France 24. Beirut. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022.

• "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission 50 years ago". Ynetnews. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022.

Further reading

Books

• Barlow, Hugh (2007). Dead for Good. Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59451-324-4.
• Bloom, Mia (2005). Dying to Kill. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13320-3.
• Davis, Joyce M. (2004). Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6681-0.
• Falk, Ophir; Morgenstern, Henry (2009). Suicide Terror: Understanding and Confronting the Threat. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-08729-9.
• Fall, Bernard B. (1985). Hell in a Very Small Place. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80231-7.
• Gambetta, Diego (2005). Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927699-8.
• Hafez, Mohammed (2007). Suicide Bombers in Iraq. Washington: U.S. Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 978-1-60127-004-7.
• Hassan, Riaz (2010). Life as a Weapon: The Global Rise of Suicide Bombings. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-58885-0.
• Hassan, Riaz (2011). Suicide Bombings. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-58886-7.
• Hudson, Rex (2002). Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why. The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-58574-754-2.
• Jayawardena, Hemamal (2007). Forensic Medical Aspects of Terrorist Explosive Attacks. Zeilan Press. ISBN 978-0-9793624-2-2.
• Khosrokhavar, Farhad (2005). Suicide Bombers. Sydney: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2283-4.
• Oliver, Anne Marie; Steinberg, Paul (2004). The Road to Martyrs' Square. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530559-3.
• Lewis, Jeffrey W. (2012). The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-097-2.
• Reuter, Christoph (2004). My Life Is a Weapon. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12615-9.
• Scheit, Gerhard (2004). Suicide Attack (in German). Ca Ira Verlag. ISBN 978-3-924627-87-4.
• Sheftall, Mordecai G. (2005). Blossoms in the Wind. New York: NAL Caliber. ISBN 978-0-451-21487-4.
• Skaine, Rosemarie (2006). Female Suicide Bombers. Jefferson: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2615-7.
• Swamy, M.R. (1994). Tigers of Lanka. Vijitha Yapa Publications, Sri Lanka. ISBN 978-955-8095-14-0.
• Takeda, Arata (2010). Ästhetik der Selbstzerstörung: Selbstmordattentäter in der abendländischen Literatur [Aesthetics of Self-Destruction: Suicide Attackers in Western Literature] (in German). Munich: Fink. ISBN 978-3-7705-5062-3. (Full text, digitalized by the Bavarian State Library)
• Matovic, Violeta (2007). Suicide Bombers Who's Next. Belgrade: The National Counter Terrorism Committee. ISBN 978-86-908309-2-3.
• Victor, Barbara (2003). Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers. Rodale. ISBN 978-1-57954-830-8.
• Rajan, V.G. Julie (2011). Women Suicide Bombers: narratives of violence. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-55225-7.
• Fenby, Jonathan (2010). The General: Charles DeGaulle and the France He Saved. Simon and Schuster. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-85720-067-9. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
• Gao, James Z. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949). Vol. 25 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-8108-6308-8. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
• Li, Leslie (1992). Bittersweet. C.E. Tuttle. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-8048-1777-6. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

Articles

• Atran, Scott (2003). "Genesis of suicide terrorism" (PDF). Science. 299 (5612): 1534–39. Bibcode:2003Sci...299.1534A. doi:10.1126/science.1078854. PMID 12624256. S2CID 12114032.
• Butterworth, Bruce Robert; Dolev, Shalom; Jenkins, Brian Michael (2012). "Security Awareness for Public Bus Transportation: Case Studies of Attacks Against the Israeli Public Bus System", Mineta Transportation Institute; accessed March 22, 2015.
• Conesa, Pierre (2004). "Aux origines des attentats-suicides". Le Monde diplomatique, June 2004; accessed March 22, 2015.
• Hoffman, Bruce (2003). "The logic of suicide terrorism". The Atlantic, June 2003 accessed March 22, 2015.
• Kix, Paul "The truth about suicide bombers", boston.com, December 5, 2010; accessed March 22, 2015.
• Lankford, Adam (2010). "Do Suicide Terrorists Exhibit Clinically Suicidal Risk Factors? A Review of Initial Evidence and Call for Future Research". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 15 (5): 334–40. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.06.001.
• Takeda, Arata (2010). "Suicide bombers in Western literature: Demythologizing a mythic discourse". Contemporary Justice Review. 13 (4): 455–75. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.981.5792. doi:10.1080/10282580.2010.517985. S2CID 54018791.

Webpages

• Kassim, Sadik H. "The Role of Religion in the Generation of Suicide Bombers" Archived 2013-06-06 at the Wayback Machine; accessed March 22, 2015.
• Kramer, Martin (1996); accessed March 22, 2015. "Sacrifice and "Self-Martyrdom" in Shi'ite Lebanon"; accessed March 22, 2015.
• Sarraj, Dr. Eyad. "Why we have become Suicide Bombers"; accessed March 22, 2015.
• Feffer, John. "Our Suicide Bombers: Thoughts on Western Jihad" Archived 2010-08-08 at the Wayback Machine, 6 August 2009; accessed March 22, 2015. Website: www.truthout.org

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suicide terrorism.

• Dataset: The CPOST Database on Suicide Attacks (DSAT)

References

1. Moghadam, Assaf (2006). "Defining suicide terrorism". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom. Cass series on political violence (Reprinted ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-0-415-77029-3. 978-0-415-77029-3 ↩

2. Hunter, Jane (5 June 2015). "Suicide bombings: What does the law actually say?". Action on Armed Violence (AOAV). Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150611185742/https://aoav.org.uk/2015/suicide-bombings-what-does-the-law-say/ ↩

3. Moghadam, Assaf (2006). "Defining suicide terrorism". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom. Cass series on political violence (Reprinted ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-0-415-77029-3. 978-0-415-77029-3 ↩

4. Pape, Robert (27 August 2003). "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism". American Political Science Review. 97 (3): 343. doi:10.1017/S000305540300073X. hdl:1811/31746. S2CID 1019730. Before the early 1980s, suicide terrorism was rare but not unknown (Lewis 1968; O'Neill 1981; Rapoport 1984). However, since the attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut in April 1983, there have been at least 188 separate suicide terrorist attacks worldwide, in Lebanon, Israel, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, Turkey, Russia and the United States. /wiki/Robert_Pape ↩

5. "Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism. Suicide Attack Database". Cpostdata.uchicago.edu. University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

6. Atran 2006, p. 128. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

7. "Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism. Suicide Attack Database". Cpostdata.uchicago.edu. University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

8. Rinehart, Christine Sixta (15 June 2021). "Escaping Atonement in Sunni Islam". Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps University Press. doi:10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2021.03. Retrieved 8 June 2025 – via U.S. Marine Corps. https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/Expeditions-with-MCUP-digital-journal/Escaping-Atonement-in-Sunni-Islam/ ↩

9. Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 October 2015. According to data from the Rand Corporation's chronology of international terrorism incidents, suicide attacks on average kill four times as many people as other terrorist acts. /wiki/Bruce_Hoffman ↩

10. Moghadam, Assaf (2006). "Defining suicide terrorism". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom. Cass series on political violence (Reprinted ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-0-415-77029-3. 978-0-415-77029-3 ↩

11. Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 October 2015. According to data from the Rand Corporation's chronology of international terrorism incidents, suicide attacks on average kill four times as many people as other terrorist acts. /wiki/Bruce_Hoffman ↩

12. Hassan, Riaz (3 September 2009). "What Motivates the Suicide Bombers?". YaleGlobal. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215906/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/what-motivates-suicide-bombers-0 ↩

13. (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide.)"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

14. Hutchinson, W. (March 2007). "The systemic roots of suicide bombing". Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 24 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1002/sres.824. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

15. de la Corte Ibáñez, Luis (19 October 2014). "The Social Psychology of Suicide Terrorism". ict.org.il. International Institute for Counter Terrorism. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2015. Terrorism involves the use of force or violence in order to instill fear as a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions which means that social influence is the ultimate goal of terrorism. Obviously we could say the same about suicide terrorism. […] An alternative perspective views terrorism, including suicide terrorism, as tool: a means to an end and a tactic of warfare that anyone could use. https://web.archive.org/web/20220121085918/https://www.ict.org.il/Article/1233/The-Social-Psychology-of-Suicide-Terrorism ↩

16. Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 October 2015. According to data from the Rand Corporation's chronology of international terrorism incidents, suicide attacks on average kill four times as many people as other terrorist acts. /wiki/Bruce_Hoffman ↩

17. For example, 90% of attacks in Iraq before the civil war started in 2003 aimed at forcing out occupying forces. Pape's tabulation of suicide attacks runs from 1980 to early 2004 in Dying to Win, and to 2009 in Cutting the Fuse.[citation needed][12] /wiki/Iraqi_conflict_(2003%E2%80%93present) ↩

18. Atran 2006, p. 127: "During 2000–2004, there were 472 suicide attacks in 22 countries, killing more than 7,000 and wounding tens of thousands. Most have been carried out by Islamist groups claiming religious motivation, also known as jihadis. Rand Corp. vice president and terrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman has found that 80 percent of suicide attacks since 1968 occurred after the September 11 attacks, with jihadis representing 31 of the 35 responsible groups." - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

19. "Germans Maintain Losing Airline Inside Panama Canal Defense Zone: Service in Ecuador Keeps 20 Pilots for Two Planes—Company Called Center of Fifth Column Activities New Route Planned Value in Case of War". Russell B. Porter,New York Times, August 10, 1940, p. 6 /wiki/New_York_Times ↩

20. "CARRIER ROUTS FOE: Ships' and Planes' Fire Foils Japanese Raid Near Gilbert Isles A FIGHTER PILOT DOWNS 6 Fleet Force Escapes Damage, but Loses Two Aircraft – Suicide Dive Balked NAVY IN ACTION IN THE FAR PACIFIC U.S. CARRIER ROUTS 18 BOMBERS IN RAID DOWNED SIX PLANES", New York Times, 4 March 1942, ROBERT F. WHITNEY. /wiki/New_York_Times ↩

21. The Times (London), August 21, 1945, p. 6 ↩

22. The Times (London), April 15, 1947, p. 2, (quote) "Designed originally as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber,' it is now a potent weapon for defence or offence" (The quotes are in the original and suggest that the phrase was an existing one) [verification needed] /wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability ↩

23. "Collection of news reports" (PDF). www.cia.gov. Retrieved 4 December 2024. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79-01194A000200120001-1.pdf ↩

24. Satoshi Sugawara (5 June 2022). "Interpreter for Red Army terrorist still indignant 50 years after Tel Aviv attack". japannews.yomiuri.co.jp The Japan News (English edition of Yomiuri Shimbun). Japan. Retrieved 4 December 2024. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/general-news/20220605-34480/ ↩

25. Randall, Jeremy (1 December 2023). "Global Revolution Starts with Palestine: The Japanese Red Army's Alliance with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 43 (3): 358–369. doi:10.1215/1089201X-10892853. ISSN 1089-201X. Retrieved 4 December 2024. https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article/43/3/358/384021/Global-Revolution-Starts-with-PalestineThe ↩

26. (France24 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult. Two of them died but Okamoto was wounded and captured." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission". France 24. Beirut. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042329/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220531-kozo-okamoto-s-long-life-after-israel-suicide-mission ↩

27. (Ynet 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission 50 years ago". Ynetnews. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601014501/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rkxxsvmu9 ↩

28. (Ynet 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission 50 years ago". Ynetnews. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601014501/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rkxxsvmu9 ↩

29. (France24 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult. Two of them died but Okamoto was wounded and captured." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission". France 24. Beirut. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042329/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220531-kozo-okamoto-s-long-life-after-israel-suicide-mission ↩

30. (Kowner 2022) "Okamoto himself sought to take full responsibility for his actions. He was a model of cooperation in the interrogation, and confessed in the hope that he would be executed quickly." - Kowner, Rotem (27 May 2022). "The Strange Story of the Japanese Terrorists Behind the '72 Israel Airport Massacre". https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-05-27/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-strange-story-of-the-terrorists-behind-the-israel-airport-massacre/00000181-0661-dcf3-a395-3fe1d10f0000 ↩

31. Definition given by Kofi Annan, March 2005 in the UN General Assembly, while Secretary General of the UN."Story: UN reform". United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2010. /wiki/Kofi_Annan ↩

32. "The remarkable disappearing act of Israel's car-bombing campaign in Lebanon or: What we (Do not) talk about when we talk about 'terrorism'". 7 May 2018. https://mondoweiss.net/2018/05/remarkable-disappearing-terrorism/ ↩

33. Jason Burke (2004). Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–24 (22). ISBN 978-1-85043-666-9. Retrieved 19 August 2012. 978-1-85043-666-9 ↩

34. F. Halliday. (2002). Two Hours that Shook the World: September 11, 2001 – Causes and Consequences, Saqi; ISBN 0-86356-382-1, pp. 70–71 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

35. "The remarkable disappearing act of Israel's car-bombing campaign in Lebanon or: What we (Do not) talk about when we talk about 'terrorism'". 7 May 2018. https://mondoweiss.net/2018/05/remarkable-disappearing-terrorism/ ↩

36. "Israel's decades-long effort to turn the word 'terrorism' into an ideological weapon". 26 August 2014. https://mondoweiss.net/2014/08/israels-terrorism-ideological/ ↩

37. "Salon Radio: Remi Brulin Transcript". 14 March 2010. https://www.salon.com/2010/03/14/brulin/ ↩

38. "Israel's decades-long effort to turn the word 'terrorism' into an ideological weapon". 26 August 2014. https://mondoweiss.net/2014/08/israels-terrorism-ideological/ ↩

39. "Salon Radio: Remi Brulin Transcript". 14 March 2010. https://www.salon.com/2010/03/14/brulin/ ↩

40. Kupperman, Mili (29 November 2023). "Prof. Ami Pedahzur". University of Haifa. Retrieved 8 June 2025. [date missing] https://marsci.haifa.ac.il/en/ami-pedahzur/ ↩

41. Pedahzur 2004, p. 8. - Pedahzur, Ami (2004). Suicide Terrorism. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3383-1. Retrieved 22 March 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=_5XBVsosvzYC&pg=PA66 ↩

42. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

43. Dodd, Henry (23 August 2013). A short history of suicide bombing. Action on Armed Violence. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2015. First of all let's be clear what kind of attacks we are talking about. Suicide bombings are those that involve the deliberate death of the perpetrator. We're not just talking about a reckless charge in battle. The focus is on those attacks where the perpetrator functions as a sophisticated guidance system for the weapon. They function as part human and part weapon. In this way they are suicide attacks rather than suicidal attacks. https://web.archive.org/web/20140125110530/https://aoav.org.uk/2013/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ ↩

44. (France24 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult. Two of them died but Okamoto was wounded and captured." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission". France 24. Beirut. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042329/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220531-kozo-okamoto-s-long-life-after-israel-suicide-mission ↩

45. (Ynet 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission 50 years ago". Ynetnews. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601014501/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rkxxsvmu9 ↩

46. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

47. Lankford, Adam (17 December 2012). "What Drives Suicidal Mass Killers". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2015. For years, the conventional wisdom has been that suicide terrorists are rational political actors, while suicidal rampage shooters are mentally disturbed loners. But the two groups have far more in common than has been recognized … Although suicide terrorists may share the same beliefs as the organizations whose propaganda they spout, they are primarily motivated by the desire to kill and be killed — just like most rampage shooters. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/opinion/what-drives-suicidal-mass-killers.html ↩

48. Oppel, Richared A. Jr. (27 May 2008). "2 American Soldiers Are Killed in Insurgent Attacks in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2015. in Mosul, Iraqi security forces raided a house and found six Iraqi boys 15 to 18 years old preparing to become suicide bombers, a police official in Mosul said. According to The Associated Press, four of the boys appeared before local reporters at Mosul police headquarters on Monday, including one who wept and said that a Saudi fighter "threatened to rape our mothers and sisters, destroy our houses and kill our fathers if we did not cooperate with him." https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/27/world/middleeast/27baghdad.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0 ↩

49. Dodd, Henry (23 August 2013). A short history of suicide bombing. Action on Armed Violence. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2015. First of all let's be clear what kind of attacks we are talking about. Suicide bombings are those that involve the deliberate death of the perpetrator. We're not just talking about a reckless charge in battle. The focus is on those attacks where the perpetrator functions as a sophisticated guidance system for the weapon. They function as part human and part weapon. In this way they are suicide attacks rather than suicidal attacks. https://web.archive.org/web/20140125110530/https://aoav.org.uk/2013/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ ↩

50. Azami, Dawood (15 December 2014). "How the Taliban groom child suicide bombers". BBC News. Retrieved 9 October 2015. In some cases, [children recruited to be Taliban bombers] were given an amulet containing Koranic verses and told it would help them survive. Some handlers gave children keys to hang round their necks and were told the gates of paradise will open for them https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27250144 ↩

51. Lankford, Adam (17 December 2012). "What Drives Suicidal Mass Killers". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2015. For years, the conventional wisdom has been that suicide terrorists are rational political actors, while suicidal rampage shooters are mentally disturbed loners. But the two groups have far more in common than has been recognized … Although suicide terrorists may share the same beliefs as the organizations whose propaganda they spout, they are primarily motivated by the desire to kill and be killed — just like most rampage shooters. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/opinion/what-drives-suicidal-mass-killers.html ↩

52. Romain, Jonathan; Carey, George (8 September 2021). "There is nothing holy about agony: religious people and leaders support assisted dying too". The BMJ: n2094. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2094. PMID 34497050. /wiki/The_BMJ ↩

53. "Abrahamic religions: No to euthanasia, assisted suicide, yes to palliative care - Vatican News". 28 October 2019. https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2019-10/abrahamic-religions-life-euthanasia-suicide-palliative.html ↩

54. "Afghanistan - Decriminalise Suicide Worldwide". https://www.suicide-decrim.network/countries/afghanistan ↩

55. "Nigeria's law makes it a crime to attempt suicide – there are better ways to prevent tragedy". 9 October 2021. https://theconversation.com/nigerias-law-makes-it-a-crime-to-attempt-suicide-there-are-better-ways-to-prevent-tragedy-169398 ↩

56. "Suicide in Gaza". 5 October 2023. https://mondoweiss.net/2023/10/suicide-in-gaza/ ↩

57. "Countries - Decriminalise Suicide Worldwide". https://www.suicide-decrim.network/countries ↩

58. Johnson, Sarah (9 September 2021). "Suicide still treated as a crime in at least 20 countries, report finds". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/09/suicide-still-treated-as-a-in-at-least-20-countries-report-finds ↩

59. "Suicide Decriminalisation". https://unitedgmh.org/suicide-decriminalisation/ ↩

60. "Explained: What 'Shahid' or 'Martyr' Means for Palestinians and Israelis". https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-06-06/ty-article/.premium/explained-what-shahid-or-martyr-means-for-palestinians-and-israelis/0000018f-e351-d1da-adaf-f7df71ae0000 ↩

61. "هل يعيد "الطوفان" الزخم للعمليات الاستشهادية؟ | الجزيرة نت". https://aja.ws/ug04zv ↩

62. كساب, أكرم (30 May 2022). "شهيد الإسلام في القرآن والسنة (1)" شهيد الإسلام في القرآن والسنة (1) [Martyr of Islam in the Qur'an and Sunnah (1)]. الجزيرة نت www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Al Jazeera. شهيد الإسلام في القرآن والسنة (1) ↩

63. Moghadam, Assaf (2006). Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom. Oxon, NY: Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-415-77029-3. Retrieved 6 October 2015. … "martyrdom operations". This term is used by radical Islamist organizations such as Al Qaeda or Hamas, but also by more secular organizations such as Fatah-Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades or the Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine 978-0-415-77029-3 ↩

64. "خبر عائلة كلاب تتبرأ من نجلها الذي فجر نفسه بقوة أمنية بغزة". 17 August 2017. https://shms.ps/p/61559 ↩

65. انتحاري من داعش يفجر نفسه قرب رفح واستشهاد عنصر أمني. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2025. انتحاري من داعش يفجر نفسه قرب رفح واستشهاد عنصر أمني ↩

66. انتحاري يفجر نفسه بدورية من «كتائب القسام» على الحدود المصرية [A suicide bomber detonates himself near a Qassam Brigades patrol on the Egyptian border.]. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2025. انتحاري يفجر نفسه بدورية من «كتائب القسام» على الحدود المصرية ↩

67. "خبر عائلة كلاب تتبرأ من نجلها الذي فجر نفسه بقوة أمنية بغزة". 17 August 2017. https://shms.ps/p/61559 ↩

68. انتحاري يفجر نفسه بدورية من «كتائب القسام» على الحدود المصرية [A suicide bomber detonates himself near a Qassam Brigades patrol on the Egyptian border.]. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2025. انتحاري يفجر نفسه بدورية من «كتائب القسام» على الحدود المصرية ↩

69. "Bhutto 'wounded in suicide blast'". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161489.stm ↩

70. "Bhutto exhumation OK, Pakistan official says". CNN. 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/29/bhutto.death/index.html ↩

71. Named in honour of the martyr (shaheed) Benazir Bhutto, after she was assassinated by a suicide bomber in 2007: Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College Shaheed Benazir Bhutto City University in Karachi, Sindh Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Dewan University in Karachi, Sindh Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Shaheed Benazirabad) in Nawabshah, Sindh Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences in Sakrand, Sindh Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University (Karachi) in Karachi, Sindh Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Sheringal) in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University (previously known as the Frontier Women University, in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) /wiki/Benazir_Bhutto ↩

72. "שלושה אירועי "תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם פְּלִשְׁתִּים" של גיבורינו בעזה". כיכר השבת www.kikar.co.il (in Hebrew). 13 February 2024. כתב ההיסטוריון צבי אילן כי במהלך הקרב הקשה הוצת זחל"מ ישראלי, ונהגו ביצע מעשה הקרבה בל יאמן. הוא הסיע את הרכב הבוער לעבר שני זחל"מים מצריים, התנגש בהם ופוצץ אותם על יושביהם. מהדורה זו היא שלישית במספר של "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים", וההיסטוריה חוזרת על עצמה שוב ושוב בגבורת העם היהודי הנאבק באויביו. https://www.kikar.co.il/haredim-news/s8s5o8 ↩

73. Shakib Ali (Arabic: شكيب علي) Hebrew: שקיב (שכיב) עלי (8 December 2023). "לשחרר אותם לפני שלחמאס לא יהיה מה להפסיד". Ynet (in Hebrew). מצמררת המחשבה על הסיפור המקראי על שמשון הגיבור, שנתפס על ידי הפלישתים והוחזק בעזה, שם נקשר לעמודי המקדש. אחרי שהבין שלא יוכל להשתחרר, העדיף לנקום באויביו ומוטט את עמודי המבנה עליו ועל שוביו ואמר "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים". /wiki/Arabic_language ↩

