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Standard electrode potential (data page)
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<h2 id="table-of-standard-electrode-potentials">Table of standard electrode potentials</h2> <p>Legend: (<i>s</i>) – solid; (<i>l</i>) – liquid; (<i>g</i>) – gas; (<i>aq</i>) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (<i>Hg</i>) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Element</th><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Half-reaction/4pDKxYa6">Half-reaction</a></th><th rowspan="2"><i>E°</i>(volt)</th><th rowspan="2">Electronstransferred</th><th rowspan="2">Reference</th></tr><tr><th>Oxidant</th><th>⇌</th><th>Reductant</th></tr><tr><td>Sr</td><td><a href="/facts/Strontium/ABaA5qQK">Sr</a>+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sr(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-4.101</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ca</td><td><a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">Ca</a>+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ca(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-3.8</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Th</td><td><a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">Th4+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Th3+</td><td>-3.6</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pr</td><td><a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">Pr3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pr2+</td><td>-3.1</td><td>1</td><td>Estimated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>3<a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">N2</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Hydrogen_azide/rbtF5smp">HN3</a>(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>-3.09</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Li</td><td><a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">Li+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Li(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-3.0401</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a>: 153 </td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen_gas/Nf1QpGDz">N2</a>(<i>g</i>) + 4H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Hydroxylamine/BXzuazgo">NH2OH</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-3.04</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cs</td><td><a href="/facts/Caesium/dXKN1S5k">Cs+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cs(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-3.026</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ca</td><td><a href="/facts/Calcium_hydroxide/Kz2KzRd8">Ca(OH)2</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">Ca</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-3.02</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Er</td><td><a href="/facts/Erbium/XEJlgJcx">Er3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Er2+</td><td>-3</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ba</td><td><a href="/facts/Barium_hydroxide/4nLXpQPQ">Ba(OH)2</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Barium/IkL09XHQ">Ba</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-2.99</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Rb</td><td><a href="/facts/Rubidium/KDHSe2HM">Rb+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Rb(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.98</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>K</td><td><a href="/facts/Potassium/FWPwS7Rj">K+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>K(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.931</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ba</td><td><a href="/facts/Barium/IkL09XHQ">Ba2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ba(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.912</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La</td><td><a href="/facts/Lanthanum_hydroxide/ogrGepQt">La(OH)3</a>(<i>s</i>) + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>La(<i>s</i>) + 3 OH−</td><td>-2.9</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fr</td><td><a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">Fr+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fr(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.9</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sr</td><td><a href="/facts/Strontium/ABaA5qQK">Sr2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sr(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.899</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sr</td><td><a href="/facts/Strontium_hydroxide/K4tHqW6W">Sr(OH)2</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sr(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-2.88</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ca</td><td><a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">Ca2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ca(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.868</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a>: 153 </td></tr><tr><td>Li</td><td>Li+ + C6(<i>s</i>) + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">LiC6</a>(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.84</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Eu</td><td><a href="/facts/Europium/dqmBm1vr">Eu2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Eu(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.812</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ra</td><td><a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">Ra2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ra(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.8</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ho</td><td><a href="/facts/Holmium/C73kJVtp">Ho3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ho2+</td><td>-2.8</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Bk</td><td><a href="/facts/Berkelium/ePryEYy3">Bk3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Bk2+</td><td>-2.8</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Yb</td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterbium/3lerM9uf">Yb2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Yb(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.76</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Na</td><td><a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">Na+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Na(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.71</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mg</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Mg+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mg(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.7</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nd</td><td><a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">Nd3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Nd2+</td><td>-2.7</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mg</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Mg</a>(OH)2 + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mg(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-2.69</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sm</td><td><a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">Sm2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sm(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.68</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Be</td><td><a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">Be</a>2O2−3 + 3H2O + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Be(<i>s</i>) + 6 OH−</td><td>-2.63</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pm</td><td><a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">Pm3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pm2+</td><td>-2.6</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Dy</td><td><a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">Dy3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Dy2+</td><td>-2.6</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobelium/syRkloSw">No2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>No</td><td>-2.5</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Hf</td><td><a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">Hf</a>O(OH)2 + H2O + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Hf(<i>s</i>) + 4 OH−</td><td>-2.5</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Th</td><td><a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">Th</a>(OH)4 + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Th(<i>s</i>) + 4 OH−</td><td>-2.48</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Md</td><td><a href="/facts/Mendelevium/bEHBu18F">Md</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Md</td><td>-2.4</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tm</td><td><a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">Tm</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Tm(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.4</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La</td><td><a href="/facts/Lanthanum/Uhmmy1sB">La3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>La(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.379</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Y</td><td><a href="/facts/Yttrium/BlX6rj99">Y3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Y(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.372</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mg</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Mg</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mg(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.372</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sc</td><td>ScF3(<i>aq</i>) + 3 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sc(<i>s</i>) + 3HF(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>-2.37</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a>: 792 </td></tr><tr><td>Zr</td><td><a href="/facts/Zirconia/d2RN7wGQ">ZrO(OH)2</a>(<i>s</i>) + H2O + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Zr(<i>s</i>) + 4 OH−</td><td>-2.36</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pr</td><td><a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">Pr3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pr(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.353</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ce</td><td><a href="/facts/Cerium/a7UjMBQ6">Ce3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ce(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.336</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Er</td><td><a href="/facts/Erbium/XEJlgJcx">Er3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Er(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.331</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ho</td><td><a href="/facts/Holmium/C73kJVtp">Ho3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ho(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.33</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Al</td><td>H2<a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Al</a>O−3 + H2O + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Al(<i>s</i>) + 4 OH−</td><td>-2.33</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nd</td><td><a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">Nd3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Nd(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.323</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tm</td><td><a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">Tm3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Tm(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.319</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Al</td><td>Al(OH)3(<i>s</i>) + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Al(<i>s</i>) + 3 OH−</td><td>-2.31</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sm</td><td><a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">Sm3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sm(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.304</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fm</td><td><a href="/facts/Fermium/Us3rnvG5">Fm</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fm</td><td>-2.3</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Am</td><td><a href="/facts/Americium/rxL9Yc64">Am3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Am2+</td><td>-2.3</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Dy</td><td><a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">Dy3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Dy(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.295</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lu</td><td><a href="/facts/Lutetium/URlmnYG8">Lu3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Lu(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.28</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sc</td><td>ScF+2 + 2 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sc(<i>s</i>) + 2HF(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-2.28</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a>: 792 </td></tr><tr><td>Tb</td><td><a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">Tb3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Tb(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.28</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Gd</td><td><a href="/facts/Gadolinium/eLYUeScu">Gd3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Gd(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.279</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">H2</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2H−</td><td>-2.23</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Es</td><td><a href="/facts/Einsteinium/RePoIVN9">Es</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Es(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.23</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pm</td><td><a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">Pm</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pm(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.2</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tm</td><td><a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">Tm3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Tm2+</td><td>-2.2</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Dy</td><td><a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">Dy</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Dy(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.2</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ac</td><td><a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">Ac3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ac(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.2</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Yb</td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterbium/3lerM9uf">Yb3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Yb(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.19</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cf</td><td><a href="/facts/Californium/AJVjoVut">Cf</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cf(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.12</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nd</td><td><a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">Nd</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Nd(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.1</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ho</td><td><a href="/facts/Holmium/C73kJVtp">Ho</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ho(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.1</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sc</td><td><a href="/facts/Scandium/TJRt1chg">Sc3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sc(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.077</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Al</td><td>AlF3−6 + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Al</a>(<i>s</i>) + 6F−</td><td>-2.069</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cm</td><td><a href="/facts/Curium/LMyWXg8l">Cm3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cm(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.04</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pu</td><td><a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">Pu3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pu(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2.031</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pr</td><td><a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">Pr</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pr(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Er</td><td><a href="/facts/Erbium/XEJlgJcx">Er</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Er(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-2</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Eu</td><td><a href="/facts/Europium/dqmBm1vr">Eu3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Eu(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.991</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lr</td><td><a href="/facts/Lawrencium/HVw2LVlx">Lr3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Lr</td><td>-1.96</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cf</td><td><a href="/facts/Californium/AJVjoVut">Cf3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cf(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.94</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Es</td><td><a href="/facts/Einsteinium/RePoIVN9">Es3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Es(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.91</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pa</td><td><a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">Pa</a>4+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pa3+</td><td>-1.9</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Am</td><td><a href="/facts/Americium/rxL9Yc64">Am</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Am(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.9</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Th</td><td><a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">Th</a>4+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Th(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.899</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fm</td><td><a href="/facts/Fermium/Us3rnvG5">Fm3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fm</td><td>-1.89</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>N2(<i>g</i>) + 2H2O(<i>l</i>) + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2NH3OH+</td><td>-1.87</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Np</td><td><a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">Np3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Np(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.856</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Be</td><td><a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">Be</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Be(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.847</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td>H2PO−2 + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>P(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-1.82</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">U3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>U(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.798</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sr</td><td><a href="/facts/Strontium/ABaA5qQK">Sr</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sr(<a href="/facts/Amalgam_(chemistry)/5dRXJyt3"><i>Hg</i></a>)</td><td>-1.793</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>H2BO−3 + H2O + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>B(<i>s</i>) + 4 OH−</td><td>-1.79</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Th</td><td><a href="/facts/Thorium_dioxide/wboPx2It">ThO2</a> + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Th(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>-1.789</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Hf</td><td><a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">Hf</a>O2+ + 2 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Hf(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>-1.724</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td>HPO2−3 + 2H2O + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>P(<i>s</i>) + 5 OH−</td><td>-1.71</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Si</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicate/7NdthSRM">SiO2−3</a> + 3H2O + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Si(<i>s</i>) + 6 OH−</td><td>-1.697</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Al</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Al3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Al(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.662</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Ti</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ti(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.63</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Zr</td><td><a href="/facts/Zirconium_dioxide/d2RN7wGQ">ZrO</a>2(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Zr(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>-1.553</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Zr</td><td><a href="/facts/Zirconium/y7gsoQFz">Zr</a>4+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Zr(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.45</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td>Ti3+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ti(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.37</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium(II)_oxide/5ek4Vasd">TiO</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ti(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>-1.31</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a>: 792 </td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>B(OH)−4 + 4H2O(<i>l</i>) + 8 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>BH−4 + 8 OH−</td><td>-1.24</td><td>8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Ga</td><td>GaO(OH)−2 + H2O(<i>l</i>) + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ga(<i>s</i>) + 3 OH−</td><td>-1.22</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium(III)_oxide/VV0pXU1b">Ti2O3</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2TiO(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>-1.23</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a>: 792 </td></tr><tr><td>Zn</td><td>Zn(OH)2−4 + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Zn(<i>s</i>) + 4 OH−</td><td>-1.199</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Mn</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mn(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.185</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Fe</a>(CN)4−6 + 6 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fe(<i>s</i>) + 6HCN(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>-1.16</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>C(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O(<i>l</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>CH3OH(<i>l</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-1.148</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Cr</td><td>Cr(CN)3−6 + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cr(CN)4−6</td><td>-1.143</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>Te</td><td><a href="/facts/Tellurium/v7QvfIvS">Te</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Te2−</td><td>-1.143</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td><a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">V</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>V(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.13</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nb</td><td><a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">Nb3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Nb(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-1.099</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sn</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Sn</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>SnH4(<i>g</i>)</td><td>-1.07</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Po</td><td><a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">Po</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Po2−</td><td>-1.021</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cr</td><td>[Cr(edta)(H2O)]− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>[Cr(edta)(H2O)]2−</td><td>-0.99</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td>2H3PO4(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>(H2PO3)2(<i>aq</i>) + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-0.933</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>CO2−3 + 3 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HCO−2 + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-0.93</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td>TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ti(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.93</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Si</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_dioxide/A3WILp6J">SiO2</a>(<i><a href="/facts/Quartz/4n86tE2G">quartz</a></i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Si(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>-0.909</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Cr</td><td>Cr2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cr(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.9</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td><a href="/facts/Boric_acid/0so68XIK">B(OH)3</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 3 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>B(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O</td><td>-0.89</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td>Fe(OH)2(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fe(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-0.89</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td>Fe2O3(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Fe(OH)2(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-0.86</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td>2H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H2(<i>g</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-0.8277</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Bi</td><td><a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">Bi</a>(<i>s</i>) + 3 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Bismuthine/msE9Cj5C">BiH3</a></td><td>-0.8</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Zn</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zn</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Zn(<i>Hg</i>)</td><td>-0.7628</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Zn</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zn</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Zn(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.7618</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ta</td><td><a href="/facts/Tantalum_pentoxide/td1xNb2s">Ta2O5</a>(<i>s</i>) + 10 H+ + 10 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Tantalum/VwaxMm33">Ta</a>(<i>s</i>) + 5H2O</td><td>-0.75</td><td>10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Te</td><td>2Te(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Te2−2</td><td>-0.74</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Ni</td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel(II)_hydroxide/u4tthenl">Ni(OH)2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ni(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-0.72</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nb</td><td>Nb2O5(<i>s</i>) + 10 H+ + 10 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Nb(<i>s</i>) + 5H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-0.7</td><td>10</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver_sulfide/muzsPR6v">Ag2S</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Ag(<i>s</i>) + <a href="/facts/Sulphur/IK0amTfM">S</a>2−(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>-0.69</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Te</td><td>Te2−2 + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2H2Te(<i>g</i>)</td><td>-0.64</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Sb</td><td>Sb(OH)−4 + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sb(<i>s</i>) + 4 OH−</td><td>-0.639</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>[Au(CN)2]− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Au</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2CN−</td><td>-0.6</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ta</td><td>Ta3+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ta(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.6</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead(II)_oxide/ekk8cog0">PbO</a>(<i>s</i>) + H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pb(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-0.580</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td>2TiO2(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ti2O3(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.56</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a>: 792 </td></tr><tr><td>Ga</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">Ga3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ga(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.549</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>U4+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>U3+</td><td>-0.52</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td><a href="/facts/Hypophosphorous_acid/bmFX2Ga6">H3PO2</a>(<i>aq</i>) + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>P(<i>white</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> + 2H2O</td><td>-0.508</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td>H3PO3(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H3PO2(<i>aq</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.499</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ni</td><td>NiO2(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel(II)_hydroxide/u4tthenl">Ni(OH)2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-0.49</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sb</td><td>Sb(OH)−6 + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sb(OH)−4 + 2 OH−</td><td>-0.465</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphorous_acid/4A4bHBTw">H3PO3</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 3 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>P(<i>red</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> + 3H2O</td><td>-0.454</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Bi</td><td>Bi2O3(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O(<i>l</i>) + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Bi(<i>s</i>) + 6 OH−</td><td>-0.452</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Ta</td><td>TaF2−7 + 7 H+ + 5 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ta(<i>s</i>) + 7HF(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-0.45</td><td>5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>In</td><td>In3+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>In+</td><td>-0.444</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td>Cu(CN)−2 + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cu(<i>s</i>) + 2CN−</td><td>-0.44</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Fe</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fe(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.44</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">CO2</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Oxalic_acid/w4sCtT89">HOOCCOOH</a>(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>-0.43</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cr</td><td>Cr3+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cr2+</td><td>-0.407</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cd</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">Cd</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cd(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.4</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td>Ti3+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ti2+</td><td>-0.37</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a>: 792 </td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper(I)_oxide/lVQAEWXx">Cu2O</a>(<i>s</i>) + H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Cu(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>-0.36</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead(II)_sulfate/cgDGA4UB">PbSO4</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">Pb</a>(<i>s</i>) + SO2−4</td><td>-0.3588</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td>PbSO4(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pb(<i>Hg</i>) + SO2−4</td><td>-0.3505</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Eu</td><td><a