| Triangular tiling | |
|---|---|
| Type | Regular tiling |
| Vertex configuration | 3.3.3.3.3.3 (or 36) |
| Face configuration | V6.6.6 (or V63) |
| Schläfli symbol(s) | {3,6}{3[3]} |
| Wythoff symbol(s) | 6 | 3 23 | 3 3| 3 3 3 |
| Coxeter diagram(s) | = |
| Symmetry | p6m, [6,3], (*632) |
| Rotation symmetry | p6, [6,3]+, (632)p3, [3[3]]+, (333) |
| Dual | Hexagonal tiling |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, face-transitive |
In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilateral triangle is 60 degrees, six triangles at a point occupy a full 360 degrees. The triangular tiling has Schläfli symbol of {3,6}.
English mathematician John Conway called it a deltille, named from the triangular shape of the Greek letter delta (Δ). The triangular tiling can also be called a kishextille by a kis operation that adds a center point and triangles to replace the faces of a hextille.
It is one of three regular tilings of the plane. The other two are the square tiling and the hexagonal tiling.
Uniform colorings
There are 9 distinct uniform colorings of a triangular tiling. (Naming the colors by indices on the 6 triangles around a vertex: 111111, 111112, 111212, 111213, 111222, 112122, 121212, 121213, 121314) Three of them can be derived from others by repeating colors: 111212 and 111112 from 121213 by combining 1 and 3, while 111213 is reduced from 121314.1
There is one class of Archimedean colorings, 111112, (marked with a *) which is not 1-uniform, containing alternate rows of triangles where every third is colored. The example shown is 2-uniform, but there are infinitely many such Archimedean colorings that can be created by arbitrary horizontal shifts of the rows.
| 111111 | 121212 | 111222 | 112122 | 111112(*) |
| p6m (*632) | p3m1 (*333) | cmm (2*22) | p2 (2222) | p2 (2222) |
| 121213 | 111212 | 111112 | 121314 | 111213 |
| p31m (3*3) | p3 (333) | |||
A2 lattice and circle packings
Not to be confused with the A2 crystal lattice structure in the Strukturbericht classification system.
The vertex arrangement of the triangular tiling is called an A2 lattice.2 It is the 2-dimensional case of a simplectic honeycomb.
The A*2 lattice (also called A32) can be constructed by the union of all three A2 lattices, and equivalent to the A2 lattice.
+ + = dual of =The vertices of the triangular tiling are the centers of the densest possible circle packing.3 Every circle is in contact with 6 other circles in the packing (kissing number). The packing density is π⁄√12 or 90.69%. The voronoi cell of a triangular tiling is a hexagon, and so the voronoi tessellation, the hexagonal tiling, has a direct correspondence to the circle packings.
Geometric variations
Triangular tilings can be made with the equivalent {3,6} topology as the regular tiling (6 triangles around every vertex). With identical faces (face-transitivity) and vertex-transitivity, there are 5 variations. Symmetry given assumes all faces are the same color.4
Related polyhedra and tilings
The planar tilings are related to polyhedra. Putting fewer triangles on a vertex leaves a gap and allows it to be folded into a pyramid. These can be expanded to Platonic solids: five, four and three triangles on a vertex define an icosahedron, octahedron, and tetrahedron respectively.
This tiling is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra with Schläfli symbols {3,n}, continuing into the hyperbolic plane.
*n32 symmetry mutation of regular tilings: {3,n}
| |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spherical | Euclid. | Compact hyper. | Paraco. | Noncompact hyperbolic | |||||||
| 3.3 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 3∞ | 312i | 39i | 36i | 33i |
It is also topologically related as a part of sequence of Catalan solids with face configuration Vn.6.6, and also continuing into the hyperbolic plane.
| V3.6.6 | V4.6.6 | V5.6.6 | V6.6.6 | V7.6.6 |
Wythoff constructions from hexagonal and triangular tilings
Like the uniform polyhedra there are eight uniform tilings that can be based from the regular hexagonal tiling (or the dual triangular tiling).
