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Toponymy

In 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip, the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was established Sydney Cove after Home Secretary Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney.²⁴ The cove was called Warrane by the Aboriginal inhabitants.²⁵ Phillip considered naming the settlement Albion, but this name was never officially used.²⁶ By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township Sydney.²⁷ Sydney was declared a city in 1842.²⁸

The Gadigal (Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore of Port Jackson from South Head to Darling Harbour, are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territory Gadi (Cadi). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans.²⁹

History

Main article: History of Sydney

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Sydney.

First inhabitants of the region

The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were Aboriginal Australians who had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia.³⁰ Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago,³¹ while radiocarbon dating has shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago.³² Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.³³³⁴

The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.³⁵

The earliest British settlers recorded the word 'Eora' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'.³⁶³⁷ The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from Parramatta to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay.³⁸ Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.³⁹

The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay (Kamay⁴³) and encountered the Gweagal clan.⁴⁴ Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded.⁴⁵⁴⁶ Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without success.⁴⁷

Convict town (1788–1840)

Britain had been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.⁴⁸

The First Fleet of 11 ships under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.⁴⁹ The fleet soon moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788.⁵⁰ The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security".⁵¹

The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the Second Fleet in mid-1790 and the Third Fleet in 1791.⁵² Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around Parramatta, Windsor and Camden on the Cumberland Plain. By 1804, the colony was self-sufficient in food.⁵³

A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population.⁵⁴⁵⁵ In November 1790 Bennelong led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.⁵⁶

Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at Sydney Cove. It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.⁵⁷⁵⁸

After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town. Governor William Bligh (1806–08) imposed restrictions on commerce and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in the Rum Rebellion of 1808, in which Bligh was deposed by the New South Wales Corps.⁵⁹⁶⁰

Governor Lachlan Macquarie (1810–1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. Parramatta Road, linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811,⁶¹ and a road across the Blue Mountains was completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of the Great Dividing Range.⁶²⁶³

Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney.⁶⁴⁶⁵ By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic divide between poor and working-class residents living west of the Tank Stream in areas such as The Rocks, and the more affluent residents living to its east.⁶⁶ Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840.⁶⁷

Conflict on the Cumberland Plain

In 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in the Castle Hill Rebellion, an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.⁶⁸ Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers at Rouse Hill. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.⁶⁹⁷⁰

As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the Hawkesbury River, north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the Darug people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by Pemulwuy and later by his son Tedbury, burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the colonial frontier expanded. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.⁷¹⁷²

Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the Appin massacre (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.⁷³⁷⁴

Colonial city (1841–1900)

The New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.⁷⁵

The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities.⁷⁶ The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services.⁷⁷ The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891.⁷⁸ The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the University of Sydney (1854–61),⁷⁹ the Australian Museum (1858–66),⁸⁰ the Town Hall (1868–88),⁸¹ and the General Post Office (1866–92).⁸² Elaborate coffee palaces and hotels were erected.⁸³ Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.⁸⁴

Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales, George Reid, became a key figure in the process of federation.⁸⁵

State capital (1901–present)

When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of bubonic plague in 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors.⁸⁶ The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia.⁸⁷ The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the Sydney rail network and building the Sydney Harbour Bridge.⁸⁸

Sydney was more severely affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne.⁸⁹ New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at La Perouse.⁹⁰ The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier Jack Lang attempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged by Francis de Groot of the far-right New Guard, who slashed the ribbon with a sabre.⁹¹

In January 1938, Sydney celebrated the Empire Games and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even Melbourne seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours." A congress of the "Aborigines of Australia" declared 26 January "A Day of Mourning" for "the whiteman's seizure of our country."⁹²

With the outbreak of Second World War in 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked by Japanese submarines in May and June 1942 with 21 killed. Households built air raid shelters and performed drills.⁹³ Military establishments in response to World War II in Australia included the Garden Island Tunnel System, the only tunnel warfare complex in Sydney, and the heritage-listed military fortification systems Bradleys Head Fortification Complex and Middle Head Fortifications, which were part of a total defence system for Sydney Harbour.⁹⁴

A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants—mostly from Britain and continental Europe—and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth between 1947 and 1971.⁹⁵ The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at Green Valley and Mount Druitt. Older residential centres such as Parramatta, Bankstown and Liverpool became suburbs of the metropolis.⁹⁶ Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.⁹⁷

An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watched Queen Elizabeth II land in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing her Australian Royal Tour. It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil.⁹⁸

Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed green bans on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation.⁹⁹ The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect Jørn Utzon and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.¹⁰⁰ The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city".¹⁰¹ From the 1980s, overseas immigration grew rapidly, with Asia, the Middle East and Africa becoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.¹⁰²

Geography

Main article: Geography of Sydney

Topography

Sydney is a coastal basin with the Tasman Sea to the east, the Blue Mountains to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and the Woronora Plateau to the south.

Sydney spans two geographic regions. The Cumberland Plain lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The Hornsby Plateau is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated. Seventy surf beaches can be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous.

The Nepean River wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching Broken Bay. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The Parramatta River is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the Georges River and the Cooks River into Botany Bay.

There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers 12,369 km2 (4,776 sq mi) and includes the local government areas of Central Coast in the north, Hawkesbury in the north-west, Blue Mountains in the west, Sutherland Shire in the south, and Wollondilly in the south-west.¹⁰³ The local government area of the City of Sydney covers about 26 square kilometres from Garden island in the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria and Rosebery.¹⁰⁴

Geology

Sydney is made up of mostly Triassic rock with some recent igneous dykes and volcanic necks (typically found in the Prospect dolerite intrusion, west of Sydney).¹⁰⁵ The Sydney Basin was formed in the early Triassic period.¹⁰⁶ The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone has shale lenses and fossil riverbeds.¹⁰⁷ The continental shelf of Australia is only 25.9 km (16.1 mi) away from the coast of Sydney, and that is where the Tasman Abyssal Plain lies.¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁹

The Sydney Basin bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as rias were carved during the Triassic period in the Hawkesbury sandstone of the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours.¹¹⁰ Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such ria.¹¹¹ Sydney features two major soil types: sandy soils (which originate from the Hawkesbury sandstone) and clay (which are from shales and volcanic rocks), though some soils may be a mixture of the two.¹¹²

Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is the Wianamatta shale, a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a large river delta during the Middle Triassic. The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grained sedimentary rocks such as shales, mudstones, ironstones, siltstones and laminites, with less common sandstone units.¹¹³ The Wianamatta Group is made up of Bringelly Shale, Minchinbury Sandstone and Ashfield Shale.¹¹⁴

Ecology

Further information: Ecology of Sydney

The most prevalent plant communities in the Sydney region are grassy woodlands (i.e. savannas)¹¹⁵ and some pockets of dry sclerophyll forests,¹¹⁶ which consist of eucalyptus trees, casuarinas, melaleucas, corymbias and angophoras, with shrubs (typically wattles, callistemons, grevilleas and banksias), and a semi-continuous grass in the understory.¹¹⁷ The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to low soil fertility. Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in the north and northeast. These forests are defined by straight, tall tree canopies with a moist understory of soft-leaved shrubs, tree ferns and herbs.¹¹⁸

The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is the Cumberland Plain Woodland in Western Sydney (Cumberland Plain),¹¹⁹ followed by the Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest in the Inner West and Northern Sydney,¹²⁰ the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub in the coastline and the Blue Gum High Forest scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered.¹²¹¹²² The city also includes the Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland found in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park on the Hornsby Plateau to the north.¹²³

Sydney is home to dozens of bird species,¹²⁴ which commonly include the Australian raven, Australian magpie, crested pigeon, noisy miner and the pied currawong. Introduced bird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are the common myna, common starling, house sparrow and the spotted dove.¹²⁵ Reptile species are also numerous and predominantly include skinks.¹²⁶¹²⁷ Sydney has a few mammal and spider species, such as the grey-headed flying fox and the Sydney funnel-web, respectively,¹²⁸¹²⁹ and has a huge diversity of marine species inhabiting its harbour and beaches.¹³⁰

Climate

Main articles: Climate of Sydney and Severe weather events in Sydney

Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa)¹³¹ with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild",^132133134 to "cool" winters.¹³⁵ The El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Southern Annular Mode¹³⁶¹³⁷ play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation in Australia. The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs because Sydney CBD is more affected by the oceanic climate drivers than the western suburbs.¹³⁸¹³⁹

At Sydney's primary weather station at Observatory Hill, extreme temperatures have ranged from 45.8 °C (114.4 °F) on 18 January 2013 to 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) on 22 June 1932.^140141142 An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above 30 °C (86 °F) in the central business district (CBD).¹⁴³ In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb.¹⁴⁴ The hottest day in the metropolitan area occurred in Penrith on 4 January 2020, where a high of 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) was recorded.¹⁴⁵ The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) in September to 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) in February.¹⁴⁶ Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day¹⁴⁷ and 109.5 clear days annually.¹⁴⁸ Due to the inland location, frost is recorded early in the morning in Western Sydney a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.¹⁴⁹

Sydney experiences an urban heat island effect.¹⁵⁰ This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs.¹⁵¹¹⁵² In late spring and summer, temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are not uncommon,¹⁵³ though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a southerly buster,¹⁵⁴ a powerful southerly that brings gale winds and a rapid fall in temperature.¹⁵⁵ Since Sydney is downwind of the Great Dividing Range, it occasionally experiences dry, westerly foehn winds typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures).^156157158 Westerly winds are intense when the Roaring Forties (or the Southern Annular Mode) shift towards southeastern Australia,¹⁵⁹ where they may damage homes and affect flights, in addition to making the temperature seem colder than it actually is.¹⁶⁰¹⁶¹

Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic.^162163164165 Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn,¹⁶⁶ and lower in late winter to early spring.^167168169170 In late autumn and winter, east coast lows may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.¹⁷¹ In the warm season black nor'easters are usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms of low-pressure areas, including remnants of ex-cyclones, may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms.¹⁷²¹⁷³ 'Snow' was last alleged in 1836, more than likely a fall of graupel, or soft hail; and in July 2008 the Upper North Shore saw a fall of graupel that was mistaken by many for 'snow'.¹⁷⁴ In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe dust storm towards the city.¹⁷⁵¹⁷⁶

Regions

Main article: Regions of Sydney

The Greater Sydney Commission divides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprises Eastern Harbour City, Central River City and Western Parkland City.¹⁸² The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts,¹⁸³ adding 330,000 people.¹⁸⁴

Inner suburbs

The CBD extends about 3 km (1.9 mi) south from Sydney Cove. It is bordered by Farm Cove within the Royal Botanic Garden to the east and Darling Harbour to the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD include Woolloomooloo and Potts Point to the east, Surry Hills and Darlinghurst to the south, Pyrmont and Ultimo to the west, and Millers Point and The Rocks to the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than 1 km2 (0.4 sq mi) in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.¹⁸⁵

Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches. Central and Circular Quay are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges. Chinatown, Darling Harbour, and Kings Cross are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. The Strand Arcade, located between Pitt Street Mall and George Street, is a historical Victorian-style shopping arcade. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.¹⁸⁶ Westfield Sydney, located beneath the Sydney Tower, is the largest shopping centre by area in Sydney.¹⁸⁷

Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend of gentrification amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of high density housing, tourist accommodation, and gambling.¹⁸⁸ Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historic Darlinghurst Gaol, manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area of prostitution. The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s.^189190191

Green Square is a former industrial area of Waterloo which is undergoing urban renewal worth $8 billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of Barangaroo.¹⁹²¹⁹³ The suburb of Paddington is known for its restored terrace houses, Victoria Barracks, and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets.¹⁹⁴

Inner West

The Inner West generally includes the Inner West Council, Municipality of Burwood, Municipality of Strathfield, and City of Canada Bay. These span up to about 11 km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge,¹⁹⁵ the outer suburbs of the Inner West such as Strathfield were the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are now highly valued residential suburbs.¹⁹⁶ As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs).¹⁹⁷ The University of Sydney is located in this area, as well as the University of Technology, Sydney and a campus of the Australian Catholic University. The Anzac Bridge spans Johnstons Bay and connects Rozelle to Pyrmont and the city, forming part of the Western Distributor.

The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichhardt, Five Dock and Haberfield,¹⁹⁸ "Little Portugal" in Petersham,¹⁹⁹ "Little Korea" in Strathfield²⁰⁰ or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.²⁰¹ Large-scale shopping centres in the area include Westfield Burwood, DFO Homebush and Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre. There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub on King Street, Newtown.

