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Geographical distribution of German speakers
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<h2 id="europe">Europe</h2> <h3>German-speaking Europe</h3> <p>The German language is spoken in a number of countries and territories in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>, where it is used both as an official language and as a minority language in various countries. To cover this language area, they are often referred to as the German-speaking countries, the German-speaking area (<i>Deutscher <a href="/facts/Sprachraum/sctNkVYL">Sprachraum</a></i>), or equivalently German-speaking Europe (non-European German-speaking communities are not commonly included in the concept). </p><p>German is the main language of approximately 95 to 100 million people in Europe, or 13.3% of all Europeans. This makes it the second most spoken native language in Europe, behind only <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a> (with 144 million speakers), and ahead of <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> (with 66.5 million) and <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> (with 64.2 million). </p><p>The European countries with German-speaking majorities are <a href="/facts/Languages_of_Germany/5Jp7sWr4">Germany</a> (95%, 78.3 million), <a href="/facts/Languages_of_Austria/8SREdPMn">Austria</a> (89%, 8.9 million), and <a href="/facts/Linguistic_geography_of_Switzerland/aWIMSzKp">Switzerland</a> (65%, 4.6 million), also known as the "D-A-CH" countries, an acronym for <i>Deutschland</i> (Germany), Austria, and <i>Confoederatio Helvetica</i> (the <a href="/facts/Swiss_Confederation/LcGuxeTe">Swiss Confederation</a>). </p><p>Since 2004, there has been an annual informal <a href="/facts/Meeting_of_the_heads_of_state_of_German-speaking_countries/oCrb4Ppf">meeting of the heads of state of German-speaking countries</a> including the Presidents of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and the Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Since 2014, the King of <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a> and the Grand Duke of <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a> have taken part.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>D-A-CH or DACH is an <a href="/facts/Acronym/nlHK7aRt">acronym</a> used to represent the dominant states of the <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German language</a> <i><a href="/facts/Sprachraum/sctNkVYL">Sprachraum</a></i>. It is based on the <a href="/facts/List_of_international_vehicle_registration_codes/963QGxVx">international vehicle registration codes</a> for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> (D for <i>Deutschland</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a> (A for <i>Austria</i>, in <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> "Österreich")</li> <li><a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a> (CH for <i>Confoederatio Helvetica</i>, in <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> "(die) Schweiz")</li></ul> <p>"Dach" is also the German word for "roof", and is used in linguistics in the term <a href="/facts/Dachsprache/n7SUwcFP">Dachsprache</a>, which standard German arguably is in relation to some outlying dialects of German, especially in Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, and Austria. </p><p>The term is sometimes extended to D-A-CH-Li, DACHL (both of which can mean small roof in different dialects), or DACH+ to include <a href="/facts/Liechtenstein/dPnsqDnS">Liechtenstein</a>. Another version is DACHS (with <i>Dachs</i> meaning "<a href="/facts/Badger/b7dIdTmM">Badger</a>" in German) with the inclusion of the German-speaking region of <a href="/facts/South_Tyrol/KRMwFeWs">South Tyrol</a> in <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>DACH is also the name of an <a href="/facts/Interreg/lFEISGXE">Interreg</a> IIIA project, which focuses on crossborder cooperation in planning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Rest of Europe</h3> <p>In the <a href="/facts/Early_modern_period/hhpHM721">early modern period</a>, German varieties were a <i><a href="/facts/Lingua_franca/dlGrD7ra">lingua franca</a></i> of Central, Eastern, and <a href="/facts/Northern_Europe/u77t0yJI">Northern Europe</a> (<a href="/facts/Hanseatic_League/oA756xvs">Hanseatic League</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>German is a recognised minority language in <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czechia</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> (<a href="/facts/Trentino-Alto_Adige%2fS%25C3%25BCdtirol/IxxpM1X0">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a>, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a>. </p><p>Today German, together with <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>, is a common second foreign language in the western world, with <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> well established as a first foreign language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> German ranks second (after English) among the best known foreign languages in the EU (on par with French)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> as well as in <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> In terms of student numbers across all levels of education, German ranks third in the EU (after English and French)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> as well as in the United States (after Spanish and French).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> In 2015, approximately 15.4 million people were in the process of learning German across all levels of education worldwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> This number has remained relatively stable since 2005 (± 1 million) and roughly 75–100 million people able to communicate in German as a foreign language can be inferred, assuming an average course duration of three years and other estimated parameters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> According to a 2012 survey, ca. 47 million people within the EU (i.e., up to two thirds of the 75–100 million worldwide) claimed to have sufficient German skills to have a conversation. Within the EU, and not counting countries where it is a (co-)official language, German as a foreign language is most widely taught in <a href="/facts/Central_Europe/VdxzSbJz">Central</a> and <a href="/facts/Northern_Europe/u77t0yJI">Northern Europe</a>, namely <a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a>, the <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a>, the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>German as a foreign language is promoted by the <a href="/facts/Goethe_Institute/hwfgTLmJ">Goethe Institute</a>, which works to promote German language and culture worldwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In association with the Goethe Institute, the German foreign broadcasting service, <a href="/facts/Deutsche_Welle/HnINyUVK">Deutsche Welle</a>, offers a range of online German courses<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> and worldwide television as well as radio broadcasts produced with non-native German speakers in mind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="africa">Africa</h2> <h3>Namibia</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Namibian_German/1gzRXytg">Namibian