Drawing the tiles colored as red on the original faces, yellow at the original vertices, and blue along the original edges, there are 8 forms, 7 which are topologically distinct. (The truncated triangular tiling is topologically identical to the hexagonal tiling.)
| Uniform hexagonal/triangular tilings | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fundamentaldomains | Symmetry: [6,3], (*632) | [6,3]+, (632) | ||||||
| {6,3} | t{6,3} | r{6,3} | t{3,6} | {3,6} | rr{6,3} | tr{6,3} | sr{6,3} | |
| Config. | 63 | 3.12.12 | (6.3)2 | 6.6.6 | 36 | 3.4.6.4 | 4.6.12 | 3.3.3.3.6 |
Triangular symmetry tilings
| |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wythoff | 3 | 3 3 | 3 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 3 | 3 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 3 | 3 3 | 3 | 3 3 3 | | | 3 3 3 | |||
| Coxeter | |||||||||||
| ImageVertex figure | (3.3)3 | 3.6.3.6 | (3.3)3 | 3.6.3.6 | (3.3)3 | 3.6.3.6 | 6.6.6 | 3.3.3.3.3.3 | |||
Related regular complex apeirogons
There are 4 regular complex apeirogons, sharing the vertices of the triangular tiling. Regular complex apeirogons have vertices and edges, where edges can contain 2 or more vertices. Regular apeirogons p{q}r are constrained by: 1/p + 2/q + 1/r = 1. Edges have p vertices, and vertex figures are r-gonal.5
The first is made of 2-edges, and next two are triangular edges, and the last has overlapping hexagonal edges.
| 2{6}6 or | 3{4}6 or | 3{6}3 or | 6{3}6 or |
|---|
Other triangular tilings
There are also three Laves tilings made of single type of triangles:
| Kisrhombille30°-60°-90° right triangles | Kisquadrille45°-45°-90° right triangles | Kisdeltile30°-30°-120° isosceles triangles |
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Order-6 triangular tiling.- Triangular tiling honeycomb
- Simplectic honeycomb
- Tilings of regular polygons
- List of uniform tilings
- Isogrid (structural design using triangular tiling)
Sources
- Coxeter, H.S.M. Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 p. 296, Table II: Regular honeycombs
- Grünbaum, Branko & Shephard, G. C. (1987). Tilings and Patterns. New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1193-1. (Chapter 2.1: Regular and uniform tilings, p. 58-65, Chapter 2.9 Archimedean and Uniform colorings pp. 102–107)
- Williams, Robert (1979). The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23729-X. p35
- John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 [1]
External links
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Triangular Grid". MathWorld.
- Klitzing, Richard. "2D Euclidean tilings x3o6o - trat - O2".
| ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Space | Family | A ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{n-1}} | C ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{n-1}} | B ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{n-1}} | D ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{n-1}} | G ~ 2 {\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}} / F ~ 4 {\displaystyle {\tilde {F}}_{4}} / E ~ n − 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {E}}_{n-1}} |
| E2 | Uniform tiling | 0[3] | δ3 | hδ3 | qδ3 | Hexagonal |
| E3 | Uniform convex honeycomb | 0[4] | δ4 | hδ4 | qδ4 | |
| E4 | Uniform 4-honeycomb | 0[5] | δ5 | hδ5 | qδ5 | 24-cell honeycomb |
| E5 | Uniform 5-honeycomb | 0[6] | δ6 | hδ6 | qδ6 | |
| E6 | Uniform 6-honeycomb | 0[7] | δ7 | hδ7 | qδ7 | 222 |
| E7 | Uniform 7-honeycomb | 0[8] | δ8 | hδ8 | qδ8 | 133 • 331 |
| E8 | Uniform 8-honeycomb | 0[9] | δ9 | hδ9 | qδ9 | 152 • 251 • 521 |
| E9 | Uniform 9-honeycomb | 0[10] | δ10 | hδ10 | qδ10 | |
| E10 | Uniform 10-honeycomb | 0[11] | δ11 | hδ11 | qδ11 | |
| En-1 | Uniform (n-1)-honeycomb | 0[n] | δn | hδn | qδn | 1k2 • 2k1 • k21 |
References
Tilings and patterns, p.102-107 /wiki/Tilings_and_patterns ↩
"The Lattice A2". http://www.math.rwth-aachen.de/~Gabriele.Nebe/LATTICES/A2.html ↩
Order in Space: A design source book, Keith Critchlow, p.74-75, pattern 1 ↩
Tilings and Patterns, from list of 107 isohedral tilings, p.473-481 /w/index.php?title=Tilings_and_Patterns&action=edit&redlink=1 ↩
Coxeter, Regular Complex Polytopes, pp. 111-112, p. 136. ↩