74. From Judges 16:30 – Usually translated as 'Let me die with the Philistines' – "Judges 16: Hebrew - English Bible - Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org. English: 30 And Samson said: 'Let me die with the Philistines'. And he bent with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and upon all the people that were therein. So the dead that he slew at his death were more than they that he slew in his life. Hebrew: ל וַיֹּאמֶר שִׁמְשׁוֹן, תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם-פְּלִשְׁתִּים, וַיֵּט בְּכֹחַ, וַיִּפֹּל הַבַּיִת עַל-הַסְּרָנִים וְעַל-כָּל-הָעָם אֲשֶׁר-בּוֹ; וַיִּהְיוּ הַמֵּתִים, אֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, רַבִּים, מֵאֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּחַיָּיו. /wiki/Judges_16 ↩

75. "שלושה אירועי "תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם פְּלִשְׁתִּים" של גיבורינו בעזה". כיכר השבת www.kikar.co.il (in Hebrew). 13 February 2024. כתב ההיסטוריון צבי אילן כי במהלך הקרב הקשה הוצת זחל"מ ישראלי, ונהגו ביצע מעשה הקרבה בל יאמן. הוא הסיע את הרכב הבוער לעבר שני זחל"מים מצריים, התנגש בהם ופוצץ אותם על יושביהם. מהדורה זו היא שלישית במספר של "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים", וההיסטוריה חוזרת על עצמה שוב ושוב בגבורת העם היהודי הנאבק באויביו. https://www.kikar.co.il/haredim-news/s8s5o8 ↩

76. דרור פויר (26 January 2009). "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים". Globes (newspaper) www.globes.co.il. שבצה"ל החמירו את נוהל "חניבעל" והנחו את החיילים למנוע בכל מחיר מקרה של "גלעד שליט 2". כלומר: אם אתה חייל ומנסים לחטוף אותך, עליך להתנגד. לא הולך? עליך להתאבד ולקחת כמה שיותר לוחמי חמאס אתך (מג"ד מגולני ממליץ על שימוש ברימון אישי…) … אם זהו הלך המחשבה, למה שלא יקחו את נוהל "חניבעל" וישדרגו אותו עוד קצת ויהפכו אותו לנוהל "שמשון"? למה לחכות שיבואו חוטפים כשאפשר לקחת את החיילים ולשלוח אותם ישר להתאבד, בבחינת תמות נפשי עם פלשתים, ולסגור עניין. שבצה"ל החמירו את נוהל "חניבעל" והנחו את החיילים למנוע בכל מחיר מקרה של "גלעד שליט 2". כלומר: אם אתה חייל ומנסים לחטוף אותך, עליך להתנגד. לא הולך? עליך להתאבד ולקחת כמה שיותר לוחמי חמאס אתך (מג"ד מגולני ממליץ על שימוש ברימון אישי…) … אם זהו הלך המחשבה, למה שלא יקחו את נוהל "חניבעל" וישדרגו אותו עוד קצת ויהפכו אותו לנוהל "שמשון"? למה לחכות שיבואו חוטפים כשאפשר לקחת את החיילים ולשלוח אותם ישר להתאבד, בבחינת תמות נפשי עם פלשתים, ולסגור עניין. ↩

77. Sheleg 2007 Quote 1: "Of course, we needed the condemned men's approval," (the Lehi veteran) recalls. "Moshe agreed right away, but since there was an Irgun man with him we had to request their approval, too. We asked the person responsible for Irgun prisoners in the jail, Yehoshua Tamler, what he thought, and he said they needed the consent of the top command. We had to wait a few days, despite fearing that they would be taken to the gallows in the meantime, until approval arrived from the commander of the Irgun, Menachem Begin." Quote 2: (Yoram Tamir director of the Museum of Underground Prisoners) "…says the Lehi had envisioned a suicide operation during the hanging of one of their men prior to this incident: "They called it Operation Samson, in an allusion to the suicide of the biblical figure." Eliezer Ben-Ami, who prepared the makeshift orange grenades while he was imprisoned along with the two men, confirms that the plan was to turn their ascent to the gallows into an action that would harm the British authorities." - Sheleg, Yair (7 April 2007). "The Good Jailer". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 July 2008. https://www.haaretz.com/2007-04-07/ty-article/the-good-jailer/0000017f-e225-d75c-a7ff-feaddde60000 ↩

78. (Begin 1947) Quote: Hebrew: הם לא איבדו את עצמם לדעת. הם נרצחו על-ידי התליין הבריטי., lit. 'They did not commit the sin of suicide; they were murdered by the British executioner.' - Begin (April 1947). ירושלים (מאיר פיינשטיין ומשה ברזני). מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew). https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%99/ ↩

79. Kashti, Or (22 December 2009). "New study unit on pre-state fighters proves controversial". Haaretz. Quotes: An unnamed "senior university historian" said, "There are moral and philosophical questions that should be addressed when you teach 14-year-olds about people who chose to die rather than accept a pardon or negotiate with the British authorities … The new program embraces martyrdom and worships the victim for being a victim". "In a letter announcing the new program, (Education Minister Gideon Sa'ar) wrote, 'I hope the program, recounting Olei Hagardom's devotion to the struggle for Israel's independence, will bolster the students' ties with their people and heritage … and that their devotion will serve as an ideological model for our youth'." https://www.haaretz.com/2009-12-22/ty-article/new-study-unit-on-pre-state-fighters-proves-controversial/0000017f-ebc5-d3be-ad7f-fbef2c930000 ↩

80. Rinon 2024. - Rinon, Yoav (16 March 2024). "The destructive wish for revenge followed by suicide is rooted in the Israeli ethos". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 June 2025. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-03-16/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-destructive-wish-for-revenge-followed-by-suicide-is-rooted-in-the-israeli-ethos/0000018e-42e8-de41-adef-d7ed95dc0000 ↩

81. "Kesher Talk". 24 June 2002. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20090628154737/http://www.hfienberg.com/kesher/2002/06/genocide-bombing-two-months-after.html ↩

82. "Targets". Washington Times. 23 April 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2006. http://www.washingtontimes.com/commentary/20040423-081806-2252r.htm ↩

83. L. Khan (2006). A Theory of International Terrorism: Understanding Islamic Militancy. Boston, MA: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-90-04-15207-6. 978-90-04-15207-6 ↩

84. Tim Grieve (31 October 2003). "Fox News: The inside story". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011.https://web.archive.org/web/20110204084700/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2003/10/31/fox/index.html ↩

85. "Why it's 'homicide bomber' not 'suicide bomber'". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 9 February 2016. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-09-homicide-bomber-suicide.html ↩

86. Moghadam, Assaf (2006). Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom. Oxon, NY: Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-415-77029-3. Retrieved 6 October 2015. … "martyrdom operations". This term is used by radical Islamist organizations such as Al Qaeda or Hamas, but also by more secular organizations such as Fatah-Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades or the Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine 978-0-415-77029-3 ↩

87. Peter Johnson. "Homicide bomber vs. suicide bomber". USA Today. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042612/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/113807077.html?dids=113807077:113807077&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+15,+2002&author=Peter+Johnson&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Homicide+bomber+vs.+suicide+bomber&pqatl=google ↩

88. "Annan wants peacekeepers in Middle East". https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2002/04/13/annan-wants-peacekeepers-in-middle-east/ ↩

89. Takeda, Arata (2012). "Das regressive Menschenopfer: Vom eigentlichen Skandalon des gegenwärtigen Terrorismus" (PDF). Vorgänge – Zeitschrift für Bürgerrechte und Gesellschaftspolitik. 51 (1): 116–129. http://www.humanistische-union.de/fileadmin/hu_upload/media/vorg2/vorg197_Takeda.pdf ↩

90. Anušauskas, Arvydas. "KGB reakcija į 1972 m. įvykius". Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania. Retrieved 10 August 2023. /wiki/Arvydas_Anu%C5%A1auskas ↩

91. Israel Ha'yom.. http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=33543 ↩

92. Lubotzky, Asael (2016). From the Wilderness and Lebanon. Koren Publishers Jerusalem. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-59264-417-9. 978-1-59264-417-9 ↩

93. Lazaroff, Tovah; Dan Izenberg (17 July 2009). "Family of Golani hero may lose home". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 February 2012. http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=148998 ↩

94. Meotti, Giulio (2010). A New Shoah: The Untold Story of Israel's Victims of Terrorism. Encounter Books. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-59403-477-0. 978-1-59403-477-0 ↩

95. Katz, Yossi (2010). A Voice Called: Stories of Jewish Heroism. Gefen Publishing House. p. 193. ISBN 978-965-229-480-7. Roi Klein. 978-965-229-480-7 ↩

96. Butcher, Tom (9 August 2007). "Israel honours bravery of armed forces". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 February 2012. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559875/Israel-honours-bravery-of-armed-forces.html ↩

97. https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART1/619/039.html https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART1/619/039.html ↩

98. דרור פויר (26 January 2009). "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים". Globes (newspaper) www.globes.co.il. שבצה"ל החמירו את נוהל "חניבעל" והנחו את החיילים למנוע בכל מחיר מקרה של "גלעד שליט 2". כלומר: אם אתה חייל ומנסים לחטוף אותך, עליך להתנגד. לא הולך? עליך להתאבד ולקחת כמה שיותר לוחמי חמאס אתך (מג"ד מגולני ממליץ על שימוש ברימון אישי…) … אם זהו הלך המחשבה, למה שלא יקחו את נוהל "חניבעל" וישדרגו אותו עוד קצת ויהפכו אותו לנוהל "שמשון"? למה לחכות שיבואו חוטפים כשאפשר לקחת את החיילים ולשלוח אותם ישר להתאבד, בבחינת תמות נפשי עם פלשתים, ולסגור עניין. שבצה"ל החמירו את נוהל "חניבעל" והנחו את החיילים למנוע בכל מחיר מקרה של "גלעד שליט 2". כלומר: אם אתה חייל ומנסים לחטוף אותך, עליך להתנגד. לא הולך? עליך להתאבד ולקחת כמה שיותר לוחמי חמאס אתך (מג"ד מגולני ממליץ על שימוש ברימון אישי…) … אם זהו הלך המחשבה, למה שלא יקחו את נוהל "חניבעל" וישדרגו אותו עוד קצת ויהפכו אותו לנוהל "שמשון"? למה לחכות שיבואו חוטפים כשאפשר לקחת את החיילים ולשלוח אותם ישר להתאבד, בבחינת תמות נפשי עם פלשתים, ולסגור עניין. ↩

99. Hassan, Riaz (2011). Suicide Bombings. Taylor & Francis. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-80452-6. Retrieved 13 October 2015. Quote: "Members of these sects numbered in the hundreds and, starting around AD 48, carried out suicidal missions to kill prominent Jews, temple priests who had succumbed to Hellenistic culture and Roman soldiers … Zealots and Sicarii continued their attacks for a quarter of a century, provoking brutal Roman retaliatory reprisals … The Jewish War finally ended at Masada. When the Roman army attacked this fortress at the end of AD 72, there were 960 insurgents and refugees within. Once the fall of the fortress became inevitable, Eleazar, the leader of the Zealots, persuaded Masada's defenders to engage in what remains one of the most famous group suicides in history. The Zealots in Masada preferred to die by their own hand rather than be captured by their Roman enemies. The symbolic act demonstrated their steadfast opposition to Roman oppression. The act of mass suicide was a political act." Citing (Rapoport 1984: 670): "… To generate a mass uprising, they escalated the struggle by shock tactics to manipulate fear, outrage, sympathy and guilt. Sometimes these emotional effects were provoked by terrorist atrocities which went beyond the consensual norms governing violence; at other times, they were produced by provoking the enemy into committing atrocities against his will." Citing (Pape 2005: 34): "… to be able to die nobly and freely… Only our shared death is able to protect our wives and children from violation and slavery … We, who have been brought up at home in this way, should set an example to others in our readiness to die… This suicide is commanded by our laws. Our wives and children ask for it. God himself has sent us the necessity for it." 978-1-136-80452-6 ↩

100. "Australian man feared he'd have to do the unimaginable if Hamas found his children". SBS News. 13 October 2023. (Anthony lived) … with his Israeli-Australian wife and their three children aged under four lived in Kibbutz Be-eri … he thought he would have to make an impossible decision if Hamas fighters found them. "The only thing going through my mind was, 'If they come in here, I'm going to have to kill my kids myself'," Anthony said … "I didn't want my kids to become prisoners, so I thought I was going to have to kill my kids." Scores of Israelis and others were taken to Gaza as hostages… https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australian-man-feared-hed-have-to-do-the-unimaginable-if-hamas-found-his-children/gix186lxt ↩

101. "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים". Globes (newspaper). 26 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025. https://archive.today/20250312182614/https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000419938 ↩

102. "Death Before Capture". West Australian. 2 January 1952. Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. Three Chinese soldiers blew them selves to pieces with gren ades to escape capture by Allied troops who surround ed their platoon near Kum song on the Korean central front on New Year's Eve. The Chinese clasped grenades to their stomachs and pulled the pins before they could be captured. https://web.archive.org/web/20250604121741/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49008320 ↩

103. "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים". Globes (newspaper). 26 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025. https://archive.today/20250312182614/https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000419938 ↩

104. "Death Before Capture". West Australian. 2 January 1952. Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. Three Chinese soldiers blew them selves to pieces with gren ades to escape capture by Allied troops who surround ed their platoon near Kum song on the Korean central front on New Year's Eve. The Chinese clasped grenades to their stomachs and pulled the pins before they could be captured. https://web.archive.org/web/20250604121741/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49008320 ↩

105. Hassan, Riaz (2011). Suicide Bombings. Taylor & Francis. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-80452-6. Retrieved 13 October 2015. Quote: "Members of these sects numbered in the hundreds and, starting around AD 48, carried out suicidal missions to kill prominent Jews, temple priests who had succumbed to Hellenistic culture and Roman soldiers … Zealots and Sicarii continued their attacks for a quarter of a century, provoking brutal Roman retaliatory reprisals … The Jewish War finally ended at Masada. When the Roman army attacked this fortress at the end of AD 72, there were 960 insurgents and refugees within. Once the fall of the fortress became inevitable, Eleazar, the leader of the Zealots, persuaded Masada's defenders to engage in what remains one of the most famous group suicides in history. The Zealots in Masada preferred to die by their own hand rather than be captured by their Roman enemies. The symbolic act demonstrated their steadfast opposition to Roman oppression. The act of mass suicide was a political act." Citing (Rapoport 1984: 670): "… To generate a mass uprising, they escalated the struggle by shock tactics to manipulate fear, outrage, sympathy and guilt. Sometimes these emotional effects were provoked by terrorist atrocities which went beyond the consensual norms governing violence; at other times, they were produced by provoking the enemy into committing atrocities against his will." Citing (Pape 2005: 34): "… to be able to die nobly and freely… Only our shared death is able to protect our wives and children from violation and slavery … We, who have been brought up at home in this way, should set an example to others in our readiness to die… This suicide is commanded by our laws. Our wives and children ask for it. God himself has sent us the necessity for it." 978-1-136-80452-6 ↩

106. Rinon 2024. - Rinon, Yoav (16 March 2024). "The destructive wish for revenge followed by suicide is rooted in the Israeli ethos". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 June 2025. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-03-16/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-destructive-wish-for-revenge-followed-by-suicide-is-rooted-in-the-israeli-ethos/0000018e-42e8-de41-adef-d7ed95dc0000 ↩

107. Rinon 2024. - Rinon, Yoav (16 March 2024). "The destructive wish for revenge followed by suicide is rooted in the Israeli ethos". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 June 2025. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-03-16/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-destructive-wish-for-revenge-followed-by-suicide-is-rooted-in-the-israeli-ethos/0000018e-42e8-de41-adef-d7ed95dc0000 ↩

108. Kamal Qubaisi (29 July 2010). اكتشاف أثري ينسف حكاية تدمير "شمشون" لمعبد فلسطيني بساعديه – زلزال بقوة 8 درجات دك الهيكل قبل 2900 عام [An archaeological discovery debunks the story of Samson destroying a Palestinian temple with his own hands. An 8.0 magnitude earthquake destroyed the temple 2,900 years ago.]. العربية alarabiya.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 28 June 2025. منذ مئات السنين ونحن نتواتر حكاية "شمشون الجبار" وصديقته دليلة، وشهرته كخارق للقوة قام بتدمير معبد للفلسطينيين بيديه قبل 2900 عام في غزة القديمة، حيث وقف وصرخ "عليّ وعلى أعدائي يا رب" قبل دفعه لعمودين في الهيكل انهار بانهيارهما وتساقطت حجارته عليه وعلى من كان فيه من أعدائه الفلسطينيين، مسجلا بذلك أول عملية انتحارية في التاريخ. [For hundreds of years, we have been hearing the story of “Samson the Mighty” and his girlfriend Delilah, and his fame as a superhuman who destroyed a Philistine temple with his own hands 2,900 years ago in ancient Gaza, where he stood and cried “Against me and my enemies, O Lord!” before pushing two pillars in the temple, which collapsed and its stones fell on him and his Philistine enemies inside, thus marking the first suicide operation (عملية انتحارية) in history.] اكتشاف أثري ينسف حكاية تدمير "شمشون" لمعبد فلسطيني بساعديه – زلزال بقوة 8 درجات دك الهيكل قبل 2900 عاممنذ مئات السنين ونحن نتواتر حكاية "شمشون الجبار" وصديقته دليلة، وشهرته كخارق للقوة قام بتدمير معبد للفلسطينيين بيديه قبل 2900 عام في غزة القديمة، حيث وقف وصرخ "عليّ وعلى أعدائي يا رب" قبل دفعه لعمودين في الهيكل انهار بانهيارهما وتساقطت حجارته عليه وعلى من كان فيه من أعدائه الفلسطينيين، مسجلا بذلك أول عملية انتحارية في التاريخ. ↩

109. From Judges 16:30 – Usually translated as 'Let me die with the Philistines' – "Judges 16: Hebrew - English Bible - Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org. English: 30 And Samson said: 'Let me die with the Philistines'. And he bent with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and upon all the people that were therein. So the dead that he slew at his death were more than they that he slew in his life. Hebrew: ל וַיֹּאמֶר שִׁמְשׁוֹן, תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם-פְּלִשְׁתִּים, וַיֵּט בְּכֹחַ, וַיִּפֹּל הַבַּיִת עַל-הַסְּרָנִים וְעַל-כָּל-הָעָם אֲשֶׁר-בּוֹ; וַיִּהְיוּ הַמֵּתִים, אֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, רַבִּים, מֵאֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּחַיָּיו. /wiki/Judges_16 ↩

110. Kamal Qubaisi (29 July 2010). اكتشاف أثري ينسف حكاية تدمير "شمشون" لمعبد فلسطيني بساعديه – زلزال بقوة 8 درجات دك الهيكل قبل 2900 عام [An archaeological discovery debunks the story of Samson destroying a Palestinian temple with his own hands. An 8.0 magnitude earthquake destroyed the temple 2,900 years ago.]. العربية alarabiya.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 28 June 2025. منذ مئات السنين ونحن نتواتر حكاية "شمشون الجبار" وصديقته دليلة، وشهرته كخارق للقوة قام بتدمير معبد للفلسطينيين بيديه قبل 2900 عام في غزة القديمة، حيث وقف وصرخ "عليّ وعلى أعدائي يا رب" قبل دفعه لعمودين في الهيكل انهار بانهيارهما وتساقطت حجارته عليه وعلى من كان فيه من أعدائه الفلسطينيين، مسجلا بذلك أول عملية انتحارية في التاريخ. [For hundreds of years, we have been hearing the story of “Samson the Mighty” and his girlfriend Delilah, and his fame as a superhuman who destroyed a Philistine temple with his own hands 2,900 years ago in ancient Gaza, where he stood and cried “Against me and my enemies, O Lord!” before pushing two pillars in the temple, which collapsed and its stones fell on him and his Philistine enemies inside, thus marking the first suicide operation (عملية انتحارية) in history.] اكتشاف أثري ينسف حكاية تدمير "شمشون" لمعبد فلسطيني بساعديه – زلزال بقوة 8 درجات دك الهيكل قبل 2900 عاممنذ مئات السنين ونحن نتواتر حكاية "شمشون الجبار" وصديقته دليلة، وشهرته كخارق للقوة قام بتدمير معبد للفلسطينيين بيديه قبل 2900 عام في غزة القديمة، حيث وقف وصرخ "عليّ وعلى أعدائي يا رب" قبل دفعه لعمودين في الهيكل انهار بانهيارهما وتساقطت حجارته عليه وعلى من كان فيه من أعدائه الفلسطينيين، مسجلا بذلك أول عملية انتحارية في التاريخ. ↩

111. Acosta, Benjamin (2012). "Assassins". In Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward (eds.). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. Sage. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7. Retrieved 13 October 2015. 978-1-4129-8176-7 ↩

112. Lewis, Bernard (2003) [1967]. The Assassins, a radical sect in Islam. Basic Books. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 978-0-7867-2455-0. Retrieved 13 October 2015. 978-0-7867-2455-0 ↩

113. "Tamil Nadu to build memorial for freedom fighter Kuyili". Times of india. Chennai, India. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2014. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-to-build-memorial-for-freedom-fighter-Kuyili/articleshow/20075937.cms ↩

114. "Velu Nachiyar & Kuyili: The Women Who Took Down The British 85 Yrs Before 1857!". Chennai, India. Retrieved 28 August 2018. https://www.thebetterindia.com/157316/news-india-independence-women-fighters-british-raj/ ↩

115. "Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British". The News Minute. 3 January 2017. http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-queen-velu-nachiyar-sivagangai-first-queen-fight-british-55163 ↩

116. "Of woman power and Tamizh glory". IBN Live. Chennai, India. 14 June 2011. https://www.news18.com/news/india/of-woman-power-and-tamizh-glory-375394.html ↩

117. "Veeramangai Velu Nachiyar". The Hindu Business Line. Chennai, India. 18 January 2019. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/veeramangai-velu-nachiyar/article26016399.ece ↩

118. Yu, Yonghe (2004). Macabe Keliher (ed.). Small Sea Travel Diaries. SMC Publishing Inc. p. 196. ISBN 978-957-638-629-9. 978-957-638-629-9 ↩

119. Campbell, William (1903). Formosa under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records. Kegan Paul. p. 452. LCCN 04007338. OCLC 66707733. Retrieved 18 April 2015. /wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary) ↩

