Standard electrode potential (data page)

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The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at:

Temperature 298.15 K (25.00 °C; 77.00 °F);
Effective concentration (activity) 1 mol/L for each aqueous or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species;
Unit activity for each solvent and pure solid or liquid species; and
Absolute partial pressure 101.325 kPa (1.00000 atm; 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent — the convention in most literature data but not the current standard state (100 kPa).

Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) must satisfy

∆G° = –zFE°,

where z electrons are transferred, and the Faraday constant F is the conversion factor describing Coulombs transferred per mole electrons. Those Gibbs free energy changes can be added.

For example, from Fe2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Fe(s) (–0.44 V), the energy to form one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one Fe2+ ion and two electrons is 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 907 J/(mol e−). That value is also the standard formation energy (∆Gf°) for an Fe2+ ion, since e− and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: Cu + + e − ⇌ Cu ( s ) E 1 = + 0.520 V Cu 2 + + 2 e − ⇌ Cu ( s ) E 2 = + 0.337 V Cu 2 + + e − ⇌ Cu + E 3 = + 0.159 V {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{4}&{\ce {Cu+ + e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu(s)}}&\quad \quad E_{1}=+0.520{\text{ V}}\\&{\ce {Cu^2+ + 2e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu(s)}}&\quad \quad E_{2}=+0.337{\text{ V}}\\&{\ce {Cu^2+ + e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu+}}&\quad \quad E_{3}=+0.159{\text{ V}}\end{alignedat}}} From additivity of Gibbs energies, one must have 2 ⋅ E 2 = 1 ⋅ E 1 + 1 ⋅ E 3 {\displaystyle 2\cdot E_{2}=1\cdot E_{1}+1\cdot E_{3}} But that equation does not hold exactly with the cited values.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element	Half-reaction			E°(volt)	Electronstransferred	Reference
Element	Oxidant	⇌	Reductant	E°(volt)	Electronstransferred	Reference
Sr	Sr+ + e−	⇌	Sr(s)	-4.101	1	¹
Ca	Ca+ + e−	⇌	Ca(s)	-3.8	1	²
Th	Th4+ + e−	⇌	Th3+	-3.6	1	³
Pr	Pr3+ + e−	⇌	Pr2+	-3.1	1	Estimated⁴
N	3N2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2HN3(aq)	-3.09	2	⁵ ⁶
Li	Li+ + e−	⇌	Li(s)	-3.0401	1	⁷ ⁸: 153
N	N2(g) + 4H2O + 2 e−	⇌	2NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH−	-3.04	2	⁹
Cs	Cs+ + e−	⇌	Cs(s)	-3.026	1	¹⁰
Ca	Ca(OH)2 + 2 e−	⇌	Ca(s) + 2 OH−	-3.02	2	¹¹
Er	Er3+ + e−	⇌	Er2+	-3	1	¹²
Ba	Ba(OH)2 + 2 e−	⇌	Ba(s) + 2 OH−	-2.99	2	¹³
Rb	Rb+ + e−	⇌	Rb(s)	-2.98	1	¹⁴
K	K+ + e−	⇌	K(s)	-2.931	1	¹⁵
Ba	Ba2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ba(s)	-2.912	2	¹⁶
La	La(OH)3(s) + 3 e−	⇌	La(s) + 3 OH−	-2.9	3	¹⁷
Fr	Fr+ + e−	⇌	Fr(s)	-2.9	1	¹⁸
Sr	Sr2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Sr(s)	-2.899	2	¹⁹
Sr	Sr(OH)2 + 2 e−	⇌	Sr(s) + 2 OH−	-2.88	2	²⁰
Ca	Ca2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ca(s)	-2.868	2	²¹ ²²: 153
Li	Li+ + C6(s) + e−	⇌	LiC6(s)	-2.84	1	²³
Eu	Eu2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Eu(s)	-2.812	2	²⁴
Ra	Ra2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ra(s)	-2.8	2	²⁵
Ho	Ho3+ + e−	⇌	Ho2+	-2.8	1	²⁶
Bk	Bk3+ + e−	⇌	Bk2+	-2.8	1	²⁷
Yb	Yb2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Yb(s)	-2.76	2	²⁸
Na	Na+ + e−	⇌	Na(s)	-2.71	1	²⁹ ³⁰
Mg	Mg+ + e−	⇌	Mg(s)	-2.7	1	³¹
Nd	Nd3+ + e−	⇌	Nd2+	-2.7	1	³²
Mg	Mg(OH)2 + 2 e−	⇌	Mg(s) + 2 OH−	-2.69	2	³³
Sm	Sm2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Sm(s)	-2.68	2	³⁴
Be	Be2O2−3 + 3H2O + 4 e−	⇌	2Be(s) + 6 OH−	-2.63	4	³⁵
Pm	Pm3+ + e−	⇌	Pm2+	-2.6	1	³⁶
Dy	Dy3+ + e−	⇌	Dy2+	-2.6	1	³⁷
No	No2+ + 2 e−	⇌	No	-2.5	2	³⁸
