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de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou
De Havilland Canada transport aircraft

The de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou, designated as the CV-2 and later C-7 Caribou by the U.S. military, is a specialized cargo aircraft known for its short takeoff and landing (STOL) capability. First flown in 1958, this rugged bush airplane remains in limited use despite mainly retiring from military service. Its design evolved into the DHC-5 Buffalo, which features turboprop engines and enhanced short-field performance, allowing it to effectively compete with light aircraft even when fully loaded.

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Design and development

The De Havilland Canada (DHC) company's third short takeoff and landing (STOL) design was a big increase in size compared to its earlier DHC Beaver and DHC Otter, and was the first DHC design powered by two engines. The Caribou was similar in concept in that it was designed as a rugged STOL utility aircraft. The Caribou was primarily a military tactical transport that in commercial service found itself a small niche in cargo hauling. The United States Army ordered 173 in 1959 and took delivery in 1961 under the designation AC-1, which was changed to CV-2 Caribou in 1962.

The majority of Caribou production was destined for military operators, but the type's ruggedness and excellent STOL capabilities requiring runway lengths of only 1200 feet (365 metres)1 also appealed to some commercial users. U.S. certification was awarded on 23 December 1960. Ansett-MAL, which operated a single example in the New Guinea highlands, and Amoco Ecuador were early customers, as was Air America (a CIA front in South East Asia during the Vietnam War era for covert operations). Other civil Caribou aircraft entered commercial service after being retired from their military users.

Today only a handful are in civilian use.

The Turbo Caribou Program

PEN Turbo Aviation of Cape May, NJ, has undertaken the re-engineering of the DHC-4A Caribou to a turbine powered variant, designated DHC-4A Turbo Caribou. The conversion uses PT6A-67T engines and Hartzell 5 bladed HC-B5MA-3M Constant Speed/Reversing propellers. Overall performance has improved and "new" basic weight is reduced while maximum normal take-off weight remained at 28,500 pounds (12,900 kg) Maximum payload is 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg). Both Transport Canada and the US Federal Aviation Administration have issued supplemental type certificates for the Turbo Caribou. As of September 17, 2014, only 3 air frames had been converted.2 PEN Turbo has stockpiled dozens of air frames at their facility in NJ for possible future conversion. PEN Turbo Aviation named their company after Perry E. Niforos, who died in the 1992 crash of an earlier turboprop Caribou converted by a different firm, NewCal Aviation.3

Operational history

In response to a United States Army requirement for a tactical airlifter to supply the battlefront with troops and supplies and evacuate casualties on the return journey, de Havilland Canada designed the DHC-4. With assistance from Canada's Department of Defence Production, DHC built a prototype demonstrator that flew for the first time on 30 July 1958.

Impressed with the DHC4's STOL capabilities and potential, the U.S. Army ordered five for evaluation as YAC-1s and went on to become the largest Caribou operator. The AC-1 designation was changed in 1962 to CV-2, and then C-7 when the U.S. Army's CV-2s were transferred to the U.S. Air Force in 1967. U.S. and Australian Caribou saw extensive service during the Vietnam War.

The U.S. Army purchased 159 of the aircraft and they served their purpose well as a tactical transport during the Vietnam War, where larger cargo aircraft such as the Fairchild C-123 Provider and the Lockheed C-130 Hercules could not land on the shorter landing strips. The aircraft could carry 32 troops or two Jeeps or similar light vehicles. The rear loading ramp could also be used for parachute dropping (also, see Air America).

Under the Johnson-McConnell agreement of 1966, the Army relinquished the fixed wing Caribou to the United States Air Force in exchange for an end to restrictions on Army rotary wing operations. On 1 January 1967, the 17th, 57th, 61st Aviation Companies (12th Combat Aviation Group) and the 92nd, 134th, and 135th Aviation Companies of the U.S. Army were inactivated and their aircraft transferred respectively to the newly activated 537th, 535th, 536th, 459th, 457th, and 458th Troop Carrier Squadrons of the USAF (This was Operation "Red Leaf"). On 1 August 1967 the "troop carrier" designations were changed to "tactical airlift".