120. Atjeh. Brill Archive. 1878. pp. 613–. GGKEY:JD7T75Q7T5G. https://books.google.com/books?id=JXMeAAAAIAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord&pg=PA613 ↩

121. J. Kreemer (1923). Atjèh: algemeen samenvattend overzicht van land en volk van Atjèh en onderhoorigheden. E.J. Brill. p. 613. https://books.google.com/books?id=kzosAAAAMAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord ↩

122. Kloos, David. "A Crazy State: Violence, Psychiatry, and Colonialism in Aceh, Indonesia, ca. 1910–1942". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. doi:10.1163/22134379-17001003. Retrieved 12 December 2016. https://www.academia.edu/6515130 ↩

123. John Braithwaite; Valerie Braithwaite; Michael Cookson; Leah Dunn (2010). Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding. ANU E Press. p. 347ff. ISBN 978-1-921666-23-0. 978-1-921666-23-0 ↩

124. Braithwaite, John; Braithwaite, Valerie; Cookson, Michael; Dunn, Leah (2010). 6. Aceh (PDF). Press.anu.edu.au. p. 343. doi:10.22459/AV.03.2010. ISBN 978-1-921666-22-3. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 978-1-921666-22-3 ↩

125. Braithwaite, John (1 January 1970). "Anomie and Violence: Non-Truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding | John Braithwaite". Academia.edu. Retrieved 17 January 2016. https://www.academia.edu/18313161 ↩

126. Sayed Mudhahar Ahmad; Aceh Selatan (Indonesia) (1992). Ketika pala mulai berbunga: seraut wajah Aceh Selatan. Pemda Aceh Selatan. p. 131. https://books.google.com/books?id=I65yAAAAMAAJ&q=Mereka+ini+terkenal+memiliki+keberanian+luar+biasa+dan+tidak+takut+maut.+Orang-orang+semacam+itu+dijuluki+Belanda+sebagai+pengidap+penyakit+Aceh+mord+%28Aceh+gila%29,+yang+dalam+bahasa+Aceh+disebut+Aceh+pungo+%28Aceh+bodoh%29.+Belanda+... ↩

127. Luga, Alan R. (2002). Muslim Insurgency in Mindanao, Philippines (Master's thesis). United States Army Command and General Staff College. p. 10. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA406868 ↩

128. Turbiville, Graham H. Jr. "Bearers of the Sword Radical Islam, Philippines Insurgency, and Regional Stability". Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120621224454/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/sword.htm ↩

129. McKenna, Thomas M. (1994). "The Defiant Periphery: Routes of Iranun Resistance in the Philippines". Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice. 35 (35): 11–27. JSTOR 23171780. /wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) ↩

130. "Philippines". dogbrothers.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160408231454/http://dogbrothers.com/phpBB2/index.php?action=printpage;topic=10.0 ↩

131. Russel, Florence Kimball (1907). A Woman's Journey Through the Philippines: On a Cable Ship That Linked Together the Strange Lands Seen En Route. Boston: L. C. Page & Company. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160413094754/http://103.55.108.22:8080/get/pdf/1220 ↩

132. Banlaoi, Rommel. Al Harakatul Al Islamiyyah: Essays on the Abu Sayyaf Group by Rommel Banlaoi – via www.academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/1921767 ↩

133. Federspiel, Howard M. (2007). Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-8248-3052-6. Retrieved 10 March 2014. 978-0-8248-3052-6 ↩

134. Roces, Alfredo R. (1978). Filipino Heritage: The Spanish Colonial period (Late 19th Century): The awakening. Vol. 7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, Alfredo R. Roces. Lahing Pilipino Publishing. p. 1702. Retrieved 10 March 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=xMkRAQAAMAAJ&q=The+juram+en+tado+'+s+act+was+occasionally+performed+against+the+Japanese+during+World+War+II%C2%97+and+the+Japanese+were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.+The+juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese+residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the+Chinese+were+non-Muslims ↩

135. Roces, Alfredo R. (1978). Filipino Heritage: The Spanish colonial period (late 19th century). Vol. 7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation. Lahing (Manila). p. 1702. Retrieved 10 March 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=akNvAAAAMAAJ&q=The+juramentado's+act+was+occasionally+performed+against+the+Japanese+during+World+War+1+1+—and+the+Japanese+were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.+The+juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese+residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the+Chinese+were+non-Muslim. ↩

136. Filipinas, Volume 11, Issues 117–128. Filipinas Pub. 2002. Retrieved 10 March 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=wvkMAQAAMAAJ&q=The+juramentado's+act+was+occasionally+performed+against+the+Japanese+during+World+War+1+1+—and+the+Japanese+were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.+The+juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese+residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the+Chinese+were+non-Muslim. ↩

137. Gowing, Peter G., ed. (1988). Understanding Islam and Muslims in the Philippines (illustrated ed.). New Day Publishers. p. 56. ISBN 978-971-10-0386-9. Retrieved 10 March 2014. 978-971-10-0386-9 ↩

138. Kiefer, Th. M. (1 January 1973). "Parrang Sabbil: Ritual suicide among the Tausug of Jolo". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 129 (1): 111. doi:10.1163/22134379-90002734. https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90002734 ↩

139. Midnight on Mindanao: Wartime Remembances 1945–1946. iUniverse. 2008. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-595-63260-2. Retrieved 10 March 2014. 978-0-595-63260-2 ↩

140. Schmidt, 1982 Archived 2011-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, p. 161. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADB068659.pdf ↩

141. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

142. "Religious Suicide in Islamic Asia," Stephen Fredric Dale, Department of History Ohio State University. https://www.jstor.org/stable/174087?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ↩

143. Lewis, Jeffrey William (April 2013). "The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing". Origins. 6 (7). Retrieved 21 October 2015. http://origins.osu.edu/article/human-use-human-beings-brief-history-suicide-bombing ↩

144. Lewis, Jeffrey William (April 2013). "The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing". Origins. 6 (7). Retrieved 21 October 2015. http://origins.osu.edu/article/human-use-human-beings-brief-history-suicide-bombing ↩

145. Naimark, Norman M. (2006). "Terrorism and the fall of Imperial Russia". In Rapoport, David C. (ed.). Terrorism: The first or anarchist wave. Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-415-31651-4. Retrieved 17 April 2015. […] Sof'ia Perovskaia […] and Andrei Zheliabov carefully planned another attempt on the life of the Tsar. […] They rented a shop on Malaia Sadovaia, a street frequented by the Tsar, and dug a tunnel from the basement under the street. Zheliabov was arrested on 27 February 1881, and Perovskaia took charge of the assassination, planned for 1 March. This time they got their prey: the explosives placed under the street failed to detonate, but the second of two suicide bombers fatally wounded the Tsar. 978-0-415-31651-4 ↩

146. Julicher, Peter (2003). Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars. McFarland. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-7864-1612-7. Retrieved 17 April 2015. …Boris Savinkov recruited Yegor Sazonov, a former medical student, who was willing to sacrifice himself to accomplish the deed. […] On July 15 (28), 1904, a determined Sazonov ran through a crowd of onlookers and positioned himself in front of the approaching carriage just in time. When it swerved to avoid him, he threw his bomb through the side window. The explosion killed Plehve and left Sazonov badly injured. 978-0-7864-1612-7 ↩

147. "The Murchison Tragedy". Nelson Evening Mail. Vol. XL. 15 July 1905. p. 2. Retrieved 17 January 2016. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NEM19050715.2.18 ↩

148. In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased (Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest). State of Michigan. 23–25 May 1927. p. 326. ↩

149. In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased (Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest). State of Michigan. 23–25 May 1927. p. 352. ↩

150. In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased (Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest). State of Michigan. 23–25 May 1927. pp. 107, 135, 326, 328. ↩

151. Jones, Amie (2019). The Forgotten Children of Bath: Media and Memory of the Bath School Bombing of 1927 (PhD Dissertation) (PDF). University of Georgia. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2024. Independently published in 2021: ISBN 979-8-4961-5073-6. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706215616/https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/jones_amie_m_201908_phd.pdf ↩

152. Ellsworth, Monty J. (1927). "Chapter Two – Writer's Experience". The Bath School Disaster. Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.). Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterTwo ↩

153. Burcar, Colleen (2011). It Happened in Michigan: Remarkable Events That Shaped History. Globe Pequot. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-7627-6754-0. Retrieved 15 January 2013. 978-0-7627-6754-0 ↩

154. "HUMAN BOMB". Daily Examiner. 14 January 1953. Archived from the original on 1 June 2025 – via trove.nla.gov.au. Police said the incident took place a few minutes after Donzel McGray, 47, and jobless, walked into a Magistrate's office. "Look what's going to happen here", he said as he unbuttoned his coat to display five or six sticks of explosive. https://web.archive.org/web/20250601080014/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/194082329 ↩

155. also reported as "Don" or "McGray".[126][127] ↩

156. "MAN BECOMES HUMAN BOMB". "The News" (Adelaide, SA). 13 January 1953. Archived from the original on 1 June 2025. Donzel McCray, 47 (The paper is simply called "The News": "News (Adelaide, SA: 1923 - 1954)". trove.nla.gov.au. National Library of Australia. Archived from the original on 1 June 2025. On 6 Feb. 1954 the title changed to 'The S.A. Sunday mail'.) https://web.archive.org/web/20250601065717/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130926746 ↩

157. "BLEW HIMSELF UP". Uralla Times. Australia. 15 January 1953. Weston, West 'Virginia, a man turned himself into a human bomb, setting off several sticks of dynamite strapped to his waist. He was blown to pieces and his divorced wife and her lawyer were critically injured. The incident occurred at a court. The magistrate was thrown from his chair, and another lawyer knocked unconscious. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/175351189 ↩

158. "Man Became Human Bomb". National Advocate. 14 January 1953. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/161665690 ↩

159. "HUMAN BOMB". Daily Examiner. 14 January 1953. Archived from the original on 1 June 2025 – via trove.nla.gov.au. Police said the incident took place a few minutes after Donzel McGray, 47, and jobless, walked into a Magistrate's office. "Look what's going to happen here", he said as he unbuttoned his coat to display five or six sticks of explosive. https://web.archive.org/web/20250601080014/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/194082329 ↩

160. "'Human Bomb' Kills Self, Wounds Wife". Nassau Daily Review-Star. 13 January 1953. WESTON, W. Va. "Look what's going to happen here", said Donzel Raymond McCray as he dis-played five or six sticks of dyna-mite strapped to his waist. As five persons, including his divorced wife, looked on in horror yesterday, he touched two small batteries to wires extending from the dynamite. McCray was blown to bits and his wife and her lawyer, Charles N. Bland, were critically injured. The other three witnesses Magistrate W. S. Fults, Linn Mapel Brannon, and 78-year-old J. N. Osborn escaped serious injury. McCray, 47, and his wife were divorced last September. They had six children. https://www.nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=ndrs19530113-01.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------- ↩

161. "שמשון היה השאהיד הראשון" שוב היהודים אשמים. העיתונות הערבית חשפה את ההשראה למחבלים המתאבדים: שמשון הגיבור היה המתאבד הראשון בהיסטוריה ["Samson was the first shahid"] (in Hebrew). Al-Ittihad (Emirati newspaper). 27 May 2007 – via Makor Rishon (with criticism). הכתבה, שפורסמה בעיתון "אל-אתחאד", היוצא לאור באיחוד האמירויות הערביות, תחת הכותרת "פיגועי ההתאבדות החלו ביהודים ולא הסתיימו בקמיקאזה", מתארת את פיגועי ההתאבדות לאורך ההיסטוריה, ומזכירה למשל את הטייסים היפנים ממלחמת העולם השנייה שצללו למותם כדי לפגוע באוניות אמריקניות, את ה"נמרים הטמילים" מסרי-לנקה, ואת המתאבדים הספרדים שפוצצו עצמם במהלך מלחמת האזרחים שפרצה במדינה בשנות ה-30 של המאה שעברה. [The article, published in the newspaper "Al-Ittihad", published in the United Arab Emirates, under the headline "Suicide attacks began with Jews and did not end with kamikazes", describes suicide attacks throughout history, and mentions, for example, the Japanese pilots from World War II who dived to their deaths to hit American ships, the "Tamil Tigers" from Sri Lanka, and the Spanish suicide bombers who blew themselves up during the civil war that broke out in the country in the 1930s.] – Note: the Hebrew word used is "Shahid", which is derived from the Arabic word "Shaheed", meaning martyr, but which is not generally used to refer to Jewish martyrs. It has connotations of terrorism in Modern Hebrew. "שמשון היה השאהיד הראשון" שוב היהודים אשמים. העיתונות הערבית חשפה את ההשראה למחבלים המתאבדים: שמשון הגיבור היה המתאבד הראשון בהיסטוריההכתבה, שפורסמה בעיתון "אל-אתחאד", היוצא לאור באיחוד האמירויות הערביות, תחת הכותרת "פיגועי ההתאבדות החלו ביהודים ולא הסתיימו בקמיקאזה", מתארת את פיגועי ההתאבדות לאורך ההיסטוריה, ומזכירה למשל את הטייסים היפנים ממלחמת העולם השנייה שצללו למותם כדי לפגוע באוניות אמריקניות, את ה"נמרים הטמילים" מסרי-לנקה, ואת המתאבדים הספרדים שפוצצו עצמם במהלך מלחמת האזרחים שפרצה במדינה בשנות ה-30 של המאה שעברה. ↩

162. "Dare to Die Corps" in the Xinhai Revolution and the Warlord Era: LEAR. "词语"敢死队"的解释汉典zdic.net". Retrieved 7 November 2014. "敢死队的意思,含义,拼音,读音-敢死队的汉语词典解释". Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. "6. 敢死队 gǎnsǐduì". Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016. 海词词典. "dare-to-die ship". Retrieved 7 November 2014. "a dare-to-die corps 的翻译是:敢死队是什么意思?英文翻译中文,中文". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. "敢死队, a dare-to-die corps,音标,读音,翻译,英文例句,英语词典". Retrieved 12 December 2016. * "a dare-to-die corps – 中英文在线翻译英语在线翻译". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. "敢死队 – 汉语词典 – 911查询". Retrieved 7 November 2014. Carl Glick; Sheng hwa Hong (1947). Swords of silence: Chinese secret societies, past and present. Whittlesey House. /wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army#Dare_to_Die_Corps ↩

163. Linebarger, Aul (2008). Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Republic. READ BOOKS. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-4437-2438-8. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 978-1-4437-2438-8 ↩

164. China yearbook. China Pub. Co. 1975. p. 657. Retrieved 28 July 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=B_UnAAAAMAAJ&q=This+is+a+suicide+squad%3B+don't+come+with+us,+please.%22 ↩

165. Chiang, Kai-shek (1968). Selected speeches and messages. Government Information Office. p. 21. Retrieved 28 July 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5bpAAAAIAAJ&q=Yu+Pei-lun+martyr ↩

166. Chün-tu Hsüeh (1961). Huang Hsing and the Chinese revolution. Stanford University Press. p. 93. https://books.google.com/books?id=hOeeAAAAIAAJ&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA93 ↩

167. Free China review, Volume 14. W.Y. Tsao. 1964. p. 88. Retrieved 28 July 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm7VAAAAMAAJ&q=It+was+the+martyrs%27+blood+which+paved+the+way+for+the+founding+of+the+Republic+of+China ↩

168. Taylor, Jay (2009). The generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China, Volume 39. Harvard University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-674-03338-2. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 978-0-674-03338-2 ↩

169. Boorman, Howard L.; Howard, Richard C.; Cheng, Joseph K. H. (1979). Biographical dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-231-08957-9. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 978-0-231-08957-9 ↩

170. Pai Hsien-yung (2013). "Yip So Man Wat Memorial Lectures, 2013". UBC DEPARTMENT OF ASIAN STUDIES. p. 6. Retrieved 3 August 2014. http://www.asia.ubc.ca/page/6/?profile_cct_group ↩

171. Jowett, Philip S. (1997). Chinese Civil War Armies 1911–49. Vol. 306 (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85532-665-1. Retrieved 24 April 2014.[permanent dead link] 978-1-85532-665-1 ↩

172. Chiang Kai-shek (24 June 1957). "PART ONE CHIANG VERSUS COMMUNISM: HIS PERSONAL ACCOUNT". LIFE Magazine Vol. 42, No. 25. p. 147. Retrieved 28 July 2010. /wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek ↩

173. Marjorie Wall Bingham, Susan Hill Gross (1980). Women in modern China: transition, revolution, and contemporary times. Glenhurst Publications. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-86596-028-2. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 978-0-86596-028-2 ↩

174. China review, Volume 1. China Trade Bureau, Inc. 1921. p. 79. Retrieved 28 July 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=YYpIAAAAYAAJ&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA79 ↩

175. Carl Glick; Sheng hwa Hong (1947). Swords of silence: Chinese secret societies, past and present. Whittlesey House. p. 202. https://books.google.com/books?id=tP_NAAAAMAAJ&q=Lit-she ↩

176. Fenby, Jonathan (2003). Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost. Simon and Schuster. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-7432-3144-2. Retrieved 24 April 2014. 978-0-7432-3144-2 ↩

177. Jonathan Fenby (24 June 2008). Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. HarperCollins. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-06-166116-7. 978-0-06-166116-7 ↩

178. "台儿庄巷战:长官电令有敢退过河者 杀无赦_网易军事". Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140144/http://war.163.com/15/0427/09/AO6TATTL00014OMD.html ↩

179. Wong, Bun. "Taierzhuang street fighting: Executive power to make those who have dared to retreat across the river Unforgiven – Netease International News". Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023846/http://www.88p4.com/2015/04/27/taierzhuang-street-fighting-executive-power-to-make-those-who-have-dared-to-retreat-across-the-river-unforgiven-124486.html ↩

180. Schaedler, Luc (2007). Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film (PDF) (Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy). University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. p. 518. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140719204815/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/17710/3/Angry_Monk_Dissertation.pdf ↩

181. Harmsen, Peter (2013). Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze (illustrated ed.). Casemate. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-61200-167-8. Retrieved 24 April 2014. 978-1-61200-167-8 ↩

182. Ong, Siew Chey (2005). China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture (illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 94. ISBN 978-981-261-067-6. Retrieved 24 April 2014. 978-981-261-067-6 ↩

183. Olsen, Lance (2012). Taierzhuang 1938 – Stalingrad 1942. Clear Mind Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9838435-9-7. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2014 – via Numistamp. 978-0-9838435-9-7 ↩

184. "STORM OVER TAIERZHUANG 1938 PLAYER's AID SHEET" (PDF). grognard.com. Retrieved 24 April 2014. http://grognard.com/info1/stormover.pdf ↩

185. Ong Siew Chey (2011). China Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture (reprint ed.). Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 79. ISBN 978-981-4312-99-8. Retrieved 24 April 2014. 978-981-4312-99-8 ↩

186. International Press Correspondence, Volume 18. Richard Neumann. 1938. p. 447. Retrieved 24 April 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=nRlWAAAAYAAJ&q=Thus,+for+instance,+a+group+of+Chinese+soldiers,+in+spite+of+heavy+artillery+fire,+attacked+a+column+of+Japanese+tanks+with+hand-grenades+and+destroyed+four+tanks,+sacrificing+their+own+lives.+These+courageous+soldiers+thereby+opened+the+way+for+the+Chinese+troops.+According+to+reports+from+Shanghai,+the+losses+of+the+Japanese+army+operating+on+the+eastern+front+amounted+in+February+to+5,400+killed+and+12,700+wounded.+400+oificers+were+killed+or+wounded.+In+March+35+Japanese ↩

187. Epstein, Israel (1939). The people's war. V. Gollancz. p. 172. Retrieved 24 April 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=TevqAAAAIAAJ&q=The+men+in+the+trenches+waited+till+the+tanks+came+close,+then+jumped+out+and+threw+bundles+of+hand-+grenades+under+their+wheels+and+into+their+ports.+Four+tanks+were+destroyed,+neatly+pierced+by+anti-tank+shells,+and+nine+others+were ↩

188. Kenneth Lieberthal (1980). Revolution and tradition in Tientsin, 1949–1952. Stanford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8047-1044-2. Retrieved 28 July 2010. dare to die china. 978-0-8047-1044-2 ↩

189. Jan Wong (1997). Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now. Random House, Inc. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-385-25639-1. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 978-0-385-25639-1 ↩

190. "Chinese Die But Not Surrender". The Sun (Sydney, NSW: 1910 - 1954). London. 23 March 1938. Archived from the original on 4 June 2025 – via Trove. Refusing to surrender, 300 Chinese troops blew them selves to pieces with their own hand-grenades. The self-sacrifice occurred, says a Shanghai message, in the Tientsin-Pukow conflict. The 300 were part of the army of 200,000 who are attempting to stem the Japanese advance. These men swore to die, rather than to surrender their positions. Their commander, Wang Ming-chang, blew out his brains with his revolver after sustaining a wound in the stomach. His men followed him with grenade. https://web.archive.org/web/20250604140615/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229868436 ↩

191. Michael, B. "Hamas and the Irgun? How Dare I Compare the Two... For all those suffering from voluntary amnesia here are just a few of the Irgun's highlights of Hamas-worthy violence". Haaretz. June 20, 1939 — A particularly successful shuk operation: 78 Arabs (and a donkey) are murdered in an explosion in a Haifa open-air market. The donkey was booby-trapped. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2016-05-02/ty-article/.premium/hamas-and-the-irgun-how-dare-i-compare-the-two/0000017f-f73b-d318-afff-f77bf9ca0000 ↩

192. Persico, Tomer (10 April 2016). "Would pre-state Zionist militias be terrorists by today's standards?". +972 Magazine. In July 1939, Jewish militants placed bombs at Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem's Old City, killing five Arabs and wounding 14. That same month, a donkey mounted with explosives killed 21 Arabs and wounded 24 in the Haifa vegetable market. https://www.972mag.com/would-pre-state-zionist-militias-be-terrorists-by-todays-standards/ ↩

193. "Notorious massacres of Palestinians between 1937 & 1948" (PDF). Middle East Monitor. The Haifa Massacre - 25/7/1938 A car bomb was planted by the Irgun Zionist gang in an Arab market in Haifa which killed 35 Arab civilians and wounded 70. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/factsheets/ZionistMassacres_1937-48.pdf ↩

194. Davis, Mike (2019). "The First Car Bomb". Transforming Terror. pp. 32–33. doi:10.1525/9780520949454-011. ISBN 978-0-520-94945-4. 978-0-520-94945-4 ↩

195. "July 22: A Pivotal Day in Terrorism History". 22 July 2021. https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ ↩