The area is serviced by Sydney Trains' T1 and T2, including the Main Suburban Line, which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales. The L1 light rail line also runs through the area. Strathfield railway station is a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban and Northern lines. It was constructed in 1876.²⁰² The future Sydney Metro West will also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by the Parramatta River services of Sydney Ferries,²⁰³ numerous bus routes and cycleways.²⁰⁴

Eastern suburbs

The Eastern Suburbs encompass the Municipality of Woollahra, the City of Randwick, the Waverley Municipal Council, and parts of the Bayside Council. They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014, Wolseley Road, Point Piper, had a top price of $20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world.²⁰⁵ More than 75% of neighbourhoods in the Electoral District of Wentworth fall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country.²⁰⁶ As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.²⁰⁷

Major landmarks include Bondi Beach, which was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2008;²⁰⁸ and Bondi Junction, featuring a Westfield shopping centre and an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035,²⁰⁹ as well as a railway station on the T4 Eastern Suburbs Line. The suburb of Randwick contains Randwick Racecourse, the Royal Hospital for Women, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney Children's Hospital, and University of New South Wales Kensington Campus.²¹⁰

Construction of the CBD and South East Light Rail was completed in April 2020.²¹¹ The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East.

Major shopping centres in the area include Westfield Bondi Junction and Westfield Eastgardens.

Southern Sydney

The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in the local government areas of the Georges River Council (collectively known as St George) and the Sutherland Shire (colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of the Georges River.

The Kurnell peninsula, near Botany Bay, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770. La Perouse, a historic suburb named after the French navigator Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, is notable for its old military outpost at Bare Island and the Botany Bay National Park.

The suburb of Cronulla in southern Sydney is close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.²¹²

Northern Sydney

Further information: Northern Sydney

'Northern Sydney' includes the suburbs in the Upper North Shore, Lower North Shore and the Northern Beaches.

The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks – Macquarie University, Gladesville Bridge, Ryde Bridge, Macquarie Centre and Curzon Hall in Marsfield. This area includes suburbs in the local government areas of Hornsby Shire, Ku-ring-gai Council, City of Ryde, the Municipality of Hunter's Hill and parts of the City of Parramatta.

The North Shore includes the commercial centres of North Sydney and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices.

The Northern Beaches area includes Manly, one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations. The region also features Sydney Heads, a series of headlands which form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to Middle Harbour and north to the entrance of Broken Bay.²¹³ The 2021 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to have, in comparison with the rest of Sydney, a large British diaspora and high concentration of people with European ancestry.²¹⁴

As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddling Hunters Hill and Woolwich.²¹⁵

Hills district

The Hills district generally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas of The Hills Shire, parts of the City of Parramatta Council and Hornsby Shire. Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau. Windsor and Old Windsor Roads are the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.²¹⁶

On 26 May 2019, The Sydney Metro Northwest, which went from Chatswood to Tallawong, opened, with a large portion running through the Hills District, which meant the Hills District, for the first time, started having heavy rail.²¹⁷ Before this, The Hills was served by Bus Rapid Transit.

Western suburbs

Further information: Greater Western Sydney

The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,²¹⁸ Bankstown, Liverpool, Penrith, and Fairfield. Covering 5,800 km2 (2,200 sq mi) and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the most multicultural suburbs in the country – Cabramatta has earned the nickname "Little Saigon" due to its Vietnamese population, Fairfield has been named "Little Assyria" for its predominant Assyrian population and Harris Park is known as "Little India" with its plurality of Indian and Hindu population.^219220221222 The population is predominantly of a working class background, with major employment in the heavy industries and vocational trade.²²³ Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb of Old Toongabbie.²²⁴

The western suburb of Prospect, in the City of Blacktown, is home to Raging Waters, a water park operated by Parques Reunidos.²²⁵ Auburn Botanic Gardens, a botanical garden in Auburn, attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia.²²⁶ The greater west also includes Sydney Olympic Park, a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and Sydney Motorsport Park, a circuit in Eastern Creek.²²⁷ Prospect Hill, a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancient volcanic activity,²²⁸ is also listed on the State Heritage Register.²²⁹

To the northwest, Featherdale Wildlife Park, a zoo in Doonside, near Blacktown, is a major tourist attraction.²³⁰ Sydney Zoo, opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated in Bungaribee.²³¹ Established in 1799, the Old Government House, a historic house museum and tourist spot in Parramatta, was included in the Australian National Heritage List on 1 August 2007 and World Heritage List in 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting the Australian Convict Sites), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists.²³² The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building.²³³

Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city of Campbelltown, a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper. Macarthur Square, a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney.²³⁴ The southwest also features Bankstown Reservoir, the oldest elevated reservoir constructed in reinforced concrete that is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register.²³⁵ The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, the Bland Oak, which was planted in the 1840s by William Bland in Carramar.²³⁶

Urban structure

Architecture

See also: Architecture of Sydney, List of heritage houses in Sydney, and List of tallest buildings in Sydney

The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.^238239240

In 1814, the Governor called on a convict named Francis Greenway to design Macquarie Lighthouse.²⁴¹ The lighthouse's Classical design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day.²⁴² Greenway went on to design the Hyde Park Barracks in 1819 and the Georgian style St James's Church in 1824.²⁴³²⁴⁴ Gothic-inspired architecture became more popular from the 1830s. John Verge's Elizabeth Bay House and St Philip's Church of 1856 were built in Gothic Revival style along with Edward Blore's Government House of 1845.²⁴⁵²⁴⁶ Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral,²⁴⁷ are rare examples of Victorian Gothic construction.²⁴⁸²⁴⁹

From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture. Mortimer Lewis designed the Australian Museum in 1857.²⁵⁰ The General Post Office, completed in 1891 in Victorian Free Classical style, was designed by James Barnet.²⁵¹ Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse.²⁵²²⁵³ Customs House was built in 1844.²⁵⁴ The neo-Classical and French Second Empire style Town Hall was completed in 1889.²⁵⁵²⁵⁶ Romanesque designs gained favour from the early 1890s. Sydney Technical College was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and Queen Anne approaches.²⁵⁷ The Queen Victoria Building was designed in Romanesque Revival fashion by George McRae; completed in 1898,²⁵⁸ it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys.²⁵⁹

As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at 50 m (160 ft) making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972.²⁶⁰ This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.²⁶¹

The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by John Bradfield and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the 503 m (1,650 ft) between Milsons Point and Dawes Point.²⁶²²⁶³

Modern and International architecture came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. Jørn Utzon was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2003 for his work on the Opera House.²⁶⁴ Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry, the Dr Chau Chak Wing Building (2015). An entrance from The Goods Line–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site.