German</a></p> <p>Namibia was <a href="/facts/German_South-West_Africa/NhNk647H">a colony</a> of the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German Empire</a> from 1884 to 1915. Mostly originating from Germans who settled there during this time, 25,000 to 30,000 people still speak German as a native tongue today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> German, along with English and <a href="/facts/Afrikaans/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a> used to be a co-official language of Namibia from 1984 until its independence from <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a> in 1990. At this point, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols for <a href="/facts/Apartheid/8x87W8ex">Apartheid</a> and colonialism, and decided for English to be the sole official language, claiming that it was a "neutral" language as virtually no English native speakers existed in Namibia at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> German, Afrikaans and several indigenous languages became "national languages" by law, identifying them as cultural heritages of the nation and ensuring the state to acknowledge and support their presence in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Today, German is used in myriad spheres, especially business and tourism, as well as churches (most notably the German-speaking <a href="/facts/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Namibia_(GELK)/60QaFaQc">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK)</a>), schools (e.g., the <a href="/facts/Deutsche_H%25C3%25B6here_Privatschule_Windhoek/MWakoypT">Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek</a>), literature (German-Namibian authors include Giselher W. Hoffmann [de]), radio (the <a href="/facts/Namibian_Broadcasting_Corporation/NkwVWekK">Namibian Broadcasting Corporation</a> produces radio programs in German), and music (e.g., artist <a href="/facts/EES_(rapper)/5fyUKVHk">EES</a>). The <i><a href="/facts/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia)/m1MW5khW">Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> is also one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>South Africa</h3> <p>Mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries, an estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Germans settled quite extensively in South Africa, with many <a href="/facts/Calvinist/l95AzJtn">Calvinists</a> immigrating from Northern Europe. Later on, more Germans settled in the <a href="/facts/KwaZulu-Natal/uKrg6YKI">KwaZulu-Natal</a> region and elsewhere. Here, one of the largest communities are the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of <a href="/facts/Low_German/BPxhrjlB">Low German</a>, who are concentrated in and around <a href="/facts/Wartburg%2c_KwaZulu-Natal/PGT3JbwG">Wartburg</a> and to a lesser extent around <a href="/facts/Winterton%2c_KwaZulu-Natal/Wwpyz6yg">Winterton</a>. German is slowly disappearing elsewhere, but a number of communities still have a large number of speakers and some even have German language schools, such as the <a href="/facts/Deutsche_Schule_Hermannsburg/Deg9Mbkh">Hermannsburg German School</a>. Furthermore, German was often a language taught as a foreign language in White South African schools during the Apartheid years (1948–1994). Today, the South African constitution identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the <a href="/facts/Pan_South_African_Language_Board/tE4zqkjl">Pan South African Language Board</a> is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="americas">Americas</h2> <h3>Latin America</h3> <p>Nowadays, at least one million German speakers live in <a href="/facts/Latin_America/Qmx9Jx2a">Latin America</a>. There are German-speaking minorities in almost every Latin American country, including <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>, <a href="/facts/Belize/2xVuhCTt">Belize</a>, <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>, <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a>, <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a>, <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a>, the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/facts/Guatemala/MoMcSnla">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/Nicaragua/PsyPGXxm">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>, <a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a>, and <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a>. </p><p>Initially, in the eighteenth century, only isolated or small groups of German emigrants left for Latin America; however, at the start of the nineteenth, this pattern was reversed as a tidal wave of German emigration totaling some 200,000 people began. These included groups such as land-hungry peasants, political refugees known as <a href="/facts/Forty-Eighters/wjmCMpHR">Forty-Eighters</a>, and religious minorities such as <a href="/facts/Russian_Mennonites/5tjTLFqY">Russian Mennonites</a> fleeing religious persecution at home. During the 1880s, during the wave of mass emigration, this figure was reached annually. </p><p>The <i>Handbuch des Deutschtums im Ausland</i> (<i>The Germans Abroad Handbook</i>) from 1906 puts a figure of 11 million people in North and South America with a knowledge of the German language, of which 9 million were in the US. Although the US was the focal point for emigration in the 19th century, emigration to Latin America was also significant for differing economic and political reasons. </p><p>The majority of German emigrants to Latin America went especially to Brazil, but also to Argentina, Mexico, Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. The three countries with the biggest ethnic German populations in Latin America to this day are Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Starting in 1818, when King D. João VI brought the first German and Swiss immigrants to Brazil, German immigration continued a constant flow with an average of 25 to 30 thousand immigrants per decade entering the country since 1818. It peaked in the years following World War I, to around 90 thousand, and again in the 1940s to around 50,000. In the 1880s and 1890s, German emigration to Latin America grew and in some years was the destination of up to 30% of German emigrants. </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi period</a> which lasted from 1933 to 1945, some 100,000 <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jews</a> from Central Europe, the vast majority of which were German-speaking, moved to South America, with 90% of these moving to the Cono Sur or Southern Cone. This ended when the ban on emigration came into effect in 1941, which was roughly also the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Holocaust/vGQsAb2y">holocaust</a>. From the start of the 20th century until 1946, 80% of <a href="/facts/Judaism_in_Europe/QBgDX2WS">Jews lived in Europe</a>; but by the end of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> this was reduced to 25%. However, after the war over 50% of Jews lived in <a href="/facts/The_Americas/hEuUTL4K">the Americas</a>. This change was aided by Jewish emigration groups such as the Hilfsverein deutschsprechender Juden (later to become Asociación Filantrópica Israelita) which was based in <a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires/9lUVmS7f">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>. </p><p>The