Hf	HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e−	⇌	Hf(s) + 4 OH−	-2.5	4	³⁹
Th	Th(OH)4 + 4 e−	⇌	Th(s) + 4 OH−	-2.48	4	⁴⁰
Md	Md2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Md	-2.4	2	⁴¹
Tm	Tm2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Tm(s)	-2.4	2	⁴²
La	La3+ + 3 e−	⇌	La(s)	-2.379	3	⁴³
Y	Y3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Y(s)	-2.372	3	⁴⁴
Mg	Mg2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Mg(s)	-2.372	2	⁴⁵
Sc	ScF3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	Sc(s) + 3HF(aq)	-2.37	3	⁴⁶: 792
Zr	ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e−	⇌	Zr(s) + 4 OH−	-2.36	4	⁴⁷
Pr	Pr3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Pr(s)	-2.353	3	⁴⁸
Ce	Ce3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Ce(s)	-2.336	3	⁴⁹
Er	Er3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Er(s)	-2.331	3	⁵⁰
Ho	Ho3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Ho(s)	-2.33	3	⁵¹
Al	H2AlO−3 + H2O + 3 e−	⇌	Al(s) + 4 OH−	-2.33	3	⁵²
Nd	Nd3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Nd(s)	-2.323	3	⁵³
Tm	Tm3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Tm(s)	-2.319	3	⁵⁴
Al	Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e−	⇌	Al(s) + 3 OH−	-2.31	3	⁵⁵
Sm	Sm3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Sm(s)	-2.304	3	⁵⁶
Fm	Fm2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Fm	-2.3	2	⁵⁷
Am	Am3+ + e−	⇌	Am2+	-2.3	1	⁵⁸
Dy	Dy3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Dy(s)	-2.295	3	⁵⁹
Lu	Lu3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Lu(s)	-2.28	3	⁶⁰
Sc	ScF+2 + 2 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	Sc(s) + 2HF(l)	-2.28	3	⁶¹: 792
Tb	Tb3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Tb(s)	-2.28	3	⁶²
Gd	Gd3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Gd(s)	-2.279	3	⁶³
H	H2(g) + 2 e−	⇌	2H−	-2.23	2	⁶⁴
Es	Es2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Es(s)	-2.23	2	⁶⁵
Pm	Pm2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Pm(s)	-2.2	2	⁶⁶
Tm	Tm3+ + e−	⇌	Tm2+	-2.2	1	⁶⁷
Dy	Dy2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Dy(s)	-2.2	2	⁶⁸
Ac	Ac3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Ac(s)	-2.2	3	⁶⁹
Yb	Yb3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Yb(s)	-2.19	3	⁷⁰
Cf	Cf2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Cf(s)	-2.12	2	⁷¹
Nd	Nd2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Nd(s)	-2.1	2	⁷²
Ho	Ho2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ho(s)	-2.1	2	⁷³
Sc	Sc3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Sc(s)	-2.077	3	⁷⁴
Al	AlF3−6 + 3 e−	⇌	Al(s) + 6F−	-2.069	3	⁷⁵
Cm	Cm3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Cm(s)	-2.04	3	⁷⁶
Pu	Pu3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Pu(s)	-2.031	3	⁷⁷
Pr	Pr2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Pr(s)	-2	2	⁷⁸
Er	Er2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Er(s)	-2	2	⁷⁹
Eu	Eu3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Eu(s)	-1.991	3	⁸⁰
Lr	Lr3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Lr	-1.96	3	⁸¹
Cf	Cf3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Cf(s)	-1.94	3	⁸²
Es	Es3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Es(s)	-1.91	3	⁸³
Pa	Pa4+ + e−	⇌	Pa3+	-1.9	1	⁸⁴
Am	Am2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Am(s)	-1.9	2	⁸⁵
Th	Th4+ + 4 e−	⇌	Th(s)	-1.899	4	⁸⁶
Fm	Fm3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Fm	-1.89	3	⁸⁷
N	N2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2NH3OH+	-1.87	2	⁸⁸: 789
Np	Np3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Np(s)	-1.856	3	⁸⁹
Be	Be2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Be(s)	-1.847	2	⁹⁰
P	H2PO−2 + e−	⇌	P(s) + 2 OH−	-1.82	1	⁹¹
U	U3+ + 3 e−	⇌	U(s)	-1.798	3	⁹²
