• Images
• Videos
• Documents
• Books
• Articles

Related Image Collections Add Image

Profiles

1 Image

We don't have any YouTube videos related to Oklahoma yet.

You can add one yourself here.

We don't have any PDF documents related to Oklahoma yet.

You can add one yourself here.

We don't have any Books related to Oklahoma yet.

You can add one yourself here.

Archived Web Articles Add Article

Oklahoma voters approve medical marijuana despite opposition

May 2 2021

Covid in the U.S.: Latest Maps, Case and Death Counts

Mar 3 2020

Oklahoma Wind Farms Mapped | StateImpact Oklahoma

Sep 6 2018

Nichols Convicted in Oklahoma City Bombing

web.archive.org

Annual Event in Norman, Oklahoma

web.archive.org

DVN - Devon Energy - Fortune 500 2006

money.cnn.com

The Louisiana Purchase

web.archive.org

The Tulsa Lynching of 1921: A Hidden Story Review - TV Show Reviews

web.archive.org

Dems woo Native American vote

politico.com

View all

Etymology

The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw language phrase okla, 'people', and humma, translated as 'red'.¹⁰¹¹ Choctaw Nation Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1865 during treaty negotiations with the federal US government on the use of Indian Territory. He envisioned an all exclusive American Indian state controlled by the United States bureau of Indian Affairs. A painting of the 1865 Council now hangs in the Oklahoma Senate.¹² Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after that area was opened to American settlers.¹³¹⁴¹⁵

History

Main article: History of Oklahoma

Pre-Columbian

Indigenous peoples were present in what is now Oklahoma by the last ice age.¹⁶ Ancestors of the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (including Teyas and Escanjaques and Tawakoni), Tonkawa,¹⁷ and Caddo (including Kichai) lived in what is now Oklahoma. Southern Plains villagers lived in the central and west of the state, with a subgroup, the Panhandle culture people, living in the panhandle region. Caddoan Mississippian culture peoples lived in the eastern part of the state. Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, was a major Mississippian mound complex that flourished between AD 850 and 1450.¹⁸¹⁹ Plains Apache people settled in the Southern Plains and in Oklahoma between 1300 and 1500.²⁰

European exploration and colonization

The expedition of Spaniard Francisco Vázquez de Coronado traveled through the area in 1541,²¹ but French explorers claimed the area in the early 18th century.²² By the 18th century, Comanche and Kiowa entered the region from the west and Quapaw and Osage peoples moved into what is now eastern Oklahoma. French colonists claimed the region until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.²³ The territory was a part of the Arkansas Territory from 1819 until 1828.²⁴

19th century

During the 19th century, the U.S. federal government forcibly removed tens of thousands of American Indians from their ancestral homelands from across North America and transported them to the area including and surrounding present-day Oklahoma. The Choctaw was the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to be removed from the Southeastern United States. The phrase "Trail of Tears" originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831, although the term is usually used for the Cherokee removal.²⁵

Seventeen thousand Cherokees and 2,000 of their black slaves were deported.²⁶ The area, already occupied by Osage and Quapaw tribes, was called for the Choctaw Nation until revised Native American and then later American policy redefined the boundaries to include other Native Americans. By 1890, more than 30 Native American nations and tribes had been concentrated on land within Indian Territory or "Indian Country".²⁷

All Five Civilized Tribes signed treaties with the Confederate military during the American Civil War.²⁸ The Cherokee Nation had an internal civil war.²⁹ Slavery in Indian Territory was not abolished until 1866.³⁰

In the period between 1866 and 1899,³¹ cattle ranches in Texas strove to meet the demands for food in eastern cities and railroads in Kansas promised to deliver in a timely manner. Cattle trails and cattle ranches developed as cowboys either drove their product north or settled illegally in Indian Territory.³² In 1881, four of five major cattle trails on the western frontier traveled through Indian Territory.³³

Increased presence of white settlers in Indian Territory and their demand for land owned and guaranteed to Indian tribes by treaties with the U.S. government prompted the United States to enact the Dawes Act in 1887 and the Curtis Act of 1898. The acts abolished tribal governments, eliminated tribal ownership of land, and allotted 160 acres (65 ha) of land to each head of an Indian family. An objective of the acts was the forced assimilation of Indians into white society. Land not allotted to individual Indians was owned by the U.S. government and sold or distributed to settlers and railroads. The proceeds of the land sales were used to educate Indian children and advance the policy of assimilation. As a result of the two acts about one-half of land previously owned by Indian tribes was owned by whites by 1900.³⁴ Moreover, much of the land allotted to individual Indian heads of families became white-owned. Allottees often sold or were fraudulently deprived of their land.³⁵

The acquisition of tribal lands by the U.S. government led to land runs, also called "land rushes," from 1887 and 1895. Major land runs, including the Land Rush of 1889, opened up millions of acres of formerly tribal lands to white settlement. The "rushes" began at a precise times as each prospective settler literally raced with other prospective settlers to claim ownership of 160 acres (65 ha) of land under the Homestead Act of 1862. Usually land was claimed by settlers on a first come, first served basis.³⁶ Those who broke the rules by crossing the border into the territory before the official opening time were said to have been crossing the border sooner, leading to the term sooners, which eventually became the state's official nickname.³⁷ George Washington Steele was appointed the first governor of the territory of Oklahoma in 1890.

20th century

Main articles: Organic act § List of organic acts, Oklahoma Territory, Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

Attempts to create an all-Indian state named Oklahoma and a later attempt to create an all-Indian state named Sequoyah failed but the Sequoyah Statehood Convention of 1905 eventually laid the groundwork for the Oklahoma Statehood Convention, which took place two years later.³⁸ On June 16, 1906, Congress enacted a statute authorizing the people of the Oklahoma and Indian Territories (as well what would become the states of Arizona and New Mexico) to form a constitution and state government in order to be admitted as a state.³⁹ On November 16, 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt issued Presidential Proclamation no. 780, establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state in the Union.⁴⁰

The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy.⁴¹ In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the "Father of Route 66", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.⁴²

In late September 1918, the first cases of the Spanish flu appeared in Oklahoma. Though public health authorities statewide had some indication that the pandemic was westward, the turmoil caused by the rapid advancement of the disease quickly overwhelmed both health workers and local governing bodies. In Oklahoma City, shortages of both supplies and personnel were mitigated, in part, by the mobilization of the American Red Cross. Rough estimates based on contemporary reports indicate that approximately 100,000 people fell ill with the disease before the pandemic ebbed in 1919. Of those 100,000 cases, it is assumed that around 7,500 proved fatal, placing total mortality rates for the state in the area of 7.5%.⁴³

Oklahoma also has a rich African-American history. Many Black towns, founded by the Freedmen of the Five Tribes during Reconstruction, thrived in the early 20th century with the arrival of Black Exodusters who migrated from neighboring states, especially Kansas. The politician Edward P. McCabe encouraged Black settlers to come to what was then Indian Territory. McCabe discussed with President Theodore Roosevelt the possibility of making Oklahoma a majority-Black state.⁴⁴

By the early 20th century, the Greenwood district of Tulsa was one of the most prosperous African-American communities in the United States.⁴⁵ Jim Crow laws had established racial segregation since before the start of the 20th century, but Tulsa's Black residents had created a thriving area.⁴⁶⁴⁷⁴⁸

Social tensions were exacerbated by the revival of the Ku Klux Klan after 1915. The Tulsa race massacre broke out in 1921, with White mobs attacking Black people and carrying out a pogrom in Greenwood. In one of the costliest episodes of racist violence in American history, sixteen hours of rioting resulted in the destruction of 35 city blocks, $1.8 million in property damage, and an estimated death toll of between 75 and 300 people.⁴⁹ By the late 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan had declined to negligible influence within the state.⁵⁰

During the 1930s, parts of the state began to suffer from the consequences of poor farming practices. This period was known as the Dust Bowl, throughout which areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall, strong winds, abnormally high temperatures, and most notably, severe dust storms sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States.⁵¹ Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.

Soil and water conservation projects markedly changed practices in the state, leading to the construction of massive flood control systems and dams to supply water for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation.⁵²⁵³ As of 2024, Oklahoma had more than 4,700 dams, about 20% of all dams in the U.S.⁵⁴

In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of the most destructive act of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh detonated a large, crude explosive device outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. For his crime, McVeigh was executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001. His accomplice, Terry Nichols, is serving life in prison without parole for helping plan the attack and prepare the explosive.⁵⁵

21st century

On May 31, 2016, several cities experienced record setting flooding.⁵⁶⁵⁷

On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States determined in McGirt v. Oklahoma that the reservations of the Five Tribes, comprising much of Eastern Oklahoma, were never disestablished by Congress and thus are still "Indian Country" for the purposes of criminal law.⁵⁸

Later decisions by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals also found the Quapaw Nation,⁵⁹ Ottawa Tribe, Peoria Tribe, and Miami Tribe⁶⁰ also had existing reservations. The Osage Nation is awaiting for a possible appellate decision after a district judge had ruled that the Osage reservation was disestablished.⁶¹

Geography

Main article: Geography of Oklahoma

See also: List of Oklahoma tri-points

Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,895 square miles (181,030 km2), with 68,591 square miles (177,650 km2) of land and 1,304 square miles (3,380 km2) of water.⁶² It lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bordered on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas.

Borders

Oklahoma's border with Kansas was defined as the 37th Parallel in the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act. This was disputed with the Cherokee and Osage Nations, which claimed their border extended North of this line and could not be part of the Kansas Territory. This was resolved in 1870 with the Drum Creek Treaty, which reestablished Kansas's southern border as the 37th parallel. This also applied to the then No-Man's Land that became the Oklahoma Panhandle.

The Oklahoma-Texas border consists of the Red River of the South in the south and the 100th meridian west as the western border between Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle. These were first established in the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain.

The Oklahoma panhandle was originally part of the Panhandle of the Republic of Texas, but when Texas joined the Union as a slave state, it could not retain any lands north of 36 degrees 30 minutes, as specified in the Missouri Compromise. The Panhandle existed as a no-man's land until 1907 when Oklahoma acquired the territory upon gaining statehood.

Oklahoma's Eastern border is divided between Missouri and Arkansas. The Missouri-Oklahoma border is defined as the Meridian passing through the Kawsmouth,⁶³ where the Kansas River meets the Missouri River. This is the same Meridian as the Kansas-Missouri border.

The Oklahoma-Arkansas border was originally defined by two lines: the borders between Arkansas and the Cherokee and Choctaw Reservations. This formed two diagonal lines meeting at the western edge of Fort Smith Arkansas, with one line running northeast from the Red River and the other running southeast from the Oklahoma-Arkansas-Missouri border. The Choctaw-Arkansas border was established in the 1820 Treaty of Doak's Sand, and later refined in the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. These treaties left a 57-acre exclave of the Choctaw reservation bounded by Arkansas, the Arkansas River and the Poteau River. This became the site of a smuggling camp called "Coke Hill", noted mostly for its importance in cocaine smuggling.⁶⁴

After Petitioning congress to hand over jurisdiction, the 57 acres was given to Arkansas in 1905. The 1985 US Supreme Court Case Oklahoma v. Arkansas decided the land would remain Arkansas, even though the Choctaw had not been notified or asked about the territory being handed over.⁶⁵ Therefore, the Poteau River serves as the Oklahoma-Arkansas boundary for approximately 1 mile, reducing the Choctaw Reservation and later Oklahoma by 57 acres as established in the treaties of the early 1800s.