196. Roger Moorhouse, Killing Hitler. Jonathan Cape, pp. 191–193 (2006); ISBN 0-224-07121-1. /wiki/Roger_Moorhouse ↩

197. Beevor, Antony. Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, 2002, p. 238; ISBN 0-670-88695-5; accessed April 18, 2015. /wiki/Antony_Beevor ↩

198. "BLEW THEMSELVES UP TO SAVE MATES". The Sun (Sydney, NSW). 13 June 1941. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/231454283 ↩

199. A. J. Piekaar (1949). Atjèh en de oorlog met Japan. W. van Hoeve. p. 3. https://books.google.com/books?id=txYyAQAAIAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord ↩

200. Ricklefs 2001, p. 252. https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC&dq=amuntai+japanese&pg=PA252 ↩

201. Martinkus 2004, p. 47. https://books.google.com/books?id=RcdwAAAAMAAJ&q=In+November+1942,+the+Japanese+found+themselves+putting+down+a+local+rebellion+against+their+rule+carried+out+by+the+same+Acehnese+who+had+removed+the+Dutch+to+make+way+for+their+arrival.+One+leader+of+a+religious+school+in+Cot+Plieng,+... ↩

202. "Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine, Volume 3, Issues 43–52" 2003, p. 27. https://books.google.com/books?id=3NETAQAAMAAJ&q=When+the+resistance+of+the+religious+school+of+Tjot+Plieng+in+Bayu+was+ended+in+November+1942,+over+100+Acehnese+were+massacred,+18+Japanese+died,+and+yet+another+conqueror+had+learned+the+penalty+of+trying+to+deal+with+Aceh+by+force ↩

203. "Sejarah Jejak Perlawanan Aceh". Atjehcyber.net. 10 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160427002230/http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html ↩

204. "Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012 by Harian Waspada". Issuu.com. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2016. http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012/3 ↩

205. "Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012 by Harian Waspada". Issuu.com. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2016. http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012 ↩

206. "Berita Kadjian Sumatera: Sumatra Research Bulletin, Volumes 1–4" 1971, p. 35. https://books.google.com/books?id=BiTjAAAAMAAJ&q=tjot+plieng ↩

207. Nasution 1963, p. 89. https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kDBvr5UeYC&q=tjot+plieng ↩

208. Jong 2000, p. 189. https://books.google.com/books?id=BpZuAAAAMAAJ&q=village+and+the+mosque+at+the+beginning+of+November.+In+the+fighting+that+ensued,+18+Japanese+were+killed+and+more+than+120+Acehnese+perished.+Furthermore+a+local+revolt+broke+out+in+Aceh+in+May+1945. ↩

209. "How effective was the Japanese kamikaze campaign?" (video transcript). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 7 December 2024. The Japanese expended 2600 aircraft in kamikaze attacks, and with them the lives of 4000 airmen. The attacks killed more than 7000 Allied naval personnel. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-effective-was-the-japanese-kamikaze-campaign ↩

210. "How effective was the Japanese kamikaze campaign?" (video transcript). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 7 December 2024. The Japanese expended 2600 aircraft in kamikaze attacks, and with them the lives of 4000 airmen. The attacks killed more than 7000 Allied naval personnel. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-effective-was-the-japanese-kamikaze-campaign ↩

211. "How effective was the Japanese kamikaze campaign?" (video transcript). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 7 December 2024. The Japanese expended 2600 aircraft in kamikaze attacks, and with them the lives of 4000 airmen. The attacks killed more than 7000 Allied naval personnel. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-effective-was-the-japanese-kamikaze-campaign ↩

212. "Why the kamikaze campaign failed" (video). www.youtube.com/@ImperialWarMuseums. United Kingdom: Imperial War Museums. 7 June 2023. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UvroLTbhJ50 ↩

213. Dodd, Henry (23 August 2013). A short history of suicide bombing. Action on Armed Violence. Retrieved 13 October 2015. https://aoav.org.uk/2013/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ ↩

214. Jackson, Steve (2003). Lucky Lady: The World War II Heroics of the USS Santa Fe and Franklin. Da Capo Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-7867-1310-3. Retrieved 6 October 2015.[permanent dead link] 978-0-7867-1310-3 ↩

215. "Escape system". Retrieved 18 September 2010. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~un3k-mn/konadaa-girei.htm ↩

216. "Hatches". Retrieved 18 September 2010. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~un3k-mn/konadaa-huchi.htm ↩

217. "Raskin, Fania – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association". Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Fania then spoke up and volunteered herself. She was sure that for an operation such as this, she would find the strength to stand and walk. "My life is no life anyway" she added. This was a "Let my soul die with the Philistines [he]" proposal, the Samson option. Of course, her suggestion was rejected. Fania Raskin passed away on 20 July 1947, in Jerusalem. She was thirty-one. https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020736/https://lehi.org.il/en/raskin-fania/ ↩

218. Lehi People לח"י אנשים (PDF) (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 2002. p. 800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024. כאשר תוכננה התנקשות בגנרל בארקר, מפקד הצבא הבריטי בארץ־ישראל, הועלה רעיון, שבחורה תטייל עם עגלת תינוק, שתתפוצץ כאשר הגנרל יעבור לידה. נשאלה השאלה איך הבחורה תצליח להסתלק לפני ההתפוצצות. כאן התפרצה פניה והציעה את עצמה. בשביל פעולה כזאת, אמרה, היא תמצא כוחות לעמוד וללכת. ״ממילא חיי אינם חיים״, הוסיפה היא התכוונה לפעולת ״תמות נפשי עם פלשתים״. הצעתה נדחתה, כמובן. פניה רסקין הלכה לעולמה ב־-20.7.1947ג׳ מנחם אב תש״ז, בירושלים והיא בת 31{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) לח"י אנשים ↩

219. רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י (in Hebrew). הנצחה באנדרטה ביער לח"י במשמר איילון … שמה של פניה רסקין חרוט על לוח באנדרטה ביער לח"י [Commemoration at the monument in the Lehi Forest in Mishmar Ayalon … Fania Raskin's name is engraved on a plaque at the Lehi Forest memorial.] – Description: In the close up image, her name is the last on the list, with her Hebrew alias in brackets Hebrew: פניה רסקין (מרגלית), romanized: Fania Raskin (Margalit). רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י ↩

220. From Judges 16:30 – Usually translated as 'Let me die with the Philistines' – "Judges 16: Hebrew - English Bible - Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org. English: 30 And Samson said: 'Let me die with the Philistines'. And he bent with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and upon all the people that were therein. So the dead that he slew at his death were more than they that he slew in his life. Hebrew: ל וַיֹּאמֶר שִׁמְשׁוֹן, תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם-פְּלִשְׁתִּים, וַיֵּט בְּכֹחַ, וַיִּפֹּל הַבַּיִת עַל-הַסְּרָנִים וְעַל-כָּל-הָעָם אֲשֶׁר-בּוֹ; וַיִּהְיוּ הַמֵּתִים, אֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, רַבִּים, מֵאֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּחַיָּיו. /wiki/Judges_16 ↩

221. "Raskin, Fania – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association". Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Fania then spoke up and volunteered herself. She was sure that for an operation such as this, she would find the strength to stand and walk. "My life is no life anyway" she added. This was a "Let my soul die with the Philistines [he]" proposal, the Samson option. Of course, her suggestion was rejected. Fania Raskin passed away on 20 July 1947, in Jerusalem. She was thirty-one. https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020736/https://lehi.org.il/en/raskin-fania/ ↩

222. Lehi People לח"י אנשים (PDF) (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 2002. p. 800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024. כאשר תוכננה התנקשות בגנרל בארקר, מפקד הצבא הבריטי בארץ־ישראל, הועלה רעיון, שבחורה תטייל עם עגלת תינוק, שתתפוצץ כאשר הגנרל יעבור לידה. נשאלה השאלה איך הבחורה תצליח להסתלק לפני ההתפוצצות. כאן התפרצה פניה והציעה את עצמה. בשביל פעולה כזאת, אמרה, היא תמצא כוחות לעמוד וללכת. ״ממילא חיי אינם חיים״, הוסיפה היא התכוונה לפעולת ״תמות נפשי עם פלשתים״. הצעתה נדחתה, כמובן. פניה רסקין הלכה לעולמה ב־-20.7.1947ג׳ מנחם אב תש״ז, בירושלים והיא בת 31{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) לח"י אנשים ↩

223. רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י (in Hebrew). הנצחה באנדרטה ביער לח"י במשמר איילון … שמה של פניה רסקין חרוט על לוח באנדרטה ביער לח"י [Commemoration at the monument in the Lehi Forest in Mishmar Ayalon … Fania Raskin's name is engraved on a plaque at the Lehi Forest memorial.] – Description: In the close up image, her name is the last on the list, with her Hebrew alias in brackets Hebrew: פניה רסקין (מרגלית), romanized: Fania Raskin (Margalit). רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י ↩

224. "Raskin, Fania – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association". Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Fania then spoke up and volunteered herself. She was sure that for an operation such as this, she would find the strength to stand and walk. "My life is no life anyway" she added. This was a "Let my soul die with the Philistines [he]" proposal, the Samson option. Of course, her suggestion was rejected. Fania Raskin passed away on 20 July 1947, in Jerusalem. She was thirty-one. https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020736/https://lehi.org.il/en/raskin-fania/ ↩

225. רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י (in Hebrew). הנצחה באנדרטה ביער לח"י במשמר איילון … שמה של פניה רסקין חרוט על לוח באנדרטה ביער לח"י [Commemoration at the monument in the Lehi Forest in Mishmar Ayalon … Fania Raskin's name is engraved on a plaque at the Lehi Forest memorial.] – Description: In the close up image, her name is the last on the list, with her Hebrew alias in brackets Hebrew: פניה רסקין (מרגלית), romanized: Fania Raskin (Margalit). רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י ↩

226. Lehi People לח"י אנשים (PDF) (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 2002. p. 800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024. כאשר תוכננה התנקשות בגנרל בארקר, מפקד הצבא הבריטי בארץ־ישראל, הועלה רעיון, שבחורה תטייל עם עגלת תינוק, שתתפוצץ כאשר הגנרל יעבור לידה. נשאלה השאלה איך הבחורה תצליח להסתלק לפני ההתפוצצות. כאן התפרצה פניה והציעה את עצמה. בשביל פעולה כזאת, אמרה, היא תמצא כוחות לעמוד וללכת. ״ממילא חיי אינם חיים״, הוסיפה היא התכוונה לפעולת ״תמות נפשי עם פלשתים״. הצעתה נדחתה, כמובן. פניה רסקין הלכה לעולמה ב־-20.7.1947ג׳ מנחם אב תש״ז, בירושלים והיא בת 31{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) לח"י אנשים ↩

227. 128 Lehi Martyrs חללי לח"י – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י (in Hebrew). טקס יום הזיכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל, נפגעי פעולות האיבה ו-128 חללי לח"י, יום רביעי, 30.4.25, ב' באייר תשפ"ה, בשעה 10:30 – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י [Memorial Day ceremony for the fallen of Israel's armed forces, victims of hostilities, and 128 martyrs of the Lehi movement…] (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 17 April 2025. Retrieved 17 April 2025. חללי לח"י – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״יטקס יום הזיכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל, נפגעי פעולות האיבה ו-128 חללי לח"י, יום רביעי, 30.4.25, ב' באייר תשפ"ה, בשעה 10:30 – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י ↩

228. Lehi People לח"י אנשים (PDF) (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 2002. p. 800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024. כאשר תוכננה התנקשות בגנרל בארקר, מפקד הצבא הבריטי בארץ־ישראל, הועלה רעיון, שבחורה תטייל עם עגלת תינוק, שתתפוצץ כאשר הגנרל יעבור לידה. נשאלה השאלה איך הבחורה תצליח להסתלק לפני ההתפוצצות. כאן התפרצה פניה והציעה את עצמה. בשביל פעולה כזאת, אמרה, היא תמצא כוחות לעמוד וללכת. ״ממילא חיי אינם חיים״, הוסיפה היא התכוונה לפעולת ״תמות נפשי עם פלשתים״. הצעתה נדחתה, כמובן. פניה רסקין הלכה לעולמה ב־-20.7.1947ג׳ מנחם אב תש״ז, בירושלים והיא בת 31{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) לח"י אנשים ↩

229. רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י (in Hebrew). הנצחה באנדרטה ביער לח"י במשמר איילון … שמה של פניה רסקין חרוט על לוח באנדרטה ביער לח"י [Commemoration at the monument in the Lehi Forest in Mishmar Ayalon … Fania Raskin's name is engraved on a plaque at the Lehi Forest memorial.] – Description: In the close up image, her name is the last on the list, with her Hebrew alias in brackets Hebrew: פניה רסקין (מרגלית), romanized: Fania Raskin (Margalit). רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י ↩

230. Sheleg 2007 - Sheleg, Yair (7 April 2007). "The Good Jailer". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 July 2008. https://www.haaretz.com/2007-04-07/ty-article/the-good-jailer/0000017f-e225-d75c-a7ff-feaddde60000 ↩

231. Sheleg 2007 Quote 1: "Of course, we needed the condemned men's approval," (the Lehi veteran) recalls. "Moshe agreed right away, but since there was an Irgun man with him we had to request their approval, too. We asked the person responsible for Irgun prisoners in the jail, Yehoshua Tamler, what he thought, and he said they needed the consent of the top command. We had to wait a few days, despite fearing that they would be taken to the gallows in the meantime, until approval arrived from the commander of the Irgun, Menachem Begin." Quote 2: (Yoram Tamir director of the Museum of Underground Prisoners) "…says the Lehi had envisioned a suicide operation during the hanging of one of their men prior to this incident: "They called it Operation Samson, in an allusion to the suicide of the biblical figure." Eliezer Ben-Ami, who prepared the makeshift orange grenades while he was imprisoned along with the two men, confirms that the plan was to turn their ascent to the gallows into an action that would harm the British authorities." - Sheleg, Yair (7 April 2007). "The Good Jailer". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 July 2008. https://www.haaretz.com/2007-04-07/ty-article/the-good-jailer/0000017f-e225-d75c-a7ff-feaddde60000 ↩

232. Klein 2022: Hebrew: תמות נפשי עם פלשתים — ברזני ופינשטיין עירקי ואשכנזי ישבו ביחד בתא הנידונים למוות וחיכו בשלווה ליום מותם. איש לח"י אליעזר בן עמי העלה את רעיון שמשון תמות נפשי עם בריטים. והכין לשניים תפוז נפץ כדי שביום התלייה גם התליינים יתפוצצו., lit. 'My soul will die with the Philistines — Barzani and Feinstein, Iraqi and Ashkenazi, sat together in the death row cell and calmly awaited the day of their death. A Lehi member, Eliezer Ben Ami [he], came up with the idea of Samson dying with the British. And he prepared an explosive orange for the two of them so that on the day of the hanging, the executioners would also explode.' - Klein, Yair (3 May 2022). היום בהיסטוריה: פיינשטיין וברזני מקדימים את התליין [Today in History: Feinstein and Barzani outrun the executioner]. srugim.co.il (in Hebrew). Israel. Archived from the original on 30 June 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250630083151/https://www.srugim.co.il/669799-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99 ↩

233. Sheleg 2007 - Sheleg, Yair (7 April 2007). "The Good Jailer". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 July 2008. https://www.haaretz.com/2007-04-07/ty-article/the-good-jailer/0000017f-e225-d75c-a7ff-feaddde60000 ↩

234. Sheleg 2007 - Sheleg, Yair (7 April 2007). "The Good Jailer". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 July 2008. https://www.haaretz.com/2007-04-07/ty-article/the-good-jailer/0000017f-e225-d75c-a7ff-feaddde60000 ↩

235. Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (9 March 2020). The Making of Eretz Israel in the Modern Era: A Historical-Geographical Study (1799–1949). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-062640-7. 978-3-11-062640-7 ↩

236. Sheleg 2007 - Sheleg, Yair (7 April 2007). "The Good Jailer". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 July 2008. https://www.haaretz.com/2007-04-07/ty-article/the-good-jailer/0000017f-e225-d75c-a7ff-feaddde60000 ↩

237. "Death for Terrorist In Palestine". Bundaberg News Mail. Jerusalem via London and Bundaberg. The Jerusalem correspondent of the Associated Press, London. 27 March 1944. Archived from the original on 31 May 2025. … the death sentence has been reintroduced in Palestine for certain terrorist of fences, Including carrying fire arms, ammunition, and bombs, also interfering with essential services. Reimposition of the death sentence follows a number of recent outrages including an attack on police headquarters at Jerusalem https://web.archive.org/web/20250531171811/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/283150477 ↩

238. "Palestine Military Commander Orders Two More Jews to Hang; Commutes Sentence of Third". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 18 April 1947. Lt. Gen. Gordon H.A. MacMillan, Palestine military commander, today confirmed the death sentences imposed on two Palestine Jews and commuted the sentence of a third to life imprisonment. Under amendments to the Emrgency Defense Regulations published yesterday there is no appeal from his decision. The condemned men are Moshe Barazani, 21, and Meir Feinstein, whose age the prosecution claims is 23. The third youth is Daniel Azulai. Barazani is a self-confessed Sternist, who told the military court which convicted him that "you will not frighten us with your gallows". Feinstein's mother insists that her son, a veteran of the British Army, is only 17. Barazani was captured in Jerusalem during the imposition of martial law with hand grenade in his possession. The other two youths were charged with having participated in an attack on the Jerusalem central railroad station [he] last October. https://www.jta.org/archive/palestine-military-commander-orders-two-more-jews-to-hang-commutes-sentence-of-third ↩

239. טוראי משה (בן-ציון) ברזני. www.izkor.gov.il. טוראי משה (בן-ציון) ברזני ↩

240. "The Heroic Tale of Feinstein & Barazani". https://meirfeinstein.org/the-heroic-tale-of-meir-feinstein-and-moshe-barazani.html ↩

241. Aderet, Ofer (1 November 2021). גם ממרחק של 75 שנה, קשה להאמין שהסיפור הזה התרחש בירושלים. Haaretz (in Hebrew) (Hebrew ed.). גם ממרחק של 75 שנה, קשה להאמין שהסיפור הזה התרחש בירושלים ↩

242. טוראי מאיר פיינשטיין. www.izkor.gov.il. טוראי מאיר פיינשטיין ↩

243. כל הדרך לגרדום: ימיו האחרונים של מאיר פיינשטיין. Makor Rishon (in Hebrew). 27 July 2017. מאיר פיינשטיין נולד וגדל בירושלים. אם שואלים את אתר הזיכרון הרשמי של חללי צה"ל או את ויקיפדיה, תאריך הלידה שלו הוא 5 באוקטובר 1927. לדברי אחיינו, המועד הנכון הוא יולי 1929. כל הדרך לגרדום: ימיו האחרונים של מאיר פיינשטיין ↩

244. "Palestine Military Commander Orders Two More Jews to Hang; Commutes Sentence of Third". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 18 April 1947. Lt. Gen. Gordon H.A. MacMillan, Palestine military commander, today confirmed the death sentences imposed on two Palestine Jews and commuted the sentence of a third to life imprisonment. Under amendments to the Emrgency Defense Regulations published yesterday there is no appeal from his decision. The condemned men are Moshe Barazani, 21, and Meir Feinstein, whose age the prosecution claims is 23. The third youth is Daniel Azulai. Barazani is a self-confessed Sternist, who told the military court which convicted him that "you will not frighten us with your gallows". Feinstein's mother insists that her son, a veteran of the British Army, is only 17. Barazani was captured in Jerusalem during the imposition of martial law with hand grenade in his possession. The other two youths were charged with having participated in an attack on the Jerusalem central railroad station [he] last October. https://www.jta.org/archive/palestine-military-commander-orders-two-more-jews-to-hang-commutes-sentence-of-third ↩

245. "Two More Palestinian Jews Sentenced to Death; Seven Now Stand in Shadow of Gallows". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 4 April 1947. Archived from the original on 11 May 2025. Feinstein was sentenced to death following a government "expert's" testimony that he was at least 18 years old. The death sentence may not be imposed on anybody under that age. His brother attempted several times to tell the court that he was only 17, but he was refused permission to testify. Since the defendant's birth certificate was missing, the "expert" was ordered to estimate his age. https://web.archive.org/web/20250511225304/https://www.jta.org/archive/two-more-palestinian-jews-sentenced-to-death-seven-now-stand-in-shadow-of-gallows ↩

246. Feinstein, Benjamin (1 April 1947). "Letter to: The President, Military Court Jerusalem" (PDF). www.infocenters.co.il. Karem Quarter, Jerusalem. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2025. Now regarding the age of my brother Meir. So far the Prosecutors has tendered the following evidence on the subject: 1. A Birth Certificate issued by the Health Department, Government of Palestine, stating that the age of my brother Meir is 17 years 8 months. 2. My mother's sworn affidavit to the same effect. Medical Report by the Government Medical Officer, who was instructed to examine my brother at the request of the prosecutor, stating that my brother's age is 17½ yearв. Evidence by two military doctors that the age of my brother is 23-26 years. https://web.archive.org/web/20250511212638/https://www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia/Files/linked/%D7%9713%20-3_43.PDF ↩

247. Feinstein, Bella (April 1947). "SWORN by the said Mrs. BELLA FEINSTEIN of Jerusalem, before mе, Magistrete at Jerusalem this day of April 1947" (PDF). www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2024. This affidavit is sworn in support of an application for a judgment declaring that my said son Meir was born in Jerusalem on the 30th day of July 1929, or alternatively that on the 3rd day of April, 1947 he had not yet attained the age of 18 years. https://web.archive.org/web/20241230172926/https://www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia/Files/linked/%D7%9713%20-3_42.PDF ↩

248. "Palestine Military Commander Orders Two More Jews to Hang; Commutes Sentence of Third". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 18 April 1947. Lt. Gen. Gordon H.A. MacMillan, Palestine military commander, today confirmed the death sentences imposed on two Palestine Jews and commuted the sentence of a third to life imprisonment. Under amendments to the Emrgency Defense Regulations published yesterday there is no appeal from his decision. The condemned men are Moshe Barazani, 21, and Meir Feinstein, whose age the prosecution claims is 23. The third youth is Daniel Azulai. Barazani is a self-confessed Sternist, who told the military court which convicted him that "you will not frighten us with your gallows". Feinstein's mother insists that her son, a veteran of the British Army, is only 17. Barazani was captured in Jerusalem during the imposition of martial law with hand grenade in his possession. The other two youths were charged with having participated in an attack on the Jerusalem central railroad station [he] last October. https://www.jta.org/archive/palestine-military-commander-orders-two-more-jews-to-hang-commutes-sentence-of-third ↩