Sr	Sr2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Sr(Hg)	-1.793	2	⁹³
B	H2BO−3 + H2O + 3 e−	⇌	B(s) + 4 OH−	-1.79	3	⁹⁴
Th	ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Th(s) + 2H2O	-1.789	4	⁹⁵
Hf	HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Hf(s) + H2O	-1.724	4	⁹⁶
P	HPO2−3 + 2H2O + 3 e−	⇌	P(s) + 5 OH−	-1.71	3	⁹⁷
Si	SiO2−3 + 3H2O + 4 e−	⇌	Si(s) + 6 OH−	-1.697	4	⁹⁸
Al	Al3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Al(s)	-1.662	3	⁹⁹
Ti	Ti2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ti(s)	-1.63	2	¹⁰⁰
Zr	ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Zr(s) + 2H2O	-1.553	4	¹⁰¹
Zr	Zr4+ + 4 e−	⇌	Zr(s)	-1.45	4	¹⁰²
Ti	Ti3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Ti(s)	-1.37	3	¹⁰³
Ti	TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ti(s) + H2O	-1.31	2	¹⁰⁴: 792
B	B(OH)−4 + 4H2O(l) + 8 e−	⇌	BH−4 + 8 OH−	-1.24	8	¹⁰⁵: 788
Ga	GaO(OH)−2 + H2O(l) + 3 e−	⇌	Ga(s) + 3 OH−	-1.22	3	¹⁰⁶: 788
Ti	Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2TiO(s) + H2O	-1.23	2	¹⁰⁷: 792
Zn	Zn(OH)2−4 + 2 e−	⇌	Zn(s) + 4 OH−	-1.199	2	¹⁰⁸
Mn	Mn2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Mn(s)	-1.185	2	¹⁰⁹
Fe	Fe(CN)4−6 + 6 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq)	-1.16	2	¹¹⁰
C	C(s) + 3H2O(l) + 2 e−	⇌	CH3OH(l) + 2 OH−	-1.148	2	¹¹¹: 788
Cr	Cr(CN)3−6 + e−	⇌	Cr(CN)4−6	-1.143	1	¹¹²: 793
Te	Te(s) + 2 e−	⇌	Te2−	-1.143	2	¹¹³
V	V2+ + 2 e−	⇌	V(s)	-1.13	2	¹¹⁴
Nb	Nb3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Nb(s)	-1.099	3	¹¹⁵
Sn	Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	SnH4(g)	-1.07	4
Po	Po(s) + 2 e−	⇌	Po2−	-1.021	2	¹¹⁶
Cr	[Cr(edta)(H2O)]− + e−	⇌	[Cr(edta)(H2O)]2−	-0.99	1	¹¹⁷: 793
P	2H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	(H2PO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)	-0.933	2	¹¹⁸: 789
C	CO2−3 + 3 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	HCO−2 + H2O(l)	-0.93	2	¹¹⁹: 788
Ti	TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Ti(s) + H2O	-0.93	4
Si	SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Si(s) + 2H2O	-0.909	4	¹²⁰: 788
Cr	Cr2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Cr(s)	-0.9	2	¹²¹: 793
B	B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	B(s) + 3H2O	-0.89	3	¹²²: 788
Fe	Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 e−	⇌	Fe(s) + 2 OH−	-0.89	2	¹²³
Fe	Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O + 2 e−	⇌	2Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 OH−	-0.86	2	¹²⁴
H	2H2O + 2 e−	⇌	H2(g) + 2 OH−	-0.8277	2	¹²⁵
Bi	Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	BiH3	-0.8	3	¹²⁶
Zn	Zn2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Zn(Hg)	-0.7628	2	¹²⁷
Zn	Zn2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Zn(s)	-0.7618	2	¹²⁸
Ta	Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e−	⇌	2Ta(s) + 5H2O	-0.75	10
Te	2Te(s) + 2 e−	⇌	Te2−2	-0.74	2	¹²⁹: 790
Ni	Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 e−	⇌	Ni(s) + 2 OH−	-0.72	2	¹³⁰
Nb	Nb2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e−	⇌	2Nb(s) + 5H2O(l)	-0.7	10	¹³¹: 793
Ag	Ag2S(s) + 2 e−	⇌	2Ag(s) + S2−(aq)	-0.69	2
Te	Te2−2 + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2H2Te(g)	-0.64	2	¹³²: 790
Sb	Sb(OH)−4 + 3 e−	⇌	Sb(s) + 4 OH−	-0.639	3	¹³³: 789
Au	[Au(CN)2]− + e−	⇌	Au(s) + 2CN−	-0.6	1
Ta	Ta3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Ta(s)	-0.6	3	¹³⁴
Pb	PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e−	⇌	Pb(s) + 2 OH−	-0.580	2	¹³⁵
Ti	2TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ti2O3(s) + H2O	-0.56	2	¹³⁶: 792
Ga	Ga3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Ga(s)	-0.549	3	¹³⁷
U	U4+ + e−	⇌	U3+	-0.52	1	¹³⁸
P	H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e−	⇌	P(white)¹³⁹ + 2H2O	-0.508	1	¹⁴⁰
P	H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	H3PO2(aq) + H2O	-0.499	2	¹⁴¹