Topography

See also: List of lakes in Oklahoma

Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed,⁶⁶ generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary.⁶⁷⁶⁸ Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level.⁶⁹

Among the most geographically diverse states, Oklahoma is one of four to harbor more than 10 distinct ecological regions, with 11 in its borders—more per square mile than in any other state.⁷⁰ Its western and eastern halves, however, are marked by extreme differences in geographical diversity: Eastern Oklahoma touches eight ecological regions and its western half contains three. Although having fewer ecological regions Western Oklahoma contains many rare, relic species.⁷¹

Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains.⁷² Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains are the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.⁷³ A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and near the state's eastern border, The Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department regards Cavanal Hill as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot.⁷⁴

The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannas cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction.⁷⁵⁷⁶

More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma's waterways, and with 200 lakes created by dams, it holds the nation's highest number of artificial reservoirs.⁷⁷ Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas Rivers, though the Lee and Little Rivers also contain significant drainage basins.⁷⁸

Flora and fauna

See also: List of fauna of Oklahoma

Due to Oklahoma's location at the confluence of many geographic regions, the state's climatic regions have a high rate of biodiversity. Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma⁷⁹ and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses.⁸⁰ Where rainfall is sparse in the state's western regions, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the panhandle's far western reaches.⁸¹ Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare, disjunct species, including sugar maple, bigtooth maple, nolina, and Texas live oak.⁸²

Marshlands, cypress forests, and mixtures of shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, blue palmetto, and deciduous forests dominate the state's southeastern quarter, while mixtures of largely post oak, elm, red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and pine forests cover northeastern Oklahoma.⁸³⁸⁴⁸⁵

The state holds populations of white-tailed deer, mule deer, antelope, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, American bison, greater prairie chickens, badgers, and armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351

vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, gray fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Also in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator.⁸⁶

Protected lands

Oklahoma has fifty-one state parks,⁸⁷ six national parks or protected regions,⁸⁸ two national protected forests or grasslands,⁸⁹ and a network of wildlife preserves and conservation areas. Six percent of the state's 10 million acres (40,000 km2) of forest is public land,⁹⁰ including the western portions of the Ouachita National Forest, the largest and oldest national forest in the Southern United States.⁹¹

With 39,000 acres (160 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only ten percent of its former land area, once covering fourteen states.⁹² In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma.⁹³ The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine National Wildlife Refuges in the state⁹⁴ and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2).⁹⁵

Of Oklahoma's federally protected parks or recreational sites, the Chickasaw National Recreation Area is the largest, with 9,898.63 acres (40.0583 km2).⁹⁶ Other sites include the Santa Fe and Trail of Tears national historic trails, the Fort Smith and Washita Battlefield national historic sites, and the Oklahoma City National Memorial.⁹⁷

Climate

Further information: Climate change in Oklahoma and Tornadoes in Oklahoma

Oklahoma is in a humid subtropical region⁹⁸ that lies in a transition zone between semiarid further to the west, humid continental to the north, and humid subtropical to the east and southeast. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth.⁹⁹ An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year—one of the highest rates in the world.¹⁰⁰

Because of Oklahoma's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances, and they can change drastically in a short time.¹⁰¹ On November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F (28 °C) (the record high for that date), then a cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to reach 17 °F (−8 °C) (the record low for that date) by midnight.¹⁰² This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area, such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front, resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour.¹⁰³

The humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) of central, southern, and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semiarid zone (Köppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture.¹⁰⁴ Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 in (1,020 mm) and up to 56 in (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with annual rainfall under 17 in (430 mm).¹⁰⁵

Over almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Early June can still be wet, but most years see a marked decrease in rainfall during June and early July. Mid-summer (July and August) represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma, with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years. Severe drought is common in the hottest summers, such as those of 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011, all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and highs well over 100 °F (38 °C). Average precipitation rises again from September to mid-October, representing a secondary wetter season, then declines from late October through December.¹⁰⁶

The entire state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) or below 0 °F (−18 °C),¹⁰⁷ though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 in (102 mm) in the south to just over 20 in (508 mm) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle.¹⁰⁸ The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, the Warning Decision Training Division, and the Radar Operations Center, all part of the National Weather Service and in Norman.¹⁰⁹

Cities and towns

See also: List of cities in Oklahoma

Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000.¹¹² Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and sixty-five percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2020, with 1,425,695 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 1,015,331 residents.¹¹³ Between 2000 and 2010, the leading cities in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).¹¹⁴

In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, −0.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.¹¹⁵

Under Oklahoma law, municipalities are divided into two categories: cities, defined as having more than 1,000 residents, and towns, with under 1,000 residents. Both have legislative, judicial, and public power within their boundaries, but cities can choose between a mayor–council, council–manager, or strong mayor form of government, while towns operate through an elected officer system.¹¹⁶

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Oklahoma

From a 1920 U.S. census population of 2,028,283, Oklahoma's population has continued to increase. At the 2010 census, its population was 3,751,675. The 2020 census revealed its population to be was 3,959,353, an 5.5% increase since 2010.¹²⁰ A 2022 American Community Survey estimate found that the population had surpassed 4 million residents for the first time.¹²¹ Among the states of the South Central region, Oklahoma had the second-largest population increase from 2010 to 2020, behind Texas.¹²²¹²³

Of the state's total resident population, approximately 236,882 were immigrants according to a study in 2018, making up 6% of the state's population at the time. Most of its immigrant population came from Mexico (45%), Vietnam (5%), India (5%), Germany (3%), and Guatemala (3%). In the state, 246,550 residents were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. An estimated 85,000 immigrants were undocumented with 125,989 Oklahomans having lived with at least one undocumented family member between 2010 and 2014. Immigrants to Oklahoma have contributed more than a billion U.S. dollars in taxes in 2018.¹²⁴ In 2011, the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data from 2005 to 2009 indicated about 5% of Oklahoma's residents were born outside the United States. This was lower than the national figure (about 12.5% of U.S. residents were foreign-born).¹²⁵

In 2010, the center of population of Oklahoma was in Lincoln County near the town of Sparks.¹²⁶

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 3,754 homeless people in Oklahoma.¹²⁷¹²⁸

Race and ethnicity

As with majority of the U.S., Oklahoma has experienced diversification since the beginning of the 21st century;¹²⁹ in 1940, 90.1% of the state's population was non-Hispanic White; in 2020, 75.5% of the population was White, down from 1990's 81% yet up from 2010's 72.2%. Among its population at the 2020 census, the remainder of its increasingly diverse population was 11.9% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 16% American Indian and Alaska Native, 9.7% Black or African American, 3.1% Asian, 0.4% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and 9% some other race.¹³⁰ According to the 2010 census, 8.6% were American Indian and Alaska Native, 7.4% Black or African American, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 4.1% from some other race and 5.9% of two or more races; 8.9% of Oklahoma's population were of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race).¹³¹

In 2005, Oklahoma's estimated ancestral makeup was 14.5% German, 13.1% American, 11.8% Irish, 9.6% English, 8.1% African American, and 11.4% Native American (including 7.9% Cherokee),¹³⁹ though the percentage of people claiming American Indian as their only race was 8.1%.¹⁴⁰ Most people from Oklahoma who self-identify as having American ancestry are of overwhelmingly English and Scots-Irish ancestry with significant amounts of Scottish, Welsh and Irish ancestry as well.¹⁴¹¹⁴² The majority of Hispanics in Oklahoma are of Mexican origin.¹⁴³ There are 38 federally recognized Native American tribes in the state.¹⁴⁴

In 2011, 47.3% of Oklahoma's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.¹⁴⁵

Language

English

The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010.¹⁴⁶ The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, which is "quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects".¹⁴⁷[better source needed] In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population, five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990.¹⁴⁸ 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English at home in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the state's population.¹⁴⁹

Native American languages

The two most commonly spoken native North American languages are Cherokee and Choctaw, with 10,000 Cherokee speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma and another 10,000 Choctaw speakers living in the Choctaw Nation directly south of the Cherokees.¹⁵⁰ Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.^151152153

Twenty-five Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma,¹⁵⁴ second only to California. However, only Cherokee, if any, exhibits some language vitality at present. Ethnologue sees Cherokee as moribund because the only remaining active users of the language are members of the grandparent generation and older.

Other languages

Spanish is the second-most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000.¹⁵⁶ German has 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the state's population,¹⁵⁷ and Vietnamese is spoken by 11,330 people,¹⁵⁸ or about 0.4% of the population,¹⁵⁹ many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%).¹⁶⁰

Religion

See also: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Oklahoma

Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Protestant Christianity known as the "Bible Belt". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the area is known for politically and socially conservative views, with the Republican Party having the greater number of voters registered between the two major parties.¹⁶¹ Tulsa, the state's second-largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the "buckle of the Bible Belt".¹⁶²¹⁶³

In 2000, there were about 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims, with ten congregations to each group.¹⁶⁴

According to the Pew Research Center in 2008, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents were Christian, accounting for about 80% of the population. The percentage of Catholics was half the national average, while the percentage of Evangelical Protestants was more than twice the national average (tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state).¹⁶⁵

In 2010, the state's largest church memberships were in the Southern Baptist Convention (886,394 members), the United Methodist Church (282,347), the Roman Catholic Church (178,430), and the Assemblies of God (85,926) and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)¹⁶⁶ (47,349). Other religions represented in the state include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.¹⁶⁷

According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents remained Christian accounting for 79% of the population, 9 percent higher than the national average.¹⁶⁸ The percentage of Evangelical Protestants declined since the last study, but they remain the largest religious group in the state at 47% over 20 percent higher than the national average.¹⁶⁹ The largest growth over the six years between Pew's 2008 and 2014 survey was in the number of people who identify as unaffiliated in the state with an increase of 6% of the total population.

By the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's survey, 73% of the population were Christian.¹⁷⁰ Evangelicalism made up 29% of the state population, followed by Mainline Protestantism at 19%. Historically and predominantly African-American and Latino churches collectively made up 8% of the religious demographic. An estimated 13% of the state's religious population were Roman Catholic. About 22% of the population had no religious affiliation.