Contemporary buildings in the CBD include Citigroup Centre,²⁶⁵ Aurora Place,²⁶⁶ Chifley Tower,²⁶⁷²⁶⁸ the Reserve Bank building,²⁶⁹ Deutsche Bank Place,²⁷⁰ MLC Centre,²⁷¹ and Capita Centre.²⁷² The tallest structure is Sydney Tower, designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981.²⁷³ Due to the proximity of Sydney Airport, a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet).²⁷⁴ Green bans and heritage overlays have been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.²⁷⁵

Housing

Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world.²⁷⁶²⁷⁷ The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the median house price at $1,595,310 as of December 2023.²⁷⁸

There were 1.83 million dwellings in Sydney in 2021 including 900,000 (54%) detached houses, 218,000 (13%) semi-detached terrace houses and 550,000 (33%) units and apartments.²⁷⁹ Whilst terrace houses are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006.²⁸⁰ Public housing in Sydney is managed by the Government of New South Wales.²⁸¹ Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include Claymore, Macquarie Fields, Waterloo, and Mount Druitt.

A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as Paddington, The Rocks, Potts Point and Balmain, many of which have been the subject of gentrification.²⁸²²⁸³ These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city.²⁸⁴ Surviving large mansions from the Victorian era are mostly found in the oldest suburbs, such as Double Bay, Darling Point, Rose Bay and Strathfield.²⁸⁵

Federation homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in a large number of suburbs that developed thanks to the arrival of railways in the late 19th century, such as Penshurst and Turramurra, and in large-scale planned "garden suburbs" such as Haberfield. Workers cottages are found in Surry Hills, Redfern, and Balmain. California bungalows are common in Ashfield, Concord, and Beecroft. Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as Stanhope Gardens, Kellyville Ridge, Bella Vista to the northwest, Bossley Park, Abbotsbury, and Cecil Hills to the west, and Hoxton Park, Harrington Park, and Oran Park to the southwest.²⁸⁶

Parks and open spaces

Main article: Parks in Sydney

The Anzac War Memorial in Hyde Park is a public memorial dedicated to the Australian Imperial Force of World War I.

The Royal Botanic Garden is the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities.²⁸⁷ There are 15 separate parks under the City administration.²⁸⁸ Parks within the city centre include Hyde Park, The Domain and Prince Alfred Park.

The Centennial Parklands is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising 189 ha (470 acres).

The inner suburbs include Centennial Park and Moore Park in the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs contain Sydney Park and Royal National Park in the south, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in the north, and Western Sydney Parklands in the west, which is one of the largest urban parks in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with 13,200 ha (51 sq mi) is the second oldest national park in the world.²⁸⁹

Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country.²⁹⁰ The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of 15,400 ha (59 sq mi).²⁹¹ It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens.²⁹²

The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve.²⁹³ Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia.²⁹⁴ The Gardens host scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories.²⁹⁵ The two parks have a total area of 64 ha (0.2 sq mi) with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5 million annual visits.²⁹⁶

To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures 16.2 ha (0.1 sq mi).²⁹⁷ Its location was used for both relaxation and grazing of animals from the earliest days of the colony.²⁹⁸ Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour of Hyde Park in London.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Sydney

Researchers from Loughborough University have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy.²⁹⁹ The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world.³⁰⁰ The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement.³⁰¹ There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one of the Asia–Pacific's leading financial hubs.³⁰²³⁰³

The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days was mercantilism, as it was throughout most of Western Europe.³⁰⁴ The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie created two coins from every Spanish silver dollar in circulation.³⁰⁵ The economy was capitalist in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the East India Company were curtailed.³⁰⁶

Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s.³⁰⁷ Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. Protectionist policies after federation allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.³⁰⁸ These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%.³⁰⁹ From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.³¹⁰

Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$400.9 billion and AU$80,000 per capita³¹¹ in 2015.³¹²³¹³ Its gross domestic product was AU$337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia.³¹⁴ The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.³¹⁵³¹⁶

Businesses

There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.³¹⁷ Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities.³¹⁸ There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.³¹⁹

Domestic economics

Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia.³²⁰ Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world.³²¹ Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.³²²

The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%.³²³ It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals.³²⁴³²⁵ The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers.³²⁶ The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%).³²⁷ The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.³²⁸

In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $1,750 or more.³²⁹ The median weekly income for the same period was $719 for individuals, $1,988 for families, and $1,750 for households.³³⁰

Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%.³³¹³³² Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.³³³

Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed.³³⁴ Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970.³³⁵³³⁶ The median house price in March 2014 was $630,000.³³⁷ The primary cause of rising prices is the increasing cost of land and scarcity.³³⁸ 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.³³⁹ 11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more.³⁴⁰ 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $450.³⁴¹

Financial services

Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the Bank of New South Wales.³⁴² New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.³⁴³

The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as Westpac.³⁴⁴ The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the Reserve Bank of Australia, also based in Sydney.³⁴⁵ The Australian Securities Exchange began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6 trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.³⁴⁶

The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.³⁴⁷ Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as the Asia–Pacific's leading financial centre.^348349350 In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world.³⁵¹

In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the People's Bank of China, Bank of America, Citigroup, UBS, Mizuho Bank, Bank of China, Banco Santander, Credit Suisse, Standard Chartered, State Street, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Barclays, Royal Bank of Canada, Société Générale, Royal Bank of Scotland, Sumitomo Mitsui, ING Group, BNP Paribas, and Investec.^352353354355

Manufacturing

Main article: Manufacturing in Australia

Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney.³⁵⁶ Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011.³⁵⁷³⁵⁸ Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.³⁵⁹ Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s,³⁶⁰ with a manufacturing output of $21.7 billion in 2013.³⁶¹ Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the high Australian dollar of the early 2010s.³⁶² The Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate in Western Sydney is the largest industrial estate in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.³⁶³

Tourism and international education

Main article: Tourism in Sydney

Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world.³⁶⁴ It has hosted over 2.8 million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59 million nights in the city and a total of $5.9 billion.³⁶⁵ The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.³⁶⁶