Some Republic of Vietnam Air Force Caribou were captured by North Vietnamese forces in 1975 and remained in service with that country through to the late 1970s. Following the war in Vietnam, all USAF Caribou were transferred to Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard airlift units pending their replacement by the C-130 Hercules in the 1980s.

All C-7s have now been phased out of U.S. military service, with the last example serving again under U.S. Army control through 1985 in support of the U.S. Army's Golden Knights parachute demonstration team. Other notable military operators included Australia, Canada, India, Malaysia and Spain.

In September 1975, a group of 44 civilians, including armed supporters of the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT), commandeered a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Caribou, A4-140, on the ground at Baucau Airport in the then Portuguese Timor, which was in the middle of a civil war. The Caribou had landed at Baucau on a humanitarian mission for the International Committee of the Red Cross. The civilians demanded that the RAAF crew members fly them to Darwin Airport (also RAAF Base Darwin) in Australia, which they did. After the Caribou arrived there, the Australian government detained the civilians for a short period, and then granted refugee visas to all of them. The Guardian later described A4-140 as "the only RAAF plane ever hijacked", and the incident as "one of the more remarkable stories in Australia’s military and immigration history".4

The RAAF retired A4-140, by then its last Caribou, on 27 November 2009.5 The aircraft, which was manufactured in 1964, was donated to the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.6

Civilian operations

After retirement from military use, several examples of the Caribou have been purchased by civilian operators for deployment in areas with small airfields located in rugged country with few or poor surface transport links.

Variants

DHC-4 Caribou STOL tactical transport, utility transport aircraft. CC-108 Royal Canadian Air Force designation for the DHC-4 Caribou. YAC-1 This designation was given to five DHC-4 Caribou, sold to the United States Army for evaluation. AC-1 United States Army designation for the first production run of 56 DHC-4 Caribou. Later redesignated CV-2A in 1962. CV-2A United States Army AC-1 redesignated in 1962. CV-2B This designation was given to a second production run of 103 DHC-4 Caribou, which were sold to the U.S. Army, with reinforced internal ribbing. C-7A/B These designations were applied to all 144 Caribou transferred to the U.S. Air Force by the U.S. Army. DHC-4A Caribou Similar to the DHC-4, but this version had an increased takeoff weight. DHC-4T Turbo Caribou A conversion of the baseline DHC-4 Caribou powered by the PWC PT6A-67T turboprop engines designed, test flown and certified by the Pen Turbo Aviation company.

Operators

Military operators

Abu Dhabi/  United Arab Emirates  Australia  Canada  Cameroon  Costa Rica  Ghana  India
  • Indian Air Force – India received 20 new build Caribou, supplementing them with four ex-Ghanaian Caribou in 1975.18
Pahlavi Iran  Kenya  Kuwait  Liberia
  • Liberian Army – Two refurbished aircraft were delivered to the Air Reconnaissance Unit in 1989.22 The aircraft were destroyed during the civil war.
 Malaysia  Oman  Spain
  • Spanish Air Force – received 12 new Caribou later supplemented by 24 former United States Air Force C-7As.25 Final retirement 12 June 1991.26
South Vietnam
  • Republic of Vietnam Air Force - at least 55 transferred from USAF stocks and operated by:27: 43 
    • 427th Transport Squadron
    • 429th Transport Squadron
    • 431st Transport Squadron
 Sweden  Tanzania  Thailand  Uganda  United States  Vietnam  Zambia

Civil operators

 Australia  Canada
  • La Sarre Air Services
    • acquired C-GVGX in 1977 (delivered 1961) and unknown status after 1981 when Propair formed from merger of La Sarre Air Services (used in El Salvador to Nicaragua 1986)33
 Costa Rica  Ecuador
  • Amoco Ecuador
  • Anglo-Ecuador Oilfields
  • Aerolíneas Cóndor of SA
 Gabon  Indonesia  Malta
  • New Cal Aviation
 Papua New Guinea
  • Garamut Exploration Services
  • Vanimo Trading
 Taiwan  United States