majority of <a href="/facts/German_diaspora/5o71h9xS">German minorities</a> in <a href="/facts/Latin_America/Qmx9Jx2a">Latin America</a> – as well as elsewhere around the world – experienced a decline in the use of the German language, with the exception of Brazil, where the dialect Riograndenser Hunsrückisch is being taught in schools and in some media, totaling over 200 thousand speakers spread over the Brazilian southern states. The main cause of this decrease is the integration of communities, often originally sheltered, into the dominant society, and as well as the invariable pull of societal assimilation which confronts all immigrant groups. </p><p>German migration to colonial Mexico is less accounted for due to the geopolitical isolation following independence from Spain, as well as the deterrents of Mexico's ensuing civil wars. Despite these obstacles and lack of documentation, however, over 200,000 Prussian/German nationals have been registered entering the country between 1860 and 1960. </p><p>The first wave of Germans immigrated from northern Prussia under the reign of Princess Carlota during the 2nd French Mexican empire. Of special interest is the settlement <a href="/facts/Villa_Carlota%2c_Mexico/nyVUeub2">Villa Carlota</a>: that was the name under which two German farming settlements, in the villages of Santa Elena and Pustunich in Yucatán, were founded during the <a href="/facts/Second_Mexican_Empire/pWE5zFCB">Second Mexican Empire</a> (1864–1867).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Villa Carlota attracted a total of 443 German-speaking immigrant families, most of them were farmers and artisans who emigrated with their families: the majority came from <a href="/facts/Prussia/fs1wEGrk">Prussia</a> and many among them were Protestants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>The second wave was during Porfirio Díaz's open settlement policy in the Yucatán Peninsula that favored and attracted many Europeans. Most German-speaking or self identifying German-Mexicans today are descended from these two events as well as around 20,000 ethnic Germans from Russia and around 100,000 Mennonites from Canada. </p><p>Specific reasons for language change from German to the national language usually derive from the desire of many Germans to belong to their new communities after the end of World War II. This is a common feature among the German minorities in Latin America and those in <a href="/facts/Central_Europe/VdxzSbJz">Central</a> and <a href="/facts/Eastern_Europe/f5CDGzNA">Eastern Europe</a>: the majority of countries where German minorities lived had fought against the Germans during the war. With this change in situation, the members of the German minorities, previously communities of status and prestige, were turned into undesirable minorities (though there were widespread elements of sympathy for Germany in many South American countries as well). </p><p>For many German minorities, World War II thus represented the breaking point in the development of their language. In some South American countries the war period and immediately afterwards was a time of massive <a href="/facts/Cultural_assimilation/hwrCtR9q">assimilation</a> to the local culture (for example during the <a href="/facts/Get%25C3%25BAlio_Vargas/FIHBXJfy">Getúlio Vargas</a> period in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>). </p><p>Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Paraguay show some clear demographic differences that affect the minority situation of the German language: Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina are massive countries and offer large amounts of land for immigrants to settle. The population density of the <a href="/facts/Southern_Cone/2Mpcnmsn">Southern Cone</a> countries is relatively low (Brazil has 17 inhabitants/km2, Chile has 15/km2, Argentina and Paraguay both have 10/km2, data from 1993), but there are major differences in the areas settled by Germans: <a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires_Province/HkAcQKBN">Buenos Aires Province</a>, which was settled by <a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">Germans</a>, has a far higher population density than that of the <a href="/facts/Chaco_Department/tx9jtw4a">Chaco</a> in northern Paraguay (with 1 inhabitant/km2). </p><p>While Argentina and Chile have a far greater proportion of city dwellers (86% and 84% respectively); in contrast, Brazil and Paraguay are 82% and 47% <a href="/facts/Urbanization/GQq0oqft">urbanized</a>, respectively. Most of the German immigrants that arrived in Brazil and Mexico went on to live in small inland communities. The original 58 German communities of the early 19th century Brazil, grew today to over 250 towns where Germans are a majority, and German-speaking is encouraged. </p> <h4>Argentina</h4> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Argentinien-schwyzert%25C3%25BCtsch_dialect/7rxgPJB5">Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect</a>, <a href="/facts/German_Argentine/WlKU3nSY">German Argentine</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mennonites_in_Argentina/6DhfLRSX">Mennonites in Argentina</a></p> <p>There are about 500,000 German speakers and around 320,000 Volga-Germans alone, of which 200,000 hold German citizenship. This makes Argentina one of the countries with the largest number of German speakers and is second only in Latin America to Brazil. In the 1930s there were about 700,000 people of German descent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Regional concentrations can be found in the provinces of <a href="/facts/Entre_R%25C3%25ADos_Province/kkR8XMGY">Entre Ríos</a> and <a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires/9lUVmS7f">Buenos Aires</a> (with around 500,000 to 600,000) as well as <a href="/facts/Misiones_Province/suBzFSB2">Misiones</a> and in the general area of the Chaco and the <a href="/facts/Pampas/kwmqhcGb">Pampas</a>. </p><p>However, most German-descended Argentinians do not speak German with native fluency (that role has been taken by Spanish). The 300,000 German speakers are estimated to be immigrants and not actually born in Argentina, and because of this they still speak their home language while their descendants who were born in Argentina speak primarily Spanish. </p> <h4>Brazil</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Brazilian_German/yegj5bQq">Brazilian German</a></p> <p>According to <a href="/facts/Deutsche_Welle/HnINyUVK">Deutsche Welle</a>, there are some twelve million people of German ancestry in Brazil. Nevertheless, the number of people speaking any sort of German (Standard German, <a href="/facts/Hunsr%25C3%25BCckisch_dialect/UwKT6x50">Hunsrückisch</a> or <a href="/facts/East_Pomeranian_dialect/FzJ3wE9K">East Pomeranian</a>) is on the decrease, with 3 million speaking German as a first language today. </p><p>The main variety of German in Brazil is <a href="/facts/Riograndenser_Hunsr%25C3%25BCckisch/qBHnYban">Riograndenser Hunsrückisch</a> which is found in the southern states. This version of German there has changed over 180 years of contact with Portuguese as well as the <a href="/facts/Talian_dialect/q3YKQI1S">languages of other immigrant communities</a>. Such contact has led to a new dialect of German concentrated in the German colonies in the southern province of <a href="/facts/Rio_Grande_do_Sul/lXaAF8SU">Rio Grande do Sul</a>. Although Riograndenser Hunsrückisch has long been the most widely spoken German dialect in southern Brazil, like all other minority languages in the region, it is experiencing very strong decline – especially in the last three or four decades. </p><p>The vast majority of German-descended Brazilians speak Portuguese as their mother tongue today. German is known only as a second or third language, if at all, to the point of initiatives to preserve the language being started recently in areas with strong German-descended presence, with government-sponsored Gemeindeschulen. This is especially true for younger German-Brazilians. Another place where the German language continues alive is in some of the more of 4,000 Brazilian Lutheran churches, in which some of the services continue to be in German.