The city also received 8.3 million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6 billion.³⁶⁷ 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011.³⁶⁸ There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012.³⁶⁹ On average, the tourism industry contributes $36 million to the city's economy per day.³⁷⁰

Popular destinations include the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Watsons Bay, The Rocks, Sydney Tower, Darling Harbour, the Royal Botanic Garden, the Australian Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Queen Victoria Building, Sea Life Sydney Aquarium, Taronga Zoo, Bondi Beach, Luna Park and Sydney Olympic Park.³⁷¹

Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a casino and hotel at Barangaroo and the redevelopment of East Darling Harbour, which involves a new exhibition and convention centre, now Australia's largest.^372373374

Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its vocational and English language schools.³⁷⁵³⁷⁶ International education contributes $1.6 billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.³⁷⁷

Housing affordability

In 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong,³⁷⁸ with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$795,000.³⁷⁹ As of early 2024, Sydney is often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.³⁸⁰³⁸¹

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Sydney

The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.³⁸² With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953.³⁸³ For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000.³⁸⁴ The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150.³⁸⁵ The Australian Treasury expects the population will grow to 6.5 million in 2033–34.³⁸⁶ The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile).³⁸⁷ Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate.³⁸⁸

The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older.³⁸⁹ 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married.³⁹⁰ 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.³⁹¹

Ancestry and immigration

At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were:³⁹⁴

• English (21.8%)
• Australian (20.4%)³⁹⁵
• Chinese (11.6%)
• Irish (7.2%)
• Scottish (5.6%)
• Indian (4.9%)
• Italian (4.3%)
• Lebanese (3.5%)
• Filipino (2.7%)
• Greek (2.6%)
• Vietnamese (2.5%)
• German (2.2%)
• Korean (1.4%)
• Nepalese (1.4%)
• Australian Aboriginal (1.4%)³⁹⁶
• Maltese (1.1%)

At the 2021 census, 40.5% of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, England, Vietnam, Philippines and New Zealand.³⁹⁷

At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.³⁹⁸³⁹⁹

Language

42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being Mandarin (5%), Arabic (4.2%), Cantonese (2.8%), Vietnamese (2.2%) and Hindi (1.5%).⁴⁰⁰

Religion

In 2021, Christianity was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were Catholicism at 23.1% and Anglicanism at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were Islam (6.3%), Hinduism (4.8%), Buddhism (3.8%), Sikhism (0.7%), and Judaism (0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions.⁴⁰¹

The Church of England was the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820.⁴⁰² Macquarie also ordered the construction of churches such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.⁴⁰³

Crime

Main article: Crime in Sydney

Crime in Sydney is low, with The Independent ranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019.⁴⁰⁴ However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common.⁴⁰⁵ One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction of lockout laws in February 2014,⁴⁰⁶ in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.⁴⁰⁷

Culture

Main article: Culture of Sydney

Science, art, and history

Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park is rich in Indigenous Australian heritage, containing around 1,500 pieces of Aboriginal rock art – the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites include petroglyphs, art sites, burial sites, caves, marriage areas, birthing areas, midden sites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were the Garigal people.⁴⁰⁸⁴⁰⁹ Other rock art sites exist in the Sydney region, such as in Terrey Hills and Bondi, although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians.⁴¹⁰

The Australian Museum opened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony.⁴¹¹ It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 the Museum of Sydney opened on the site of the first Government House. It recounts the story of the city's development.⁴¹² Other museums include the Powerhouse Museum and the Australian National Maritime Museum.⁴¹³⁴¹⁴

The State Library of New South Wales holds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as the Australian Subscription Library in 1826.⁴¹⁵ The Royal Society of New South Wales, formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in Darlington owned by the University of Sydney.⁴¹⁶ The Sydney Observatory building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.⁴¹⁷

The Museum of Contemporary Art was opened in 1991 and occupies an Art Deco building in Circular Quay. Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney.⁴¹⁸ Sydney's other significant art institution is the Art Gallery of New South Wales which coordinates the Archibald Prize for portraiture.⁴¹⁹ Sydney is also home to contemporary art gallery Artspace, housed in the historic Gunnery Building in Woolloomooloo, fronting Sydney Harbour.⁴²⁰

Entertainment

Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II.⁴²¹ Prominent theatres in the city today include State Theatre, Theatre Royal, Sydney Theatre, The Wharf Theatre, and Capitol Theatre. Sydney Theatre Company maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as David Williamson, Hugo Weaving, and Geoffrey Rush. The city's other prominent theatre companies are New Theatre, Belvoir, and Griffin Theatre Company. Sydney is also home to Event Cinemas' first theatre, which opened on George St in 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations.

The Sydney Opera House is the home of Opera Australia and Sydney Symphony. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100 million visitors since opening in 1973.⁴²² Two other important performance venues in Sydney are Town Hall and the City Recital Hall. The Sydney Conservatorium of Music is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual Australian Music Examinations Board exams.⁴²³

Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in the Sydney Writers Walk at Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the Sydney Gazette.⁴²⁴ Watkin Tench's A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay (1789) and A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales (1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.⁴²⁵ Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably William Lane's The Working Man's Paradise (1892), Christina Stead's Seven Poor Men of Sydney (1934) and Ruth Park's The Harp in the South (1948).⁴²⁶ The first Australian-born female novelist, Louisa Atkinson, set several novels in Sydney.⁴²⁷ Contemporary writers, such as Elizabeth Harrower, were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novel Down in the City (1957) was mostly set in a King's Cross apartment.^428429430 Well known contemporary novels set in the city include Melina Marchetta's Looking for Alibrandi (1992), Peter Carey's 30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account (1999), J. M. Coetzee's Diary of a Bad Year (2007) and Kate Grenville's The Secret River (2010). The Sydney Writers' Festival is held annually between April and May.⁴³¹

Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance.⁴³² The Australian New Wave saw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such as Bruce Beresford, Peter Weir and Gillian Armstrong.⁴³³ Fox Studios Australia commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include The Matrix, Lantana, Mission: Impossible 2, Moulin Rouge!, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, Australia, Superman Returns, The Great Gatsby and Anyone but You. The National Institute of Dramatic Art is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as Mel Gibson, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann, Cate Blanchett, Hugo Weaving and Jacqueline Mckenzie.⁴³⁴

Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city's New Year's Eve celebrations are the largest in Australia.⁴³⁵ The Royal Easter Show is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park. Sydney Festival is Australia's largest arts festival.⁴³⁶ The travelling rock music festival Big Day Out originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are Sydney Film Festival and Tropfest. Vivid Sydney is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th top fashion capital in the world.⁴³⁷ It hosts the Australian Fashion Week in autumn. Sydney Mardi Gras has commenced each February since 1979.