Incarceration

Oklahoma has been described as "the world's prison capital", with 1,079 of every 100,000 residents imprisoned in 2018, the fourth-highest incarceration rate of any American state, and by comparison, higher than the incarceration rates of any country in the world.¹⁷⁵¹⁷⁶

Gender issues

In an April 2023 report, The Sentencing Project highlighted Oklahoma's Failure to Protect law, which has "been used primarily against women" and has "sometimes resulted in survivors of abuse facing longer sentences for allegedly failing to protect their children from harm than the person who committed the abuse." The report states that "since the law went into effect in 2009, 139 women in Oklahoma have been imprisoned solely for failure-to-protect charges."¹⁷⁷ The Human Rights Campaign has also pointed out cases of the Oklahoma legislature's actions against the LGBTQ population and censuring of a nonbinary lawmaker.¹⁷⁸

Economy

Main article: Economy of Oklahoma

See also: Oklahoma locations by per capita income and List of Oklahoma counties by socio-economic factors

Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food.¹⁷⁹ The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat.¹⁸⁰ Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma,¹⁸¹ and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation,¹⁸² with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007.¹⁸³

• Total employment (2018): 1,385,228
• Number of employer establishments: 93,561¹⁸⁴

In 2010, Oklahoma City-based Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores ranked 18th on the Forbes list of largest private companies, Tulsa-based QuikTrip ranked 37th, and Oklahoma City-based Hobby Lobby ranked 198th in 2010 report.¹⁸⁵

Oklahoma's gross domestic product was $254.13 billion in 2023.¹⁸⁶ The state had a per capita income of $58,499 in 2023, which ranked 43rd in the U.S., and its median household income ranked 46th at $59,673.¹⁸⁷¹⁸⁸ Additionally, Oklahoma ranks consistently among the lowest states in cost of living index.¹⁸⁹

Though oil has historically dominated the state's economy, a collapse in the energy industry during the 1980s led to the loss of nearly 90,000 energy-related jobs between 1980 and 2000, severely damaging the local economy.¹⁹⁰ Oil accounted for 35 billion dollars in Oklahoma's economy in 2007,¹⁹¹ and employment in the state's oil industry was outpaced by five other industries in 2007.¹⁹² As of September 2020[update], the state's unemployment rate was 5.3%.¹⁹³

Industry

In mid-2011, Oklahoma had a civilian labor force of 1.7 million and non-farm employment fluctuated around 1.5 million.¹⁹⁴ The government sector provides the most jobs, with 339,300 in 2011, followed by the transportation and utilities sector, providing 279,500 jobs, and the sectors of education, business, and manufacturing, providing 207,800, 177,400, and 132,700 jobs, respectively.¹⁹⁵ Among the state's largest industries, the aerospace sector generates $11 billion annually.¹⁹⁶

Tulsa is home to the largest airline maintenance base in the world, which serves as the global maintenance and engineering headquarters for American Airlines.¹⁹⁷ In total, aerospace accounts for more than 10 percent of Oklahoma's industrial output, and it is one of the top 10 states in aerospace engine manufacturing.¹⁹⁸ Because of its position in the center of the United States, Oklahoma is also among the top states for logistic centers, and a major contributor to weather-related research.¹⁹⁹

The state is the top manufacturer of tires in North America and contains one of the fastest-growing biotechnology industries in the nation.²⁰⁰ In 2005, international exports from Oklahoma's manufacturing industry totaled $4.3 billion, accounting for 3.6 percent of its economic impact.²⁰¹ Tire manufacturing, meat processing, oil and gas equipment manufacturing, and air conditioner manufacturing are the state's largest manufacturing industries.²⁰²

Energy

Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, and its fifth-largest producer of crude oil. The state also has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs,²⁰³²⁰⁴ and it is even ranked fifth in crude oil reserves.²⁰⁵ While the state was ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011,²⁰⁶ it still was at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy in 2009, with 94% of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25% from coal and 46% from natural gas.²⁰⁷

Ten years later in 2019, 53.5% of electricity was produced from natural gas and 34.6% from wind power.²⁰⁸

Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009,²⁰⁹ the state's energy costs were eighth-lowest in the nation.²¹⁰

Oil, gas, and coal

As a whole, the oil energy industry contributes $35 billion to Oklahoma's gross domestic product (GDP), and employees of the state's oil-related companies earn an average of twice the state's typical yearly income.²¹¹ In 2009, the state had 83,700 commercial oil wells churning 65.374 million barrels (10,393,600 m3) of crude oil.²¹² A tabulated 8.5% of the nation's natural gas supply is held in Oklahoma, with 1.673 trillion cubic feet (47.4 km3) being produced in 2009.²¹³

The Oklahoma Stack Play is a geographic referenced area in the Anadarko Basin. The oil field "Sooner Trend", Anadarko basin and the counties of Kingfisher and Canadian make up the basis for the "Oklahoma STACK". Other Plays such as the Eagle Ford are geological rather than geographical.²¹⁴

All of the Fortune 500 companies based in Oklahoma are energy-related, including some of the largest companies in the petroleum industry in the U.S.²¹⁵ Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second- and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine.²¹⁶

Oklahoma Gas & Electric, commonly referred to as OG&E (NYSE: OGE) operates four base electric power plants in Oklahoma. Two of them are coal-fired power plants: one in Muskogee, and the other in Red Rock. Two are gas-fired power plants: one in Harrah and the other in Konawa. OG&E was the first electric company in Oklahoma to generate electricity from wind farms in 2003.²¹⁷

Nuclear power

Oklahoma had no operational nuclear power plants as of March 2021.²¹⁸

In 1973, the Public Service Company of Oklahoma proposed the Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant near Inola, Oklahoma.²¹⁹ Protestors disrupted project construction in 1979, several months after the Three Mile Island accident, and the project was cancelled in 1982 after nine years of legal challenges.²²⁰²²¹

Wind generation

Main article: Wind power in Oklahoma

Agriculture

The 27th-most agriculturally productive state, Oklahoma is fifth in cattle production and fifth in production of wheat.²²²²²³ Approximately 5.5 percent of American beef comes from Oklahoma, while the state produces 6.1 percent of American wheat, 4.2 percent of American pig products, and 2.2 percent of dairy products.²²⁴

The state had 85,500 farms in 2012, collectively producing $4.3 billion in animal products and fewer than one billion dollars in crop output with more than $6.1 billion added to the state's gross domestic product.²²⁵ Poultry and swine are its second- and third-largest agricultural industries.²²⁶

Education

See also: List of school districts in Oklahoma, List of high schools in Oklahoma, and List of colleges and universities in Oklahoma

With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008[update].²²⁷ Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009–10 school year.²²⁸ Oklahoma spent $7,755 for each student in 2008, and was 47th in the nation in expenditures per student,²²⁹ though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd.²³⁰

The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it "a model for early childhood schooling".²³¹ High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate.²³² In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among Southern states.²³³²³⁴ According to a study conducted by the Pell Institute, Oklahoma ranks 48th in college-participation for low-income students.²³⁵

The University of Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa, Oklahoma State University, the University of Central Oklahoma, and Northeastern State University are the largest institutions of higher education in Oklahoma, each operating through one primary campus and satellite campuses throughout the state. The two state universities, along with Oklahoma City University and the University of Tulsa, rank among the country's best universities.²³⁶

Oklahoma City University School of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and University of Tulsa College of Law are the state's only ABA-accredited institutions. Both University of Oklahoma and University of Tulsa are Tier 2 institutions, with the University of Oklahoma ranked 55th and the University of Tulsa ranked 120th in the nation.²³⁷

Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities,²³⁸ including Northeastern State University, the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River,²³⁹ also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma²⁴⁰ and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount.²⁴¹²⁴² Langston University is Oklahoma's only historically black college. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007,²⁴³ and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade.²⁴⁴

In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278-degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component.²⁴⁵

Beginning on April 2, 2018, tens of thousands of K–12 public school teachers went on strike due to lack of funding. According to the National Education Association, teachers in Oklahoma had ranked 49th out of the 50 states in terms of teacher pay in 2016. The Oklahoma Legislature had passed a measure a week earlier to raise teacher salaries by $6,100, but it fell short of the $10,000 raise for teachers, $5,000 raise for other school employees, and $200 million increase in extra education funding many had sought.²⁴⁶ A survey in 2019 found that the pay raise obtained by the strike lifted the State's teacher pay ranking to 34th in the nation.²⁴⁷

Non-English education

The Cherokee Nation instigated a ten-year plan in 2005 that involved growing new speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood as well as speaking it exclusively at home.²⁴⁸ The plan was part of an ambitious goal that in fifty years would have at least 80% of their people fluent.²⁴⁹ The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used.²⁵⁰ A Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma educates students from pre-school through eighth grade.²⁵¹

Culture

Oklahoma is placed in the South by the United States Census Bureau,²⁵² but other definitions place the state at least partly in the Southwest, Midwest,²⁵³ Upland South,²⁵⁴ and Great Plains.²⁵⁵ Oklahomans have a high rate of English, Scotch-Irish, German, and Native American ancestry,²⁵⁶ with 25 different Indigenous languages spoken in the state.²⁵⁷

Because many American Indians were forced to move to Indian territory (modern day Oklahoma) when American settlement within North America had increased, Oklahoma has much linguistic diversity. Mary Linn, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Oklahoma and the associate curator of Native American languages at the Sam Noble Museum, notes Oklahoma also has high levels of language endangerment.²⁵⁸

Sixty-seven Native American tribes and bands are represented in Oklahoma,²⁵⁹ including 38 federally recognized tribes,²⁶⁰ who are headquartered and have tribal jurisdictional areas or Indian reservations in the state.²⁶¹ Native American tribes, Western ranchers, Southern settlers, and Eastern oil barons have shaped the state's cultural predisposition, and its largest cities have been named among the most underrated cultural destinations in the United States.²⁶²

Residents of Oklahoma are associated with traits of Southern hospitality—the 2006 Catalogue for Philanthropy (with data from 2004) ranks Oklahomans 7th in the nation for overall generosity.²⁶³ The state has also been associated with a negative cultural stereotype first popularized by John Steinbeck's 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath, which described the plight of uneducated, poverty-stricken Dust Bowl-era farmers deemed "Okies".²⁶⁴²⁶⁵ While the term is often used in a positive manner by Oklahomans,²⁶⁶ it is still considered a derogatory term by many.²⁶⁷

Arts

Further information: List of Native American artists from Oklahoma

In the state's largest urban areas, pockets of jazz culture flourish,²⁶⁸ and African American, Mexican American, and Asian American communities produce music and art of their respective cultures.²⁶⁹ The Oklahoma Mozart Festival in Bartlesville is one of the largest classical music festivals on the Southern Plains,²⁷⁰ and Oklahoma City's Festival of the Arts has been named one of the top fine arts festivals in the nation.²⁷¹

The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States.²⁷² The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The university program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States.²⁷³²⁷⁴

In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called "Discoveryland!" (since closed) is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma!²⁷⁵ Ridge Bond, native of McAlester, Oklahoma,²⁷⁶ starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma!,^277278279280 playing the role of "Curly McClain" in more than 2,600 performances.²⁸¹²⁸² In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast.²⁸³ Bond was instrumental in the Oklahoma! title song becoming the Oklahoma state song²⁸⁴²⁸⁵ and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical's 50th anniversary.²⁸⁶²⁸⁷ Historically, the state has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized at Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the "Carnegie Hall of Western Swing",²⁸⁸ served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s.²⁸⁹ Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music, the best-known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers.

Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Lyric Theatre of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies.

Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums.²⁹⁰ The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States,²⁹¹ and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region.²⁹² The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.²⁹³

The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles.²⁹⁴ The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world,²⁹⁵ and Oklahoma City's National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier.²⁹⁶ With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States.²⁹⁷

Festivals and events

Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association,²⁹⁸ and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as ceremonial events, include festivals (as examples) in Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Czech, Jewish, Arab, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions.