href="/facts/Europium/dqmBm1vr">Eu</a>3+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Eu2+</td><td>-0.35</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>In</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium/zRq3stVb">In3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>In(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.34</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tl</td><td><a href="/facts/Thallium/v35pGMJB">Tl</a>+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Tl(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.34</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ge</td><td><a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">Ge</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>GeH4(<i>g</i>)</td><td>-0.29</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Co</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">Co</a>2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Co(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.28</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphoric_acid/l6NbwyCv">H3PO4</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H3PO3(<i>aq</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.276</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>N2(<i>g</i>) + 8 H+ + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2NH+4</td><td>-0.27</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td><a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">V3+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>V2+</td><td>-0.26</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ni</td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Ni2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ni(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.257</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>2HSO−4 + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>S2O2−6 + 2H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-0.253</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>As</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">As</a>(<i>s</i>) + 3 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsine/VkH6217V">AsH3</a>(<i>g</i>)</td><td>-0.23</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>N2(<i>g</i>) + 5 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>N2H+5</td><td>-0.23</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Ga</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">Ga+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ga(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.2</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver_iodide/lMYrbatr">AgI</a>(<i>s</i>) + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ag(<i>s</i>) + I−</td><td>-0.15224</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ge</td><td>GeO2(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ge(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-0.15</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mo</td><td><a href="/facts/Molybdenum_dioxide/x1dPXSUv">MoO2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mo(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>-0.15</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Si</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">Si</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>SiH4(<i>g</i>)</td><td>-0.14</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sn</td><td>Sn2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sn(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.13</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td><a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">O2</a>(<i>g</i>) + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HO•2(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>-0.13</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In</td><td>In+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>In(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.126</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">Pb2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pb(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.126</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td><a href="/facts/Tungsten(IV)_oxide/FNR99LTH">WO2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">W</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>-0.12</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ge</td><td><a href="/facts/Germanium_dioxide/BjJDTQcI">GeO2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>GeO(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.118</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">P</a>(<i>red</i>) + 3 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphine/aYysn5TS">PH3</a>(<i>g</i>)</td><td>-0.111</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>CO2(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Formic_acid/o6cFsbNc">HCOOH</a>(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Se</td><td><a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">Se</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H2Se(<i>g</i>)</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>CO2(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>CO(<i>g</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sn</td><td>α-<a href="/facts/Tin(II)_oxide/X4BJM7kS">SnO</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sn(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.104</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td>Cu(NH3)+2 + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cu(<i>s</i>) + 2NH3(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>-0.1</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nb</td><td>Nb2O5(<i>s</i>) + 10 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Nb3+ + 5H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-0.1</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td><a href="/facts/Tungsten(VI)_oxide/u4ve1Kvt">WO3</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 6 H+ + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>W(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O</td><td>-0.09</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sn</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin_dioxide/tLGukNFB">SnO2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>α-SnO(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.088</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnetite/SVxoGUs2">Fe3O4</a>(<i>s</i>) + 8 H+ + 8 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>3Fe(<i>s</i>) + 4H2O</td><td>-0.085</td><td>8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>VOH2+ + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>V2+ + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>-0.082</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">P</a>(<i>white</i>) + 3 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphine/aYysn5TS">PH3</a>(<i>g</i>)</td><td>-0.063</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>N2O(<i>g</i>) + H2O(<i>l</i>) + 6 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2NH3OH+</td><td>-0.05</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td>Fe3+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fe(<i>s</i>)</td><td>-0.04</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Formic_acid/o6cFsbNc">HCOOH</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Formaldehyde/Ck8RLfqk">HCHO</a>(<i>aq</i>) + H2O</td><td>-0.034</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td>2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H2(<i>g</i>)</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver_bromide/5YsSDplb">AgBr</a>(<i>s</i>) + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ag(<i>s</i>) + Br−</td><td>0.07133</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td><a href="/facts/Tetrathionate/D5uVIFdJ">S4O2−6</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Thiosulfate/LYu0KhDu">S2O2−3</a></td><td>0.08</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">N2</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2H2O + 6 H+ + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Ammonium_hydroxide/pRg1m03X">NH4OH</a>(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>0.092</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hg</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury(II)_oxide/uE9xSlQe">HgO</a>(<i>s</i>) + H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Hg(<i>l</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>0.0977</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td>Cu(NH3)2+4 + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cu(NH3)+2 + 2NH3(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>0.1</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ru</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruthenium/uzCm4ufn">Ru(NH3)3+6</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ru(NH3)2+6</td><td>0.1</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrazine/G7P5ITzU">N2H4</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 4H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2NH+4 + 4 OH−</td><td>0.11</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mo</td><td><a href="/facts/Molybdic_acid/Wcl8KGqz">H2MoO4</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 6 H+ + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mo(<i>s</i>) + 4H2O</td><td>0.11</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ge</td><td>Ge4+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ge(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.12</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">C</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">CH4</a>(<i>g</i>)</td><td>0.13</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Formaldehyde/Ck8RLfqk">HCHO</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Methanol/EIfpoNCg">CH3OH</a>(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>0.13</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td><a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">S</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H2S(<i>g</i>)</td><td>0.144</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Sb</td><td>Sb2O3(<i>s</i>) + 6 H+ + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Sb(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O</td><td>0.15</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Sn</td><td>Sn4+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sn2+</td><td>0.151</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>HSO−4 + 3 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>SO2(<i>aq</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>0.158</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Cu2+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cu+</td><td>0.159</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranyl/XoqDjPHM">UO2+2</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>UO+2</td><td>0.163</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>SO2−4 + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>SO2(<i>aq</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>0.17</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td>TiO2+ + 2 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ti3+ + H2O</td><td>0.19</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sb</td><td>SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sb(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>0.2</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td>3<a href="/facts/Hematite/716YBzGr">Fe2O3</a>(s) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Magnetite/SVxoGUs2">Fe3O4</a>(s) + H2O</td><td>0.22</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a>: p.100 </td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver_chloride/qSbcrlqq">AgCl</a>(<i>s</i>) + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ag(<i>s</i>) + Cl−</td><td>0.22233</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>As</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic_acid/NURfJaGw">H3AsO3</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 3 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>As(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O</td><td>0.24</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Ru</td><td>Ru3+(<i>aq</i>) + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ru2+(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>0.249</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td>PbO2(<i>s</i>) + H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>α-PbO(<i>s</i>) + 2 OH−</td><td>0.254</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>Ge</td><td>GeO(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ge(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>0.26</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hg</td><td>Hg2Cl2(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Hg(<i>l</i>) + 2Cl−</td><td>0.27</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>UO+2 + 4 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>U4+ + 2H2O</td><td>0.273</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Re</td><td><a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">Re3+</a> + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Re(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.300</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>At</td><td>At + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>At−</td><td>0.3</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Bi</td><td>Bi3+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Bi(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.308</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>2HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>(CN)2 + 2H2O</td><td>0.330</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td>Cu2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cu(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.337</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>VO2+ + 2 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>V3+ + H2O</td><td>0.337</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>Sb</td><td>Sb2O4(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sb2O3(<i>s</i>) + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.342</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>At</td><td>At+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>At−</td><td>0.36</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td>[Fe(CN)6]3− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>[Fe(CN)6]4−</td><td>0.3704</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Cyanogen/nsKahJy2">(CN)2</a> + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Hydrocyanic_acid/vNtA0Mxe">HCN</a></td><td>0.373</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td>(H2PO3)2(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2H3PO3</td><td>0.38</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>2SO2(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>S2O2−3 + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.4</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>O2(<i>g</i>) + 2H2O + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>4 OH−(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>0.401</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mo</td><td>H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mo3+ + 4H2O</td><td>0.43</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ru</td><td>Ru2+(<i>aq</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruthenium/uzCm4ufn">Ru</a></td><td>0.455</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>VO(OH)+ + 2 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>VOH2+ + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.481</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Methanol/EIfpoNCg">CH3OH</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">CH4</a>(<i>g</i>) + H2O</td><td>0.5</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>SO2(<i>aq</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>S(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>0.5</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>4SO2(<i>aq</i>) + 4 H+ + 8 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>S4O2−6 + 2H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.51</td><td>8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td>Cu+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cu(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.52</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Carbon_monoxide/CKuLtEMJ">CO</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>C(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>0.52</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td><a href="/facts/Triiodide/fNgW9WEr">I−3</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>3I−</td><td>0.53</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Te</td><td>TeO2(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Te(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.53</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td>Cu2+ + Cl− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>CuCl(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.54</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td><a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">I2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2I−</td><td>0.54</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>[AuI4]− + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Au(<i>s</i>) + 4I−</td><td>0.56</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>As</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic_acid/NURfJaGw">H3AsO4</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H3AsO3(<i>aq</i>) + H2O</td><td>0.56</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>S2O2−6 + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2H2SO3</td><td>0.569</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>[AuI2]− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Au(<i>s</i>) + 2I−</td><td>0.58</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td>MnO−4 + 2H2O + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>MnO2(<i>s</i>) + 4 OH−</td><td>0.595</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>S2O2−3 + 6 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2S(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O</td><td>0.6</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td><a href="/facts/Ferrocene/jKtu9Cp8">Fc+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fc(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.63</td><td>1</td><td>Substantial literature variation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mo</td><td><a href="/facts/Molybdic_acid/Wcl8KGqz">H2MoO4</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>MoO2(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>0.65</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>HN3(<i>aq</i>) + 11 H+ + 8 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>3NH+4</td><td>0.69</td><td>8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>O2(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogen_Peroxide/vju6HBIc">H2O2</a>(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>0.695</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sb</td><td>Sb2O5(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sb2O3(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>0.699</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/P-Benzoquinone/Ypl2FyMU"></a> + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydroquinone/QQ5EfwCF"></a></td><td>0.6992</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>H2V10O4−28 + 24 H+ + 10 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>10VO(OH)+ + 8H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.723</td><td>10</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a>: 793 </td></tr><tr><td>Pt</td><td>PtCl2−6 + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>PtCl2−4 + 2Cl−</td><td>0.726</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td><a href="/facts/Hematite/716YBzGr">Fe2O3</a>(s) + 6 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Ferrous/AGImjWqq">Fe2+</a> + 3H2O</td><td>0.728</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a>: p.100 </td></tr><tr><td>Se</td><td><a href="/facts/Selenous_acid/0jtCQBIB">H2SeO3</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Se(<i>s</i>) + 3H2O</td><td>0.74</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>At</td><td>AtO+ + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>At+ + H2O</td><td>0.74</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tl</td><td>Tl3+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Tl(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.741</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>No3+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>No2+</td><td>0.75</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pt</td><td>PtCl2−4 + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pt(<i>s</i>) + 4Cl−</td><td>0.758</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Br</td><td>BrO− + H2O(<i>l</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Br− + 2 OH−</td><td>0.76</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a>: 791 </td></tr><tr><td>Po</td><td>Po4+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Po</td><td>0.76</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td><a href="/facts/Thiocyanogen/otB2n1x0">(SCN)2</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Thiocyanate/S438CJp8">SCN−</a></td><td>0.769</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td>Fe3+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fe2+</td><td>0.771</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Hg</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">Hg2+2</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Hg(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.7973</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Ag+</a> + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ag(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.7996</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Nitrate/5AnVlYnL">NO−3</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen_dioxide/FoLvApPI">N2O4</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>0.803</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Ferrate/PmqTPn7p">FeO2−4</a> + 