Ni	NiO2(s) + 2H2O + 2 e−	⇌	Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 OH−	-0.49	2	¹⁴²
Sb	Sb(OH)−6 + 2 e−	⇌	Sb(OH)−4 + 2 OH−	-0.465	2	¹⁴³: 789
P	H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	P(red)¹⁴⁴ + 3H2O	-0.454	3	¹⁴⁵
Bi	Bi2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) + 6 e−	⇌	Bi(s) + 6 OH−	-0.452	6	¹⁴⁶: 789
Ta	TaF2−7 + 7 H+ + 5 e−	⇌	Ta(s) + 7HF(l)	-0.45	5	¹⁴⁷: 793
In	In3+ + 2 e−	⇌	In+	-0.444	2	¹⁴⁸: 788
Cu	Cu(CN)−2 + e−	⇌	Cu(s) + 2CN−	-0.44	1	¹⁴⁹
Fe	Fe2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Fe(s)	-0.44	2	¹⁵⁰
C	2CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	HOOCCOOH(aq)	-0.43	2
Cr	Cr3+ + e−	⇌	Cr2+	-0.407	1	¹⁵¹
Cd	Cd2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Cd(s)	-0.4	2	¹⁵²
Ti	Ti3+ + e−	⇌	Ti2+	-0.37	1	¹⁵³: 792
Cu	Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e−	⇌	2Cu(s) + 2 OH−	-0.36	2	¹⁵⁴
Pb	PbSO4(s) + 2 e−	⇌	Pb(s) + SO2−4	-0.3588	2	¹⁵⁵
Pb	PbSO4(s) + 2 e−	⇌	Pb(Hg) + SO2−4	-0.3505	2	¹⁵⁶
Eu	Eu3+ + e−	⇌	Eu2+	-0.35	1	¹⁵⁷
In	In3+ + 3 e−	⇌	In(s)	-0.34	3	¹⁵⁸
Tl	Tl+ + e−	⇌	Tl(s)	-0.34	1	¹⁵⁹
Ge	Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	GeH4(g)	-0.29	4
Co	Co2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Co(s)	-0.28	2	¹⁶⁰
P	H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	H3PO3(aq) + H2O	-0.276	2	¹⁶¹
N	N2(g) + 8 H+ + 6 e−	⇌	2NH+4	-0.27	6	¹⁶²
V	V3+ + e−	⇌	V2+	-0.26	1	¹⁶³
Ni	Ni2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ni(s)	-0.257	2	¹⁶⁴
S	2HSO−4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	S2O2−6 + 2H2O(l)	-0.253	2	¹⁶⁵: 790
As	As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	AsH3(g)	-0.23	3	¹⁶⁶
N	N2(g) + 5 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	N2H+5	-0.23	4	¹⁶⁷: 789
Ga	Ga+ + e−	⇌	Ga(s)	-0.2	1	¹⁶⁸
Ag	AgI(s) + e−	⇌	Ag(s) + I−	-0.15224	1	¹⁶⁹
Ge	GeO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Ge(s) + 2H2O(l)	-0.15	4	¹⁷⁰
Mo	MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Mo(s) + 2H2O	-0.15	4
Si	Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	SiH4(g)	-0.14	4
Sn	Sn2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Sn(s)	-0.13	2
O	O2(g) + H+ + e−	⇌	HO•2(aq)	-0.13	1
In	In+ + e−	⇌	In(s)	-0.126	1	¹⁷¹: 788
Pb	Pb2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Pb(s)	-0.126	2	¹⁷²
W	WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	W(s) + 2H2O	-0.12	4
Ge	GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	GeO(s) + H2O	-0.118	2	¹⁷³
P	P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	PH3(g)	-0.111	3	¹⁷⁴
C	CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	HCOOH(aq)	-0.11	2
Se	Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	H2Se(g)	-0.11	2	¹⁷⁵: 790
C	CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	CO(g) + H2O	-0.11	2
Sn	α-SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Sn(s) + H2O	-0.104	2	¹⁷⁶: 788
Cu	Cu(NH3)+2 + e−	⇌	Cu(s) + 2NH3(aq)	-0.1	1	¹⁷⁷
Nb	Nb2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	2Nb3+ + 5H2O(l)	-0.1	4	¹⁷⁸: 793
W	WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−	⇌	W(s) + 3H2O	-0.09	6	¹⁷⁹
Sn	SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	α-SnO(s) + H2O	-0.088	2	¹⁸⁰: 788
Fe	Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e−	⇌	3Fe(s) + 4H2O	-0.085	8	¹⁸¹
V	VOH2+ + H+ + e−	⇌	V2+ + H2O(l)	-0.082	1	¹⁸²: 793
P	P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	PH3(g)	-0.063	3	¹⁸³
N	N2O(g) + H2O(l) + 6 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	2NH3OH+	-0.05	4	¹⁸⁴: 789
Fe	Fe3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Fe(s)	-0.04	3	¹⁸⁵
C	HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	HCHO(aq) + H2O	-0.034	2	¹⁸⁶: 788
H	2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	H2(g)	0	2
Ag	AgBr(s) + e−	⇌	Ag(s) + Br−	0.07133	1	¹⁸⁷