Oklahoma City is home to a few reoccurring events and festivals. During a ten-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people²⁹⁹ along with the annual Festival of the Arts. Such as various Latin American and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Oklahoma City Pride Parade has been held annually in late June since 1987 in the gay district of Oklahoma City on 39th and Penn.³⁰⁰ The First Friday Art Walk in the Paseo Arts District is an art appreciation festival held the first Friday of every month.³⁰¹ Additionally, an annual art festival is held in the Paseo on Memorial Day Weekend.³⁰²

The Tulsa State Fair attracts more than a million people each year during its ten-day run,³⁰³ and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 in four days during 2007.³⁰⁴ In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today.

Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's "largest weekend event and the third-largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation".³⁰⁵

Further information: Vacant Era Film Festival

Sports

The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas–Fort Worth after that season³⁰⁶ and became the Dallas Wings.³⁰⁷

Oklahoma has teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the Triple-A and Double-A levels (the Oklahoma City Comets and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio, Texas. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA G League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League.³⁰⁸ Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA.

Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. The Oklahoma Sooners participate in the Southeastern Conference,³⁰⁹ and the Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls participate in the Big 12 Conference.³¹⁰ The Big 12 and SEC are two of the so-called Power Four conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The Sooners and Cowboys average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games.³¹¹ The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series, which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state. Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation.³¹²³¹³

Two private institutions in Tulsa, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University; are also Division I members. Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference,³¹⁴ while Oral Roberts, which does not sponsor football,³¹⁵ is a member of the Summit League.³¹⁶ In addition, 12 of the state's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of three different conferences,^317318319 and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA, mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference.³²⁰

Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa, and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City, and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa.³²¹ Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation, Southern Hills has hosted five PGA Championships, including one in 2022, and three U.S. Opens, the most recent in 2001.³²² Rodeos are popular throughout the state, and Guymon, in the state's panhandle, hosts one of the largest in the nation.³²³

ESPN called Oklahoma City "the center of the softball universe", specifically referring to the fast-pitch version, in a 2020 story. Oklahoma City is home to the governing body of the sport in the United States, USA Softball, which has its headquarters in a complex that also includes Devon Park. It annually hosts the Women's College World Series, the eight-team final round of the NCAA Division I softball tournament.³²⁴ Devon Park will host softball at the 2028 Summer Olympics, and the Riversport OKC complex will host canoe slalom at the Games.³²⁵

College wrestling has strong tradition in Oklahoma. Oklahoma State has the most NCAA national championships of any collegiate team with 34, with the Oklahoma Sooners having 7 NCAA wrestling titles. The National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum is headquartered in Stillwater.³²⁶

A teqball competition was held in Tulsa June 14–16, 2024.³²⁷

Current professional teams

Health

Oklahoma was the 21st-largest recipient of medical funding from the federal government in 2005, with health-related federal expenditures in the state totaling $75,801,364; immunizations, bioterrorism preparedness, and health education were the top three most funded medical items.³²⁸ Instances of major diseases are near the national average in Oklahoma, and the state ranks at or slightly above the rest of the country in percentage of people with asthma, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension.³²⁹

In 2000, Oklahoma ranked 45th in physicians per capita and slightly below the national average in nurses per capita, but was slightly above the national average in hospital beds per 100,000 people and above the national average in net growth of health services over a twelve-year period.³³⁰ One of the worst states for percentage of insured people, nearly 25 percent of Oklahomans between the age of 18 and 64 did not have health insurance in 2005, the fifth-highest rate in the nation.³³¹

Oklahomans are in the upper half of Americans in terms of obesity prevalence, and the state is the 5th most obese in the nation, with 30.3 percent of its population at or near obesity.³³² Oklahoma ranked last among the 50 states in a 2007 study by the Commonwealth Fund on health care performance.³³³

The OU Medical Center, Oklahoma's largest collection of hospitals, is the only hospital in the state designated a Level I trauma center by the American College of Surgeons. OU Medical Center is on the grounds of the Oklahoma Health Center in Oklahoma City, the state's largest concentration of medical research facilities.³³⁴³³⁵

The Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Southwestern Regional Medical Center in Tulsa is one of four such regional facilities nationwide, offering cancer treatment to the entire southwestern United States, and is one of the largest cancer treatment hospitals in the country.³³⁶ The largest osteopathic teaching facility in the nation, Oklahoma State University Medical Center at Tulsa, also rates as one of the largest facilities in the field of neuroscience.³³⁷³³⁸ On June 26, 2018, Oklahoma made marijuana legal for medical purposes, making it one of the most conservative states to approve medical marijuana.³³⁹

Life expectancy

The residents of Oklahoma have a lower life expectancy than the U.S. national average. In 2014, males in Oklahoma lived an average of 73.7 years compared to a male national average of 76.7 years and females lived an average of 78.5 years compared to a female national average of 81.5 years. Moreover, increases in life expectancy have been below the national average. Male life expectancy in Oklahoma between 1980 and 2014, increased by an average of 4.0 years, compared to a male national average of a 6.7 year increase. Life expectancy for females in Oklahoma between 1980 and 2014, increased by 1.0 years, compared to a female national average of a 4.0 year increase.³⁴⁰

Using 2016–2018 data, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation calculated that life expectancy (all sexes) for Oklahoma counties ranged from 71.2 years for Okfuskee County to 79.7 years for Cimarron and Logan counties. Life expectancy for the state as a whole was 76.0 years.³⁴¹

Impact of Covid

As of December 22, 2022, Oklahoma has been impacted more by the Covid pandemic (2020–2023) than the average U.S. state. Statistics for the U.S. as a whole are 331 deaths per 100,000 population with 68 percent of the population fully vaccinated. The comparable statistics for Oklahoma are 405 deaths per 100,000 population with 59 percent of the population fully vaccinated; 16,041 deaths from Covid have been recorded in Oklahoma. A wide variation in deaths from Covid exists among Oklahoma counties. Greer County recorded the highest death rate of .00753 (753 deaths per 100,000 residents). Payne County recorded the lowest death rate of .00231 (231 deaths per 100,000 residents).³⁴²

Media

Main articles: List of newspapers in Oklahoma, List of radio stations in Oklahoma, and List of television stations in Oklahoma

Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the 45th- and 61st-largest media markets in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state's third-largest media market, Lawton-Wichita Falls, Texas, is ranked 149th nationally by the agency.³⁴³ Broadcast television in Oklahoma began in 1949 when KFOR-TV (then WKY-TV) in Oklahoma City and KOTV-TV in Tulsa began broadcasting a few months apart.³⁴⁴ Currently, all major American broadcast networks have affiliated television stations in the state.³⁴⁵

The state has two primary newspapers. The Oklahoman, based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690. The Tulsa World, the second-most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation, holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558.³⁴⁶ Oklahoma's first newspaper was established in 1844, called the Cherokee Advocate, and was written in both Cherokee and English.³⁴⁷ In 2006, there were more than 220 newspapers in the state, including 177 with weekly publications and 48 with daily publications.³⁴⁸

The state's first radio station, WKY in Oklahoma City, began broadcasting in 1920.³⁴⁹ In 2006, there were more than 500 radio stations in Oklahoma broadcasting with various local or nationally owned networks. Five universities in Oklahoma operate non-commercial, public radio stations/networks.³⁵⁰

Oklahoma has a few ethnic-oriented TV stations broadcasting in Spanish and Asian languages, and there is some Native American programming. TBN, a Christian religious television network, has a studio in Tulsa, and built its first entirely TBN-owned affiliate in Oklahoma City in 1980.³⁵¹

Transportation

Transportation in Oklahoma is generated by an anchor system of Interstate Highways, inter-city rail lines, airports, inland ports, and mass transit networks. Situated along an integral point in the United States Interstate network, Oklahoma contains three primary Interstate highways and four auxiliary Interstate Highways. In Oklahoma City, Interstate 35 intersects with Interstate 44 and Interstate 40, forming one of the most important intersections along the United States highway system.³⁵²

More than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of roads make up the state's major highway skeleton, including state-operated highways, ten turnpikes or major toll roads,³⁵³ and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation.³⁵⁴ In 2008, Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma's busiest highway, with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars.³⁵⁵ In 2010, the state had the nation's third-highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges.³⁵⁶

Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010.³⁵⁷ Tulsa International Airport, the state's second-largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010.³⁵⁸ Between the two, six airlines operate in Oklahoma.³⁵⁹³⁶⁰ In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with 335,826 takeoffs and landings in 2008.³⁶¹ Oklahoma has more than 150 public-use airports.³⁶²

Oklahoma is connected to the nation's rail network via Amtrak's Heartland Flyer, its only regional passenger rail line. It currently stretches from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth, Texas. Lawmakers began seeking funding in early 2007 to connect the Heartland Flyer to Tulsa,³⁶³ but nothing came of this. In June 2023, following studies and negotiations, Oklahoma and Kansas state officials began seeking federal approval and funding to extend the Heartland Flyer from Oklahoma City to Newton, Kansas. The two locations are currently connected by an Amtrak Thruway Bus route that includes a stop in Wichita, Kansas.³⁶⁴ In November 2023, KDOT said the service would start in 2029 if approved, but could begin sooner were the project to be fast tracked.³⁶⁵

Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The Tulsa Port of Catoosa is one of the United States' most inland international ports, at head of navigation of the McClellan–Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River.³⁶⁶ The port ships over two million tons of goods annually and is a designated foreign trade zone.

Law and government

Main article: Government of Oklahoma

Oklahoma is a constitutional republic with a government modeled after the federal government of the United States, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches.³⁶⁷ The state has 77 counties with jurisdiction over most local government functions within each respective domain,³⁶⁸ five congressional districts, and a voting base with a majority in the Republican Party.³⁶⁹ State officials are elected by plurality voting in the state of Oklahoma.

Oklahoma has capital punishment as a legal sentence, and the state has had (between 1976 through mid-2011) the highest per capita execution rate in the nation.³⁷⁰ Authorized methods of execution include the electric chair, the gas chamber and the firing squad.³⁷¹

In a 2020 study, Oklahoma was ranked as the 14th most difficult state for citizens to vote in.³⁷² In May 2020, it became the first state to enact an anti-red flag law, prohibiting the acceptance of any grants or funding to enact red flag laws.³⁷³³⁷⁴ Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal in nearly all circumstances.³⁷⁵

State government

See also: Governor of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Legislature, and Oklahoma Supreme Court

The Legislature of Oklahoma consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. As the lawmaking branch of the state government, it is responsible for raising and distributing the money necessary to run the government. The Senate has 48 members serving four-year terms, while the House has 101 members with two-year terms. The state has a term limit for its legislature that restricts any one person to twelve cumulative years service between both legislative branches.³⁷⁶³⁷⁷

Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serve one county. The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment (for impeachment trials) and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule.³⁷⁸

The executive branch consists of the governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.³⁷⁹

Local government

See also: List of counties in Oklahoma

The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff.³⁸⁰ While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power, county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, and have executive power but no legislative or judicial power. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction.³⁸¹³⁸² Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts.

Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations are typical in most of the United States, they are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.³⁸³³⁸⁴

Oklahoma has 11 substate districts including the two large Councils of Governments, INCOG in Tulsa (Indian Nations Council of Governments) and ACOG (Association of Central Oklahoma Governments).