Sydney's Chinatown has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from George Street to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980.⁴³⁸ Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.⁴³⁹

Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD (Darling Harbour, Barangaroo, The Rocks and George Street), Oxford Street, Surry Hills, Newtown and Parramatta.⁴⁴⁰⁴⁴¹ Kings Cross was previously considered the red-light district. The Star is the city's casino and is situated next to Darling Harbour while the new Crown Sydney resort is in nearby Barangaroo.⁴⁴²

Media

Main article: Media in Sydney

The Sydney Morning Herald is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831.⁴⁴³ Its competitor is The Daily Telegraph, in print since 1879.⁴⁴⁴ Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called The Sun-Herald and The Sunday Telegraph respectively. The Bulletin was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication.⁴⁴⁵ Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, the Sydney Gazette, published until 1842.

Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney. Nine's offices and news studios are in North Sydney, Ten is based in Pyrmont, and Seven is based in South Eveleigh in Redfern.^446447448449 The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is located in Ultimo,⁴⁵⁰ and the Special Broadcasting Service is based in Artarmon.⁴⁵¹ Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000. Foxtel is based in North Ryde and sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area.⁴⁵² Sydney's first radio stations commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.⁴⁵³ 2UE was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting.⁴⁵⁴ Competing stations include the more popular 2GB, ABC Radio Sydney, KIIS 106.5, Triple M, Nova 96.9 and 2Day FM.⁴⁵⁵

Sport and outdoor activities

Main article: Sport in Sydney

Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 in Hyde Park.⁴⁵⁶ Horse racing remains popular and events such as the Golden Slipper Stakes attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s.⁴⁵⁷ Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the Sydney Cricket Ground since 1878. The New South Wales Blues compete in the Sheffield Shield league and the Sydney Sixers and Sydney Thunder contest the national Big Bash Twenty20 competition.

First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907.⁴⁵⁸ Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. The New South Wales Waratahs contest the Super Rugby competition, while the Sydney Rays represent the city in the National Rugby Championship. The national Wallabies rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the Bledisloe Cup, Rugby Championship, and World Cup. Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in the National Rugby League competition: Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, Penrith Panthers, Parramatta Eels, South Sydney Rabbitohs, St George Illawarra Dragons, Sydney Roosters, and Wests Tigers. New South Wales contests the annual State of Origin series against Queensland.

Sydney FC and the Western Sydney Wanderers compete in the A-League Men and A-League Women competitions. The Sydney Swans and Greater Western Sydney Giants are local Australian rules football clubs that play in the Australian Football League and the AFL Women's. The Sydney Kings compete in the National Basketball League. The Sydney Uni Flames play in the Women's National Basketball League. The Sydney Blue Sox contest the Australian Baseball League. The NSW Pride are a member of the Hockey One League. The Sydney Bears and Sydney Ice Dogs play in the Australian Ice Hockey League. The Swifts are competitors in the national women's netball league.

Major sporting venues

Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at Woolloomooloo Bay in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first surf lifesaving club was established at Bondi Beach.⁴⁵⁹⁴⁶⁰ Disputes about appropriate clothing for surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. The City2Surf is an annual 14 km (8.7 mi) running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.⁴⁶¹

Sailing races have been held on Sydney Harbour since 1827.⁴⁶² Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron was founded in 1862. The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race is a 1,170 km (727 mi) event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day.⁴⁶³ Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world.⁴⁶⁴ Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.⁴⁶⁵

The Royal Sydney Golf Club is based in Rose Bay and since its opening in 1893 has hosted the Australian Open on 13 occasions.⁴⁶⁶ Royal Randwick Racecourse opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.⁴⁶⁷

Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high capacity Stadium Australia used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. The Sydney Football Stadium was completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.⁴⁶⁸

Sydney was one of the host cities during the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sydney Football Stadium and Stadium Australia were selected as venues, with the later hosting the final.⁴⁶⁹

The Sydney International tennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up for the Grand Slam in Melbourne. Two of the most successful tennis players in history (Ken Rosewall and Todd Woodbridge) were born in and live in the city.

Sydney co-hosted the FIBA Oceania Championship in 1979, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2007, 2009 and 2011.

Government

See also: Local government areas of New South Wales

Historical governance

The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent.⁴⁷⁰ The first Legislative Council met in 1826,⁴⁷¹ and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected.⁴⁷² In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established.⁴⁷³⁴⁷⁴ The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage.⁴⁷⁵ Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs of Woolloomooloo, Surry Hills, Chippendale, and Pyrmont.⁴⁷⁶ As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration.⁴⁷⁷

In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly elected Legislative Assembly and a nominated Legislative Council.⁴⁷⁸ With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments.⁴⁷⁹

Government in the present

In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area. Local government areas have responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project.⁴⁸⁰ There are 33 local government areas which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard.⁴⁸¹⁴⁸²

• Bayside
• Canterbury-Bankstown
• Blacktown
• Blue Mountains
• Burwood
• Camden
• Campbelltown
• Canada Bay
• Central Coast
• Cumberland
• Fairfield
• Georges River
• Hawkesbury
• The Hills
• Hornsby
• Hunter's Hill
• Inner West
• Ku-ring-gai
• Lane Cove
• Liverpool
• Mosman
• North Sydney
• Northern Beaches
• Parramatta
• Penrith
• Randwick
• Ryde
• Strathfield
• Sutherland
• Sydney
• Waverley
• Willoughby
• Wollondilly
• Woollahra

Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the Governor-General and Prime Minister – Admiralty House and Kirribilli House respectively.⁴⁸³ The Parliament of New South Wales sits in Parliament House on Macquarie Street. This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters.⁴⁸⁴ Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its original Georgian façade.⁴⁸⁵ Government House was completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General.⁴⁸⁶ The Cabinet of Australia also meets in Sydney when needed.