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>The German language is co-official in the municipality of <a href="/facts/Pomerode/LJXbpJCa">Pomerode</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> besides being cultural patrimony of the State of <a href="/facts/Esp%25C3%25ADrito_Santo/WneIDBUN">Espírito Santo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> In Rio Grande do Sul, the <a href="/facts/Riograndenser_Hunsr%25C3%25BCckisch_German/qBHnYban">Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German</a> is an integral part of the State's historical and cultural heritage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h4>Chile</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/German_Chilean/nMnxGc2t">German Chilean</a> and <a href="/facts/German_colonization_of_Valdivia%2c_Osorno_and_Llanquihue/733A9MH7">German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue</a></p> <p>Chile (with a population of 19 million) has an estimated 40,000 German-speakers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> About 30,000 ethnic Germans arrived in Chile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> During the first flux of German immigration (between 1846 and 1875), German colonies were primarily set up in the "Frontera" region. The second wave of immigration occurred between 1882 and 1914 and consisted mainly of industrial and agricultural workers, mainly from eastern Germany; the third wave (after 1918) settled mainly in the cities. As in Argentina and Brazil, these populations are today overwhelmingly Spanish speaking, and German as a home language is in heavy decline (The German language is far from disappearing in Chile because there are more than 100 German-language schools throughout the country). German is taught from preschool to middle school; where if German-Chileans can still speak German, most of them speak German only as a second or third language. </p> <h4>Colombia</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/German_Colombian/txfh2w9h">German Colombian</a> and <a href="/facts/Mennonites_in_Colombia/7Kgw4whl">Mennonites in Colombia</a></p> <p>Colombia has a population of about 51 million people. Of them, only 5,000 people of German descent speak the language. Many of these people settled in Antioquia and el Eje Cafetero. Most of the immigration occurred during World War I until the end of the Cold War. Many of these ethnic Germans now speak primarily Spanish at home. </p><p>Germans came to South America in World War I and II, settling first in Colombia because of its wealth in natural resources as well as weather conditions conducive to agriculture. German immigrants built the Bavaria, Pilsen, and Club Soda Klausen factories in Cali, Barranquilla, Pereira, Medellin, and other cities. Nowadays, Germans born in Colombia celebrate Oktoberfest in Cali, along with other traditions. There are currently German schools in various major cities around the country. </p> <h4>Costa Rica</h4> <p>Costa Rica has a population of 4.9 million, and a German-speaking population of 8,000 people. Many of these people are immigrants or native German speakers from Germany or Switzerland and descendants of 18th, 19th and 20th-century mass immigration. But also in the northern area of the country, there are 2,200 German Mennonites in communities in Sarapiquí and San Carlos that spoke Plautdietsch and other Low German dialects. </p><p>This German-Costa Rican community is one of the most important and biggest collectivities of German speakers in Central America and the Caribbean, and has a lot of cultural and social institutions, churches, farms, business companies and schools. </p> <h4>Mexico</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/German_Mexicans/tbXbBGc8">German Mexicans</a> and <a href="/facts/Mennonites_in_Mexico/3vaG6CfR">Mennonites in Mexico</a></p> <p>Mexico (with a population of over 120 million) has an estimated 200,000 speakers of standard German either as a first or second language, not counting foreign learned German speakers or the Low-German dialects. Documented immigration of Germans to Mexico began in 1856, though historical research suggest as many as 1.2 million German speaking immigrants arrived in Mexico during the colonial period likely as agricultural laborers. </p><p>Due to pro-nationalistic propagation by the federal government which encouraged mixed-race identification, many Mexicans do not know their ancestral origins and demographic numbers of German Mexicans are sourced on recent and limited data. Regardless, Mexico stands as the 3rd country with the largest German community in Latin America, behind <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a> and <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Included in the <a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">ethnic German</a> immigration to Mexico is the immigration from <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a>, <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a>, and the French region of <a href="/facts/Alsace/MSXIp87H">Alsace</a> which was part of France since the end of WWI, as well as that from <a href="/facts/Bavaria/CLbr6NIG">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/facts/High_German_languages/DhyaoTdm">High German</a> regions of Germany. </p><p>As of 2012, about 20,000 Germans nationals resided in Mexico. The number has risen to almost 40,000 in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Despite groggy heritage claims to the language, German is slightly ahead of French as the second most studied foreign language in Mexico, behind only English. Mexico is home to over 3,000 German language schools, second only to Brazil. The Colegio Humboldt campuses in Mexico are the biggest German language K-12 schools in the Americas, with each of the 3 branches graduating over 2,000 students per year. </p> <h3>Northern America</h3> <h4>Canada</h4> <p>In <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a>, there are 622,650 speakers of German according to the most recent census in 2006,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> with people of German ancestry (<a href="/facts/German_Canadians/DbzzQAQY">German Canadians</a>) found throughout the country. German-speaking communities are particularly found in <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a> (118,035) and <a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ontario</a> (230,330).