National politics

Further information: Political party strength in Oklahoma

Main article: Politics of Oklahoma

During the first half-century of statehood, Oklahoma was considered a Democratic stronghold, being carried by the Republican Party in only two presidential elections (1920 and 1928). After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015,³⁸⁵ Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election since 1952: Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 landslide victory. Every single county in the state has been won by the Republican candidate in each election since 2004. In fact, it was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any counties in 2008. Oklahoma City was the largest city in the United States carried by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 elections.

Democrats are strongest in urban areas, such as the inner parts of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, as well as the college towns of Norman and Stillwater, and areas which are most heavily African American. The party once held dominance in the eastern part of the state and Little Dixie before the area gradually shifted Republican in the late 2000s. As of the 2020 election, Native American voters, 16% of the state's population, are split, with urban populations supporting the Democrats and rural reservation populaces favoring the Republicans.³⁸⁶

Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. Oklahoma has had an all-Republican congressional delegation since 2021 and previously from 2013 to 2019.

Military

Main articles: List of military units and installations in Oklahoma and List of battles fought in Oklahoma

State symbols

See also: List of Oklahoma state symbols

State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions;³⁸⁸ the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. In 2012 the House passed HCR 1024, which would change the state motto from "Labor Omnia Vincit" to "Oklahoma—In God We Trust!" The author of the resolution stated a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.³⁸⁹³⁹⁰

See also

• Oklahoma portal
• United States portal
• Index of Oklahoma-related articles
• Outline of Oklahoma
• Zodletone Mountain

Notes

Further reading

• Baird, W. David; Danney Goble (1994). The Story of Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2650-0.
• Dale, Edward Everett; Morris L. Wardell (1948). History of Oklahoma. New York: Prentice-Hall. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
• Gibson, Arrell Morgan (1981). Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (2nd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1758-4.
• Goble, Danney (1980). Progressive Oklahoma: The Making of a New Kind of State. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1510-8.
• Gunther, John (1947). "Oklahoma and the Indians". Inside U.S.A. New York City, London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 869–885.
• Jones, Stephen (1974). Oklahoma Politics in State and Nation (vol. 1 (1907–62) ed.). Enid, Okla.: Haymaker Press.
• Joyce, Davis D., ed. (1994). An Oklahoma I Had Never Seen Before: Alternative Views of Oklahoma History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2599-2.
• Morgan, Anne Hodges; Morgan, H. Wayne, eds. (1982). Oklahoma: New Views of the Forty-sixth State. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1651-8.
• Morgan, David R.; Robert E. England; George G. Humphreys (1991). Oklahoma Politics and Policies: Governing the Sooner State. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3106-1.
• Morris, John W.; Charles R. Goins; Edwin C. McReynolds (1986). Historical Atlas of Oklahoma (3rd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1991-5.
• Wishart, David J., ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4787-1. complete text online; 900 pages of scholarly articles

External links

Government

• Official website
• Oklahoma Legislative Branch
• Oklahoma Department of Commerce
• Oklahoma Department of Human Services
• Oklahoma Department of Transportation

Tourism and recreation

• Official Oklahoma Tourism Info
• Oklahoma State Parks
• Red Earth Archived January 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
• Woody Guthrie Folk Festival

Culture and history

• Oklahoma State Guide from the Library of Congress
• Oklahoma Arts Council
• Oklahoma Theatre Association
• Oklahoma Oral History Research Program
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
• Voices of Oklahoma Oral History Project

Maps and demographics

• Oklahoma QuickFacts Geographic and Demographic information
• State highway maps
• Oklahoma Genealogical Society
• Realtime USGS geographic, weather, and geologic information Archived May 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
• Geographic data related to Oklahoma at OpenStreetMap
• Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory

35°N 98°W / 35°N 98°W / 35; -98 (State of Oklahoma)

References

1. "Oklahoma". Dictionary.com. Retrieved August 10, 2007. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Oklahoma ↩

2. "New Choctaw Dictionary" (PDF). Retrieved September 18, 2022. https://choctawschool.com/media/369055/New%20Choctaw%20Dictionary.pdf ↩

3. "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2016. https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf ↩

4. "Choctaw place names in "Oklahumma"". Chahta Anumpa Aiikhvna School of Choctaw Language. Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20221105094057/https://choctawschool.com/home-side-menu/history/choctaw-place-names-in-oklahumma.aspx ↩

5. "Oklahoma, All Terrain Vacation". TravelOK. TravelOK.com. January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 9, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060709205916/http://travelok.com/atv/index.asp ↩

6. Greymorning, Stephen. "Profiles of Native American Education Programs". Southwest Educational Development Laboratory. Archived from the original on September 10, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070910075959/http://www.sedl.org/pubs/lc05/intro.html ↩

7. "Detailed Data of Hundreds of American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved January 17, 2024. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-aian-population.html ↩

8. "Oklahoma at a Glance" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074214/http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/Oklahoma_At_A_Glance_0602061749.pdf ↩

9. "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (csv) on September 14, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070914155415/http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv ↩

10. "Choctaw place names in "Oklahumma"". Chahta Anumpa Aiikhvna School of Choctaw Language. Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20221105094057/https://choctawschool.com/home-side-menu/history/choctaw-place-names-in-oklahumma.aspx ↩

11. "Choctaw Dictionary » Search Results » humma". Retrieved October 12, 2021. https://www.webonary.org/byington-choctaw?s=humma&search=Search&key=&tax=-1&search_options_set=1&match_whole_words=1&displayAdvancedSearchName=0 ↩

12. "Painting of Fort Smith Council Unveiled at Capitol". Oklahoma Senate. 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2025. https://oksenate.gov/press-releases/painting-fort-smith-council-unveiled-capitol ↩

13. Wright, Muriel (June 1936). "Chronicles of Oklahoma". Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231154/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v014/v014p156.html ↩

14. "Oklahoma State History and Information". A Look at Oklahoma. Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation. 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060729003635/http://www.state.ok.us/osfdocs/stinfo2.html ↩

15. Merserve, John (1941). "Chief Allen Wright". Chronicles of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060507052851/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v019/v019p314.html ↩

16. Palino, Valerie. "Early Man in North America: The Known to the Unknown". Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070816201109/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/2/80.02.07.x.html ↩

17. May, Jon D. "Tonkawa (tribe)". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved April 11, 2021. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=TO003 ↩

18. "The Historic Spiro Mounds". Spiro Area Chamber of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808234344/http://www.myspiro.com/spiroMounds.asp ↩

19. "Prehistory of Oklahoma". rootsweb. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://www.rootsweb.com/~oknowata/PreHIn.htm ↩

20. Clark, Blue (2009). Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8061-4060-5. 978-0-8061-4060-5 ↩

21. "Oklahoma's History". Government of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070726075125/http://www.ok.gov/osfdocs/stinfo2.html ↩

22. Maloney, Ann. "French and Spanish Explorations". A Brief History of Oklahoma. rootsweb. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://www.rootsweb.com/~oknowata/FrSPEX.htm ↩

23. "Oklahoma's History". Government of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070726075125/http://www.ok.gov/osfdocs/stinfo2.html ↩

24. Dary, David (February 10, 2015). Stories of Old-Time Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780806151717. 9780806151717 ↩

25. Len Green (November 1978). "Choctaw Removal was really a "Trail of Tears"". Bishinik, mboucher, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080604005108/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/trtears.htm ↩

26. Carter, Samuel (III) (1976). Cherokee sunset: A nation betrayed: a narrative of travail and triumph, persecution and exile. New York: Doubleday, p. 232. ↩

27. "1890 Indian Territory Map". RootsWeb. Retrieved May 6, 2009. https://www.rootsweb.com/~cherokee/1890map.html ↩

28. Morton, Ohland (1953). "Confederate Government Relations with the Five Civilized Tribes" (PDF). Chronicles of Oklahoma. 31 (2): 189–204. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160201074014/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v031/v031p189.pdf ↩

29. Rodman, Leslie. The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110723013312/http://www.amtour.net/downloadable/The_5_Civilized_Tribes_in_the_Civil_War_a_Biographical_Essay.pdf ↩

30. Hornsby, Jr., Alton (2008). A Companion to African American History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4051-3735-5. 978-1-4051-3735-5 ↩

31. "Oklahoma's History". Government of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070726075125/http://www.ok.gov/osfdocs/stinfo2.html ↩

32. "Oklahoma's History". Government of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070726075125/http://www.ok.gov/osfdocs/stinfo2.html ↩

33. "Map of Cattle Drives in 1881". Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://genealogytrails.com/main/cattletrails1881map.html ↩

34. Hamilton, Robert. "United States and Native American Relations". Florida Gulf Coast University. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://itech.fgcu.edu/&/issues/vol3/issue1/united.htm ↩

35. Case DS, Voluck DA (2002). Alaska Natives and American Laws (2nd ed.). Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-1-889963-08-2. 978-1-889963-08-2 ↩

36. "Factors Influencing Enrollment in Agricultural Education Classes of Native American Students in Oklahoma". Oklahoma State University. 1999. Archived from the original (DOC) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074216/http://aaae.okstate.edu/proceedings/1999/Factors%20Influencing%20Enrollment.doc ↩

37. "Rushes to Statehood". National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234602/http://www.nationalcowboymuseum.org/research/r_virt_landrun5.html ↩

38. "Clem Rogers". Will Rogers Museum Association. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070520025331/http://www.willrogers.com/new/articles/exhibits/Sequoyah_Centennial/Sequoyah_exhibit.html ↩

39. Pub. L. 59–233, H.R. 16946, 35 Stat. 267, enacted June 16, 1906 /wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation ↩

40. 35 Stat. 2160 /wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large ↩

41. "Tulsa Area History". Tulsa County Library. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070108010448/http://www.tulsalibrary.org/tulsahistory/communities.htm ↩

42. "The Father of Route 66". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20130623050651/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG02/carney/avery.html ↩

43. "The Spanish Influenza Pandemic in Oklahoma City". Metropolitan Library System. Retrieved May 4, 2023. https://www.metrolibrary.org/archives/essay/2019/07/spanish-influenza-pandemic-oklahoma-city ↩

44. "Oklahoma". Pure History. June 7, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2023. https://purehistory.org/oklahoma/ ↩

45. Oxman, Steven (May 30, 2000). "The Tulsa Lynching of 1921: A Hidden Story". Variety Magazine. Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080417080734/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117786589.html?categoryid=32&cs=1 ↩

46. Oklahoma Commission (February 28, 2001), "Final Report" (PDF), Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Tulsa, Oklahoma, archived from the original on June 2, 2018, retrieved June 20, 2018{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20180602235628/http://www.okhistory.org/research/forms/freport.pdf ↩

47. "About Us". Greenwood Cultural Center. 2019. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200822175256/https://greenwoodculturalcenter.com/about-us ↩

48. Astor, Maggie (June 20, 2020). "What to Know About the Tulsa Greenwood Massacre". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200620092642/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/20/us/tulsa-greenwood-massacre.html ↩

49. "Tulsa Race Riot, A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, February 28, 2001" (PDF). Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624204404/http://www.ok-history.mus.ok.us/trrc/file1.pdf ↩

50. O'Dell, Larry. "Ku klux klan". Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081009193345/https://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/K/KU001.html ↩

51. "1930s Dust Bowl". Cimarron County Chamber of Commerce. August 5, 2005. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070707060033/http://www.ccccok.org/museum/dustbowl.html ↩