S	S4O2−6 + 2 e−	⇌	2S2O2−3	0.08	2
N	N2(g) + 2H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e−	⇌	2NH4OH(aq)	0.092	6
Hg	HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e−	⇌	Hg(l) + 2 OH−	0.0977	2
Cu	Cu(NH3)2+4 + e−	⇌	Cu(NH3)+2 + 2NH3(aq)	0.1	1	¹⁸⁸
Ru	Ru(NH3)3+6 + e−	⇌	Ru(NH3)2+6	0.1	1	¹⁸⁹
N	N2H4(aq) + 4H2O + 2 e−	⇌	2NH+4 + 4 OH−	0.11	2	¹⁹⁰
Mo	H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−	⇌	Mo(s) + 4H2O	0.11	6
Ge	Ge4+ + 4 e−	⇌	Ge(s)	0.12	4
C	C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	CH4(g)	0.13	4	¹⁹¹
C	HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	CH3OH(aq)	0.13	2
S	S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	H2S(g)	0.144	2	¹⁹²: 790
Sb	Sb2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 6 e−	⇌	2Sb(s) + 3H2O	0.15	6	¹⁹³: 789
Sn	Sn4+ + 2 e−	⇌	Sn2+	0.151	2	¹⁹⁴
S	HSO−4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	SO2(aq) + 2H2O	0.158	2	¹⁹⁵: 790
Cu	Cu2+ + e−	⇌	Cu+	0.159	1	¹⁹⁶
U	UO2+2 + e−	⇌	UO+2	0.163	1	¹⁹⁷
S	SO2−4 + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	SO2(aq) + 2H2O	0.17	2
Ti	TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e−	⇌	Ti3+ + H2O	0.19	1
Sb	SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	Sb(s) + H2O	0.2	3
Fe	3Fe2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2Fe3O4(s) + H2O	0.22	2	¹⁹⁸: p.100
Ag	AgCl(s) + e−	⇌	Ag(s) + Cl−	0.22233	1	¹⁹⁹
As	H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	As(s) + 3H2O	0.24	3	²⁰⁰: 789
Ru	Ru3+(aq) + e−	⇌	Ru2+(aq)	0.249	1	²⁰¹
Pb	PbO2(s) + H2O + 2 e−	⇌	α-PbO(s) + 2 OH−	0.254	2	²⁰²: 788
Ge	GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ge(s) + H2O	0.26	2
Hg	Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e−	⇌	2Hg(l) + 2Cl−	0.27	2	²⁰³
U	UO+2 + 4 H+ + e−	⇌	U4+ + 2H2O	0.273	1	²⁰⁴
Re	Re3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Re(s)	0.300	3	²⁰⁵
At	At + e−	⇌	At−	0.3	1	²⁰⁶
Bi	Bi3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Bi(s)	0.308	3	²⁰⁷
C	2HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	(CN)2 + 2H2O	0.330	2	²⁰⁸
Cu	Cu2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Cu(s)	0.337	2	²⁰⁹
V	VO2+ + 2 H+ + e−	⇌	V3+ + H2O	0.337	1	²¹⁰: 793
Sb	Sb2O4(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Sb2O3(s) + H2O(l)	0.342	2	²¹¹: 789
At	At+ + 2 e−	⇌	At−	0.36	2	²¹²
Fe	[Fe(CN)6]3− + e−	⇌	[Fe(CN)6]4−	0.3704	1	²¹³
C	(CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2HCN	0.373	2	²¹⁴
P	(H2PO3)2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2H3PO3	0.38	2	²¹⁵: 789
S	2SO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	S2O2−3 + H2O(l)	0.4	2	²¹⁶: 790
O	O2(g) + 2H2O + 4 e−	⇌	4 OH−(aq)	0.401	4	²¹⁷
Mo	H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	Mo3+ + 4H2O	0.43	3
Ru	Ru2+(aq) + 2 e−	⇌	Ru	0.455	2	²¹⁸
V	VO(OH)+ + 2 H+ + e−	⇌	VOH2+ + H2O(l)	0.481	1	²¹⁹: 793
C	CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	CH4(g) + H2O	0.5	2
S	SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	S(s) + 2H2O	0.5	4	²²⁰: 790
S	4SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 8 e−	⇌	S4O2−6 + 2H2O(l)	0.51	8	²²¹
Cu	Cu+ + e−	⇌	Cu(s)	0.52	1	²²²
C	CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	C(s) + H2O	0.52	2	²²³: 788
I	I−3 + 2 e−	⇌	3I−	0.53	2	²²⁴
Te	TeO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Te(s) + 2H2O(l)	0.53	4	²²⁵: 790
Cu	Cu2+ + Cl− + e−	⇌	CuCl(s)	0.54	1	²²⁶
I	I2(s) + 2 e−	⇌	2I−	0.54	2	²²⁷
Au	[AuI4]− + 3 e−	⇌	Au(s) + 4I−	0.56	3
As	H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	H3AsO3(aq) + H2O	0.56	2	²²⁸: 789
S	S2O2−6 + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2H2SO3	0.569	2	²²⁹: 790
Au	[AuI2]− + e−	⇌	Au(s) + 2I−	0.58	1
Mn	MnO−4 + 2H2O + 3 e−	⇌	MnO2(s) + 4 OH−	0.595	3	²³⁰
S	S2O2−3 + 6 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	2S(s) + 3H2O	0.6	4	²³¹: 790