5H2O + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fe2O3(<i>s</i>) + 10 OH−</td><td>0.81</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>[AuBr4]− + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Au(<i>s</i>) + 4Br−</td><td>0.85</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hg</td><td>Hg2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Hg(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.85</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ir</td><td>[IrCl6]2− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>[IrCl6]3−</td><td>0.87</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a>: 153 </td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td>MnO−4 + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HMnO−4</td><td>0.9</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Po</td><td>Po4+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Po2+</td><td>0.9</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Hg</td><td>2Hg2+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Hg2+2</td><td>0.91</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pd</td><td><a href="/facts/Palladium/AXMwDFxs">Pd2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pd(<i>s</i>)</td><td>0.915</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>[AuCl4]− + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Au(<i>s</i>) + 4Cl−</td><td>0.93</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>NO−3 + 3 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HNO2(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>0.94</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td>MnO2(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mn3+ + 2H2O</td><td>0.95</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrate/5AnVlYnL">NO−3</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 4 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen_monoxide/UvhdvDzp">NO</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.958</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>[AuBr2]− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Au(<i>s</i>) + 2Br−</td><td>0.96</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnetite/SVxoGUs2">Fe3O4</a>(s) + 8 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>3<a href="/facts/Ferrous/AGImjWqq">Fe2+</a> + 4H2O</td><td>0.98</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a>: p.100 </td></tr><tr><td>Xe</td><td>[HXeO6]3− + 2H2O + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>[HXeO4]− + 4 OH−</td><td>0.99</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a>: 792 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>HNO2(<i>aq</i>) + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>NO(<i>g</i>) + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>0.996</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>At</td><td>HAtO + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>At + H2O</td><td>1.0</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>[VO2]+(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Vanadyl_ion/Guma1f7r">[VO]2+</a>(<i>aq</i>) + H2O</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Te</td><td><a href="/facts/Telluric_acid/pDAoT4w7">H6TeO6</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>TeO2(<i>s</i>) + 4H2O</td><td>1.02</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>NO2(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>NO(<i>g</i>) + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>1.03</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Br</td><td>Br−3 + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>3Br−</td><td>1.05</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sb</td><td>Sb2O5(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Sb2O4(<i>s</i>) + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>1.055</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>ICl−2 + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Cl− + I(<i>s</i>)</td><td>1.06</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Br</td><td><a href="/facts/Bromine/oLfj3C7D">Br2</a>(<i>l</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Br−</td><td>1.066</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>N2O4(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2HNO2</td><td>1.07</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Br</td><td><a href="/facts/Bromine/oLfj3C7D">Br2</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Br−</td><td>1.0873</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ru</td><td>RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ru2+(<i>aq</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>1.120</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td>Cu2+ + 2CN− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cu(CN)−2</td><td>1.12</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>IO−3 + 5 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HIO(<i>aq</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>1.13</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a>: 791 </td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>H2O2(<i>aq</i>) + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H2O(<i>l</i>) + HO•</td><td>1.14</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>[AuCl2]− + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Au(<i>s</i>) + 2Cl−</td><td>1.15</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Se</td><td>HSeO−4 + 3 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H2SeO3(<i>aq</i>) + H2O</td><td>1.15</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver_oxide/XPGcRQ2E">Ag2O</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Ag(<i>s</i>) + H2O</td><td>1.17</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cl</td><td>ClO−3 + 2 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Chlorine_dioxide/1K7ybEdW">ClO2</a>(<i>g</i>) + H2O</td><td>1.175</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a>: 791 </td></tr><tr><td>Xe</td><td>[HXeO6]3− + 5H2O + 8 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Xe(<i>g</i>) + 11 OH−</td><td>1.18</td><td>8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pt</td><td><a href="/facts/Platinum/qJC6lQf7">Pt2+</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pt(<i>s</i>)</td><td>1.188</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cl</td><td>ClO2(<i>g</i>) + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HClO2(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>1.19</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>2IO−3 + 12 H+ + 10 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">I2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 6H2O</td><td>1.2</td><td>10</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese_dioxide/HRwgXlUe">MnO2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mn2+ + 2H2O</td><td>1.224</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>O2(<i>g</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2H2O</td><td>1.229</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>N2H+5 + 3 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2NH+4</td><td>1.28</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Cl</td><td>ClO−4 + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>ClO−3 + H2O</td><td>1.23</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ru</td><td>[Ru(bipy)3]3+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)_chloride/BXFvv4V3">[Ru(bipy)3]2+</a></td><td>1.24</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Xe</td><td>[HXeO4]− + 3H2O + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Xe(<i>g</i>) + 7 OH−</td><td>1.24</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a>: 792 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>2NO−3 + 12 H+ + 10 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>N2(<i>g</i>) + 6H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>1.25</td><td>10</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Tl</td><td>Tl3+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Tl+</td><td>1.25</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a>: 788 </td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>2HNO2(<i>aq</i>) + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>N2O(<i>g</i>) + 3H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>1.297</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Cr</td><td>Cr2O2−7 + 14 H+ + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Cr3+ + 7H2O</td><td>1.33</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a>: 1005 </td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>NH3OH+ + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>NH+4 + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>1.35</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Cl</td><td><a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">Cl2</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Cl−</td><td>1.36</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ru</td><td>RuO−4(<i>aq</i>) + 8 H+ + 5 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ru2+(<i>aq</i>) + 4H2O</td><td>1.368</td><td>5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ru</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruthenium_tetroxide/tEpyQYR5">RuO4</a> + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruthenium_dioxide/7EtRg6ay">RuO2</a> + 2H2O</td><td>1.387</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298"><sup>298</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Co</td><td>CoO2(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Co3+ + 2H2O</td><td>1.42</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Hydroxylamine/BXzuazgo">NH3OH+</a> + H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrazine/G7P5ITzU">N2H+5</a> + 2H2O</td><td>1.42</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299"><sup>299</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Hypoiodous_acid/XBDsmBKr">HIO</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>I2(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>1.44</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300"><sup>300</sup></a>: 791 </td></tr><tr><td>Br</td><td>BrO−3 + 5 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HBrO(<i>aq</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>1.447</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301"><sup>301</sup></a>: 791 </td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead_dioxide/dQb52eNu">β-PbO2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pb2+ + 2H2O</td><td>1.46</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302"><sup>302</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead_dioxide/dQb52eNu">α-PbO2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 4 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pb2+ + 2H2O</td><td>1.468</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303"><sup>303</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Br</td><td>2BrO−3 + 12 H+ + 10 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Br2(<i>l</i>) + 6H2O</td><td>1.48</td><td>10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>At</td><td>HAtO3 + 4 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HAtO + 2H2O</td><td>1.5</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304"><sup>304</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td>MnO−4 + 8 H+ + 5 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Mn2+ + 4H2O</td><td>1.51</td><td>5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305"><sup>305</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>HO•2 + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogen_peroxide/vju6HBIc">H2O2</a>(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>1.51</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>Au3+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Au(<i>s</i>)</td><td>1.52</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ru</td><td>RuO2−4(<i>aq</i>) + 8 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ru2+(<i>aq</i>) + 4H2O</td><td>1.563</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306"><sup>306</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>2NO(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>N2O(<i>g</i>) + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>1.59</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307"><sup>307</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>Ni</td><td>NiO2(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ni2+ + 2 OH−</td><td>1.59</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ce</td><td>Ce4+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ce3+</td><td>1.61</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cl</td><td>2HClO(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Cl2(<i>g</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>1.63</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308"><sup>308</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>IO−4 + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>IO−3 + H2O</td><td>1.64</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309"><sup>309</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td>Ag2O3(<i>s</i>) + 6 H+ + 4 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2Ag+ + 3H2O</td><td>1.67</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cl</td><td><a href="/facts/Chlorous_acid/n9VD4hM2">HClO2</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>HClO(<i>aq</i>) + H2O</td><td>1.67</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310"><sup>310</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td>Pb4+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Pb2+</td><td>1.69</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311"><sup>311</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td><a href="/facts/Permanganate/nJa04jVh">MnO−4</a> + 4 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese(IV)_oxide/HRwgXlUe">MnO2</a>(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>1.7</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312"><sup>312</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Br</td><td>BrO−4 + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>BrO−3 + H2O</td><td>1.74</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313"><sup>313</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td>AgO(<i>s</i>) + 2 H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ag+ + H2O</td><td>1.77</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>N2O(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>N2(<i>g</i>) + H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>1.77</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314"><sup>314</sup></a>: 789 </td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogen_peroxide/vju6HBIc">H2O2</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2H2O</td><td>1.78</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315"><sup>315</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Au</td><td>Au+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Au(<i>s</i>)</td><td>1.83</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316"><sup>316</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Co</td><td>Co3+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Co2+</td><td>1.92</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317"><sup>317</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ag</td><td>Ag2+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Ag+</td><td>1.98</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318"><sup>318</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td><a href="/facts/Peroxodisulfate/aCCrD5s2">S2O2−8</a> + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2<a href="/facts/Sulfate/yuWVxsUf">SO2−4</a></td><td>2.01</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319"><sup>319</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td><a href="/facts/Ozone/o0E5gn2p">O3</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>O2(<i>g</i>) + H2O</td><td>2.075</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320"><sup>320</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td>HMnO−4 + 3 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>MnO2(<i>s</i>) + 2H2O</td><td>2.09</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xe</td><td>XeO3(<i>aq</i>) + 6 H+ + 6 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Xe(<i>g</i>) + 3H2O</td><td>2.12</td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321"><sup>321</sup></a>: 792 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322"><sup>322</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Xe</td><td>H4XeO6(<i>aq</i>) + 8 H+ + 8 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Xe(<i>g</i>) + 6H2O</td><td>2.18</td><td>8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323"><sup>323</sup></a>: 792 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324"><sup>324</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td><a href="/facts/Ferrate/PmqTPn7p">FeO2−4</a> + 8 H+ + 3 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Fe3+ + 4H2O</td><td>2.2</td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325"><sup>325</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Xe</td><td>XeF2(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Xe(<i>g</i>) + 2HF(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>2.32</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326"><sup>326</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327"><sup>327</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>HO• + H+ + <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>H2O(<i>l</i>)</td><td>2.38</td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328"><sup>328</sup></a>: 790 </td></tr><tr><td>Xe</td><td>H4XeO6(<i>aq</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>XeO3(<i>aq</i>) + 3H2O</td><td>2.42</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329"><sup>329</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330"><sup>330</sup></a>: 792 </td></tr><tr><td>F</td><td><a href="/facts/Fluorine/YUV0Fb8m">F2</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2F−</td><td>2.87</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331"><sup>331</sup></a>: 153 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332"><sup>332</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333"><sup>333</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cm</td><td>Cm4+ + <i>e–</i></td><td>⇌</td><td>Cm3+</td><td>3.0</td><td>1</td><td>Estimated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334"><sup>334</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>F</td><td><a href="/facts/Fluorine/YUV0Fb8m">F2</a>(<i>g</i>) + 2 H+ + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>2HF(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>3.077</td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335"><sup>335</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tb</td><td>Tb4+ + <i>e–</i></td><td>⇌</td><td>Tb3+</td><td>3.1</td><td>1</td><td>Estimated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336"><sup>336</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pr</td><td>Pr4+ + <i>e–</i></td><td>⇌</td><td>Pr3+</td><td>3.2</td><td>1</td><td>Estimated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337"><sup>337</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Kr</td><td><a href="/facts/Krypton_difluoride/q2tWYnHF">KrF2</a>(<i>aq</i>) + 2 <i>e</i>−</td><td>⇌</td><td>Kr(<i>g</i>) + 2F−(<i>aq</i>)</td><td>3.27</td><td>2</td><td>Estimated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338"><sup>338</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Galvanic_series/lCS6CMol">Galvanic series</a> lists <a href="/facts/Electrode_potential/LfPpMt0u">electrode potentials</a> in saltwater</li> <li><a href="/facts/Table_of_standard_reduction_potentials_for_half-reactions_important_in_biochemistry/KH4fFyEv">Standard apparent reduction potentials in biochemistry at pH 7</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reactivity_series/kbv5QP1Y">Reactivity series#Comparison with standard electrode potentials</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>Chemistry LibreTexts (2021-04-26). <a href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Reference/Reference_Tables/Electrochemistry_Tables/P1%3A_Standard_Reduction_Potentials_by_Element">"P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element"</a>. <i>Chemistry LibreTexts</i>. Retrieved 2021-11-30.</li> <li>California State University, Northridge (CSUN). <a href="https://www.csun.edu/~hcchm003/321/Ered.pdf">"Standard Reduction Potentials"</a> (PDF). <i>csun.edu</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215093555/http://www.csun.edu/~hcchm003/321/Ered.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2021-11-30.</li> <li>Wardman, Peter (1989). <a href="https://srd.nist.gov/JPCRD/jpcrd372.pdf">"Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in aqueous solution"</a> (PDF). <i>srd.nist.gov</i>. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://srd.nist.gov/JPCRD/jpcrd372.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2021-11-30.</li> <li><a href="http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm">http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720062116/http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm">Archived</a> 2008-07-20 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf</a></li> <li><a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bratsch, Stephen G. (July 29, 1988) [1 March 1988]. "Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.15 K" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 18 (1). American Institute of Physics (published 1989): 1–21. doi:10.1063/1.555839 – via NIST. <a href="https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555839.pdf" target="_blank">https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555839.