249. "Yehuda Lapidot - the Irgun". https://archive.org/stream/yehuda-lapidot-the-irgun/Yehuda%20Lapidot%20-%20The%20Irgun_djvu.txt ↩

250. כל הדרך לגרדום: ימיו האחרונים של מאיר פיינשטיין. Makor Rishon (in Hebrew). 27 July 2017. מאיר פיינשטיין נולד וגדל בירושלים. אם שואלים את אתר הזיכרון הרשמי של חללי צה"ל או את ויקיפדיה, תאריך הלידה שלו הוא 5 באוקטובר 1927. לדברי אחיינו, המועד הנכון הוא יולי 1929. כל הדרך לגרדום: ימיו האחרונים של מאיר פיינשטיין ↩

251. כל הדרך לגרדום: ימיו האחרונים של מאיר פיינשטיין. Makor Rishon (in Hebrew). 27 July 2017. מאיר פיינשטיין נולד וגדל בירושלים. אם שואלים את אתר הזיכרון הרשמי של חללי צה"ל או את ויקיפדיה, תאריך הלידה שלו הוא 5 באוקטובר 1927. לדברי אחיינו, המועד הנכון הוא יולי 1929. כל הדרך לגרדום: ימיו האחרונים של מאיר פיינשטיין ↩

252. "HANGMAN DEFEATED BY CONDEMNED MEN IN PALESTINE". Grey River Argus. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 23 April 1947. p. 5. Archived from the original on 9 May 2025. The Jewish terrorists Feinstein and Barazini were to have been executed at dawn to-day. However, they blew themselves to pieces shortly before midnight. The two men occupied the same cell. They were visited by Rabbi Jacob Goldman [he], Jewish chaplain to prisons, and he administered to them the last rites. Tile men committed suicide shortly after he left. Rabbi Goldman was immediately taken to the police headquarters. Feinstein and Barazini are reported to have inscribed the Biblical words, "Mene! Mene! Tekel Upharsin!" on the walls of their ceil before killing themselves with hand grenades. The words quoted are those mentioned in the Book of Daniel, chapter five, verse twenty-five. https://archive.today/20250509085453/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GRA19470423.2.35 ↩

253. "SUICIDE OF TWO CONDEMNED JEW TERRORISTS". Daily Mercury. trove.nla.gov.au. 23 April 1947. Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. the two Jewish condemned terrorists, Meyer Feinstein [he] and Moshe Barazani, who were to have been executed before dawn to-day, committed suicide in Jerusalem central prison to-night by blowing themselves to pieces … The British United Press representative states that Feinstein and Barazani are reported to have in scribed the Biblical words, "Mene, Mene, Tekel Uphaisin" on the walls of their cells before killing themselves. The words quoted are mentioned In the Book of Daniel, chapter 5, verse 25. https://web.archive.org/web/20241229075328/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/170969142 ↩

254. Klein 2022: Hebrew: אביו של ברזני פגש את אליעזר בן עמי נשק לו ואמר "הצלת את כבוד עם ישראל"., lit. 'Barzani's father met Eliezer Ben Ami, kissed him, and said, "You saved the honor of the people of Israel".' - Klein, Yair (3 May 2022). היום בהיסטוריה: פיינשטיין וברזני מקדימים את התליין [Today in History: Feinstein and Barzani outrun the executioner]. srugim.co.il (in Hebrew). Israel. Archived from the original on 30 June 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250630083151/https://www.srugim.co.il/669799-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99 ↩

255. Begin 1964: Hebrew: והשניים בהם, מאיר פינשטיין, שאבותיו באו מאירופה, ומשה ברזני, שהוריו באו מבבל, עשו מעשה שלא היה כמוהו במלחמות השחרור. משפחתם הלוחמת עשתה כל מאמץ כדי להצילם מידי התליין, אבל ביום אחד הוברר כי לא תשיג עוד ידם להוציאם מידיו. שני לוחמים אלה, האחד מן האצ״ל והשני מן הלח״י, האחד אשכנזי והשני ספרדי, החליטו שלא יפלו בידי התליין, אלא גם במותם יילחמו, וכך עם רימון מוסתר בבגדיהם ילכו אל מקום ההוצאה להורג ויפעילוהו בנוכחות כל התליינים. בא אליהם הרב וביקש מהם שירשו לו ללוותם לגרדום, אך הם, ביודעם את רצונם, את תכניתם ואת שאיפתם, התחננו לפניו שלא יבוא בבוקר השכם ללכת עמם בדרך האחרונה. הוא עמד על שלו והם על שלהם. ומשנפרד מהם, לאחר ששלושתם שרו את האדיר בשירי התהילה — ״אדון עולם אשר מלך בטרם כל יציר נברא״ — והתייחדו עם בוראם, כדי לא לפגוע בו, ברב, בעת ההוצאה להורג, לחצו בין לבותיהם את רימון היד, וכך גמרו חייהם בתא המוות. חיבוק אחים כזה של שני יהודים צעירים, של שני לוחמים, אשר בגלל מורשת הגולה נדבק בהם עדיין התו המפריד של אשכנז וספרד — זהו הסמל המובהק ביותר והמקודש ביותר של אהבת ישראל, ללא הבדל מוצא וללא הבדל עדה. - Begin (8 December 1964). הישיבה הארבע-מאות-ושמונה-עשרה של הכנסת החמישית יום שלישי, ג׳ טבת תשכ״ה (8 דצמבר 1964) הודעת הממשלה על מיזוג עדות - דיון. מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220811115958/https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA/ ↩

256. Begin 1981. - Begin, Menachem (1981). נאום בחירות בכיכר מלכי ישראל (מוכר כנאום הצ'חצ'חים) [Election speech at Malki Yisrael Square – known as the Tchach-Tchachim Speech]. מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew). https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8-%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95/ ↩

257. Olmert 2007 - Olmert, Ehud (19 April 2007). "PM's Speech at the Ceremony Marking 60 Years Since Feinstein and Barzani Faced the Gallows". Prime Minister's Office: The 31st Government. https://www.gov.il/en/pages/speechgar190407 ↩

258. Netanyahu 2010 "Which of us does not remember the almost unbelievable story of Moshe Barazani and Meir Feinstein? Grenades were smuggled to their prison cells in a basket of oranges. Their original plan was to blow themselves up together as they were being hung. However, it then became clear to them that one of the rabbis of the Jewish community intended to be there as they were executed. In order not to endanger him, the two decided that after his visit, they would take their fate into their own hands. They embraced firmly and exploded the grenades up against their hearts. It is doubtful that anyone could invent such an unbelievable story, a story which expresses supreme heroism, sublime love for country and people. Yes, love of country, love of the homeland, love for their people." - Netanyahu (9 March 2010). "PM Netanyahu's Speech at the Knesset Special Session in Memory of the Jewish Prisoners Hung from the Gallows". www.gov.il/en. https://www.gov.il/en/pages/speechgardom090310 ↩

259. Pomerantz 2007. - Pomerantz, Batsheva (19 April 2007). "The writing on the wall". The Jerusalem Post. It was termed "Operation Shimshon" after the biblical Samson who brought down with him the crowded Philistine temple, claiming "let me die with the Philistines". Barazani and Feinstein were eager to carry out the plan. Eliezer Ben-Ami [he], an imprisoned Lehi member, assembled hand grenades from pieces that were smuggled into the prison separately… https://www.jpost.com/local-israel/in-jerusalem/the-writing-on-the-wall-58620 ↩

260. "60 שנה אחרי: התנ"ך של פיינשטיין שב הביתה". 20 April 2007. https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3390269,00.html#google_vignette ↩

261. Olmert 2007 - Olmert, Ehud (19 April 2007). "PM's Speech at the Ceremony Marking 60 Years Since Feinstein and Barzani Faced the Gallows". Prime Minister's Office: The 31st Government. https://www.gov.il/en/pages/speechgar190407 ↩

262. Olmert 2007 - Olmert, Ehud (19 April 2007). "PM's Speech at the Ceremony Marking 60 Years Since Feinstein and Barzani Faced the Gallows". Prime Minister's Office: The 31st Government. https://www.gov.il/en/pages/speechgar190407 ↩

263. Kashti, Or (22 December 2009). "New study unit on pre-state fighters proves controversial". Haaretz. Quotes: An unnamed "senior university historian" said, "There are moral and philosophical questions that should be addressed when you teach 14-year-olds about people who chose to die rather than accept a pardon or negotiate with the British authorities … The new program embraces martyrdom and worships the victim for being a victim". "In a letter announcing the new program, (Education Minister Gideon Sa'ar) wrote, 'I hope the program, recounting Olei Hagardom's devotion to the struggle for Israel's independence, will bolster the students' ties with their people and heritage … and that their devotion will serve as an ideological model for our youth'." https://www.haaretz.com/2009-12-22/ty-article/new-study-unit-on-pre-state-fighters-proves-controversial/0000017f-ebc5-d3be-ad7f-fbef2c930000 ↩

264. "MK Tibi ejected from Olei Hagardom plenum". Ynet News. 9 March 2010. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3860306,00.html ↩

265. International Journal of Korean Studies. Korea Society and the International Council on Korean Studies. 2001. p. 40. https://books.google.com/books?id=egsxAQAAIAAJ&q=Upon+knowing+that+2.36-inch+bazookas+were+not+effective+against+the+Soviet-made+T-34s,+they+organized+%22a+suicidal+group,%22+approached+the+tanks,+and+threw+a+bundle+of+hand+grenades+with+Molotov+cocktails+into+the+turrets+of+the+North+Korean+tanks.+Moreover,+after+fighting ↩

266. Carter Malkasian (29 May 2014). The Korean War. Osprey Publishing. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-1-4728-0994-0.[permanent dead link] 978-1-4728-0994-0 ↩

267. T.I. Han (1 May 2011). Lonesome Hero: Memoir of a Korea War POW. AuthorHouse. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-4634-1176-3. 978-1-4634-1176-3 ↩

268. Charles R. Smith (2007). U.S. Marines in the Korean War. Government Printing Office. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-0-16-087251-8. 978-0-16-087251-8 ↩

269. Sonia Ryang (16 January 2009). North Korea: Toward a Better Understanding. Lexington Books. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-7391-3207-4. 978-0-7391-3207-4 ↩

270. "Death Before Capture". West Australian. 2 January 1952. Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. Three Chinese soldiers blew them selves to pieces with gren ades to escape capture by Allied troops who surround ed their platoon near Kum song on the Korean central front on New Year's Eve. The Chinese clasped grenades to their stomachs and pulled the pins before they could be captured. https://web.archive.org/web/20250604121741/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49008320 ↩

271. "שלושה אירועי "תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם פְּלִשְׁתִּים" של גיבורינו בעזה". כיכר השבת www.kikar.co.il (in Hebrew). 13 February 2024. כתב ההיסטוריון צבי אילן כי במהלך הקרב הקשה הוצת זחל"מ ישראלי, ונהגו ביצע מעשה הקרבה בל יאמן. הוא הסיע את הרכב הבוער לעבר שני זחל"מים מצריים, התנגש בהם ופוצץ אותם על יושביהם. מהדורה זו היא שלישית במספר של "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים", וההיסטוריה חוזרת על עצמה שוב ושוב בגבורת העם היהודי הנאבק באויביו. https://www.kikar.co.il/haredim-news/s8s5o8 ↩

272. Shakib Ali (Arabic: شكيب علي) Hebrew: שקיב (שכיב) עלי (8 December 2023). "לשחרר אותם לפני שלחמאס לא יהיה מה להפסיד". Ynet (in Hebrew). מצמררת המחשבה על הסיפור המקראי על שמשון הגיבור, שנתפס על ידי הפלישתים והוחזק בעזה, שם נקשר לעמודי המקדש. אחרי שהבין שלא יוכל להשתחרר, העדיף לנקום באויביו ומוטט את עמודי המבנה עליו ועל שוביו ואמר "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים". /wiki/Arabic_language ↩

273. "שלושה אירועי "תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם פְּלִשְׁתִּים" של גיבורינו בעזה". כיכר השבת www.kikar.co.il (in Hebrew). 13 February 2024. כתב ההיסטוריון צבי אילן כי במהלך הקרב הקשה הוצת זחל"מ ישראלי, ונהגו ביצע מעשה הקרבה בל יאמן. הוא הסיע את הרכב הבוער לעבר שני זחל"מים מצריים, התנגש בהם ופוצץ אותם על יושביהם. מהדורה זו היא שלישית במספר של "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים", וההיסטוריה חוזרת על עצמה שוב ושוב בגבורת העם היהודי הנאבק באויביו. https://www.kikar.co.il/haredim-news/s8s5o8 ↩

274. Sami Moubayed; Mustapha Al Sayyed (2 May 2008). "Rising above odds to resurrect leaders". Weekend Review. http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/articles/rising-above-odds-to-resurrect-leaders-1.40430 ↩

275. Jules Jammal (1932 1956), the famous officer in the Syrian Navy who fought in the Suez Canal war of 1956: Syrian History and Jules Jammal: Syrian History https://web.archive.org/web/20120630001733/http://www.syrianhistory.com/view-photo/1021 ↩

276. Middle East analysis by Sami Moubayed – Reflections on May 6, Mideastviews.com; accessed 15 June 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20070515152656/http://www.mideastviews.com/articleview.php?art=208 ↩

277. Pierre Rondout (1961). The Changing Patterns of the Middle East (Revised ed.). Praeger. p. 161., which refers to the Jean Bart as a "cruiser") https://archive.org/stream/changingpatterns010404mbp/changingpatterns010404mbp_djvu.txt ↩

278. Senker, Cath (2004). The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Black Rabbit Books. ISBN 978-1-58340-441-6.[permanent dead link] 978-1-58340-441-6 ↩

279. Saada, Tass; Merrill, Dean (2008). Once an Arafat Man: The True Story of How a PLO Sniper Found a New Life. Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-1-4143-2361-9. 978-1-4143-2361-9 ↩

280. Paul Srubas, Green Bay (Wis.) Press-Gazette via the AP (7 January 2019). "His job was to place atomic bombs. Place them, not drop them. Set the timer. Run like hell". Green Bay Press-Gazette. https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/2019/01/07/depere-atomic-bombs-hiroshima-nagasaki-fort-belvoir-davycrockett-mark-bentley-army-service-cold-war/2418122002/ ↩

281. Employment of Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM) (Report). Headquarters, Department of the Army. August 1971. pp. 3-15 to 3-16. FM 5-26. https://archive.org/details/fm-5-26-1971 ↩

282. Bartlett, J G (11 February 1964). Electromagnetic Radiation Susceptibility of the B54-0 (SADM) and the Field Wire Remote Control System (U) (Report). Sandia National Lab. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021. https://www.osti.gov/opennet/detail?osti-id=16341307 ↩

283. Mutual Assured Destruction Archived 2018-01-03 at the Wayback Machine; Col. Alan J. Parrington, USAF, Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited, Strategic Doctrine in Question Archived 2015-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, Airpower Journal, Winter 1997. http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/strategy/strategy-mutual-assured-destruction.htm ↩

284. "Raskin, Fania – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association". Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Fania then spoke up and volunteered herself. She was sure that for an operation such as this, she would find the strength to stand and walk. "My life is no life anyway" she added. This was a "Let my soul die with the Philistines [he]" proposal, the Samson option. Of course, her suggestion was rejected. Fania Raskin passed away on 20 July 1947, in Jerusalem. She was thirty-one. https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020736/https://lehi.org.il/en/raskin-fania/ ↩

285. Lehi People לח"י אנשים (PDF) (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 2002. p. 800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024. כאשר תוכננה התנקשות בגנרל בארקר, מפקד הצבא הבריטי בארץ־ישראל, הועלה רעיון, שבחורה תטייל עם עגלת תינוק, שתתפוצץ כאשר הגנרל יעבור לידה. נשאלה השאלה איך הבחורה תצליח להסתלק לפני ההתפוצצות. כאן התפרצה פניה והציעה את עצמה. בשביל פעולה כזאת, אמרה, היא תמצא כוחות לעמוד וללכת. ״ממילא חיי אינם חיים״, הוסיפה היא התכוונה לפעולת ״תמות נפשי עם פלשתים״. הצעתה נדחתה, כמובן. פניה רסקין הלכה לעולמה ב־-20.7.1947ג׳ מנחם אב תש״ז, בירושלים והיא בת 31{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) לח"י אנשים ↩

286. רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י (in Hebrew). הנצחה באנדרטה ביער לח"י במשמר איילון … שמה של פניה רסקין חרוט על לוח באנדרטה ביער לח"י [Commemoration at the monument in the Lehi Forest in Mishmar Ayalon … Fania Raskin's name is engraved on a plaque at the Lehi Forest memorial.] – Description: In the close up image, her name is the last on the list, with her Hebrew alias in brackets Hebrew: פניה רסקין (מרגלית), romanized: Fania Raskin (Margalit). רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י ↩

287. Hersh 1991, pp. 137. - Hersh, Seymour (1991). The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. Random House. ↩

288. Beres, Louis René (16 November 2018). "Israel and the "Samson Option" in an Interconnected World". Modern War Institute. Retrieved 4 July 2023. https://mwi.westpoint.edu/israel-samson-option-interconnected-world/ ↩

289. The Hebrew acronym אב״כ Aleph Betַ Kaph can also be written אב״ך with the terminal form of the latter Kaph, and the Gershayim is usually substituted for a double apostrophe or double quote mark. /wiki/Hebrew_acronym ↩

290. Hebrew version: שם: בן־עמי (חסין) אליעזר – כינוי בלח״י: יחזקאל [Name: Ben-Ami (Chissin) Eliezer – Nickname in Lehi: Yehezkel]. lehi.org.il/he (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. בין תפקידיו המרובים: מדריך חבלה, סילוק פצצות, קצין ייצור, מפקד סדנא, ראש מדור ניסויים, מג"ד 276 ורע"נ אב"כ. (ראש ענף אטומית ביולוגית כימית). ביום 20 באפריל 1948 נשא אליעזר לאישה את חברתו מהלח"י דרורה גלעדי (רזניצקי), אותה הכיר בשנת 1943. נולדו להם: ארנון, דורון ורווית, ונכדים. [Among his many positions: sabotage instructor, bomb disposal, production officer, workshop commander, head of the experimental section, battalion commander 276 and senior engineer in A.B.C. (head of the Atomic Biological Chemical Branch). On 20 April 1948, Eliezer married his girlfriend from Lehi, Drora Giladi (Reznitzky), whom he had met in 1943.] Translation note: In Hebrew it uses the acronyms Hebrew: רע"נ אב"כ, romanized: Resh.Ayn.Nun. Aleph.Bet.Kaph. then expands them in brackets as Hebrew: ראש ענף אטומית ביולוגית כימית, lit. 'Branch head Atomic Biological Chemical'. English translation: "Ben-Ami (Chissin) Eliezer – "Yechezkel" – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association". lehi.org.il/en. He became known for assembling 'Grenade Filled Oranges' used by Moshe Barazani and Meir Feinstein, who blew themselves up three hours before their British-planned execution. He was released 8 February 1948, and stayed active until joining the IDF 31 May 1948. He was discharged September 1969 ranking Lieutenant-Colonel. Eliezer served in the 8th Brigade, the Engineering Corps, and the Ordnance Corps, from dismantling bombshells to Commanding a Battalion. In 1951 he successfully finished an Engineer Corps Officers' Course and was sent to study at the Technion. He was involved in developing and testing armaments. He graduated Command and HQ School. Among his positions: instructor, sapper, Production Officer, Experimental Branch Head, 276 Battalion Commander, and Head of the Atomic-Biological-Chemical Weapons Branch. שם: בן־עמי (חסין) אליעזר – כינוי בלח״י: יחזקאל ↩

291. אלבז-אלוש, קורין (24 May 2023). חיל החלוץ: צה"ל חוגג 75, ואלו שהתגייסו עם הקמתו זוכרים איך הכול התחיל [Pioneer Corps: The IDF celebrates 75 years, and those who enlisted when it was founded remember how it all began]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. … "התגייסתי עם שם בדוי … בחרתי להתגייס כאליעזר רזניצקי. לקחתי את שם משפחתה של חברתי, שחיכתה לי במשך חמש שנים כשישבתי בכלא ולימים הפכה לאשתי. ידעתי שמפא"י לא רוצה את גבולות הארץ שאני רציתי ושצה"ל לא יהיה צבא השחרור של עם ישראל, אז פעלתי כמו במחתרת, שבה היו לנו כינויים … רק כשקיבלתי דרגת סמל חזרתי לשם משפחתי המקורי" … בן עמי התגייס לחטיבה 8, חטיבת השריון הראשונה בפיקודו של יצחק שדה. משם עבר לחיל ההנדסה, ואז לחימוש, ושוב להנדסה. הוא יצא לקורס קציני ההנדסה הראשון, סיים בהצטיינות והמשיך לשלל תפקידים: מסלק פצצות, מדריך חבלה וראש ענף אב"כ. [… 'I enlisted under a false name … I chose to enlist as Eliezer Reznitzky. I took the last name of my girlfriend, who waited for me for five years while I was in prison and later became my wife. I knew that Mapai did not want the borders of the country that I wanted and that the IDF would not be the liberation army of the people of Israel, so I acted like I did in the underground, where we had nicknames … Only when I received the rank of sergeant did I return to my original last name' … Ben Ami enlisted in the 8th Brigade, the first armored brigade under the command of Yitzhak Sadeh. From there he transferred to the Engineering Corps, then to Armaments, and back to Engineering. He took the first Engineering Officers' Course, graduated with honors, and went on to hold a variety of positions: bomb disposal officer, sabotage instructor, and head of the ABC branch.] – Notes:  • The name is Hebrew: אליעזר רזניצקי, romanized: Eliezer Reznitsky  • The acronym is Hebrew: אב"כ, romanized: A.B.C. with the letters Aleph–Bet–Kaph, which stands for "atomic, biological, and chemical". חיל החלוץ: צה"ל חוגג 75, ואלו שהתגייסו עם הקמתו זוכרים איך הכול התחיל… "התגייסתי עם שם בדוי … בחרתי להתגייס כאליעזר רזניצקי. לקחתי את שם משפחתה של חברתי, שחיכתה לי במשך חמש שנים כשישבתי בכלא ולימים הפכה לאשתי. ידעתי שמפא"י לא רוצה את גבולות הארץ שאני רציתי ושצה"ל לא יהיה צבא השחרור של עם ישראל, אז פעלתי כמו במחתרת, שבה היו לנו כינויים … רק כשקיבלתי דרגת סמל חזרתי לשם משפחתי המקורי" … בן עמי התגייס לחטיבה 8, חטיבת השריון הראשונה בפיקודו של יצחק שדה. משם עבר לחיל ההנדסה, ואז לחימוש, ושוב להנדסה. הוא יצא לקורס קציני ההנדסה הראשון, סיים בהצטיינות והמשיך לשלל תפקידים: מסלק פצצות, מדריך חבלה וראש ענף אב"כ. ↩