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> There is a large and vibrant community in the city of <a href="/facts/Kitchener%2c_Ontario/fVm8rhy1">Kitchener, Ontario</a>, which was at one point named Berlin. German immigrants were instrumental in the country's three largest urban areas: <a href="/facts/Montreal/uQQaWd1b">Montreal</a>, <a href="/facts/Toronto/cnXH7881">Toronto</a>, and <a href="/facts/Vancouver/rn2AKA1n">Vancouver</a>. Post-<a href="/facts/Second_World_War/2efV5L1U">Second World War</a> immigrants managed to preserve a fluency in the German language in their respective neighborhoods and sections. In the first half of the 20th century, over a million <a href="/facts/German-Canadian/DbzzQAQY">German-Canadians</a> made the language Canada's third most spoken after <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> and <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a>. </p> <h4>United States</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/German_language_in_the_United_States/qtYxmDKv">German language in the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language/NeAY36oU">Pennsylvania Dutch language</a>, <a href="/facts/Plautdietsch/oWUf0hIT">Plautdietsch</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hutterite_German/Hh9DhG3l">Hutterite German</a></p> <p>In the United States, the states of <a href="/facts/North_Dakota/9aNh8gAf">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Dakota/R51Fbf1t">South Dakota</a> are the only states where German is the most common language spoken at home after English.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region of the country, such as <a href="/facts/New_Ulm%2c_Minnesota/Mm1Dr3el">New Ulm</a> and many other towns in <a href="/facts/Minnesota/ncgVuC4Q">Minnesota</a>; <a href="/facts/Bismarck%2c_North_Dakota/omr4XUcG">Bismarck</a> (North Dakota's state capital), <a href="/facts/Munich%2c_North_Dakota/DkAx5onn">Munich</a>, <a href="/facts/Karlsruhe%2c_North_Dakota/mkA17oCC">Karlsruhe</a>, and <a href="/facts/Strasburg%2c_North_Dakota/UI6SQV5b">Strasburg</a> (named after a town near Odesa in Ukraine)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> in North Dakota; <a href="/facts/New_Braunfels/1Y7zX5u5">New Braunfels</a>, <a href="/facts/Fredericksburg%2c_Texas/dymhfQen">Fredericksburg</a>, Weimar, and <a href="/facts/Muenster%2c_Texas/B8VL4wcB">Muenster</a> in Texas; Corn (formerly Korn), Kiefer and Berlin in Oklahoma; and <a href="/facts/Kiel%2c_Wisconsin/5ADMrTG2">Kiel</a>, <a href="/facts/Schleswig%2c_Wisconsin/PPDh84kA">Schleswig</a>, <a href="/facts/Berlin%2c_Wisconsin/Q1pS1EX5">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Germantown%2c_Wisconsin/bEz116r6">Germantown</a> in Wisconsin. </p><p>Between 1843 and 1910, more than 5 million Germans emigrated overseas,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> mostly to the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> German remained an important language in churches, schools, newspapers, and even the administration of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Brewers%2527_Association/0URVnHVR">United States Brewers' Association</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> through the early 20th century, but was severely repressed during <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>. Over the course of the 20th century, many of the descendants of 18th century and 19th century immigrants ceased speaking German at home, but small populations of speakers are still found in <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a> (approximately 115,000 speakers; <a href="/facts/Amish/5MX4wRT3">Amish</a>, <a href="/facts/Hutterites/a00g0BQs">Hutterites</a>, <a href="/facts/Schwarzenau_Brethren/EpTb2KwP">Dunkards</a> and some <a href="/facts/Mennonites/pFLcS0Pg">Mennonites</a> historically spoke <a href="/facts/Hutterite_German/Hh9DhG3l">Hutterite German</a> and a <a href="/facts/West_Central_German/EcIcx3u1">West Central German</a> variety of German known as <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language/NeAY36oU">Pennsylvania German</a> or Pennsylvania Dutch), <a href="/facts/Kansas/koenIXmE">Kansas</a> (Mennonites and <a href="/facts/Volga_German/GaAGFl1n">Volga Germans</a>), North Dakota (Hutterite Germans, Mennonites, <a href="/facts/History_of_Germans_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union/eSv5VHEK">Russian Germans</a>, Volga Germans, and <a href="/facts/Baltic_Germans/zjwxu4lK">Baltic Germans</a>), <a href="/facts/South_Dakota/R51Fbf1t">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/facts/Montana/SHSnTNuG">Montana</a>, <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a> (<a href="/facts/Texas_German/swJEfL9D">Texas German</a>), <a href="/facts/Wisconsin/XvyqH6vN">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/facts/Indiana/VRnvjXoQ">Indiana</a>, <a href="/facts/Oregon/4Uq446Ko">Oregon</a>, <a href="/facts/Oklahoma/fK28L1a4">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ohio/YutCnTlh">Ohio</a> (72,570).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> A significant group of German <a href="/facts/Pietists/KI9nYduD">Pietists</a> in <a href="/facts/Iowa/taAwUvKE">Iowa</a> formed the <a href="/facts/Amana_Colonies/owoRPWYx">Amana Colonies</a> and continue to practice speaking their heritage language. Early twentieth century immigration was often to <a href="/facts/St._Louis%2c_Missouri/22beLecX">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Milwaukee/Ucx5PVHn">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/facts/Pittsburgh/42yPHyS0">Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cincinnati/PcyTWhS4">Cincinnati</a>. </p><p>The dialects of German which are or were primarily spoken in colonies or communities founded by German-speaking people resemble the dialects of the regions the founders came from. For example, Hutterite German resembles dialects of <a href="/facts/Carinthia_(state)/KYdoqzvx">Carinthia</a>. <a href="/facts/Texas_German/swJEfL9D">Texas German</a> is a dialect spoken in the areas of Texas settled by the <a href="/facts/Adelsverein/g1yUQ7I2">Adelsverein</a>, such as New Braunfels and Fredericksburg. In the <a href="/facts/Amana_Colonies/owoRPWYx">Amana Colonies</a> in the state of Iowa, <a href="/facts/Amana_German/IGaDehqm">Amana German</a> is spoken. <a href="/facts/Plautdietsch/oWUf0hIT">Plautdietsch</a> is a large <a href="/facts/Minority_language/jN1xCGGb">minority language</a> spoken in Northern Mexico by the <a href="/facts/Mennonite/pFLcS0Pg">Mennonite</a> communities, and is spoken by more than 200,000 people in Mexico. <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language/NeAY36oU">Pennsylvania German</a> is a <a href="/facts/West_Central_German/EcIcx3u1">West Central German</a> dialect spoken by most of the <a href="/facts/Amish/5MX4wRT3">Amish</a> population of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, and resembles <a href="/facts/Palatine_German_language/cWAEdv0F">Palatinate German</a> dialects. </p><p><a href="/facts/Hutterite_German/Hh9DhG3l">Hutterite German</a> is an Upper German dialect of the <a href="/facts/Bavarian_language/mdBH4q9z">Austro-Bavarian</a> variety of the German language, which is spoken by Hutterite communities in Canada and the United States. Hutterite is spoken in the U.S. states of <a href="/facts/Washington_(state)/7tCrTFnN">Washington</a>, <a href="/facts/Montana/SHSnTNuG">Montana</a>, <a