52. "Oklahoma, All Terrain Vacation". TravelOK. TravelOK.com. January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 9, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060709205916/http://travelok.com/atv/index.asp ↩

53. "History of the States: Oklahoma, The Sooner State". The History Channel. 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010051625/http://www.history.com/states.do?action=detail&state=OK&contentType=State_Generic&contentId=54146 ↩

54. "Growing number of dams have risks for houses downstream, Oklahoma expert says". Tulsa World, August 4, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024. https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/growing-number-of-dams-have-risks-for-houses-downstream-oklahoma-expert-says/article_d22e5560-9888-11ef-8b34-8f64c2145247.html ↩

55. "Oklahoma City Tragedy". CNN. 1996. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070820160413/http://www.cnn.com/US/OKC/bombing.html ↩

56. Sutton, Joe (April 28, 2016). "Seven dead after record-setting floods in Texas, Kansas—KPAX.com | Continuous News | Missoula & Western Montana". KPAX.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160602235851/http://www.kpax.com/story/32107818/seven-dead-after-record-setting-floods-in-texas-kansas ↩

57. "Texas and Oklahoma Set All-Time Record Wet Month; Other May Rain Records Shattered in Arkansas, Nebraska". Weather.com. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://weather.com/forecast/regional/news/plains-rain-flood-threat-wettest-may-ranking ↩

58. Healy, Jack; Liptak, Adam (July 9, 2020). "Supreme Court Rules Nearly Half of Oklahoma is Indian Reservation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/supreme-court-oklahoma-mcgirt-creek-nation.html ↩

59. "Oklahoma Court Upholds Tribal Sovereignty for Quapaw Nation". Retrieved July 25, 2023. https://www.newson6.com/story/617b31691202230bef62e0d1/oklahoma-court-upholds-tribal-sovereignty-for-quapaw-nation ↩

60. "Three Tribal Nations in Northeast Oklahoma Have Reservations Statuses Recognized". Retrieved July 25, 2023. https://www.kosu.org/news/2023-05-17/three-tribal-nations-in-northeast-oklahoma-have-reservation-statuses-recognized ↩

61. "Oklahoma judge says Osage reservation no longer exists". Retrieved July 25, 2023. https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/state/2022/09/03/oklahoma-judge-says-osage-nation-reservation-no-longer-exists-appeal-likely/65468495007/ ↩

62. "United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. September 2012. pp. V–2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18). Retrieved October 11, 2018. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf ↩

63. Hoffhaus, Charles E. (1984). Chez les Canses: three centuries at Kawsmouth: the French foundations of metropolitan Kansas City. Kansas City: Lowell Press. ISBN 0-913504-91-2. OCLC 12314083. 0-913504-91-2 ↩

64. Curry, Bill (December 7, 1978). "Arkansas, Oklahoma Fighting Border War Over 57 Acres". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 19, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/07/arkansas-oklahoma-fighting-border-war-over-57-acres/af020620-9c70-4305-83f6-dc185fc50b46/ ↩

65. "Oklahoma v. Arkansas, 473 U.S. 610 (1985)". Justia Law. Retrieved November 19, 2022. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/473/610/ ↩

66. "A Tapestry of Time and Terrain". United States Geological Survey. April 17, 2003. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20060515044037/http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html ↩

67. "The Geography of Oklahoma". Netstate. July 31, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007. http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/ok_geography.htm ↩

68. "Oklahoma State Map Collection". geology.com. 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://geology.com/state-map/oklahoma.shtml ↩

69. Arndt, Derek (January 1, 2003). "The Climate of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Climatological Survey. Retrieved July 31, 2007. http://cig.mesonet.org/climateatlas/doc60.html ↩

70. "Oklahoma, All Terrain Vacation". TravelOK. TravelOK.com. January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 9, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060709205916/http://travelok.com/atv/index.asp ↩

71. "Oklahoma, All Terrain Vacation". TravelOK. TravelOK.com. January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 9, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060709205916/http://travelok.com/atv/index.asp ↩

72. "The Geography of Oklahoma". Netstate. July 31, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007. http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/ok_geography.htm ↩

73. "Managing Upland Forests of the Midsouth". USD Forest Service. March 7, 2007. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20080622180232/http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/4159/about/HotSpringsOffice.htm ↩

74. "About Oklahoma". TravelOK.com. 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060707070748/http://www.travelok.com/about/index.asp ↩

75. "Oklahoma State Map Collection". geology.com. 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://geology.com/state-map/oklahoma.shtml ↩

76. "Oklahoma in Brief" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074222/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/3-inbrief.pdf ↩

77. "About Oklahoma". TravelOK.com. 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060707070748/http://www.travelok.com/about/index.asp ↩

78. "Oklahoma in Brief" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074222/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/3-inbrief.pdf ↩

79. "About Oklahoma". TravelOK.com. 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060707070748/http://www.travelok.com/about/index.asp ↩

80. "A Look at Oklahoma: A Student's Guide" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2006. Retrieved August 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20061230052128/http://www.travelok.com/about/StudentGuide.pdf ↩

81. "A Look at Oklahoma: A Student's Guide" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2006. Retrieved August 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20061230052128/http://www.travelok.com/about/StudentGuide.pdf ↩

82. "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=QUFU ↩

83. "Oklahoma in Brief" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074222/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/3-inbrief.pdf ↩

84. "A Look at Oklahoma: A Student's Guide" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2006. Retrieved August 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20061230052128/http://www.travelok.com/about/StudentGuide.pdf ↩

85. "Oklahoma Ecoregional Maps". Oklahoma Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013192154/http://ok.gov/~okag/forestry-okforestshome.htm ↩

86. "A Look at Oklahoma: A Student's Guide" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2006. Retrieved August 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20061230052128/http://www.travelok.com/about/StudentGuide.pdf ↩

87. "Oklahoma State Parks". Oklahoma Parks Department. 2004. Archived from the original on July 27, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031241/http://www.oklahomaparks.com/index.asp ↩

88. "Oklahoma National Park Guide". National Park Service. 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. http://home.nps.gov/state/ok/index.htm?program=parks ↩

89. "National Forests". United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. May 1, 2005. Retrieved August 2, 2007. http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/map/state_list.shtml#Oklahoma ↩

90. "Oklahoma Ecoregional Maps". Oklahoma Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013192154/http://ok.gov/~okag/forestry-okforestshome.htm ↩

91. "Ouachita National Forest". United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. May 10, 2005. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://www.fs.usda.gov/ouachita/ ↩

92. "Tallgrass Prairie Preserve". The Nature Conservatory. 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20110223051941/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/oklahoma/preserves/tallgrass.html ↩

93. "Black Kettle National Grassland". USDA Forest Service. July 24, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/cibola/districts/black.shtml ↩

94. "Refuge Locator Map—Oklahoma". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20130321031302/http://www.fws.gov/refuges/refugeLocatorMaps/Oklahoma.html ↩

95. "Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20130329072638/http://www.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=21670 ↩

96. "Chickasaw National Recreation Area—Park Statistics". National Park Service. Retrieved January 16, 2010. http://www.nps.gov/chic/parkmgmt/statistics.htm ↩

97. "Oklahoma National Park Guide". National Park Service. 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. http://home.nps.gov/state/ok/index.htm?program=parks ↩

98. "Oklahoma's Climate: an Overview" (PDF). University of Oklahoma. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf ↩

99. Arndt, Derek (January 1, 2003). "The Climate of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Climatological Survey. Retrieved July 31, 2007. http://cig.mesonet.org/climateatlas/doc60.html ↩

100. "Tornado Climatology". NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved October 24, 2006. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climate-information/extreme-events/us-tornado-climatology ↩

101. Arndt, Derek (January 1, 2003). "The Climate of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Climatological Survey. Retrieved July 31, 2007. http://cig.mesonet.org/climateatlas/doc60.html ↩

102. "News | November 11, 1911: A Palindrome to Remember". Mesonet. Retrieved February 6, 2013. http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/news/article/november_11_1911_a_palindrome_to_remember ↩

103. "The Tornado Outbreak of April 27–28, 1912". National Weather Service. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 20, 2013. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=events-19120427 ↩

104. "Oklahoma's Climate: an Overview" (PDF). University of Oklahoma. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf ↩

105. "Oklahoma Water Resources Board (835)". Oklahoma Water Resources Board (835). Archived from the original on July 23, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090723021315/http://www.owrb.ok.gov/ ↩

106. Arndt, Derek (January 1, 2003). "The Climate of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Climatological Survey. Retrieved July 31, 2007. http://cig.mesonet.org/climateatlas/doc60.html ↩

107. "Oklahoma's Climate: an Overview" (PDF). University of Oklahoma. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf ↩

108. Arndt, Derek (January 1, 2003). "The Climate of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Climatological Survey. Retrieved July 31, 2007. http://cig.mesonet.org/climateatlas/doc60.html ↩

109. Novy, Chris. "SPC and its Products". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/about.html ↩

110. "Oklahoma Weather And Climate". UStravelweather.com. 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001532/http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-oklahoma ↩

111. "Weather Averages: Lawton, Oklahoma". MSN Weather. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20130618031532/http://local.msn.com/weather.aspx?eid=18237&q=Lawton-OK&zip=73505 ↩

112. Oklahoma Department of Commerce. "2000–2010 Oklahoma Incorporated Place Populations". Archived from the original (xls) on May 20, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520203935/http://www.okcommerce.gov/file/2000-2010-Oklahoma-Incorporate_3238.xls ↩

113. "2020 Population and Housing State Data". Census.gov. Retrieved October 29, 2021. https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html ↩

114. Oklahoma Department of Commerce. "2000–2010 Oklahoma Incorporated Place Populations". Archived from the original (xls) on May 20, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520203935/http://www.okcommerce.gov/file/2000-2010-Oklahoma-Incorporate_3238.xls ↩

115. "Oklahoma Census Data Center News" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Commerce. July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074217/http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/2007_July_Oklahoma_Census_Data_Center_News_1907072217.pdf ↩

116. "Oklahoma Municipal Government" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Libraries. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074216/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/12-muni.pdf ↩

117. "Oklahoma Population". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 15, 2022. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/OK/PST045221 ↩

118. "QuickFacts: Oklahoma". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 20, 2024. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/OK ↩

119. "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html ↩

120. "2020 Census Apportionment Results". United States Census Bureau. April 26, 2021. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html ↩

121. "Oklahoma eclipses 4 million residents, latest U.S. Census Bureau data shows". The Oklahoman. Retrieved January 19, 2023. https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/local/2023/01/06/oklahoma-population-2023-passes-4m-mark-mirroring-oklahoma-city-growth/69782081007/ ↩

122. "Texas Added Almost 4 Million People in Last Decade". Census.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2023. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/texas-population-change-between-census-decade.html ↩

123. "Oklahoma Population Up 5.5% Last Decade". Census.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2023. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/oklahoma-population-change-between-census-decade.html ↩

124. "Immigrants in Oklahoma". American Immigration Council. May 1, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2023. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-in-oklahoma ↩

125. Paul Monies, Oklahoma's foreign-born population continues to grow in most counties, The Oklahoman (January 9, 2011). http://newsok.com/article/3530618 ↩

126. "2010 Census Centers of Population by State". U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2011. http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/cenpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt ↩