292. ברוך דיין האמת: נפטר לוחם לח"י אליעזר בן עמי. סרוגים (in Hebrew). 15 August 2023. לאחר הקמת המדינה התגייס לצה"ל ושירת בחיל ההנדסה ובחיל החימוש, ובין תפקידו השונים הוא שימש מדריך חבלה, סילוק פצצות, קצין ייצור, מפקד סדנא, ראש מדור ניסויים, מג"ד 276 ורע"נ אב"כ. (Hebrew: רע"נ אב"כ, lit. 'head of WMDs') ברוך דיין האמת: נפטר לוחם לח"י אליעזר בן עמיסרוגיםלאחר הקמת המדינה התגייס לצה"ל ושירת בחיל ההנדסה ובחיל החימוש, ובין תפקידו השונים הוא שימש מדריך חבלה, סילוק פצצות, קצין ייצור, מפקד סדנא, ראש מדור ניסויים, מג"ד 276 ורע"נ אב"כ. ↩

293. לוחמים / אליעזר "יחזקאל" בן עמי (לח"י) [Fighters / Eliezer "Yehezkel" Ben Ami (Lehi)]. שי אלוני shayaloni.co.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. בן עמי היה זה שתכנן ויצר את שני "רימוני התפוז" בתוך כתלי בית הכלא, עבור משה ברזני (לח"י) ומאיר פיינשטין (אצ"ל), שפוצצו עצמם למוות כשלוש שעות לפני הוצאתם לגרדום. ב 1948, לאחר שחרורו מהכלא שב לפעילות בלח"י עד לפרוק המחתרת. בן עמי התגייס לצה"ל לחטיבה 8 עם כל לוחמי לח"י, בהמשך עבר להנדסה ולחיל החימוש. עסק בפיתוח אמצעי לחימה. בוגר ביה"ס לפיקוד ומטה. בין תפקידיו הרבים בצבא: מדריך חבלה וסילוק פצצות, קצין יצור, מפקד סדנא, ראש מדור ניסויים, מג"ד 276 וראש ענף לוחמת אב"כ. ב 1969, השתחרר מ צה"ל בדרגת סא"ל. לוחמים / אליעזר "יחזקאל" בן עמי (לח"י)בן עמי היה זה שתכנן ויצר את שני "רימוני התפוז" בתוך כתלי בית הכלא, עבור משה ברזני (לח"י) ומאיר פיינשטין (אצ"ל), שפוצצו עצמם למוות כשלוש שעות לפני הוצאתם לגרדום. ב 1948, לאחר שחרורו מהכלא שב לפעילות בלח"י עד לפרוק המחתרת. בן עמי התגייס לצה"ל לחטיבה 8 עם כל לוחמי לח"י, בהמשך עבר להנדסה ולחיל החימוש. עסק בפיתוח אמצעי לחימה. בוגר ביה"ס לפיקוד ומטה. בין תפקידיו הרבים בצבא: מדריך חבלה וסילוק פצצות, קצין יצור, מפקד סדנא, ראש מדור ניסויים, מג"ד 276 וראש ענף לוחמת אב"כ. ב 1969, השתחרר מ צה"ל בדרגת סא"ל. ↩

294. Elbaz Alush, Korin (25 May 2023). "In honor of IDF's 75th anniversary, first recruits share stories from the frontlines". Ynetnews. Ben-Ami was quite the character, and knew no fear. Even when he joined the army, he acted on his own terms. "I enlisted under a false name," he said. "I chose to enlist as Eliezer Reznitsky. I took the last name of my girlfriend, who waited for me for five years while I was in prison, and later she became my wife. I knew that the [Ben-Gurion's] Mapai Party didn't want the borders I wanted for the country, and that the IDF wouldn't be the liberation army of the Israeli nation. So, I acted as I did underground, where we had nicknames. I changed my last name so that I wouldn't be recognized, in case I needed to fight beyond the borders that the IDF set. Only when I received the rank of sergeant did I return to my original last name." Ben-Ami enlisted in the 8th Armored Brigade … he transferred to the Combat Engineering Corps, then to the Technology and Maintenance Corps, and then back to engineering. He enlisted in the first Engineering Officers Course, in which he excelled, and went on to fulfill various roles: sapper, explosives instructor, and also higher-ranking roles. (Note, this is an English version, not a direct translation of the story in Hebrew edition) https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/sjb311f3rh ↩

295. אלבז-אלוש, קורין (24 May 2023). חיל החלוץ: צה"ל חוגג 75, ואלו שהתגייסו עם הקמתו זוכרים איך הכול התחיל [Pioneer Corps: The IDF celebrates 75 years, and those who enlisted when it was founded remember how it all began]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. … "התגייסתי עם שם בדוי … בחרתי להתגייס כאליעזר רזניצקי. לקחתי את שם משפחתה של חברתי, שחיכתה לי במשך חמש שנים כשישבתי בכלא ולימים הפכה לאשתי. ידעתי שמפא"י לא רוצה את גבולות הארץ שאני רציתי ושצה"ל לא יהיה צבא השחרור של עם ישראל, אז פעלתי כמו במחתרת, שבה היו לנו כינויים … רק כשקיבלתי דרגת סמל חזרתי לשם משפחתי המקורי" … בן עמי התגייס לחטיבה 8, חטיבת השריון הראשונה בפיקודו של יצחק שדה. משם עבר לחיל ההנדסה, ואז לחימוש, ושוב להנדסה. הוא יצא לקורס קציני ההנדסה הראשון, סיים בהצטיינות והמשיך לשלל תפקידים: מסלק פצצות, מדריך חבלה וראש ענף אב"כ. [… 'I enlisted under a false name … I chose to enlist as Eliezer Reznitzky. I took the last name of my girlfriend, who waited for me for five years while I was in prison and later became my wife. I knew that Mapai did not want the borders of the country that I wanted and that the IDF would not be the liberation army of the people of Israel, so I acted like I did in the underground, where we had nicknames … Only when I received the rank of sergeant did I return to my original last name' … Ben Ami enlisted in the 8th Brigade, the first armored brigade under the command of Yitzhak Sadeh. From there he transferred to the Engineering Corps, then to Armaments, and back to Engineering. He took the first Engineering Officers' Course, graduated with honors, and went on to hold a variety of positions: bomb disposal officer, sabotage instructor, and head of the ABC branch.] – Notes:  • The name is Hebrew: אליעזר רזניצקי, romanized: Eliezer Reznitsky  • The acronym is Hebrew: אב"כ, romanized: A.B.C. with the letters Aleph–Bet–Kaph, which stands for "atomic, biological, and chemical". חיל החלוץ: צה"ל חוגג 75, ואלו שהתגייסו עם הקמתו זוכרים איך הכול התחיל… "התגייסתי עם שם בדוי … בחרתי להתגייס כאליעזר רזניצקי. לקחתי את שם משפחתה של חברתי, שחיכתה לי במשך חמש שנים כשישבתי בכלא ולימים הפכה לאשתי. ידעתי שמפא"י לא רוצה את גבולות הארץ שאני רציתי ושצה"ל לא יהיה צבא השחרור של עם ישראל, אז פעלתי כמו במחתרת, שבה היו לנו כינויים … רק כשקיבלתי דרגת סמל חזרתי לשם משפחתי המקורי" … בן עמי התגייס לחטיבה 8, חטיבת השריון הראשונה בפיקודו של יצחק שדה. משם עבר לחיל ההנדסה, ואז לחימוש, ושוב להנדסה. הוא יצא לקורס קציני ההנדסה הראשון, סיים בהצטיינות והמשיך לשלל תפקידים: מסלק פצצות, מדריך חבלה וראש ענף אב"כ. ↩

296. החדר האטום הראשון. Haaretz הארץ – Hebrew edition (in Hebrew). 19 October 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. החדר האטום הראשון ↩

297. now known as Ben Gurion Airport, re-named after David Ben-Gurion. /wiki/Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle ↩

298. Blumenkrantz, Zohar (13 February 2010). "Israeli Rights Group Sues North Korea Over 1972 Terror Attack". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/2010-02-13/ty-article/israeli-rights-group-sues-north-korea-over-1972-terror-attack/0000017f-e1ce-d38f-a57f-e7de293d0000 ↩

299. (France24 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult. Two of them died but Okamoto was wounded and captured." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission". France 24. Beirut. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042329/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220531-kozo-okamoto-s-long-life-after-israel-suicide-mission ↩

300. (Ynet 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission 50 years ago". Ynetnews. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601014501/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rkxxsvmu9 ↩

301. Bush, Lawrence (29 May 2017). "The Lod Airport Terrorist Attack". Jewish Currents. Wadie Haddad (Abu Hani), the Palestinian who was the primary organizer of the attack and later organized the Entebbe airport attack in Uganda, was poisoned to death by Mossad in early 1978. https://jewishcurrents.org/the-lod-airport-terrorist-attack ↩

302. "Collection of news reports" (PDF). www.cia.gov. Retrieved 4 December 2024. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79-01194A000200120001-1.pdf ↩

303. Satoshi Sugawara (5 June 2022). "Interpreter for Red Army terrorist still indignant 50 years after Tel Aviv attack". japannews.yomiuri.co.jp The Japan News (English edition of Yomiuri Shimbun). Japan. Retrieved 4 December 2024. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/general-news/20220605-34480/ ↩

304. Randall, Jeremy (1 December 2023). "Global Revolution Starts with Palestine: The Japanese Red Army's Alliance with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 43 (3): 358–369. doi:10.1215/1089201X-10892853. ISSN 1089-201X. Retrieved 4 December 2024. https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article/43/3/358/384021/Global-Revolution-Starts-with-PalestineThe ↩

305. Blumenkrantz, Zohar (13 February 2010). "Israeli Rights Group Sues North Korea Over 1972 Terror Attack". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/2010-02-13/ty-article/israeli-rights-group-sues-north-korea-over-1972-terror-attack/0000017f-e1ce-d38f-a57f-e7de293d0000 ↩

306. Atran 2006, p. 129. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

307. Maggio, Edward J (2009). Private Security In The 21st Century: Concepts And Applications. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7637-5190-6. Retrieved 13 October 2015. 978-0-7637-5190-6 ↩

308. (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "group")"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

309. includes earlier versions of the group counted separately by the CPOST Suicide Attack Database: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, and Islamic State of Iraq ↩

310. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

311. Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia…. Macmillan. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-09-952327-7. 978-0-09-952327-7 ↩

312. (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location")"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

313. (Leibovitz 2018) – Quote "There was no way, they thought, that Menachem Begin could really win the election. But on 17 May 1977, he did, sending Israel's upper crust into a tailspin." - Leibovitz, Liel (29 June 2018). "In Menachem Begin's Rise, Lessons for the #Resistance to Trump". Tablet (magazine). https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/menachem-begin-lessons-for-resistance-to-trump ↩

314. Begin 1964. - Begin (8 December 1964). הישיבה הארבע-מאות-ושמונה-עשרה של הכנסת החמישית יום שלישי, ג׳ טבת תשכ״ה (8 דצמבר 1964) הודעת הממשלה על מיזוג עדות - דיון. מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220811115958/https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA/ ↩

315. Begin 1981: Hebrew: המפקד הגדול במחוזות היה תימני; עוזי היה ספרדי; גידי, שעשה את הפעולה ההיסטורית של מלון המלך דויד, היה ספרדי; הממונה על כל האסירים בלטרון היה תימני - וכל הבחורים שלנו עמדו דום לפניו. איזו בעיה? אין לנו. כולנו יהודים. כולנו אחים. כולנו לוחמים … יש ביניהם עולי גרדום, אשר עד הרגע האחרון לחייהם שרו את שיר ״התקווה״ והפליאו עולם ומלואו בגבורתם המופתית. והם הלכו לבתי־הסוהר, למחנות ריכוז, הם נלחמו ולא נשברו, הם זעקו בפני השופטים הבריטים את המילים ״אנחנו לא מכירים בלל בשלטונכם - עליכם להסתלק מכאן, מארץ־ישראל״. פיינשטיין היה ממוצא אירופאי, איך קוראים לזה, אשכנזי; משה ברזני היה ספרדי מעירק. בלילה לאחר שנידונו למוות, והיו צריכים בבוקר־בבוקר להוריד אותם מן התלייה, והרב היה איש זקן, הוא אמד שיבוא להוריד אותם, ולא רצו לפגוע ברב, הם לקחו ללבותיהם רימון יד, לחצו. אשכנזים? עירקים? יהודים. אחים. לוחמים. - Begin, Menachem (1981). נאום בחירות בכיכר מלכי ישראל (מוכר כנאום הצ'חצ'חים) [Election speech at Malki Yisrael Square – known as the Tchach-Tchachim Speech]. מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew). https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8-%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95/ ↩

316. (Leibovitz 2018) – Quote "They fastened the grenade to their hearts", Begin said emotionally, "and they pulled the pin. An Ashkenazi Jew? An Iraqi Jew? They were Jews! Brothers! Warriors!" - Leibovitz, Liel (29 June 2018). "In Menachem Begin's Rise, Lessons for the #Resistance to Trump". Tablet (magazine). https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/menachem-begin-lessons-for-resistance-to-trump ↩

317. Begin 1981: Hebrew: המפקד הגדול במחוזות היה תימני; עוזי היה ספרדי; גידי, שעשה את הפעולה ההיסטורית של מלון המלך דויד, היה ספרדי; הממונה על כל האסירים בלטרון היה תימני - וכל הבחורים שלנו עמדו דום לפניו. איזו בעיה? אין לנו. כולנו יהודים. כולנו אחים. כולנו לוחמים … יש ביניהם עולי גרדום, אשר עד הרגע האחרון לחייהם שרו את שיר ״התקווה״ והפליאו עולם ומלואו בגבורתם המופתית. והם הלכו לבתי־הסוהר, למחנות ריכוז, הם נלחמו ולא נשברו, הם זעקו בפני השופטים הבריטים את המילים ״אנחנו לא מכירים בלל בשלטונכם - עליכם להסתלק מכאן, מארץ־ישראל״. פיינשטיין היה ממוצא אירופאי, איך קוראים לזה, אשכנזי; משה ברזני היה ספרדי מעירק. בלילה לאחר שנידונו למוות, והיו צריכים בבוקר־בבוקר להוריד אותם מן התלייה, והרב היה איש זקן, הוא אמד שיבוא להוריד אותם, ולא רצו לפגוע ברב, הם לקחו ללבותיהם רימון יד, לחצו. אשכנזים? עירקים? יהודים. אחים. לוחמים. - Begin, Menachem (1981). נאום בחירות בכיכר מלכי ישראל (מוכר כנאום הצ'חצ'חים) [Election speech at Malki Yisrael Square – known as the Tchach-Tchachim Speech]. מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין (in Hebrew). https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8-%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95/ ↩

318. (Leibovitz 2018) – Quote "They fastened the grenade to their hearts", Begin said emotionally, "and they pulled the pin. An Ashkenazi Jew? An Iraqi Jew? They were Jews! Brothers! Warriors!" - Leibovitz, Liel (29 June 2018). "In Menachem Begin's Rise, Lessons for the #Resistance to Trump". Tablet (magazine). https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/menachem-begin-lessons-for-resistance-to-trump ↩

319. Harkov 2019. - Harkov, Lahav (3 April 2019). "From Begin's tchach-tchachim to Bibi's bots- analysis". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 June 2025. https://www.jpost.com/israel-elections/from-begins-tchach-tchachim-to-bibis-bots-analysis-585657 ↩

320. Kraft, Michael; Marks, Edward (2011). "1. Modern Terrorism and the Federal Government Response". U.S. Government Counterterrorism: A Guide to Who Does What. CRC Press. ↩

321. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

322. (France24 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult. Two of them died but Okamoto was wounded and captured." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission". France 24. Beirut. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042329/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220531-kozo-okamoto-s-long-life-after-israel-suicide-mission ↩

323. (Ynet 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission 50 years ago". Ynetnews. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601014501/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rkxxsvmu9 ↩

324. (Kowner 2022) "Okamoto himself sought to take full responsibility for his actions. He was a model of cooperation in the interrogation, and confessed in the hope that he would be executed quickly." - Kowner, Rotem (27 May 2022). "The Strange Story of the Japanese Terrorists Behind the '72 Israel Airport Massacre". https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-05-27/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-strange-story-of-the-terrorists-behind-the-israel-airport-massacre/00000181-0661-dcf3-a395-3fe1d10f0000 ↩

325. Horowitz, Michael C. (2015). "The Rise and Spread of Suicide Bombing". Annual Review of Political Science. 18: 69–84. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-062813-051049. https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-062813-051049 ↩

326. Debra D. Zedalis (June 2004). "FEMALE SUICIDE BOMBERS" (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20051006051237/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf ↩

327. Debra D. Zedalis (August 2004). Female Suicide Bombers. The Minerva Group. ISBN 978-1-4102-1593-2. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 978-1-4102-1593-2 ↩

328. Debra D. Zedalis (2004). "Female Suicide Bombers". University Press of the Pacific. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Iraq militants turn to women for suicide attacks https://web.archive.org/web/20140726124637/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/jan2008/female_bombers.html ↩

329. Rajan, V. G. Julie (2011). Women Suicide Bombers: Narratives of Violence. Routledge. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-136-76021-1. Retrieved 13 October 2015. Rosemary Skaine writes about Sana'a Mehaidli the first suicide bomber and first women [sic?] bomber for the Syrian Socialist Network Party ... 978-1-136-76021-1 ↩

330. Jane's Intelligence Review lists 168 Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka carried out by the LTTE between 187 and 2009.[256] /wiki/Jane%27s_Intelligence_Review ↩

331. "Tending to Sri Lanka". The Washington Times. Retrieved 17 June 2008. http://washingtontimes.com/op-ed/20060819-095333-3607r.htm ↩

332. "Year: 1982–2015: Group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

333. "Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi". BBC News. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5122032.stm ↩

334. "We killed Rajiv, confesses LTTE". The Times of India. 28 June 2006. Archived from the original on 8 September 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2007. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/We-killed-Rajiv-confesses-LTTE/articleshow/1686574.cms ↩

335. "On This Day 21 May – 1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi". BBC. 21 May 1991. Retrieved 5 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2504000/2504739.stm ↩

336. Baker, Mark (16 September 2002). "Hopes high for end to Sri Lanka war". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 10 May 2007. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/15/1032054710030.html ↩

337. "Sri Lanka assassination plot". BBC News. 27 July 1998. Retrieved 10 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/140084.stm ↩

338. Sambandan, V. S. (5 September 2005). "Inquiries into Premadasa, Dissanayake killings closed". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 1 March 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070301153730/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/05/stories/2005090507041200.htm ↩

339. "CHRONOLOGY-Assassinations of political figures in Sri Lanka". Reuters UK. 10 November 2006. Archived from the original on 24 April 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007. https://archive.today/20070424061503/http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=COL159286&WTmodLoc=World-R5-Alertnet-5 ↩

340. URL https://omny.fm/shows/weird-little-guys/the-white-wolf iheart: https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-weird-little-guys-201395214/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6O5wt2Kg5UxvswukRZ8lzl?si=e52fQGIrQvOsIOTmib6JRQ Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-white-wolf/id1760218611?i=1000700050736 https://omny.fm/shows/weird-little-guys/the-white-wolf ↩

341. "Year: 1982–2015. Group: Kurdistan Workers Party". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

342. Kurz, Robert W.; Charles K. Bartles (2007). "Chechen suicide bombers" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 20 (4): 529–547. doi:10.1080/13518040701703070. S2CID 96476266. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2012. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a477845.pdf ↩

343. פיגוע אוטובוס 405. News1. Retrieved 22 March 2015. פיגוע אוטובוס 405 ↩

344. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

345. Pedahzur 2004, pp. 66–69. - Pedahzur, Ami (2004). Suicide Terrorism. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3383-1. Retrieved 22 March 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=_5XBVsosvzYC&pg=PA66 ↩

346. Kurz, Robert W.; Charles K. Bartles (2007). "Chechen suicide bombers" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 20 (4): 529–547. doi:10.1080/13518040701703070. S2CID 96476266. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2012. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a477845.pdf ↩

347. "RESULTS ARE FILTERED BY: Year: 1982–2015. Country: Israel". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

348. Schweitzer, Y. (2007). "Palestinian Istishhadia: A Developing Instrument'" (PDF). Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 30 (8): 667–689. doi:10.1080/10576100701435761. S2CID 144812564. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151121045437/http://www.inss.org.il/upload/%28FILE%291300198331.pdf ↩

349. Analysis: Palestinian suicide bombings. BBC News (2007-01-29); retrieved 2012-08-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3256858.stm ↩

350. "PA Indoctrination of Children to Seek Shahada". Archived from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081112223611/http://www.pmw.org.il/tv%20part1.html ↩

351. Palestinian Media Watch official website Archived May 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Pmw.org.il; retrieved 2012-08-19. http://www.pmw.org.il/index.html ↩

352. "Palestinian Summer Camps Teach Terror Tactics, Espouse Hatred; Some Found to Be Funded by UNICEF" Archived 2005-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, adl.org; retrieved 2012-08-19. http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4153_62.asp ↩

353. Europe's Palestinian Children What Hope for Them? Archived March 8, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. Eufunding.org; retrieved 2012-08-19. http://www.eufunding.org/Textbooks/EuropesPalestinianChildren.html ↩

354. Issacharoff, Avi (5 April 2010). "Femme Fatale, Jihad Style". Haaretz. Retrieved 14 October 2023. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2010-04-05/ty-article/femme-fatale-jihad-style/0000017f-e3e5-d804-ad7f-f3ff686a0000 ↩

355. Myre, Greg (25 March 2004). "Israeli Soldiers Thwart a Boy's Suicide Bombing Attempt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 October 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/25/world/israeli-soldiers-thwart-a-boy-s-suicide-bombing-attempt.html ↩

356. Lidgett, Adam (11 September 2015). "9/11 Attacks In Photos 2015: 15 Iconic Images From September 11, 2001 And Its Aftermath 14 Years Later". International Business Times. Retrieved 12 January 2016. http://www.ibtimes.com/911-attacks-photos-2015-15-iconic-images-september-11-2001-its-aftermath-14-years-2091600 ↩