Fe	Fc+ + e−	⇌	Fc(s)	0.63	1	Substantial literature variation²³²
Mo	H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	MoO2(s) + 2H2O	0.65	2
N	HN3(aq) + 11 H+ + 8 e−	⇌	3NH+4	0.69	8	²³³
O	O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	H2O2(aq)	0.695	2	²³⁴
Sb	Sb2O5(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Sb2O3(s) + 2H2O	0.699	4	²³⁵: 789
C	+ 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌		0.6992	2	²³⁶
V	H2V10O4−28 + 24 H+ + 10 e−	⇌	10VO(OH)+ + 8H2O(l)	0.723	10	²³⁷: 793
Pt	PtCl2−6 + 2 e−	⇌	PtCl2−4 + 2Cl−	0.726	2	²³⁸
Fe	Fe2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2Fe2+ + 3H2O	0.728	2	²³⁹: p.100
Se	H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Se(s) + 3H2O	0.74	4	²⁴⁰
At	AtO+ + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	At+ + H2O	0.74	2	²⁴¹
Tl	Tl3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Tl(s)	0.741	3	²⁴²
No	No3+ + e−	⇌	No2+	0.75	1	²⁴³
Pt	PtCl2−4 + 2 e−	⇌	Pt(s) + 4Cl−	0.758	2	²⁴⁴
Br	BrO− + H2O(l) + 2 e−	⇌	Br− + 2 OH−	0.76	2	²⁴⁵: 791
Po	Po4+ + 4 e−	⇌	Po	0.76	4	²⁴⁶
S	(SCN)2 + 2 e−	⇌	2SCN−	0.769	2	²⁴⁷ ²⁴⁸
Fe	Fe3+ + e−	⇌	Fe2+	0.771	1	²⁴⁹
Hg	Hg2+2 + 2 e−	⇌	2Hg(l)	0.7973	2	²⁵⁰
Ag	Ag+ + e−	⇌	Ag(s)	0.7996	1	²⁵¹
N	2NO−3(aq) + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	N2O4(g) + 2H2O	0.803	2	²⁵²: 789
Fe	2FeO2−4 + 5H2O + 6 e−	⇌	Fe2O3(s) + 10 OH−	0.81	6	²⁵³
Au	[AuBr4]− + 3 e−	⇌	Au(s) + 4Br−	0.85	3
Hg	Hg2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Hg(l)	0.85	2
Ir	[IrCl6]2− + e−	⇌	[IrCl6]3−	0.87	1	²⁵⁴: 153
Mn	MnO−4 + H+ + e−	⇌	HMnO−4	0.9	1
Po	Po4+ + 2 e−	⇌	Po2+	0.9	2	²⁵⁵
Hg	2Hg2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Hg2+2	0.91	2	²⁵⁶
Pd	Pd2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Pd(s)	0.915	2	²⁵⁷
Au	[AuCl4]− + 3 e−	⇌	Au(s) + 4Cl−	0.93	3
N	NO−3 + 3 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	HNO2(aq)	0.94	2	²⁵⁸: 789
Mn	MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + e−	⇌	Mn3+ + 2H2O	0.95	1
N	NO−3(aq) + 4 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	NO(g) + 2H2O(l)	0.958	3	²⁵⁹
Au	[AuBr2]− + e−	⇌	Au(s) + 2Br−	0.96	1
Fe	Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	3Fe2+ + 4H2O	0.98	2	²⁶⁰: p.100
Xe	[HXeO6]3− + 2H2O + 2 e−	⇌	[HXeO4]− + 4 OH−	0.99	2	²⁶¹: 792 ²⁶²
N	HNO2(aq) + H+ + e−	⇌	NO(g) + H2O(l)	0.996	1	²⁶³: 789
At	HAtO + H+ + e−	⇌	At + H2O	1.0	1	²⁶⁴
V	[VO2]+(aq) + 2 H+ + e−	⇌	[VO]2+(aq) + H2O	1	1	²⁶⁵
Te	H6TeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	TeO2(s) + 4H2O	1.02	2	²⁶⁶
N	NO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	NO(g) + H2O(l)	1.03	2	²⁶⁷
Br	Br−3 + 2 e−	⇌	3Br−	1.05	2	²⁶⁸
Sb	Sb2O5(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Sb2O4(s) + H2O(l)	1.055	2	²⁶⁹: 789
I	ICl−2 + e−	⇌	2Cl− + I(s)	1.06	1	²⁷⁰
Br	Br2(l) + 2 e−	⇌	2Br−	1.066	2	²⁷¹
N	N2O4(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2HNO2	1.07	2	²⁷²: 789
Br	Br2(aq) + 2 e−	⇌	2Br−	1.0873	2	²⁷³
Ru	RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ru2+(aq) + 2H2O	1.120	2	²⁷⁴
Cu	Cu2+ + 2CN− + e−	⇌	Cu(CN)−2	1.12	1	²⁷⁵
I	IO−3 + 5 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	HIO(aq) + 2H2O	1.13	4	²⁷⁶: 791
O	H2O2(aq) + H+ + e−	⇌	H2O(l) + HO•	1.14	1	²⁷⁷: 790
Au	[AuCl2]− + e−	⇌	Au(s) + 2Cl−	1.15	1
Se	HSeO−4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	H2SeO3(aq) + H2O	1.15	2	²⁷⁸: 790
Ag	Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2Ag(s) + H2O	1.17	2
Cl	ClO−3 + 2 H+ + e−	⇌	ClO2(g) + H2O	1.175	1	²⁷⁹: 791
Xe	[HXeO6]3− + 5H2O + 8 e−	⇌	Xe(g) + 11 OH−	1.18	8	²⁸⁰
Pt	Pt2+ + 2 e−	⇌	Pt(s)	1.188	2	²⁸¹
Cl	ClO2(g) + H+ + e−	⇌	HClO2(aq)	1.19	1	²⁸²
I	2IO−3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−	⇌	I2(s) + 6H2O	1.2	10	²⁸³
Mn	MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Mn2+ + 2H2O	1.224	2	²⁸⁴
O	O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	2H2O	1.229	4	²⁸⁵