127. "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State". https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK ↩

128. "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF). https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf ↩

129. "New census data show's the nation is diversifying even faster than predicted". Brookings Institution. July 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/research/new-census-data-shows-the-nation-is-diversifying-even-faster-than-predicted/ ↩

130. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 15, 2021. https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html ↩

131. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 15, 2021. https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html ↩

132. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html ↩

133. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html ↩

134. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html ↩

135. "2010 Census: Oklahoma Profile" (PDF). census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved June 28, 2021. https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10_thematic/2010_Profile/2010_Profile_Map_Oklahoma.pdf ↩

136. "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Oklahoma". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 17, 2024. https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US40 ↩

137. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 15, 2021. https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html ↩

138. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 15, 2021. https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html ↩

139. "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2002. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-15.pdf ↩

140. "Oklahoma QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080514235102/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40000.html ↩

141. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.602–645 /wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer ↩

142. Dominic Pulera (2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8. 978-0-8264-1643-8 ↩

143. "Hispanics | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=HI014 ↩

144. "Northern District of Oklahoma | Indian Country". www.justice.gov. July 14, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndok/indian-country ↩

145. Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html ↩

146. "Oklahoma votes to make English official language". News OK. November 2, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://newsok.com/oklahoma-votes-to-make-english-official-language/article/3510663 ↩

147. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

148. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

149. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

150. "Cherokee". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on July 30, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730231052/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/chr ↩

151. "Keetoowah Cherokee is the Official Language of the UKB" (PDF). Keetoowah Cherokee News: Official Publication of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002414/http://keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/GaduwaCherokeeNews/2009-04%20April.pdf ↩

152. "UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language" (PDF). United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160201132858/http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/dikahnawadvsdi_ditsaleg.pdf ↩

153. "The Cherokee Nation & its Language" (PDF). University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131213/http://www.carla.umn.edu/conferences/past/immersion2008/documents/Peter_L_CherokeeNation.pdf ↩

154. Greymorning, Stephen. "Profiles of Native American Education Programs". Southwest Educational Development Laboratory. Archived from the original on September 10, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070910075959/http://www.sedl.org/pubs/lc05/intro.html ↩

155. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

156. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

157. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

158. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

159. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

160. "Oklahoma-Languages". City-data.com. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2014. http://www.city-data.com/states/Oklahoma-Languages.html ↩

161. "Current Registration Statistics by County" (PDF). ok.gov. January 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135641/https://www.ok.gov/elections/documents/20180115%20-%20Registration%20By%20County%20%28vr2420%29.pdf ↩

162. Bram. "Jewish Life in the Bible Belt". New Voices Magazine. Archived from the original on January 21, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070121104922/http://www.newvoices.org/cgi-bin/articlepage.cgi?id=672 ↩

163. Sherman, Bill (April 29, 2007). "Minister's book plunges into cultural issues". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160910074711/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162762471.html ↩

164. "State Membership Report—Oklahoma". Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234702/http://thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/40_2000.asp ↩

165. "U.S. Religious Landscapes Survey". The Pew Forum on Religion and Life. Retrieved April 22, 2008. https://religions.pewforum.org/maps ↩

166. "LDS Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership". www.mormonnewsroom.org. Retrieved July 31, 2017. https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states/state/oklahoma ↩

167. "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". thearda.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140209190519/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/40/rcms2010_40_state_family_2010.asp ↩

168. "Religious Landscape Study- Religions". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20200103045246/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ ↩

169. "Religious Landscape Study- Religions". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20200103045246/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ ↩

170. "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-OK ↩

171. "State Membership Report—Oklahoma". Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234702/http://thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/40_2000.asp ↩

172. Determined by a survey by the Pew Research Center in 2008. Percentages represent claimed religious beliefs, not necessarily membership in any particular congregation. Figures have a ±5 percent margin of error.[129] ↩

173. "Adults in Oklahoma Religious composition of adults in Oklahoma". pewforum.org. Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 27, 2021. https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/oklahoma/ ↩

174. "People in Oklahoma". pewresearch.org. Pew Research. Retrieved February 27, 2025. https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/state/oklahoma/?selectedYear=2024&activeChartId=52741f354089081f27633cf1d1903709&dialogId=8ee4020a0eb7b27012884388affce715 ↩

175. Wagner, Peter; Sawyer, Wendy (June 2018). "States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2018". Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/2018.html ↩

176. Sweeney, Catherine (November 27, 2018). "Growth of Oklahoma's Prison Population Slows". The Journal Record. http://journalrecord.com/2018/11/27/growth-of-oklahomas-prison-population-slows/ ↩

177. "Sentencing Reform for Criminalized Survivors" (PDF). 2023. https://www.sentencingproject.org/app/uploads/2023/04/Sentencing-Reform-for-Criminalized-Survivors.pdf?emci=d27cd503-26de-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&emdi=134a7479-bade-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&ceid=10123357&fbclid=IwAR2aJ-Ekg7RYu6Q5WwlC6JMjDB7oKEWLhB2BAQK_SWKLYv3F1B_tQxDgVog ↩

178. "Human Rights Campaign Condemns Oklahoma Senate Passage of Three Anti-LGBTQ+ Bills and Slams Oklahoma House for Censuring Rep Turner". Human Rights Campaign. March 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/human-rights-campaign-condemns-oklahoma-senate-passage-of-three-anti-lgbtq-bills-and-slams-oklahoma-house-for-censuring-rep-turner ↩

179. "Oklahoma at a Glance" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074214/http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/Oklahoma_At_A_Glance_0602061749.pdf ↩

180. "State Fact Sheets: Oklahoma". United States Department of Agriculture. July 3, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120729111442/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=40&StateName=Oklahoma ↩

181. globalEDGE Michigan State University. "Oklahoma:Corporations". Retrieved September 27, 2011. http://globaledge.msu.edu/States/Oklahoma/corporations ↩

182. "An Overview of Oklahoma's Target Industries". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 23, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070723103431/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=302&Itemid=383 ↩

183. Ellis, David (2007). "Tax Friendly Places 2007". CNN Money. Retrieved August 8, 2007. https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/pf/0704/gallery.tax_friendliest/8.html ↩

184. "Quickfacts Oklahoma". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 9, 2021. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OK ↩

185. "America's Largest Private Companies: Complete List". Forbes. Retrieved September 30, 2011. https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/21/private-companies-10_rank.html ↩

186. "GDP by State". GDP by State | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved May 24, 2024. https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state ↩

187. Account, Economic (March 29, 2024). "Personal Income by State". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Retrieved May 24, 2024. https://www.bea.gov/data/income-saving/personal-income-by-state ↩

188. "S1901: Income in the Past 12 Months". United States Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1901 ↩

189. "More or Less". Oklahoma Chamber of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071006120142/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?ption=content&task=view&id=330&Itemid=411 ↩

190. Snead, Mark (2006). "Outlook Update—OKC GM Plant Closing" (PDF). Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 1, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20060901115547/http://economy.okstate.edu/outlook/2006/2006%20Oklahoma%20Economic%20Outlook%20-%20GM%20Closing.pdf ↩

191. "The Economic Impact of Oklahoma's Oil & Natural Gas Industry" (PDF). Oklahoma Energy Resource Board. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120413062127/http://www.oerb.com/Portals/0/docs/State%20Oil%20Gas%20Impact%20Draft%2020080916.pdf ↩

192. "Oklahoma Economy at a Glance". United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. July 1, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011. http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ok.htm ↩

193. Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics http://www.bls.gov/lau/ ↩

194. "Oklahoma Economy at a Glance". United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. July 1, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011. http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ok.htm ↩

195. "Oklahoma Economy at a Glance". United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. July 1, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011. http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ok.htm ↩

196. "An Overview of Oklahoma's Target Industries". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 23, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070723103431/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=302&Itemid=383 ↩

197. "American's TUL Maintenance & Engineering Base Sets Goal to Achieve $500 Million in Revenue, Cost Savings By End of 2006". American Airlines. Archived from the original on October 1, 2005. Retrieved July 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20051001063528/http://www.aa.com/content/amrcorp/pressReleases/2005_03/03_tulmebase.jhtml ↩

198. "Oklahoma at a Glance" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074214/http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/Oklahoma_At_A_Glance_0602061749.pdf ↩

199. "An Overview of Oklahoma's Target Industries". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 23, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070723103431/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=302&Itemid=383 ↩

200. "An Overview of Oklahoma's Target Industries". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 23, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070723103431/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=302&Itemid=383 ↩

201. "Impact of Trade in Oklahoma" (PDF). United States Chamber of Commerce. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074216/http://www.traderoots.org/FOT/IOT/IOT07_OK.pdf ↩

202. "Manufacturing Cluster Analysis" (PDF). Oklahoma Chamber of Commerce. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074218/http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/Manufacturing_Cluster_Report_2908051623.pdf ↩

203. "The Economic Impact of Oklahoma's Oil & Natural Gas Industry" (PDF). Oklahoma Energy Resource Board. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120413062127/http://www.oerb.com/Portals/0/docs/State%20Oil%20Gas%20Impact%20Draft%2020080916.pdf ↩

204. "Baker Hughes Rotary Rigs by State" (PDF). Baker Hughes. Retrieved July 2, 2016. http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BHI/1397226957x0x500788/8852C779-8393-43D1-B07F-C68A059D9307/Rigs_by_State_091611.pdf ↩

205. Oklahoma Geological Survey. "Oklahoma Oil and Natural Gas: Components and Long-Term Outlook" (PDF). Retrieved October 22, 2011. http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pdf/OKO&GLocal.pdf ↩

206. United States Department of Energy. "Installed Wind Capacity by State". Archived from the original (xls) on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2011. /wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy ↩

207. "Oklahoma Energy Statistics". US Energy Information Administration. 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120113125936/http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum%2Fhtml%2Fsum_btu_1.html ↩

208. Joe Wertz (September 6, 2018). "Oklahoma Wind Farms Mapped". StateImpact Oklahoma | Environment, Education, Energy, Health and Justice: Policy to People. Oklahoma Public Media Exchange. https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2018/09/06/oklahoma-wind-farms-mapped/ ↩

209. "Energy Consumption by Source and Total Consumption per Capita, Ranked by State, 2009". US Energy Information Administration. 2009. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212855/http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum%2Fplain_html%2Frank_use_per_cap.html ↩

210. Institute for Energy Research. "Oklahoma Energy Facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120613033035/http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/state-regs/pdf/Oklahoma.pdf ↩

211. "The Economic Impact of Oklahoma's Oil & Natural Gas Industry" (PDF). Oklahoma Energy Resource Board. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120413062127/http://www.oerb.com/Portals/0/docs/State%20Oil%20Gas%20Impact%20Draft%2020080916.pdf ↩

212. "2009 Report on Oil and Natural Gas Activity within the State of Oklahoma" (PDF). Oklahoma Corporation Commission. 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2011. http://www.occeweb.com/og/2010og_report.pdf ↩

213. "2009 Report on Oil and Natural Gas Activity within the State of Oklahoma" (PDF). Oklahoma Corporation Commission. 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2011. http://www.occeweb.com/og/2010og_report.pdf ↩

214. "STACK & SCOOP Overview—Maps—Geology—Counties". www.shaleexperts.com. http://www.shaleexperts.com/plays/stack-scoop/Overview?menu ↩