357. Lewis, Jeffrey William (April 2013). "The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing". Origins. 6 (7). Retrieved 21 October 2015. http://origins.osu.edu/article/human-use-human-beings-brief-history-suicide-bombing ↩

358. "America's day of terror". BBC News. Retrieved 22 March 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror ↩

359. "Part of Flight 93 crashed on my land. I went back to the sacred ground 20 years later: The NPR Politics Podcast". NPR. 3 September 2021. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1033059826 ↩

360. "On 9/11, the deadliest attacks in history". 24 August 2021. https://www.rfi.fr/en/on-9-11-the-deadliest-attacks-in-history ↩

361. "Call to Action - Flight 93 National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/flight93story.htm ↩

362. Thousands more were injured.[285][286] The exact figure is unknown―some sources say 6,000.[287] people were injured, while others go as high as 25,000.[288] ↩

363. "Everything You Need to Know About the Stock Market Schedule". www.nasdaq.com. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/everything-you-need-know-about-stock-market-schedule ↩

364. "9/11 Wars: Timeline". https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/911-wars-timeline ↩

365. "Timeline: How 9/11 Reshaped Foreign Policy". https://www.cfr.org/timeline/how-911-reshaped-foreign-policy ↩

366. "Global War on Terror | George W. Bush Library". https://www.georgewbushlibrary.gov/research/topic-guides/global-war-terror ↩

367. "George W. Bush: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center". 4 October 2016. https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/foreign-affairs ↩

368. "The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks". Naval History and Heritage Command. https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/sept-11-attack.html ↩

369. "Afghanistan War: How did 9/11 lead to a 20-year war?". https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/afghanistan-war-how-did-911-lead-to-a-20-year-war ↩

370. "Timeline: The U.S. War in Afghanistan". https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan ↩

371. "July 22: A Pivotal Day in Terrorism History". 22 July 2021. https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ ↩

372. "Long, long road". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2015/03/19/long-long-road ↩

373. (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide.)"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

374. "Handicapped boy who was made into a bomb", Smh.com.au, February 2, 2005; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://www.smh.com.au/news/After-Saddam/Handicapped-boy-made-into-bomb/2005/02/01/1107228705132.html ↩

375. "Bhutto 'wounded in suicide blast'". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161489.stm ↩

376. "Pakistan's Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto Assassinated". VOA News. Voice of America. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080725141827/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-12/2007-12-27-voa12.cfm ↩

377. "Benazir Bhutto killed in attack". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161590.stm ↩

378. "Bhutto exhumation OK, Pakistan official says". CNN. 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/29/bhutto.death/index.html ↩

379. "Benazir Bhutto killed in attack". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161590.stm ↩

380. Gall, Carlotta; Masood, Salman (19 October 2007). "Bomb Attack Kills Scores in Pakistan as Bhutto Returns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2007. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/world/asia/19pakistan.html ↩

381. "Death toll rises in Bhutto attack". CNN. 19 October 2007. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/10/18/pakistan.explosions/index.html ↩

382. Named in honour of the martyr (shaheed) Benazir Bhutto, after she was assassinated by a suicide bomber in 2007: Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College Shaheed Benazir Bhutto City University in Karachi, Sindh Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Dewan University in Karachi, Sindh Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Shaheed Benazirabad) in Nawabshah, Sindh Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences in Sakrand, Sindh Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University (Karachi) in Karachi, Sindh Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Sheringal) in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University (previously known as the Frontier Women University, in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) /wiki/Benazir_Bhutto ↩

383. (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide.)"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

384. (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide.)"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

385. Shahan Mufti. "Suicide attacks a growing threat in Pakistan". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2008.. csmonitor.com. http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1010/p04s03-wosc.html ↩

386. Pedahzur 2004, p. 112. - Pedahzur, Ami (2004). Suicide Terrorism. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3383-1. Retrieved 22 March 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=_5XBVsosvzYC&pg=PA66 ↩

387. "Factbox: Major Terrorist Incidents Tied To Russian-Chechen War". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Rferl.org. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2015. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1054699.html ↩

388. "Special Reports | London explosions". BBC News. Retrieved 22 March 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2005/london_explosions/default.stm ↩

389. "Suicide Bombing Marks a Grim New Turn for Somalia". Time. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20091207005106/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1945398,00.html ↩

390. "The Attack – Manchester Arena Inquiry". manchesterarenainquiry.org.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2023. https://manchesterarenainquiry.org.uk/report-volume-one/part-1-missed-opportunities/the-attack/ ↩

391. Blankstein, Andrew; Cohen, Rebecca (17 May 2025). "1 dead, 4 hurt in Palm Springs car explosion deemed 'act of terrorism' by FBI". NBC News. Archived from the original on 18 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/palm-springs-explosion-rcna207467 ↩

392. "One person dead in Palm Springs explosion called an 'intentional act of terrorism'". The Desert Sun. 17 May 2025. Retrieved 3 June 2025. https://www.desertsun.com/live-story/news/local/2025/05/17/loud-boom-rattles-palm-springs-area-desert-sun-seeking-information/83695784007/ ↩

393. Rodriguez, Matthew (18 May 2025). "FBI: Palm Springs explosion suspect "had nihilistic ideations", is believed dead after fertility clinic bombing". CBS News. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/palm-springs-explosion-riverside-county-southern-california/ ↩

394. Ward, Jasper; Gardner, Timothy (17 May 2025). "Bomb kills one near California fertility clinic; FBI calls it 'terrorism'". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2025. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/bomb-explodes-near-california-reproductive-health-facility-killing-one-mayor-2025-05-17/ ↩

395. "Car explosion at fertility clinic in Palm Springs, California". BNO News. 17 May 2025. Archived from the original on 17 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025. https://bnonews.com/index.php/2025/05/explosion-fertility-clinic-in-palm-springs-california/ ↩

396. Balchan, Kendall (17 May 2025). "One dead, four injured after explosion outside reproductive center in Downtown Palm Springs; police and FBI investigating as an act of terror". Palm Springs Post. Archived from the original on 17 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025. https://thepalmspringspost.com/one-dead-after-bomb-explodes-outside-reproductive-center-in-downtown-palm-springs/ ↩

397. Rodriguez, Matthew (18 May 2025). "FBI: Palm Springs explosion suspect "had nihilistic ideations", is believed dead after fertility clinic bombing". CBS News. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/palm-springs-explosion-riverside-county-southern-california/ ↩

398. "One person dead in 'intentional act of violence' in downtown Palm Springs". The Desert Sun. 17 May 2025. Archived from the original on 18 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025. https://www.desertsun.com/live-story/news/local/2025/05/17/loud-boom-rattles-palm-springs-area-desert-sun-seeking-information/83695784007/ ↩

399. Ward, Jasper; Gardner, Timothy (17 May 2025). "Bomb kills one near California fertility clinic; FBI calls it 'terrorism'". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2025. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/bomb-explodes-near-california-reproductive-health-facility-killing-one-mayor-2025-05-17/ ↩

400. "Bomber of California fertility clinic identified, described himself as pro-mortalist". BNO News. 17 May 2025. https://bnonews.com/index.php/2025/05/bomber-of-california-fertility-clinic-described-as-pro-mortalist/ ↩

401. "FBI arrests Washington man in New York linked to explosion at a California fertility clinic, officials say". KING-TV. 4 June 2025. Retrieved 4 June 2025. https://www.king5.com/article/news/crime/fbi-arrests-wa-man-new-york-linked-explosion-california-fertility-clinic/281-1e14d4aa-77b8-478b-a3b2-9cb7accd09ec ↩

402. Sundby, Alex (4 June 2025). "Arrest in connection with Palm Springs fertility clinic bombing made at New York's JFK airport". CBS News. Retrieved 4 June 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palm-springs-bombing-arrest-jfk-airport/ ↩

403. "Scoop: Bondi helps secure extradition of fertility clinic bombing suspect to U.S. From Poland". 4 June 2025. https://www.axios.com/2025/06/04/bondi-extradite-poland-daniel-jongyon-park ↩

404. "The LTTE and suicide terrorism". Hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100504204040/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1703/17031060.htm ↩

405. Atran, Scott (12 March 2008). "The Making of a Terrorist: A Need for Understanding from the Field Testimony before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security Washington, DC" (PDF). umich.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2015. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/atran_congress_12march08.pdf ↩

406. Atran, Scott (12 March 2008). "The Making of a Terrorist: A Need for Understanding from the Field Testimony before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security Washington, DC" (PDF). umich.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2015. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/atran_congress_12march08.pdf ↩

407. Atran, Scott (12 March 2008). "The Making of a Terrorist: A Need for Understanding from the Field Testimony before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security Washington, DC" (PDF). umich.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2015. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/atran_congress_12march08.pdf ↩

408. THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2008 (p. 9) Archived 2013-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, Edge.org; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_9.html#atran ↩

409. Arabic: داعش, romanized: Da'esh, Hebrew: דאעש, romanized: Da'esh.[324][325][326] /wiki/Arabic_language ↩

410. Jamie Gierson (28 February 2017). "Isis has industrialised martyrdom, says report into suicide attacks". The Guardian. /wiki/The_Guardian ↩

411. Jamie Gierson (28 February 2017). "Isis has industrialised martyrdom, says report into suicide attacks". The Guardian. /wiki/The_Guardian ↩

412. https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2018-01-07/ty-article/.premium/0000017f-e630-d97e-a37f-f77537560000 https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2018-01-07/ty-article/.premium/0000017f-e630-d97e-a37f-f77537560000 ↩

413. "MES Insights, vol. 14, no. 6". https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MES-Publications/MES-Insights/Excommunicating-Hamas/ ↩

414. "Hamas guard killed in rare suicide attack in Gaza Strip". 18 August 2017. https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1146196/middle-east ↩

415. "What Effect ISIS' Declaration Of War Against Hamas Could Have In The Middle East". www.npr.org. 15 January 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/01/15/578172703/what-effect-isis-declaration-of-war-against-hamas-could-have-in-the-middle-east ↩

416. "Cracking down on deviant ideology". https://www.arabnews.com/node/536401/amp ↩

417. "Hamas militant killed by suicide bomber in Gaza". Los Angeles Times. New York City (AP) and Los Angeles (LA Times). Associated Press. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029061613/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-gaza-suicide-bomber-20170817-story.html ↩

418. Abuheweila, Iyad; Kershner, Isabel (10 January 2018). "ISIS Declares War on Hamas, and Gaza Families Disown Sons in Sinai (Published 2018)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/world/middleeast/isis-hamas-sinai.html ↩

419. "Israel, West Bank, and Gaza". https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/israel/ ↩

420. "Explosions hit Gaza police checkpoints, three dead - officials". www.reuters.com. 28 August 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/explosions-hit-gaza-police-checkpoints-three-dead-officials-idUSKCN1VH2C3/ ↩

421. "Deadly explosions hit police checkpoints in Gaza Strip". 28 August 2019. https://www.france24.com/en/20190828-deadly-explosions-police-checkpoints-gaza-strip ↩

422. "Officials: Explosions Hit Gaza Police Checkpoints, Three Dead". 27 August 2019. https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_officials-explosions-hit-gaza-police-checkpoints-three-dead/6174697.html ↩

423. "Hamas: ISIS is behind the bombings in Gaza - North press agency". npasyria.com. North Press Agency. 28 August 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241109035438/https://npasyria.com/en/43824/ ↩

424. "183 הרוגים במתקפה של דאעש בדרום סוריה". כאן | תאגיד השידור הישראלי (in Hebrew). Retrieved 22 June 2025. https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/global/242257/ ↩

425. "Another ISIS suicide bombing attack targets Americans and Kurds; ISIS threatens more attacks - The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center". www.terrorism-info.org.il. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20230127025720/https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/another-isis-suicide-bombing-attack-targets-americans-kurds-isis-threatens-attacks/ ↩

426. הידיעות, סוכנויות (28 January 2021). "אחרי פיגוע קטלני: "חוסל מפקד דאעש בעיראק"". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 22 June 2025. https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/HkJwMtxgO ↩

427. קייס, רועי. "פיגוע קטלני בכנסייה בדמשק: 30 הרוגים, המחבל - פעיל דאעש". כאן | תאגיד השידור הישראלי (in Hebrew). Retrieved 22 June 2025. https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/global/923876/ ↩

428. "סוריה: מחבל של דאעש פתח באש והתפוצץ בכנסייה בדמשק, לפחות 15 נהרגו - וואלה חדשות". וואלה (in Hebrew). 22 June 2025. Retrieved 22 June 2025. http://news.walla.co.il/item/3759555 ↩

429. "Yuki wa juunanasai tokkou de shinda (Yuki died at 17 in a kamikaze attack)". Kamikaze Images. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2016. http://www.kamikazeimages.net/books/japanese/yuki/index.htm ↩

430. Gordon, Bill (May 2005). "Last Letters of Corporal Yukio Araki". Kamikaze Images. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2016. http://www.kamikazeimages.net/writings/araki/index.htm ↩

431. "Yuki wa juunanasai tokkou de shinda (Yuki died at 17 in a kamikaze attack)". Kamikaze Images. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2016. http://www.kamikazeimages.net/books/japanese/yuki/index.htm ↩

432. Bos, Carole. "Kamikaze Attacks – Pacific Theater, WWII". AwesomeStories.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404210653/https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Kamikaze-Attacks-Pacific-Theater-WWII ↩

433. Debra D. Zedalis (June 2004). "FEMALE SUICIDE BOMBERS" (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20051006051237/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf ↩

434. Debra D. Zedalis (August 2004). Female Suicide Bombers. The Minerva Group. ISBN 978-1-4102-1593-2. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 978-1-4102-1593-2 ↩

435. Debra D. Zedalis (2004). "Female Suicide Bombers". University Press of the Pacific. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Iraq militants turn to women for suicide attacks https://web.archive.org/web/20140726124637/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/jan2008/female_bombers.html ↩

436. Rajan, V. G. Julie (2011). Women Suicide Bombers: Narratives of Violence. Routledge. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-136-76021-1. Retrieved 13 October 2015. Rosemary Skaine writes about Sana'a Mehaidli the first suicide bomber and first women [sic?] bomber for the Syrian Socialist Network Party ... 978-1-136-76021-1 ↩

437. Lisa Wedeen (15 June 1999). Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87788-4. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 978-0-226-87788-4 ↩

438. Women Armed for Terror, nytimes.com; accessed 22 March 2015 https://graphics7.nytimes.com/images/2004/09/10/international/0910BOMBERSch.gif ↩

439. Pape, Dying to Win, p. 209. ↩

440. Cook, Bernard A. (2006). Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present, ABC-CLIO; accessed March 22, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&pg=PA315 ↩

441. "UChicago CPOST". cpostdata.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20140823175940/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php ↩

442. Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-19-530739-9. Retrieved 13 October 2015. 978-0-19-530739-9 ↩

443. Cragin, Kim; Daly, Sara A. (2009). Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs. ABC-CLIO. 8 June 2009. ISBN 978-0-275-98909-5. Retrieved 22 March 2015. 978-0-275-98909-5 ↩

444. Rajan, V.G. Julie (2011). Women Suicide Bombers: narratives of violence. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-55225-7. 978-0-415-55225-7 ↩

445. Cook, Bernard A. (2006). Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present, ABC-CLIO; accessed March 22, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&pg=PA315 ↩

446. Rajan, V.G. Julie (2011). Women Suicide Bombers: narratives of violence. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-55225-7. 978-0-415-55225-7 ↩

447. Rajan, V.G. Julie (2011). Women Suicide Bombers: narratives of violence. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-55225-7. 978-0-415-55225-7 ↩

448. "Female suicide bomber kills 15 at crowded Afghan market", CBC News, May 15, 2008; retrieved April 29, 2012. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/female-suicide-bomber-kills-15-at-crowded-afghan-market-1.709104 ↩

449. "Female suicide bomber kills dozens at Pakistan food center after militants killed near Afghan border", nydailynews.com, December 25, 2010; retrieved April 29, 2012. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/12/25/2010-12-25_female_suicide_bomber_kills_dozens_at_pakistan_food_center_after_militants_kille.html ↩

450. "Suicide bomber kills several at train station in Russia". CBS News. 29 December 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2015. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/female-suicide-bomber-kills-several-at-train-station-in-russia/ ↩

451. "Bangladesh's female jihadists". Dhaka Tribune. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016. http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/12/24/bangladesh-sees-first-female-suicide-bomber/ ↩

452. U.S. Army Female Suicide Bombers Report (p. 71), publicintelligence.net; accessed July 11, 2015. https://publicintelligence.net/ufouo-u-s-army-female-suicide-bombers-report ↩

453. Study: Female suicide bombers seek atonement, ynetnews.com; accessed 22 March 2015 http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3198362,00.html ↩

454. Rajan, V.G. Julie (2011). Women Suicide Bombers: narratives of violence. New York: Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-55225-7. 978-0-415-55225-7 ↩

455. O'Rourke, L.A. (2009). "What Special About Female Suicide Terrorism?". Security Studies. 18 (4): 681–718. doi:10.1080/09636410903369084. S2CID 55378946. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

456. O'Rourke, L.A. (2009). "What Special About Female Suicide Terrorism?". Security Studies. 18 (4): 688, Table 2. doi:10.1080/09636410903369084. S2CID 55378946. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

457. O'Rourke, L.A. (2009). "What Special About Female Suicide Terrorism?". Security Studies. 18 (4): 681–718. doi:10.1080/09636410903369084. S2CID 55378946. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

458. O'Rourke, L.A. (2009). "What Special About Female Suicide Terrorism?". Security Studies. 18 (4): 681–718. doi:10.1080/09636410903369084. S2CID 55378946. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

459. O'Rourke, L.A. (2009). "What Special About Female Suicide Terrorism?". Security Studies. 18 (4): 681–718. doi:10.1080/09636410903369084. S2CID 55378946. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

460. Yarchi, Moran (2014). "The Effect of Female Suicide Attacks on Foreign Media Framing of Conflicts: The Case of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 37 (8): 674–688. doi:10.1080/1057610x.2014.921768. S2CID 111161699. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

461. Clonan, Tom. "The History of Women in Combat." Technological School of Dublin, School of Media, 1998, pp. 117-162 ↩

462. O'Rourke, L. "What's Special about Female Suicide Terrorism." Security Studies. Vol. 18. 2009. Pp. 681-718 ↩

463. Bloom, Mia (2007). "Female Suicide Bombers: A Global Trend". Daedalus. 136 (1): 94–102. doi:10.1162/daed.2007.136.1.94. ISSN 0011-5266. JSTOR 20028092. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

464. Bloom, Mia (2007). "Female Suicide Bombers: A Global Trend". Daedalus. 136 (1): 94–102. doi:10.1162/daed.2007.136.1.94. ISSN 0011-5266. JSTOR 20028092. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

465. Gowrinathan, Nimmi. "Evident Truths: American Women at War." Los Angeles Review of Books, LA Review of Books, 2 Apr. 2021, lareviewofbooks.org/article/evident-truths-american-women-at-war/. ↩

466. Amireh, Amal. "Palestinian Women's Disappearing Act: The Suicide Bomber through Western Feminist Eyes." MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 5, Spring 2005. Pp. 228-242 ↩

467. Lewis, Jeffrey William (April 2013). "The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing". Origins. 6 (7). Retrieved 21 October 2015. http://origins.osu.edu/article/human-use-human-beings-brief-history-suicide-bombing ↩

468. Lewis, Jeffrey William (April 2013). "The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing". Origins. 6 (7). Retrieved 21 October 2015. http://origins.osu.edu/article/human-use-human-beings-brief-history-suicide-bombing ↩

469. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

470. Schweitzer, Yoram (October 2010). "The Rise and Fall of Suicide Bombings in the Second Intifada" (PDF). Strategic Assessment. 13 (3). Retrieved 21 October 2015. http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/Import/%28FILE%291289896644.pdf ↩

471. Quoted in Mia Bloom (2005), Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror (New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 3–4; ISBN 0-231-13320-0. /wiki/Mia_Bloom ↩

472. Pape, Dying to Win, (2005), pp. 28–29 ↩

473. Ashworth, Scott; Clinton, Joshua D.; Meirowitz, Adam; Ramsay, Kristopher W. (2008). "Design, Inference, and the Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism". American Political Science Review. 102 (2): 269–273. doi:10.1017/S0003055408080167. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 27644515. S2CID 17827986. /wiki/American_Political_Science_Review ↩

474. Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 October 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/302739/ ↩

475. Moghadam, Assaf (2006). "Defining suicide terrorism". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom. Cass series on political violence (Reprinted ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-0-415-77029-3. 978-0-415-77029-3 ↩

476. Understanding Suicide Terrorism And How To Stop It, npr.org; accessed 22 March 2015 https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130492404 ↩

477. Through No Fault of Their Own: Punitive House Demolitions during the al-Aqsa Intifada B'Tselem, November 2004 http://www.btselem.org/download/200411_Punitive_House_Demolitions_Eng.pdf ↩

478. Ed Farrian (April 2005). "Human Rights Issues for the Palestinian population". mfa.gov.il. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel). Retrieved 11 July 2015. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Law/Legal+Issues+and+Rulings/Human+Rights+Issues+for+the+Palestinian+population+-+April+2005.htm ↩

479. "Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks". BBC News. 29 January 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3256858.stm ↩

480. "Frontline: Shattered Dreams of Peace". PBS.ORG. Retrieved 21 October 2015. On March 29, 2002, after a suicide bomber killed 30 people, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield. Israel's troops re-entered Palestinian cities and refugee camps, hunting down terrorists and often leaving massive destruction in their wake. Three months later, in mid-June 2002, two more suicide bombings struck Israel. Sharon announced Israel would immediately begin a policy of taking back land in the West Bank, and holding it, until the terror attacks stopped. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/negotiations/ ↩

481. "Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks". BBC News. 29 January 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3256858.stm ↩

482. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

483. Understanding Suicide Terrorism And How To Stop It, npr.org; accessed 22 March 2015 https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130492404 ↩

484. Understanding Suicide Terrorism And How To Stop It, npr.org; accessed 22 March 2015 https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130492404 ↩

485. Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 October 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/302739/ ↩

486. Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 October 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/302739/ ↩

487. Boot, Max (7 April 2010). "When suicide bombing is simply strategic suicide". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 October 2015. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-apr-07-la-oe-boot7-2010apr07-story.html ↩

488. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

489. "Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090524162659/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/20/2576543.htm ↩

490. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

491. "Who are Hamas?". BBC News. 4 January 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm ↩

492. "Who are Hamas?". BBC News. 4 January 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm ↩

493. Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (September 1993) Archived 2010-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, Mfa.gov.il; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm ↩