href="/facts/North_Dakota/9aNh8gAf">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Dakota/R51Fbf1t">South Dakota</a>, and <a href="/facts/Minnesota/ncgVuC4Q">Minnesota</a>; and in the Canadian provinces of <a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta</a>, <a href="/facts/Saskatchewan/ehkUec57">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/facts/Manitoba/QuCdIDYB">Manitoba</a>. Its speakers belong to some Schmiedleit, Lehrerleit, and Dariusleit Hutterite groups, but there are also speakers among the older generations of Prairieleit (the descendants of those Hutterites who chose not to settle in colonies). Hutterite children who grow up in the colonies learn to speak Hutterite German before learning English, the standard language of the surrounding areas, in school. Many of these children, though, continue with German Grammar School, in addition to public school, throughout a student's elementary education. </p> <h2 id="australia">Australia</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/German_Australians/plR4rBpE">German Australians</a></p> <p>Australia has an estimated population of around 75,600 German speakers. Australians of German ancestry constitute the fourth largest ethnic group in Australia, numbering around 1,026,138. German immigrants played a significant role in settling the states of <a href="/facts/Queensland/lXBlIeY3">Queensland</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Australia/R7UdxV97">South Australia</a>. <a href="/facts/Barossa_German/lkp81jAu">Barossa German</a>, a dialect of German, was once common in and around the German-settled <a href="/facts/Barossa_Valley/UPpUMUPY">Barossa Valley</a> in <a href="/facts/South_Australia/R7UdxV97">South Australia</a>. However, the German language was actively suppressed by Australian governments during <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a> and <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, resulting in a sharp decline in the use of German in Australia. <a href="/facts/German_Australians/plR4rBpE">German Australians</a> are today overwhelmingly English speaking, with the German language as a home language in heavy decline. </p> <h2 id="rest-of-the-world">Rest of the world</h2> <p>Minorities exist in the countries of <a href="/facts/Latin_America/Qmx9Jx2a">Latin America</a> and the former <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>, <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>, <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a>, <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czechia</a>, <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a>, <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, <a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>, and the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>. These German minorities, through their ethno-cultural vitality, exhibit an exceptional level of heterogeneity: variations concerning their <a href="/facts/Demography/VktYwWUD">demographics</a>, their status within the majority community, the support they receive from institutions helping them to support their identity as a minority. </p><p>Among them are small groups, such as those in Namibia, and many very large groups, such as the almost 1 million non-evacuated Germans in Russia and <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a> or the near 500,000 Germans in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a> (see: <a href="/facts/Riograndenser_Hunsr%25C3%25BCckisch_German/qBHnYban">Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German</a>), groups that have been greatly "folklorised" and almost completely linguistically assimilated, such as most people of German descent in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and others, such as the true linguistic minorities (like the still German-speaking minorities in <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>, Brazil, and the United States, in <a href="/facts/Western_Siberia/a78KWgJd">Western Siberia</a> or Hungary and Romania); other groups, which are classified as religio-cultural groups rather than ethnic minorities, such as the Eastern-Low German-speaking <a href="/facts/Mennonites/pFLcS0Pg">Mennonites</a> in <a href="/facts/Belize/2xVuhCTt">Belize</a>, <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a> or in the <a href="/facts/Altai_Mountains/gLRvDcXh">Altay region</a> of <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberia</a>, and the groups who maintain their status thanks to strong identification with their ethnicity and their religious sentiment, such as the groups in <a href="/facts/Southern_Jutland/XyU3tm75">Southern Jutland</a>, <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a> or <a href="/facts/Upper_Silesia/NHm8MPN6">Upper Silesia</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>. </p> <h2 id="statistics">Statistics</h2> <h3>Native speakers</h3> <p>Below are two lists, one of countries and one of notable subnational territories, with German language-speaking populations. </p><p>The following table provides data on the number of native German speakers by country, according to the most recent publicly available sources. The number of speakers is presented as an absolute value for the total population, obtained by projecting the valid answers to the total population (thus not taking into account unanswered questionnaires, missing data or excluded age ranges). </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Country</th><th>Speakers</th><th>Percentage</th><th>Source</th><th>Definition</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td>70,247</td><td>0.4%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td>Language spoken at home</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a></td><td>7,115,780</td><td>88.6%</td><td>2001 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td>Colloquial language</td><td>A new survey by <a href="/facts/Statistics_Austria/8wCJowkJ">Statistics Austria</a> found that the percentage of people between 25 and 64 years of age with German as first language was 81.0% in 2023. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belize/2xVuhCTt">Belize</a></td><td>11,294</td><td>2.84%</td><td>2022 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td>Language spoken</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a></td><td>76,920</td><td>0.7%</td><td>2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a></td><td>62,741</td><td>0.65%</td><td>2012 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></td><td>3,340,000</td><td>1.62%</td><td>2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a></td><td>303,655</td><td>0.8%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cayman_Islands/exXQq3xA">Cayman Islands</a></td><td>73</td><td>0.11%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td>Main language spoken at home</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a></td><td>3,358</td><td>0.09%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a></td><td>2,281</td><td>0.25%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech Republic</a></td><td>34,226</td><td>0.33%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a></td><td>20,000</td><td>0.4%</td><td>2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a><p>( <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>)</p></td><td>46,699</td><td>0.08%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td>Main