Aircraft on display

Australia

Airworthy On display

Costa Rica

On display
  • MSP002 - DHC-4 on static display at Daniel Oduber Quiros International Airport, Liberia, Costa Rica

India

On display

Malaysia

On display

Spain

On display

Thailand

On display

United States

Airworthy On display

Specifications (DHC-4A)

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969-70 85

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 + loadmaster
  • Capacity: 30 pax (civil) / 32 troops / 26 fully-equipped paratroops / 22 stretchers, 4 sitting patients and 4 attendants
  • Length: 72 ft 7 in (22.12 m)
  • Wingspan: 95 ft 7.5 in (29.147 m)
  • Height: 31 ft 9 in (9.68 m)
  • Wing area: 912 sq ft (84.7 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 10
  • Airfoil: centre-section: NACA 643A417.5; tip: NACA 632A615
  • Basic operating weight: 18,260 lb (8,283 kg)
  • Maximum payload: 8,740 lb (3,964 kg)
  • Maximum zero fuel weight: 27,000 lb (12,247 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 28,500 lb (12,927 kg)
  • Maximum permissible weight for ferry missions: 31,300 lb (14,197 kg)
  • Maximum landing weight: 28,500 lb (12,927 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 690 imp gal (830 US gal; 3,100 L)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-2000-7M2 Twin Wasp 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,450 hp (1,080 kW) each
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard type 43D50-7107A fully-feathering constant-speed reversible-pitch propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 187 kn (215 mph, 346 km/h) at 6,500 ft (2,000 m)
  • Cruise speed: 158 kn (182 mph, 293 km/h) at 7,500 ft (2,300 m) (maximum & econ)
  • Stall speed: 59 kn (68 mph, 109 km/h)
  • Never exceed speed: 208 kn (239 mph, 385 km/h)
  • Range: 1,136 nmi (1,307 mi, 2,104 km) with maximum fuel inc. 45 minutes reserve
211 nmi (243 mi; 391 km) with maximum payoad inc. 45 minutes reserve
  • Service ceiling: 24,800 ft (7,600 m)
  • Service ceiling on one engine: 8,800 ft (2,700 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,355 ft/min (6.88 m/s)
  • Wing loading: 31.2 lb/sq ft (152 kg/m2) maximum
  • Power/mass: 0.102 hp/lb (0.168 kW/kg)

Avionics Blind flying instrumentation standard fit

See also

  • Aviation portal
  • Canada portal

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Notes

Bibliography

  • Andrade, John. Militair 1982. London: Aviation Press, 1982. ISBN 0-907898-01-7.
  • The C-7A Caribou Association
  • Caribou Roster deHavilland Caribou (DHC-4) and Buffalo (DHC-5) website.
  • "Caribou to Bow Out Early". Air International, Vol. 76. No. 4, April 2009, p. 5.
  • Green, William. Macdonald Aircraft Handbook. London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1964.
  • Harding, Stephen (November–December 1999). "Canadian Connection: US Army Aviation's Penchant for Canadian Types". Air Enthusiast (84): 72–74. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Henley, Don and Ken Ellis. "Globetrotting Reindeers: De Havilland Canada's Caribou – an Airlift Legend". Air Enthusiast, No. 74, March/April 1998, pp. 20–33. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Hotson, Fred W. The de Havilland Canada Story. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1983. ISBN 0-07-549483-3.
  • Kuwait Air Force (KAF) entry at the Scramble (magazine) website:
  • Malaysian Forces Overview entry at the Scramble magazine website.
  • Royal Air Force of Oman entry at the Scramble magazine website.
  • Soupart, Roger. "Adios Muchachas!". Air Enthusiast, No. 45, March–May 1992. pp. 44–51. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Taylor, John W.R. (ed.). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72. London: Janes's Yearbooks, 1971. ISBN 978-0-7106-1262-5.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou.

References

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