494. "Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location", click Israel and after getting the results click "year". https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

495. "Who are Hamas?". BBC News. 4 January 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm ↩

496. (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location", click Israel and after getting the results click "year".)"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 ↩

497. Schweitzer, Yoram (October 2010). "The Rise and Fall of Suicide Bombings in the Second Intifada" (PDF). Strategic Assessment. 13 (3). Retrieved 21 October 2015. http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/Import/%28FILE%291289896644.pdf ↩

498. "Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks". BBC News. 29 January 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3256858.stm ↩

499. Weinstein, Jamie (2 February 2004). "Barrier's Success Counted In Lives". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140811072549/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2004-02-02/news/0401300663_1_west-bank-barrier-sound-barriers-suicide-bombings ↩

500. Steves, Rick (18 November 2013). "The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall". HuffPost. Retrieved 13 October 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rick-steves/the-security-fence-the-an_b_4296601.html ↩

501. Steves, Rick (18 November 2013). "The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall". HuffPost. Retrieved 13 October 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rick-steves/the-security-fence-the-an_b_4296601.html ↩

502. Waxman, Dov (2011). "Living with terror, not Living in Terror: The Impact of Chronic Terrorism on Israeli Society". Perspectives on Terrorism. 5 (5–6). Retrieved 14 October 2015. Palestinian terrorism during the second Intifada clearly affected the political preferences of the Israeli electorate. Sharon's resounding victory in the 2001 election was one indication of this effect. Another was the Likud party's decisive win in the 2003 Knesset elections, doubling the number of its seats in parliament (from 19 to 38), while the rival pro-negotiation center-left Labor party lost seven seats (dropping from 26 to 19 seats). Not only did Palestinian terrorism boost the electoral appeal of the political right in Israel, it also helped to bring about a rightward shift in the political positions of the Israeli public. In general, more Israelis identified themselves as right-wing and fewer as left-wing. ... Palestinian terrorism ... had a major impact on their attitudes towards the use of force against Palestinians. Israeli Jews became much more militant and 'hawkish.' ... Angry and embittered by the seemingly endless series of gruesome Palestinian suicide bombings inside Israel, the vast majority of the Israeli public staunchly supported the Sharon government's offensive military measures against the Palestinians. In 2001, for instance, 89 percent of Israeli Jews supported the Sharon government's policy of "targeted assassinations" of Palestinian militants involved in terrorism against Israel http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/living-with-terror/html ↩

503. Waxman, Dov (2011). "Living with terror, not Living in Terror: The Impact of Chronic Terrorism on Israeli Society". Perspectives on Terrorism. 5 (5–6). Retrieved 14 October 2015. Palestinian terrorism during the second Intifada clearly affected the political preferences of the Israeli electorate. Sharon's resounding victory in the 2001 election was one indication of this effect. Another was the Likud party's decisive win in the 2003 Knesset elections, doubling the number of its seats in parliament (from 19 to 38), while the rival pro-negotiation center-left Labor party lost seven seats (dropping from 26 to 19 seats). Not only did Palestinian terrorism boost the electoral appeal of the political right in Israel, it also helped to bring about a rightward shift in the political positions of the Israeli public. In general, more Israelis identified themselves as right-wing and fewer as left-wing. ... Palestinian terrorism ... had a major impact on their attitudes towards the use of force against Palestinians. Israeli Jews became much more militant and 'hawkish.' ... Angry and embittered by the seemingly endless series of gruesome Palestinian suicide bombings inside Israel, the vast majority of the Israeli public staunchly supported the Sharon government's offensive military measures against the Palestinians. In 2001, for instance, 89 percent of Israeli Jews supported the Sharon government's policy of "targeted assassinations" of Palestinian militants involved in terrorism against Israel http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/living-with-terror/html ↩

504. Peace Index / Most Israelis support the fence, despite Palestinian suffering – Haaretz — Israel News — Ephraim Yaar, Tamar Hermann — March 10, 2004 https://www.haaretz.com/1.4751323 ↩

505. Servamus, Volume 99. SARP-Uitgevers. 2006. p. 17. Retrieved 15 October 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=yDgFAQAAIAAJ&q=have+diverted+massive+resources+towards+stopping+similar+actions,+as+well+as+tightening+up+borders, ↩

506. Hassan, Riaz (3 September 2009). "What Motivates the Suicide Bombers?". YaleGlobal. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215906/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/what-motivates-suicide-bombers-0 ↩

507. Atran 2006, p. 128. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

508. Atran 2006, p. 136. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

509. Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson. Disabled Often Carry Out Afghan Suicide Missions, npr.org; retrieved March 22, 2015. /wiki/Soraya_Sarhaddi_Nelson ↩

510. Joby Warrick, The Triple Agent, New York: Doubleday, 2011. p. 37 ↩

511. Alberto Abadie. "Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism" (PDF). October 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151123104136/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/aabadie/povterr.pdf ↩

512. Freedom squelches terrorist violence Archived 2015-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. News.harvard.edu; November 4, 2004; accessed August 19, 2012. http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html ↩

513. Morris, Andrea Michelle (2020). "Who Wants to Be a Suicide Bomber? Evidence from Islamic State Recruits". International Studies Quarterly. 64 (2): 306–315. doi:10.1093/isq/sqaa012. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

514. Pape, Robert (27 August 2003). "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism". American Political Science Review. 97 (3): 343. doi:10.1017/S000305540300073X. hdl:1811/31746. S2CID 1019730. Before the early 1980s, suicide terrorism was rare but not unknown (Lewis 1968; O'Neill 1981; Rapoport 1984). However, since the attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut in April 1983, there have been at least 188 separate suicide terrorist attacks worldwide, in Lebanon, Israel, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, Turkey, Russia and the United States. /wiki/Robert_Pape ↩

515. "U.S. study draws portrait of Iraq bombers". USA Today. 15 March 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2020. https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2008-03-15-iraq-study_N.htm ↩

516. Harmon, Vanessa; Mujkic, Edin; Kaukinen, Catherine; Weir, Henriikka (2018). "Causes & Explanations of Suicide Terrorism: A Systematic Review". Homeland Security Affairs. 25. NPS Center for Homeland Defense and Security. https://www.hsaj.org/articles/14749 ↩

517. Gibson, Kyle R. (2011). "The Roles of Operational Sex Ratio and Young-Old Ratio in Producing Suicide Attackers". University of Utah. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260059007 ↩

518. Hudson, Valerie M.; Thayer, Bradley (2010). "Sex and the Shaheed: Insights from the Life Sciences on Islamic Suicide Terrorism". International Security. 34 (4). MIT Press: 48–53. JSTOR 40784561. /wiki/Valerie_M._Hudson ↩

519. Atran, Scott (2003). "Genesis of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). Science. 299 (5612). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1534–1539. Bibcode:2003Sci...299.1534A. doi:10.1126/science.1078854. PMID 12624256. S2CID 12114032. /wiki/Scott_Atran ↩

520. Atran 2006, p. 127-147. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

521. Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Penguin Group. pp. 353–358. ISBN 978-0-14-312201-2. 978-0-14-312201-2 ↩

522. Artur Lakatos, "War, Martyrdom and Suicide Bombers: Essay on Suicide Terrorism", in Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, Issue 14/2010, pp 171–180 ↩

523. Hassan, Riaz (3 September 2009). "What Motivates the Suicide Bombers?". YaleGlobe. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215906/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/what-motivates-suicide-bombers-0 ↩

524. Takeda, Arata (2010). "Suicide bombers in Western literature: Demythologizing a mythic discourse". Contemporary Justice Review. 13 (4): 471. doi:10.1080/10282580.2010.517985. S2CID 54018791. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

525. Takeda, Arata (2010), Ästhetik der Selbstzerstörung: Selbstmordattentäter in der abendländischen Literatur (p. 296), Munich: Fink; ISBN 978-3-7705-5062-3. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

526. Martin, Cameron (18 February 2013). "BOOK REVIEWS. The Myth of Martyrdom". csmonitor.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015. http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2013/0218/The-Myth-of-Martyrdom ↩

527. Lankford 2013, p. 61. - Lankford, Adam (2013). The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34213-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXNiFSGpjEC&q=myth+of+martyrdom ↩

528. Pape, Dying to Win, p. 128 ↩

529. Yoram Schweitzer (21 April 2000). "Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." /wiki/Yoram_Schweitzer ↩

530. (France24 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult. Two of them died but Okamoto was wounded and captured." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission". France 24. Beirut. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042329/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220531-kozo-okamoto-s-long-life-after-israel-suicide-mission ↩

531. (Ynet 2022) "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult." - "Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission 50 years ago". Ynetnews. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601014501/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rkxxsvmu9 ↩

532. Bush, Lawrence (29 May 2017). "The Lod Airport Terrorist Attack". Jewish Currents. Wadie Haddad (Abu Hani), the Palestinian who was the primary organizer of the attack and later organized the Entebbe airport attack in Uganda, was poisoned to death by Mossad in early 1978. https://jewishcurrents.org/the-lod-airport-terrorist-attack ↩

533. Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Nguyen, Minh-Hoang; Le, Tam-Tri (2021). A Mindsponge-Based Investigation into the Psycho-Religious Mechanism Behind Suicide Attacks. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. ISBN 978-83-66675-58-2. 978-83-66675-58-2 ↩

534. Pape, Dying to Win, p. 92. ↩

535. Atran 2006, p. 130. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

536. Pape, Dying to Win, p. 60. ↩

537. Pape, Dying to Win, pp. 200–16. ↩

538. "Contemporary Islamist Ideology Authorizing Genocidal Murder". MEMRI. 27 January 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2010. http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA2500 ↩

539. Yotam Feldner. "'72 Black Eyed Virgins': A Muslim Debate on the Rewards of Martyrs". MEMRI. Retrieved 19 May 2010. http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA7401 ↩

540. Jackson Wade, Sara; Reiter, Dan (2007). "Does Democracy Matter? Regime Type and Suicide Terrorism". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 51 (2): 329–348. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.519.1840. doi:10.1177/0022002706298137. S2CID 11699344. /wiki/Dan_Reiter ↩

541. Ashworth, Scott; Clinton, Joshua D.; Meirowitz, Adam; Ramsay, Kristopher W. (2008). "Design, Inference, and the Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism". American Political Science Review. 102 (2): 269–273. doi:10.1017/S0003055408080167. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 27644515. S2CID 17827986. /wiki/American_Political_Science_Review ↩

542. Atran 2006, p. 130. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

543. Atran 2006, p. 131-133. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

544. [author missing] /wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources ↩

545. Horowitz, Michael (August 2008). "The History and Future of Suicide Terrorism". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150922021706/http://www.fpri.org/articles/2008/08/history-and-future-suicide-terrorism ↩

546. [author missing] /wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources ↩

547. Bloom, Mia, Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror (2005), p.94-98 ↩

548. Horowitz, Michael (August 2008). "The History and Future of Suicide Terrorism". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150922021706/http://www.fpri.org/articles/2008/08/history-and-future-suicide-terrorism ↩

549. Galtung, Johan. "11 September 2001: Diagnosis, Prognosis, Therapy", In: Searching for peace – the road to TRANSCEND, Galtung, Johan, Jacobsen, Carl, Brand-Jacobsen, Kai, London: Pluto Press, 2002, pp. 87–102 ↩

550. Michael Klare (7 November 2001). "Sex and the suicide bomber". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100508041826/http://www.salon.com/sex/feature/2001/11/07/islam/index.html ↩

551. Atran, Scott (November 2007). "Terrorism and Radicalization: What Not to Do, What to Do". Edge.org. Retrieved 19 August 2012. http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/Atran07/ ↩

552. Sageman, Marc (2007). Leaderless Jihad. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4065-8. [page needed] 978-0-8122-4065-8 ↩

553. Rahman, Jamal (31 October 2008). "In Review [of book]: Who Speaks for Islam?". Yes! Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/sustainable-happiness/in-review-who-speaks-for-islam ↩

554. An estimated 7–14% of Muslims worldwide (depending on the poll taken) supported the Al Qaeda strike against the United States.Reardon, Sara (15 January 2015). "Looking for the roots of terrorism [Interview with Scott Atran]". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.16732. S2CID 155646601. Retrieved 5 October 2015. http://www.nature.com/news/looking-for-the-roots-of-terrorism-1.16732 ↩

555. Moghadam, Assaf (2008). The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of ... Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-1-4214-0144-7. Retrieved 22 October 2015. 978-1-4214-0144-7 ↩

556. Moghadam, Assaf (2006). "Suicide Terrorism, Occupation, and the Globalization of Martyrdom: A Critique of Dying to Win". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 29 (8): 707–729. doi:10.1080/10576100600561907. S2CID 143286352. /wiki/Assaf_Moghadam ↩

557. Pape & Feldman 2010, p. 28. - Pape, Robert; Feldman, James K. (2010). Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-64560-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qZuXdUgb1gsC ↩

558. Pape & Feldman 2010, p. 33. - Pape, Robert; Feldman, James K. (2010). Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-64560-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qZuXdUgb1gsC ↩

559. Pape & Feldman 2010, p. 36. - Pape, Robert; Feldman, James K. (2010). Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-64560-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qZuXdUgb1gsC ↩

560. [author missing] /wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources ↩

561. Abrahms, Max (Spring 2012). "[Review of] Cutting the Fuse The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It". Middle East Quarterly. 19 (2). Retrieved 22 October 2015. http://www.meforum.org/3237/cutting-the-fuse ↩

562. Pape, Dying to Win, computed from Table 1, p. 15 ↩

563. Atran 2006, p. 131-133. - Atran, Scott (2006). "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 29 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1162/016366006776026239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf ↩

564. Fisk 2008. - Fisk, Robert (14 March 2008). "The Cult of the Suicide Bomber". commondreams.org. http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2008/03/14/7682 ↩

565. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

566. Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia…. Macmillan. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-09-952327-7. 978-0-09-952327-7 ↩

567. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

568. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

569. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

570. Olivetti, Vincetto (2002), Terror's Source; ISBN 978-0-9543729-0-3 [page needed] /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

571. Esposito, John (2003) Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam; ISBN 978-0-19-516886-0[page needed] /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

572. Ayubi, Nazih (1991)Political Islam; ISBN 978-0-415-10385-5 [page needed] /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

573. Mohammed Hafez, 2003 [page needed] /wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources ↩

574. Olivetti, Vincetto (2002), Terror's Source; ISBN 978-0-9543729-0-3 [page needed] /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

575. Ibn Warraq (11 January 2002). "Virgins? What virgins?". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2015. In August, 2001, the American television channel CBS aired an interview with a Hamas activist Muhammad Abu Wardeh, who recruited terrorists for suicide bombings in Israel. Abu Wardeh was quoted as saying: 'I described to him how God would compensate the martyr for sacrificing his life for his land. If you become a martyr, God will give you 70 virgins, 70 wives and everlasting happiness.' https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jan/12/books.guardianreview5 ↩

576. Farmer, Brian R. (2007). Understanding Radical Islam: Medieval Ideology in the Twenty-first Century. NY: Peter Lang. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-8204-8843-1. Retrieved 8 October 2015. 978-0-8204-8843-1 ↩

577. Peters, Rudolph (2011). "11. Dutch Extremist Islamism: Van Gogh's Murderer and his Ideas". In Coolsaet, Rik (ed.). Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American ... Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-4094-7645-0. Retrieved 15 October 2015. According to widespread Islamic belief, warriors killed in jihad are rendered free of sin and go directly to Paradise, ... 978-1-4094-7645-0 ↩

578. One scholar of history (Leor Halevi) suggests that suicide killers may be motivated by the idea that by dying while waging jihad they are transported directly to paradise, thus bypassing "the tortures of the grave" ("a state akin to the late Christian concept of purgatory"). Bamyeh, Mohammad (2009). "Reviewed Work: Muhammad's Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society by Leor Halevi". Review of Middle East Studies. 43 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1017/S2151348100000264. JSTOR 41888571. S2CID 165022804. /wiki/Purgatory ↩

579. Michael Klare (7 November 2001). "Sex and the suicide bomber". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100508041826/http://www.salon.com/sex/feature/2001/11/07/islam/index.html ↩

580. "The Islamic Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations". Archived from the original on 11 October 2004. Retrieved 11 October 2004.. abdulhaqq.jeeran.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20041011230417/http://abdulhaqq.jeeran.com/ruling.html ↩

581. "Fatwa of Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi". Archived from the original on 9 October 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2004.. abdulhaqq.jeeran.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20041009222904/http://abdulhaqq.jeeran.com/fatwa_sheikh_qaradhawi.html ↩

582. David Bukay (2008). From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon. Transaction Publishers. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-7658-0390-0. Retrieved 19 August 2012. 978-0-7658-0390-0 ↩

583. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

584. Hussaini, Maulana Muawiya; Anwar, Ikrimah. "Let's Understand 'Suicide Bombing'". Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Voices of Jihad. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021403/http://shahamat-english.com/english/index.php/articles/32625-let-s-understand-suicide-bombing ↩

585. Lewis, Bernard (2003) [1967]. The Assassins, a radical sect in Islam. Basic Books. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 978-0-7867-2455-0. Retrieved 13 October 2015. 978-0-7867-2455-0 ↩

586. Subrahmanian, V.S.; Sliva, Amy; Shakarian, Jana; Dickerson, John P.; Mannes, Aaron (28 August 2012). Computational Analysis of Terrorist Groups: Lashkar-e-Taiba. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4614-4769-6. Retrieved 6 October 2015. 978-1-4614-4769-6 ↩

587. Muslim scholar's fatwa condemns terrorism Archived 2010-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, Articles.cnn.com; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-03/world/fatwa.against.terror_1_fatwa-ul-muslim-scholar?_s=PM:WORLD ↩

588. Lewis, Bernard & Buntzie Ellis Churchill. "Islam: The Religion and the People" (p. 53), Wharton School Publishing, 2008. ↩

589. Lewis, Bernard & Buntzie Ellis Churchill. "Islam: The Religion and the People" (p. 53), Wharton School Publishing, 2008. ↩

590. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

591. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

592. Bernard Lewis and Buntzie Ellis Churchill, Islam: The Religion and the People, Wharton School Publishing, 2008, pp. 145–53. ↩

593. Muhammad Hamidullah, The Muslim Conduct of State (Ashraf Printing Press (1987); ISBN 1-56744-340-0, pp. 205–08 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

594. Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). "Islam, Terror, and the Second Nuclear Age". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all ↩

595. Bernard Lewis and Buntzie Ellis Churchill, Islam: The Religion and the People, Wharton School Publishing, 2008, pp. 145–53. ↩

596. Muslim scholar's fatwa condemns terrorism Archived 2010-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, Articles.cnn.com; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-03/world/fatwa.against.terror_1_fatwa-ul-muslim-scholar?_s=PM:WORLD ↩

597. Argon, Kemal (14 February 2012). "Who's Really Behind Tahir ul-Qadri's 500-Page Fatwa Against Terrorism and Suicide Bombings?". Huffington Post Religion. Retrieved 14 October 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kemal-argon/whos-really-behind-tahir-_b_1266232.html ↩

598. Muslim scholar's fatwa condemns terrorism Archived 2010-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, Articles.cnn.com; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-03/world/fatwa.against.terror_1_fatwa-ul-muslim-scholar?_s=PM:WORLD ↩

599. "Saudi grand mufti says suicide bombers will go to hell". Retrieved 7 November 2014. http://en.alalam.ir/news/1543997 ↩

600. Saudi Grand Mufti condemns attacks on Non-Muslims Archived 2014-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, saudiembassy.net; accessed March 22, 2015. http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news09171302.aspx ↩

601. "Protest against Bangladesh bombs". BBC. Retrieved 27 January 2016. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512406.stm ↩

602. Feldman, Noah Feldman (29 October 2006). ""Islam, Terror and the Second Nuclear Age"". New York Times. /wiki/Noah_Feldman ↩

603. Khan, Muqtedar (16 March 2010). "A fatwa against terrorism that might work". Common Ground News Service. Retrieved 14 October 2015. http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=27467&lan=en&sp=0 ↩

604. Defending the Transgressed Fatwa against suicide bombing by Shaykh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti; accessed 22 March 2015. http://www.livingislam.org/maa/dcmm_e.html ↩

605. The Hijacked Caravan Archived 2005-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, ihsanic-intelligence.com; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://www.ihsanic-intelligence.com/dox/The_Hijacked_Caravan.pdf ↩

606. The Hijacked Caravan: Refuting Suicide Bombings as Martyrdom Operations in Contemporary Jihad Strategy Archived October 23, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Mac.abc.se; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/ez/isl/0-sbm/The.Hijacked.Caravan.html ↩

607. Khaled Abou Al-Fadl: The Great Theft. Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, HarperCollins, p. 243 (2005); ISBN 0-06-056339-7. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

608. Burek, Josh (4 October 2001). "Q&A: Islamic fundamentalism". csmonitor.com. Retrieved 15 October 2015. http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1004/p25s1-wosc.html ↩

609. Quran 4:29 /wiki/Quran ↩

610. Quran 6:151 /wiki/Quran ↩

611. "Euthanasia: Types and Rulings". Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090630072120/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?cid=1119503549272&pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaEAskTheScholar ↩

612. Hadith 2:445, sacred-texts.com; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/bukhari/bh2/bh2_446.htm ↩

613. Adil Salahi Committing Suicide Is Strictly Forbidden in Islam, Aljazeerah.info, June 22, 2004; retrieved August 19, 2012. http://www.aljazeerah.info/Islam/Islamic%20subjects/2004%20subjects/June/Committing%20Suicide%20Is%20Strictly%20Forbidden%20in%20Islam,%20Adil%20Salahi.htm ↩

614. Suicide Bombers – Why do they do it, and what does Islam say about their actions? Archived 2004-07-31 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 22 March 2015 http://islam.about.com/cs/currentevents/a/suicide_bomb.htm ↩

615. Kurz, Robert W.; Charles K. Bartles (2007). "Chechen suicide bombers" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 20 (4): 529–547. doi:10.1080/13518040701703070. S2CID 96476266. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2012. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a477845.pdf ↩

616. Erlanger, Steven and Fares Akram (8 July 2014). "Israel Warns Gaza Targets by Phone and Leaflet". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/by-phone-and-leaflet-israeli-attackers-warn-gazans.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimesworld&_r=1 ↩

617. "Protection of the civilian population". Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977. International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 10 July 2014. http://www.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/470-750065 ↩

618. "Declining Support for bin Laden and Suicide Bombing". 10 September 2009. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/09/10/rejection-of-extremism/ ↩

619. "Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East". July 2014. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/01/concerns-about-islamic-extremism-on-the-rise-in-middle-east/ ↩