language</td><td>Population 3 years and older</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a></td><td>1,834</td><td>0.14%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a></td><td>7,258</td><td>0.13%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td>1,200,000</td><td>1.77%</td><td>2011<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td>67,330,000</td><td>81.34%</td><td>2024 official survey<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td>Language spoken at home</td><td>People who speak "Only German" and "Mostly German"</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a></td><td>28,473</td><td>0.33%</td><td>2022 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td>Percentage excludes 1,175,656 people who didn't specify their mother tongue</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a></td><td>304,968</td><td>0.51%</td><td>2024 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td>Language of identification</td><td>Language data only for <a href="/facts/South_Tyrol/KRMwFeWs">South Tyrol</a> province</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Ireland/k8JzXVze">Ireland</a></td><td>27,926</td><td>0.55%</td><td>2022 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td>Language spoken at home</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a></td><td>77,252</td><td>0.45%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td>Native language</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a></td><td>7,063</td><td>0.1%</td><td>1999 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a></td><td>203</td><td>0.01%</td><td>2000 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Liechtenstein/dPnsqDnS">Liechtenstein</a></td><td>36,088</td><td>92.6%</td><td>2020 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td>Main language</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a></td><td>289</td><td>0.01%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a></td><td>16,412</td><td>2.9%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td>Main language</td><td>Not including 275,361 (48.9%) speakers of <a href="/facts/Luxembourgish/HsVzn2YA">Luxembourgish</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Malta/FsqM3M37">Malta</a></td><td>10,427</td><td>2.1%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Montenegro/QynKJrw5">Montenegro</a></td><td>292</td><td>0.05%</td><td>2023 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a></td><td>11,154</td><td>0.5%</td><td>2011 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a></td><td>140</td><td>0.01%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td>Mother Tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></td><td>42,302</td><td>0.9%</td><td>2018 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td>Language spoken</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Ireland/Jmr0NRyl">Northern Ireland</a><p>( <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>)</p></td><td>653</td><td>0.03%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Population 3 years and older</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a></td><td>48,812</td><td>0.7%</td><td>2012 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></td><td>216,342</td><td>0.6%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td>Language used at home</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a></td><td>15,943</td><td>0.08%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>25,514</td><td>0.02%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a><p>( <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>)</p></td><td>6,059</td><td>0.12%</td><td>2022 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td>Main Language</td><td>Population 3 years and older</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a></td><td>1,389</td><td>0.02%</td><td>2022 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a></td><td>3,959</td><td>0.07%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a></td><td>1,628</td><td>0.08%</td><td>2002 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></td><td>30,034</td><td>0.07%</td><td>1996 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a></td><td>205,289</td><td>0.44%</td><td>2021 official survey<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td>Population 2 years and older</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a></td><td>72,000</td><td>0.73%</td><td>2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td><td>5,375,560</td><td>61.4%</td><td>2023 official survey<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td>Main language</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>860,992</td><td>0.3%</td><td>2023 official survey<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td>Language spoken at home</td><td>Population 5 years and older. Not including 221,585 (0.1%) speakers of <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language/NeAY36oU">Pennsylvania German</a>.</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a></td><td>4,206</td><td>0.01%</td><td>2001 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td>Mother tongue</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Wales/xa3W6PHH">Wales</a><p>( <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>)</p></td><td>1,249</td><td>0.04%</td><td>2021 census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td>Main language</td><td>Population 3 years and older</td></tr><tr><th>Total</th><th>87,058,984</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Subnational territories</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>Territory</th><th>Country</th><th><a href="/facts/First_language/1yK3tnLb">L1</a> speakers</th><th>Percentage</th><th>Year</th><th>Reference</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ostbelgien/UGsL7r8c">Ostbelgien</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a></td><td>72,100 (based on a population of 77,527 as of 01/01/19)</td><td>93%</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Schleswig/KYX9mNt6">Northern Schleswig</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a></td><td>10,000</td><td>4%</td><td>2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Uusimaa/h45zlR3o">Uusimaa</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a></td><td>3,726</td><td>0.22%</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/South_Tyrol/KRMwFeWs">South Tyrol</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a></td><td>304,968</td><td>68.95%</td><td>2024</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Klaip%25C4%2597da_County/dy5VVjjn">Klaipėda County</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a></td><td>8</td><td>0.002%</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Opole_Voivodeship/LU0NGToe">Opole Voivodeship</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></td><td>34,489</td><td>3.61%</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship/gra3EtTV">Lower Silesia Voivodeship</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></td><td>23,536</td><td>0.81%</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ermland-Masuren/CNR7Acv7">Ermland-Masuren Voidodeship</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></td><td>8,705</td><td>0.63%</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6nigsberg_Oblast/zN9PIRFb">Königsberg Oblast</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>294</td><td>0.03%</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>101,262 (of which 266 spoke <a href="/facts/Swiss_German/a90wuKPb">Swiss German</a> and 63,598 spoke <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Dutch/LxFq7QLQ">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, excluding 1,323 <a href="/facts/Yiddish/VfmsR6pW">Yiddish</a> speakers)</td><td>0.82%</td><td>2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/North_Dakota/9aNh8gAf">North Dakota</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>5,617 (of which 246 spoke Pennsylvania Dutch)</td><td>0.77%</td><td>2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wisconsin/XvyqH6vN">Wisconsin</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>39,806 (of which 315 spoke Swiss German and 10,693 spoke Pennsylvania Dutch, excluding 279 Yiddish speakers)</td><td>0.71%</td><td>2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Montana/SHSnTNuG">Montana</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>6,925 (of which 52 spoke Swiss German and 605 spoke Pennsylvania Dutch)</td><td>0.66%</td><td>2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/South_Dakota/R51Fbf1t">South Dakota</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>5,359 (of which 196 spoke Pennsylvania Dutch)</td><td>0.64%</td><td>2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Native and non-native speakers</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Country</th><th>Speakers</th><th>Percentage</th><th>Year</th><th>Reference</th></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>2,069,949</td><td>1.4%</td><td>2010</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a></td><td>106,101</td><td>0.6%</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Ethnologue estimates</h3> Approximate distribution of <a href="/facts/First_language/1yK3tnLb">native speakers</a> of <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German or a German variety</a> outside Europe(according to Ethnologue 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> unless referenced otherwise)Numbers of speakers should not be summed up per country, as they most likely overlap considerably.Table includes varieties with disputed statuses as separate language.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Standard_German/9qsa3C2S">Standard German</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Riograndenser_Hunsr%25C3%25BCckisch_German/qBHnYban">Hunsrik/Hunsrückisch</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Low_German/BPxhrjlB">Low German</a> & <a href="/facts/Plautdietsch_language/oWUf0hIT">Plautdietsch</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language/NeAY36oU">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Hutterite_German/Hh9DhG3l">Hutterite</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></td><td>400,000</td><td>—</td><td>4,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td>79,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Belize/2xVuhCTt">Belize</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>9,360</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a></td><td>160,000</td><td>—</td><td>60,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></td><td>1,500,000</td><td>3,000,000</td><td>8,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a></td><td>430,000</td><td>—</td><td>80,000</td><td>15,000</td><td>23,200</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a></td><td>35,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a></td><td>200,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a></td><td>30,400</td><td>—</td><td>100,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>40,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a></td><td>22,500</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></td><td>36,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a></td><td>166,000</td><td>—</td><td>40,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></td><td>12,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a></td><td>28,000</td><td>—</td><td>2,000</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>1,104,354<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>12,000</td><td>118,000</td><td>10,800</td></tr><tr><td><i>Sum</i></td><td><i>4,597,392</i></td><td><i>3,000,000</i></td><td><i>357,360</i></td><td><i>133,000</i></td><td><i>34,000</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Languages portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/German_diaspora/5o71h9xS">Distribution of German diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Germanic_languages/BxAJX3Kf">Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language/amtemvdH">List of countries and territories where German is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unserdeutsch/s31hDLA2">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dialect_continuum/0QAuqxp3">Dialect continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geolinguistics/4uNMn8l2">Geolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Language_geography/wV6q3wpF">Language geography</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.goethe.de/resources/files/pdf19/5759818-STANDARD.pdf">German language studying in the world in 2010 (with evolution from 2005)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.goethe.de/resources/files/pdf19/1459127-STANDARD1.pdf">German language studying in the world in 2005 (with evolution from 2000)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.goethe.de/resources/files/pdf19/StADaF_DE_2012.pdf">German language in the world in 2012 (full report)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060528172249/http://www.kuwi.euv-frankfurt-o.de/~sw1www/publikation/lateinam.htm">Development of German in South America</a> (in German)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050415020802/http://viadrina.euv-frankfurt-o.de/~sw1www/publikation/lateinam.htm">Deutsche Minderheiten/Riograndenser Hunsrückisch</a> (in German)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jan Goossens: Niederdeutsche Sprache: Versuch einer Definition. In: Jan Goossens (Hrsg.): Niederdeutsch: Sprache und Literatur. Karl Wachholtz, 2. Auflage, Neumünster 1983, S. 27; Willy Sanders: Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch: sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1982, ISBN 3-525-01213-6, S. 32 f.; Dieter Stellmacher: Niederdeutsche Sprache. 2. Auflage, Weidler, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89693-326-4, p. 92. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Goossens_(linguist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Jan_Goossens_(linguist)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ammon, Ulrich – Die Stellung der deutschen Sprache in der Welt Archived 2015-11-09 at the Wayback Machine (de Gruyter Mouton; ISBN 978-3-11-019298-8) <a href="http://www.ulrichammon.de/resources/Stellung_der_deutschen_Sprache.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ulrichammon.de/resources/Stellung_der_deutschen_Sprache.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Sum of Standard German, Swiss German, and all German dialects not listed under "Standard German" at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" target="_blank">/wiki/Ethnologue</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Marten, Thomas; Sauer, Fritz Joachim, eds. (2005). 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