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. <a href="9780716734659" target="_blank">9780716734659</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80–9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6. <a href="978-1-4398-5512-6" target="_blank">978-1-4398-5512-6</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. 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ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com Archived 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 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Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Aylward, Gordon; Findlay, Tristan (2008). SI Chemical Data (6th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7. <a href="978-0-470-81638-7" target="_blank">978-0-470-81638-7</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>"compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. <a href="http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html" target="_blank">http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Brown, Susan A.; Brown, Paul L. (2020). "The pH-potential diagram for polonium". The Aqueous Chemistry of Polonium and the Practical Application of its Thermochemistry. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819308-2.00004-8. ISBN 978-0-12-819308-2. S2CID 213141476. <a href="978-0-12-819308-2" target="_blank">978-0-12-819308-2</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>"compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. <a href="http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html" target="_blank">http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>"compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. <a href="http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html" target="_blank">http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. <a href="9781118312803" target="_blank">9781118312803</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3. <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3. <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. <a href="9780716734659" target="_blank">9780716734659</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. <a href="9780716734659" target="_blank">9780716734659</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:155"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:156"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:157"><p>Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. <a href="9781118312803" target="_blank">9781118312803</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:158"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:159"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:160"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:161"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:162"><p>Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. <a href="0-442-30179-0" target="_blank">0-442-30179-0</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:163"><p>Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. <a href="9780716734659" target="_blank">9780716734659</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:164"><p>Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:165"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:166"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. 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"Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:170"><p>Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. <a href="0-442-30179-0" target="_blank">0-442-30179-0</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:171"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. 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ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:274"><p>Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:275"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:276"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:277"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:278"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:279"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:280"><p>"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. <a href="http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html" target="_blank">http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:281"><p>Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. <a href="9781118312803" target="_blank">9781118312803</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:282"><p>Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. <a href="978-1-118-17398-5" target="_blank">978-1-118-17398-5</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:283"><p>Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. <a href="0-442-30179-0" target="_blank">0-442-30179-0</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:284"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:285"><p>Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. <a href="9780716734659" target="_blank">9780716734659</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:286"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:287"><p>Appelman, Evan H. (1973-04-01). "Nonexistent compounds. Two case histories". Accounts of Chemical Research. 6 (4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 113–117. doi:10.1021/ar50064a001. ISSN 0001-4842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:288"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. <a href="0-8493-0487-3" target="_blank">0-8493-0487-3</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:289"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:290"><p>"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. <a href="http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html" target="_blank">http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:291"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:292"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:293"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:294"><p>Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:295"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:296"><p>Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659. <a href="9780716734659" target="_blank">9780716734659</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:297"><p>Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:298"><p>Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:299"><p>Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:300"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:301"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:302"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:303"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:304"><p>Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdni︠a︡kov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical chemistry of technetium, promethium, astatine and francium. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor-Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 237. ISBN 0-250-39923-7. OCLC 186926. <a href="0-250-39923-7" target="_blank">0-250-39923-7</a> <a href="#fnref:304" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:305"><p>Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. <a href="0-442-30179-0" target="_blank">0-442-30179-0</a> <a href="#fnref:305" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:306"><p>Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 <a href="#fnref:306" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:307"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:307" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:308"><p>Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. <a href="978-1-118-17398-5" target="_blank">978-1-118-17398-5</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:309"><p>Appelman, Evan H. (1973-04-01). "Nonexistent compounds. Two case histories". Accounts of Chemical Research. 6 (4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 113–117. doi:10.1021/ar50064a001. ISSN 0001-4842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:310"><p>Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. <a href="978-1-118-17398-5" target="_blank">978-1-118-17398-5</a> <a href="#fnref:310" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:311"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:312"><p>Lee, J. L. (1983) [1977]. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive. <a href="0-442-30179-0" target="_blank">0-442-30179-0</a> <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:313"><p>Appelman, Evan H. (1973-04-01). "Nonexistent compounds. Two case histories". Accounts of Chemical Research. 6 (4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 113–117. doi:10.1021/ar50064a001. ISSN 0001-4842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:314"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:315"><p>Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. <a href="978-1-118-17398-5" target="_blank">978-1-118-17398-5</a> <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:316"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:317"><p>Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:318"><p>Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8. <a href="978-0-8247-7291-8" target="_blank">978-0-8247-7291-8</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:319"><p>Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494. <a href="9781439880494" target="_blank">9781439880494</a> <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:320"><p>Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803. <a href="9781118312803" target="_blank">9781118312803</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:321"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:322"><p>"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. <a href="http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html" target="_blank">http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:323"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7. <a href="978-1-42-921820-7" target="_blank">978-1-42-921820-7</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:324"><p>"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. <a href="http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html" target="_blank">http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:325"><p>Courtney, Arlene. "Oxidation Reduction Chemistry of the Elements". Ch 412 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Reading Materials. Western Oregon University. <a href="https://people.wou.edu/~courtna/ch412/redox.htm" target="_blank">https://people.wou.edu/~courtna/ch412/redox.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:326"><p>"compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. <a href="http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html" target="_blank">http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:327"><p>Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5. <a href="978-1-118-17398-5" target="_blank">978-1-118-17398-5</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:328"><p>Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. 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