The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square.⁴⁸⁷ The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate District Court of New South Wales and the lower Local Court of New South Wales.⁴⁸⁸

In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.⁴⁸⁹ Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs.⁴⁹⁰ It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry.⁴⁹¹ The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and Lord Mayor.⁴⁹²

In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a possibility for Australia's capital city; the newly created city of Canberra ultimately filled this role.⁴⁹³ Seven Australian Prime Ministers have been born in Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister Edmund Barton and current Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.

Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by:

• New South Wales Police Force
• New South Wales Ambulance
• Fire and Rescue NSW

Infrastructure

Education

Main article: Education in Sydney

Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory.⁴⁹⁴ By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school.⁴⁹⁵ 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university.⁴⁹⁶ Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney.⁴⁹⁷⁴⁹⁸ The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).⁴⁹⁹

There are six public universities based in Sydney: The University of Sydney, University of New South Wales, University of Technology Sydney, Macquarie University, Western Sydney University, and Australian Catholic University. Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the University of Notre Dame Australia, Central Queensland University, Victoria University, University of Wollongong, and University of Newcastle. Charles Sturt University and Southern Cross University operate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programs in Sydney through third-party providers: University of the Sunshine Coast, La Trobe University, Federation University Australia and Charles Darwin University. 5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university.⁵⁰⁰ The University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney are ranked equal 19th in the world,⁵⁰¹ the University of Technology Sydney is ranked in the top 100,⁵⁰² while Macquarie University is ranked 237, and Western Sydney University is ranked 474.⁵⁰³ Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. 7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school.⁵⁰⁴ There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by the New South Wales Department of Education.⁵⁰⁵ 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney.⁵⁰⁶

Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run by TAFE New South Wales and began with the opening of the Sydney Technical College in 1878.⁵⁰⁷ The college became the Sydney Institute in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the Northern Sydney Institute, the Western Sydney Institute, and the South Western Sydney Institute. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.⁵⁰⁸

Health

The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents at The Rocks. Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered from dysentery, smallpox, scurvy, and typhoid. Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the Second Fleet and the construction of new hospitals at Parramatta, Windsor, and Liverpool in the 1790s.⁵⁰⁹

Governor Macquarie arranged for the construction of Sydney Hospital, completed in 1816.⁵¹⁰ Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as Parliament House but the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service.⁵¹¹ The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of Florence Nightingale in 1868.⁵¹²

Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales.⁵¹³ The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney.⁵¹⁴ The Prince of Wales Hospital was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.⁵¹⁵ St Vincent's Hospital was founded in 1857,⁵¹⁶ followed by Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in 1880,⁵¹⁷ the Prince Henry Hospital in 1881,⁵¹⁸ the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in 1882,⁵¹⁹ the Royal North Shore Hospital in 1885,⁵²⁰ the St George Hospital in 1894,⁵²¹ and the Nepean Hospital in 1895.⁵²² Westmead Hospital in 1978 was the last major facility to open.⁵²³

Transport

Main article: Transport in Sydney

Roads

The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II.⁵²⁴ The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971.⁵²⁵ The most important roads in Sydney were the nine Metroads, including the 110 km (68 mi) Sydney Orbital Network. Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing.^526527528 The Light Horse Interchange in western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.⁵²⁹

There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion.⁵³⁰ 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more.⁵³¹ With a rate of 26.3% in 2014, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital.⁵³² In contrast, in 2014 only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.⁵³³ Several significant infrastructure projects have been completed since. The CBD features a series of alleyways and lanes that provide off-street vehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.⁵³⁴

Suburban trains

Main article: Sydney Trains

Sydney has the largest public transport network in Australia, with 67% of residents having access to adequate public transport services.⁵³⁵ Sydney's rail network began with the construction of a rail line to present-day Granville in 1855. Afterwards, the network grew with European settlement in the 19th century.⁵³⁶ The first electric trains were introduced in 1926, by which point electric trams were also running. By 1991, all lines within Sydney were electrified.⁵³⁷ The rail network, as well as all public transport within Sydney, is ticketed through Opal cards, reusable and contactless cards that are used to automatically calculate and collect transport fares.

Established in 1906, Central station is the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city's rail network.⁵³⁸ Sydney Trains is the suburban rail service. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 168 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 302 million passenger journeys in 2023–24.⁵³⁹ Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers. The main station is the Central railway station in the southern part of the CBD. In the 1850s and 1860s, the railway reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.⁵⁴⁰

Metro

Main article: Sydney Metro

The Sydney Metro is a driverless rapid transit network separate from the suburban rail network, with connections at major interchange stations. Currently, the network consists of a single line extending from Tallawong in the north-west to the city and Sydenham. This line, designated as the M1, will be extended to Bankstown in 2025 with suburbs previously on the Bankstown railway line currently closed for conversion to the metro. A new line through the inner west to Parramatta is planned to be built by 2030.⁵⁴¹⁵⁴² It currently serves 21 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for the second international airport. Sydney metro operates with much higher frequency than the suburban rail network, with service intervals of 3-4 minutes compared to Sydney Trains' 10-15 minutes. The scheme is intended to increase Sydney's public transport capacity by 60%.⁵⁴³⁵⁴⁴

Light rail

Main article: Light rail in Sydney

Sydney once had one of the largest tram networks in the British Empire after London.⁵⁴⁵ It served routes covering 291 km (181 mi). The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961.⁵⁴⁶ From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90 million passengers per annum.⁵⁴⁷

In 1997, the Inner West Light Rail opened between Central station and Wentworth Park. It ran on a freight line extending from the city to Darling Harbour and the Fish Markets, part of the Metropolitan Goods Lines.⁵⁴⁸ The line was extended to Lilyfield in 2000 and then Dulwich Hill in 2014. It links the Inner West and Darling Harbour with Central station and facilitated 9.1 million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year.⁵⁴⁹ A second, the CBD and South East Light Rail 12 km (7.5 mi) line serving the CBD and Eastern Suburbs opened in 2019–2020.⁵⁵⁰ A light rail line serving the western hub of Parramatta opened in 2024.⁵⁵¹ The project is divided into two stages, with the first (the L4) replacing the Carlingford railway line that closed in 2020. The second stage of the project, the L5, servicing the Olympic park, is currently under construction.

Buses

Main article: Buses in Sydney

Bus services are conducted by private operators under contract to Transport for NSW. Integrated tickets called Opal cards operate on bus routes. In total, nearly 225 million boardings were recorded across the bus network.⁵⁵² NightRide is a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am.