N	N2H+5 + 3 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2NH+4	1.28	2	²⁸⁶: 789
Cl	ClO−4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	ClO−3 + H2O	1.23	2	²⁸⁷
Ru	[Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e−	⇌	[Ru(bipy)3]2+	1.24	1	²⁸⁸
Xe	[HXeO4]− + 3H2O + 6 e−	⇌	Xe(g) + 7 OH−	1.24	6	²⁸⁹: 792 ²⁹⁰
N	2NO−3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−	⇌	N2(g) + 6H2O(l)	1.25	10	²⁹¹: 789
Tl	Tl3+ + 2 e−	⇌	Tl+	1.25	2	²⁹²: 788
N	2HNO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	N2O(g) + 3H2O(l)	1.297	4	²⁹³: 789
Cr	Cr2O2−7 + 14 H+ + 6 e−	⇌	2Cr3+ + 7H2O	1.33	6	²⁹⁴: 1005
N	NH3OH+ + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	NH+4 + H2O(l)	1.35	2	²⁹⁵: 789
Cl	Cl2(g) + 2 e−	⇌	2Cl−	1.36	2	²⁹⁶
Ru	RuO−4(aq) + 8 H+ + 5 e−	⇌	Ru2+(aq) + 4H2O	1.368	5	²⁹⁷
Ru	RuO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	RuO2 + 2H2O	1.387	4	²⁹⁸
Co	CoO2(s) + 4 H+ + e−	⇌	Co3+ + 2H2O	1.42	1
N	2NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e−	⇌	N2H+5 + 2H2O	1.42	2	²⁹⁹
I	2HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	I2(s) + 2H2O	1.44	2	³⁰⁰: 791
Br	BrO−3 + 5 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	HBrO(aq) + 2H2O	1.447	4	³⁰¹: 791
Pb	β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Pb2+ + 2H2O	1.46	2	³⁰²
Pb	α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Pb2+ + 2H2O	1.468	2	³⁰³
Br	2BrO−3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−	⇌	Br2(l) + 6H2O	1.48	10
At	HAtO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	HAtO + 2H2O	1.5	4	³⁰⁴
Mn	MnO−4 + 8 H+ + 5 e−	⇌	Mn2+ + 4H2O	1.51	5	³⁰⁵
O	HO•2 + H+ + e−	⇌	H2O2(aq)	1.51	1
Au	Au3+ + 3 e−	⇌	Au(s)	1.52	3
Ru	RuO2−4(aq) + 8 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	Ru2+(aq) + 4H2O	1.563	4	³⁰⁶
N	2NO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	N2O(g) + H2O(l)	1.59	2	³⁰⁷: 789
Ni	NiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Ni2+ + 2 OH−	1.59	2
Ce	Ce4+ + e−	⇌	Ce3+	1.61	1
Cl	2HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Cl2(g) + 2H2O	1.63	2	³⁰⁸
I	IO−4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	IO−3 + H2O	1.64	2	³⁰⁹
Ag	Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e−	⇌	2Ag+ + 3H2O	1.67	4
Cl	HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	HClO(aq) + H2O	1.67	2	³¹⁰
Pb	Pb4+ + 2 e−	⇌	Pb2+	1.69	2	³¹¹
Mn	MnO−4 + 4 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	MnO2(s) + 2H2O	1.7	3	³¹²
Br	BrO−4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	BrO−3 + H2O	1.74	2	³¹³
Ag	AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e−	⇌	Ag+ + H2O	1.77	1
N	N2O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	N2(g) + H2O(l)	1.77	2	³¹⁴: 789
O	H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2H2O	1.78	2	³¹⁵
Au	Au+ + e−	⇌	Au(s)	1.83	1	³¹⁶
Co	Co3+ + e−	⇌	Co2+	1.92	1	³¹⁷
Ag	Ag2+ + e−	⇌	Ag+	1.98	1	³¹⁸
O	S2O2−8 + 2 e−	⇌	2SO2−4	2.01	2	³¹⁹
O	O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	O2(g) + H2O	2.075	2	³²⁰
Mn	HMnO−4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	MnO2(s) + 2H2O	2.09	2
Xe	XeO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−	⇌	Xe(g) + 3H2O	2.12	6	³²¹: 792 ³²²
Xe	H4XeO6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8 e−	⇌	Xe(g) + 6H2O	2.18	8	³²³: 792 ³²⁴
Fe	FeO2−4 + 8 H+ + 3 e−	⇌	Fe3+ + 4H2O	2.2	3	³²⁵
Xe	XeF2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)	2.32	2	³²⁶ ³²⁷
O	HO• + H+ + e−	⇌	H2O(l)	2.38	1	³²⁸: 790
Xe	H4XeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	XeO3(aq) + 3H2O	2.42	2	³²⁹ ³³⁰: 792
F	F2(g) + 2 e−	⇌	2F−	2.87	2	³³¹: 153 ³³² ³³³
Cm	Cm4+ + e–	⇌	Cm3+	3.0	1	Estimated³³⁴
F	F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−	⇌	2HF(aq)	3.077	2	³³⁵
Tb	Tb4+ + e–	⇌	Tb3+	3.1	1	Estimated³³⁶
Pr	Pr4+ + e–	⇌	Pr3+	3.2	1	Estimated³³⁷
Kr	KrF2(aq) + 2 e−	⇌	Kr(g) + 2F−(aq)	3.27	2	Estimated³³⁸

Notes

External links

Chemistry LibreTexts (2021-04-26). "P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element". Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
California State University, Northridge (CSUN). "Standard Reduction Potentials" (PDF). csun.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
Wardman, Peter (1989). "Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in aqueous solution" (PDF). srd.nist.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1

References

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Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263 ↩
Bratsch, Stephen G. (July 29, 1988) [1 March 1988]. "Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.15 K" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 18 (1). American Institute of Physics (published 1989): 1–21. doi:10.1063/1.555839 – via NIST. https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555839.pdf ↩
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 978-0-08-037941-8 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 978-0-08-037941-8 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. 978-1-4398-5512-6 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com Archived 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. http://www.hbcpnetbase.com ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Aylward, Gordon; Findlay, Tristan (2008). SI Chemical Data (6th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7. 978-0-470-81638-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
"compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Brown, Susan A.; Brown, Paul L. (2020). "The pH-potential diagram for polonium". The Aqueous Chemistry of Polonium and the Practical Application of its Thermochemistry. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819308-2.00004-8. ISBN 978-0-12-819308-2. S2CID 213141476. 978-0-12-819308-2 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html ↩
"compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3. ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3. ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Pourbaix, Marcel (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels: NACE International. OCLC 475102548. /wiki/OCLC_(identifier) ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 978-0-08-037941-8 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Pang, Suh Cem; Chin, Suk Fun; Anderson, Marc A. (July 2007). "Redox equilibria of iron oxides in aqueous-based magnetite dispersions: Effect of pH and redox potential". J. Colloid Interface Sci. 311 (1): 94–101. Bibcode:2007JCIS..311...94P. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.058. PMID 17395194. Retrieved 2017-03-26. https://www.academia.edu/9254087 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdni︠a︡kov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical chemistry of technetium, promethium, astatine and francium. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor-Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 237. ISBN 0-250-39923-7. OCLC 186926. 0-250-39923-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Champion, J.; Alliot, C.; Renault, E.; Mokili, B. M.; Chérel, M.; Galland, N.; Montavon, G. (2009-12-16). "Astatine Standard Redox Potentials and Speciation in Acidic Medium" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 114 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 576–582. doi:10.1021/jp9077008. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 20014840. S2CID 15738065. http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00450771/file/JPCA_2010.pdf ↩
Rock, Peter A. (February 1966). "The Standard Oxidation Potential of the Ferrocyanide-Ferricyanide Electrode at 25° and the Entropy of Ferrocyanide Ion". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 70 (2): 576–580. doi:10.1021/j100874a042. ISSN 0022-3654. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Pavlishchuk, Vitaly V.; Addison, Anthony W. (January 2000). "Conversion constants for redox potentials measured versus different reference electrodes in acetonitrile solutions at 25°C". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 298 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(99)00407-7. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Pang, Suh Cem; Chin, Suk Fun; Anderson, Marc A. (July 2007). "Redox equilibria of iron oxides in aqueous-based magnetite dispersions: Effect of pH and redox potential". J. Colloid Interface Sci. 311 (1): 94–101. Bibcode:2007JCIS..311...94P. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.058. PMID 17395194. Retrieved 2017-03-26. https://www.academia.edu/9254087 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Champion, J.; Alliot, C.; Renault, E.; Mokili, B. M.; Chérel, M.; Galland, N.; Montavon, G. (2009-12-16). "Astatine Standard Redox Potentials and Speciation in Acidic Medium" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 114 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 576–582. doi:10.1021/jp9077008. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 20014840. S2CID 15738065. http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00450771/file/JPCA_2010.pdf ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Toyoshima, A.; Kasamatsu, Y.; Tsukada, K.; Asai, M.; Kitatsuji, Y.; Ishii, Y.; Toume, H.; Nishinaka, I.; Haba, H.; Ooe, K.; Sato, W.; Shinohara, A.; Akiyama, K.; Nagame, Y. (8 July 2009). "Oxidation of element 102, nobelium, with flow electrolytic column chromatography on an atom-at-a-time scale". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (26): 9180–1. doi:10.1021/ja9030038. PMID 19514720. https://figshare.com/articles/Oxidation_of_Element_102_Nobelium_with_Flow_Electrolytic_Column_Chromatography_on_an_Atom_at_a_Time_Scale/2844817 ↩
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Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Kaufmann, H. P. (1925). "Das freie Rhodan und seine Anwendung in der Maßanalyse. Eine neue Kennzahl der Fette" [Unbound rhodanium and its application to elemental analysis: A new measurement technique for fats]. Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft (in German). 263 (41–47): 675–721. doi:10.1002/ardp.19252634104 – via HathiTrust. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3706518 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
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Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdni︠a︡kov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical chemistry of technetium, promethium, astatine and francium. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor-Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 237. ISBN 0-250-39923-7. OCLC 186926. 0-250-39923-7 ↩
Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-19957-5. 0-471-19957-5 ↩
Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-19957-5. 0-471-19957-5 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. 978-1-118-17398-5 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Appelman, Evan H. (1973-04-01). "Nonexistent compounds. Two case histories". Accounts of Chemical Research. 6 (4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 113–117. doi:10.1021/ar50064a001. ISSN 0001-4842. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 0-8493-0487-3 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 978-0-08-037941-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 ↩
Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 ↩
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 978-0-08-037941-8 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdni︠a︡kov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical chemistry of technetium, promethium, astatine and francium. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor-Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 237. ISBN 0-250-39923-7. OCLC 186926. 0-250-39923-7 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. 978-1-118-17398-5 ↩
Appelman, Evan H. (1973-04-01). "Nonexistent compounds. Two case histories". Accounts of Chemical Research. 6 (4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 113–117. doi:10.1021/ar50064a001. ISSN 0001-4842. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. 978-1-118-17398-5 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. 0-442-30179-0 ↩
Appelman, Evan H. (1973-04-01). "Nonexistent compounds. Two case histories". Accounts of Chemical Research. 6 (4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 113–117. doi:10.1021/ar50064a001. ISSN 0001-4842. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. 978-1-118-17398-5 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. 9781439880494 ↩
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. 9781118312803 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html ↩
Courtney, Arlene. "Oxidation Reduction Chemistry of the Elements". Ch 412 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Reading Materials. Western Oregon University. https://people.wou.edu/~courtna/ch412/redox.htm ↩
"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html ↩
Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. 978-1-118-17398-5 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. 978-1-42-921820-7 ↩
Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. 9780716734659 ↩
Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. 978-0-8247-7291-8 ↩
Bratsch, Stephen G. (July 29, 1988) [1 March 1988]. "Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.15 K" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 18 (1). American Institute of Physics (published 1989): 1–21. doi:10.1063/1.555839 – via NIST. https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555839.pdf ↩
Bratsch, Stephen G. (July 29, 1988) [1 March 1988]. "Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.15 K" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 18 (1). American Institute of Physics (published 1989): 1–21. doi:10.1063/1.555839 – via NIST. https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555839.pdf ↩
Bratsch, Stephen G. (July 29, 1988) [1 March 1988]. "Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.15 K" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 18 (1). American Institute of Physics (published 1989): 1–21. doi:10.1063/1.555839 – via NIST. https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555839.pdf ↩
Bratsch, Stephen G. (July 29, 1988) [1 March 1988]. "Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.15 K" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 18 (1). American Institute of Physics (published 1989): 1–21. doi:10.1063/1.555839 – via NIST. https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555839.pdf ↩
Leszczyński, P.J.; Grochala, W. (2013). "Strong Cationic Oxidizers: Thermal Decomposition, Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Their Compounds" (PDF). Acta Chim. Slov. 60 (3): 455–470. PMID 24169699. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. http://acta-arhiv.chem-soc.si/60/60-3-455.pdf ↩

Table of standard electrode potentials

See also

Notes

External links

References