Ferries

Main articles: Sydney Ferries, List of Sydney Harbour ferries, and Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries

At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's ferry service was the largest in the world.⁵⁵³ Patronage declined from 37 million passengers in 1945 to 11 million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years.⁵⁵⁴ From its hub at Circular Quay, the ferry network extends from Manly to Parramatta.⁵⁵⁵ Ferries in sydney are operated by Transdev Sydney Ferries and operate on 10 routes across the harbour and Parramatta River.

Airports

Sydney Airport, officially "Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport", is located in Mascot. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations.⁵⁵⁶ As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9 million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.⁵⁵⁷ A second airport, Western Sydney Airport, is under construction at Badgerys Creek and will open in late 2026,⁵⁵⁸ at a cost of $2.5 billion.⁵⁵⁹ Notably, it will not feature a curfew, unlike Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport, which imposes a suspension of all aircraft operations between 11 pm and 6 am. Bankstown Airport is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.⁵⁶⁰ Other airports include Camden Airport, The Oaks Airfield, and Menangle Airfield, which are mostly used for general aviation, flight training⁵⁶¹ and by private operators. Seaplane terminals are located at Rose Bay and Palm Beach, and military airports at Holsworthy and Richmond. Port Botany has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at Sydney Cove and White Bay.

Utilities

Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the Tank Stream sourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.⁵⁶² The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.⁵⁶³

The Upper Nepean Scheme came into operation in 1886. It transports water 100 km (62 mi) from the Nepean, Cataract, and Cordeaux rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs.⁵⁶⁴ Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935.⁵⁶⁵ In 1977 the Shoalhaven Scheme brought several more dams into service.⁵⁶⁶

The state-owned corporation WaterNSW now manages eleven major dams: Warragamba, one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,⁵⁶⁷ Woronora, Cataract, Cordeaux, Nepean, Avon, Wingecarribee Reservoir, Fitzroy Falls Reservoir, Tallowa, the Blue Mountains Dams, and Prospect Reservoir.⁵⁶⁸ Water is collected from five catchment areas covering 16,000 km2 (6,178 sq mi) and total storage amounts to 2.6 TL (0.6 cu mi).⁵⁶⁹ The Sydney Desalination Plant came into operation in 2010.⁵⁷⁰ WaterNSW supplies bulk water to Sydney Water, a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services.

Sydney's electricity infrastructure is maintained by Ausgrid and Endeavour Energy.⁵⁷¹⁵⁷² Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and 83,000 km (52,000 mi) of cables. Submarine communications cable systems in Sydney include the Australia–Japan Cable, Telstra Endeavour and the Southern Cross Cable, which link Australia and countries in the Pacific.^573574575

Environmental issues and pollution reduction

Main article: Environmental issues in Australia

Further information: Climate change in Australia and Renewable energy in Australia

Air quality

As climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintaining water quality.⁵⁷⁶ The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses.⁵⁷⁷

The 2019–20 Australian bushfire season significantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. The air quality was 11 times the hazardous level in some days,⁵⁷⁸⁵⁷⁹ worse than New Delhi's;⁵⁸⁰ it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at the University of Technology Sydney.⁵⁸¹ Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest,⁵⁸² bushfires can ring the region in a natural phenomena that is labelled "ring of fire".^{583584585586587}

The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as carbon-neutral in 2008.⁵⁸⁸⁵⁸⁹ The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.⁵⁹⁰⁵⁹¹ The Sustainable Sydney 2030 program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%.⁵⁹²⁵⁹³ Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30 million a year.⁵⁹⁴ Solar panels have been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.⁵⁹⁵

The city also has an "urban forest growth strategy", in which it aims to regularly increase the tree coverage in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and vegetation to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures.⁵⁹⁶ Sydney has also become a leader in the development of green office buildings and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The One Central Park development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.^597598599600

Car-dependency

Australian cities are some of the most car-dependent cities in the world,⁶⁰¹ especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%.⁶⁰² Sydney also has the highest usage of public transport in an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of public transport services, with a historically low-density layout and significant urban sprawl, thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency.⁶⁰³⁶⁰⁴

Strategies have been implemented to reduce private vehicle pollution by encouraging public transport,⁶⁰⁵ initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new electric cars, the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia.⁶⁰⁶ Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide, which contribute to climate change.⁶⁰⁷⁶⁰⁸ Cycling trips increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city from 2010 to 2015, at which point about 2,000 bikes were passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.⁶⁰⁹ Transport developments in the north-west and east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system.

Sister cities

Sister cities of Sydney include:

• San Francisco, United States of America
• Wellington, New Zealand
• Florence, Italy
• Nagoya, Japan
• Portsmouth, United Kingdom
• Guangzhou, China

See also

• New South Wales portal

• List of museums in Sydney
• List of people from Sydney
• List of public art in the City of Sydney
• List of songs about Sydney
• Outline of Sydney

Notes

External links

• Official Sydney, NSW government site
• Official Sydney tourism site
• Historical film clips of Sydney on the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's australianscreen online
• Qantas Farewell Flight B747-400 Queen of the Skies – Sydney Final Flight QF747 on YouTube – includes a low-level joyflight around Sydney showing various aspects of the city on 13 July 2020 (starts at 05:20)
• Geographic data related to Sydney at OpenStreetMap
• Dictionary of Sydney – the history of Sydney (Archived 24 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
• Sydney Official History Archives
• State Records New South Wales
• National Archives of Australia
• Understanding Society Through its Records – John Curtin Library
• Directory of Archives in Australia

References

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2. "Complete official list of Sydney suburbs". Walk Sydney Streets. 2014. Archived from the original on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2014. http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm ↩

3. "Regional Population – 2023–24 final". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 27 March 2025. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release ↩

4. "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 ↩

5. Tom Smith (4 November 2017). "Why Sydney Is Also Known As 'The Emerald City'". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ ↩

6. Heiss, Anita; Gibson, Melodie-Jane (2013). "Aboriginal people and place". Sydney Barani. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014. http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ ↩

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8. "2021 Greater Sydney, Census Community Profiles". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 July 2022. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD ↩

9. Levy, Megan (5 March 2014). "Sydney, Melbourne more expensive than New York, says Living Index". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014. http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html ↩

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