215. globalEDGE Michigan State University. "Oklahoma:Corporations". Retrieved September 27, 2011. http://globaledge.msu.edu/States/Oklahoma/corporations ↩

216. "Three Fortune's Snapshot: Devon energy". CNN. 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/snapshots/1866.html ↩

217. "OG&E Energy, A History of Positive Energy". OG&E Energy. 2012. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131216014020/http://www.oge.com/about/History/Pages/home.aspx ↩

218. "Oklahoma". NRC Web. Retrieved March 14, 2023. https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/region-state/oklahoma.html ↩

219. "Nuclear Power | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. Retrieved March 14, 2023. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=NU001 ↩

220. "Recent oil shock resurges interest in Oklahoma nuclear plant | OKG Scene.com". March 13, 2009. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20090313005202/http://www.okgazette.com/p/12776/a/3540/Default.aspx?ReturnUrl=LwBEAGUAZgBhAHUAbAB0AC4AYQBzAHAAeAAslashAHAAPQAxADIANwAyADkA ↩

221. "Oklahomans prevent completion of Black Fox Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved March 14, 2023. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/oklahomans-prevent-completion-black-fox-nuclear-plant-1973-1982 ↩

222. "State Fact Sheets: Oklahoma". United States Department of Agriculture. July 3, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120729111442/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=40&StateName=Oklahoma ↩

223. "A Welcome From The Commissioner". Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. Archived from the original on May 30, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070530220430/http://www.state.ok.us/~okag/ ↩

224. "State Fact Sheets: Oklahoma". United States Department of Agriculture. July 3, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120729111442/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=40&StateName=Oklahoma ↩

225. "State Fact Sheets: Oklahoma". United States Department of Agriculture. July 3, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120729111442/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=40&StateName=Oklahoma ↩

226. "A Welcome From The Commissioner". Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. Archived from the original on May 30, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070530220430/http://www.state.ok.us/~okag/ ↩

227. "2008–09 Facts: Oklahoma Public Schools" (PDF). Oklahoma State Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20110928231700/http://sde.state.ok.us/Services/Data/pdf/StatCard08-09.pdf ↩

228. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions and Staff from the Common Core of Data, School Year 2009–10" (PDF). IES, National Center for Education Statistics. p. 11. Retrieved January 22, 2012. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011347.pdf ↩

229. "2008–09 Facts: Oklahoma Public Schools" (PDF). Oklahoma State Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20110928231700/http://sde.state.ok.us/Services/Data/pdf/StatCard08-09.pdf ↩

230. "Growth in Oklahoma's State Governments 1992–2002" (PDF). University of Central Oklahoma. February 1, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074216/http://www.busn.ucok.edu/ucopi/docs/govgrowth1992-2002.pdf ↩

231. "Superintendent Garrett announces Oklahoma No. 1 in Pre-Kindergarten". Oklahoma State Department of Education. November 19, 2004. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070629100813/http://www.sde.state.ok.us/pro/prek/default.html ↩

232. "Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2009" (PDF). IES, National Center for Education Statistics. pp. 7–8, 37. Retrieved January 22, 2012. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012006.pdf ↩

233. "High school diploma or higher, by percentage by state". Statemaster.com. 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223755/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_hig_sch_dip_or_hig_by_per-high-school-diploma-higher-percentage ↩

234. "Missouri and the Nation". University of Missouri. February 9, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071012160129/http://oseda.missouri.edu/mo_nation/no_highschool_grad_1990_2000.shtml ↩

235. "College study should concern Oklahoma policymakers". The Oklahoman. Retrieved May 30, 2018. https://newsok.com/article/5595964/college-study-should-concern-oklahoma-policymakers ↩

236. "America's Best Colleges—2007". Oklahoma Education Information System. 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928073528/http://www.okhighered.org/oeis/News.shtml ↩

237. "Best Law Schools". U.S. News. 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2024. https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings ↩

238. "Student Center Financial Aid". Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education. 2008. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080323062821/http://www.okhighered.org/student-center/financial-aid/rubs.shtml ↩

239. "NSU Demographics" (PDF). Northeastern State University. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20071201151858/http://arapaho.nsuok.edu/~research/formsguide/NSU%20DEMOGRAPHICS%202005-2006.pdf ↩

240. "Rare Eye Condition Takes Center Stage at NSUOCO". Northeastern State University. 2008. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20190913024841/https://www.nsuok.edu/ ↩

241. "NSU Demographics" (PDF). Northeastern State University. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20071201151858/http://arapaho.nsuok.edu/~research/formsguide/NSU%20DEMOGRAPHICS%202005-2006.pdf ↩

242. "INBRE Participants". Oklahoma Idea Network of Biomedical Research Excellence. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080410193841/http://okinbre.org/participating%20institutions.htm ↩

243. "OBU Named to The Princeton Review "Best in the West" list". Oklahoma Baptist University. August 26, 2005. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808024101/http://www.okbu.edu/news/view_article.php?id=482 ↩

244. "2008–09 Facts: Oklahoma Public Schools" (PDF). Oklahoma State Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20110928231700/http://sde.state.ok.us/Services/Data/pdf/StatCard08-09.pdf ↩

245. "Oklahoma Colleges: A Profile of College Degree Programs & Post-Secondary Education in Oklahoma". Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100310111128/http://www.collegedegreereport.com/articles/oklahoma-colleges-profile-college-degree-programs-post-secondary-education-oklahoma ↩

246. "Fed up with school spending cuts, Oklahoma teachers walk out". The Washington Post. April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2018/04/02/fed-up-with-school-spending-cuts-oklahoma-teachers-prepare-to-walk-out/ ↩

247. "Teacher pay raise boosts Oklahoma to 34th in nation, new rankings find". Andrea Eger, Tulsa World, April 29, 2019. April 29, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2019. https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/teacher-pay-raise-boosts-oklahoma-to-th-in-nation-new/article_b06ad560-40ed-5ccf-9517-036e9dbddbb4.html ↩

248. "Native Now: Language: Cherokee". We Shall Remain—American Experience—PBS. 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407132754/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/native_now/language_cherokee ↩

249. "Cherokee Language Revitalization". Cherokee Preservation Foundation. 2014. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070520/http://www.cherokeepreservationfdn.org/cultural-preservation-connect/major-programs-and-initiatives/cherokee-language-revitalization ↩

250. "Cherokee Language Revitalization". Cherokee Preservation Foundation. 2014. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070520/http://www.cherokeepreservationfdn.org/cultural-preservation-connect/major-programs-and-initiatives/cherokee-language-revitalization ↩

251. Chavez, Will (April 5, 2012). "Immersion students win trophies at language fair". Cherokeephoenix.org. Retrieved April 8, 2013. http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/Index/6142 ↩

252. "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2016. https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf ↩

253. Lew, Allen. "What is geography?". Northern Arizona University. Archived from the original on May 10, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070510041836/http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/ggr346/text/chapters/ch1.html ↩

254. Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. (2003). The Upland South: The Making of an American Folk Region and Landscape. University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-1-930066-08-3. 978-1-930066-08-3 ↩

255. "Great Plains". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 24, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Plains ↩

256. Greene, Wayne. "Largest Ancestry". Valparaiso University. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20100305214454/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/culture/ancestry.gif ↩

257. Greymorning, Stephen. "Profiles of Native American Education Programs". Southwest Educational Development Laboratory. Archived from the original on September 10, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070910075959/http://www.sedl.org/pubs/lc05/intro.html ↩

258. Smith, Diane. "Universities partner to save dying languages Archived February 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Associated Press. June 2011. Retrieved on October 23, 2015. http://indiancountrynews.com/index.php/news/76-culture/native-language/11831-universities-partner-to-save-dying-languages ↩

259. "Oklahoma's History". Government of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070726075125/http://www.ok.gov/osfdocs/stinfo2.html ↩

260. "Indian Country". Northern District of Oklahoma. United States Attorney's Office. July 14, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2023. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndok/indian-country ↩

261. "Oklahoma Quick Facts". Oklahoma Department of Tourism. 2007. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070517085232/http://www.travelok.com/about/fun_facts.asp ↩

262. "Fodor's Choice: Top Overlooked Destinations". Fodor's Magazine. 2007. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070405151813/http://www.fodors.com/features/nfdisplay1.cfm?name=si%2F020228_si_fc_tulsa.cfm ↩

263. "Generosity Index 2006 (2004 data)". Catalogue for Philanthropy. 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141104150515/http://www.catalogueforphilanthropy.org/natl/generosity_index/2006/data/Oklahoma.xls ↩

264. "Filmmaker to share documentary chronicling local poet's life". Sacramento State University. February 25, 2003. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080918161023/http://www.csus.edu/news/022503film.htm ↩

265. Greene, Wayne (July 15, 2007). "Oklahoma centennial quiz". Tulsa World. Retrieved July 2, 2016. https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/oklahoma-centennial-quiz/article_b53204a9-ea61-5abe-a60f-690ff756867c.html ↩

266. "Filmmaker to share documentary chronicling local poet's life". Sacramento State University. February 25, 2003. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080918161023/http://www.csus.edu/news/022503film.htm ↩

267. Logsdon, Guy. "OKIE". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved December 16, 2022. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OK007 ↩

268. "Oklahoma—A Great Place to Play". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070627065030/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=332&Itemid=413 ↩

269. "Oklahoma's Diversity". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070627063022/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=335&Itemid=415 ↩

270. "Oklahoma Mozart Festival". OK Mozart Festival. 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928104541/http://www.okmozart.com/folders.asp?action=display&record=11 ↩

271. "Oklahoma—A Great Place to Play". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070627065030/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=332&Itemid=413 ↩

272. "Oklahoma—A Great Place to Play". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070627065030/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=332&Itemid=413 ↩

273. "Ballet Russes". Geller/Goldfine Productions. 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2014. http://www.gellergoldfine.com/russes_dancers.html ↩

274. "Capri Films" (PDF). Geller/Goldfine Productions. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624204404/http://www.caprifilms.com/images/press/ballet/ballets_russes_presskit.pdf ↩

275. "Honors and Awards". Discoveryland!. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070405010705/http://www.discoverylandusa.com/awards.shtml ↩

276. World's own Service. "Ridge Bond, Oklahoman—Tulsa World: Archives". Tulsa World. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/ridge-bond-oklahoman/article_e2ff45ae-ca37-5202-af63-bb100aac9507.html ↩

277. "Oklahoma Today February–March 1998 Volume 48 No. 2: 1997 Year in Review" (PDF). Digital.library.okstate.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050115/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oktoday/1990s/1998/oktdv48n2.pdf ↩

278. "Oklahoma!: Rodgers & Hammerstein: Show Details". Rnh.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160616184805/http://www.rnh.com/show/78/Oklahoma#shows-trivia ↩

279. "Photographic image: Berliner Festwochen: Oklahoma!". Ridgebond.com. Archived from the original (JPG) on May 5, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160505070649/http://www.ridgebond.com/wp-content/uploads/Titania-Palast-Berliner1Festwochen-Program-1951.jpg ↩

280. "Ridge Bond Archives—Images". Ridgebond.com. September 21, 1951. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322222812/http://www.ridgebond.com/image-gallery/#jp-carousel-288 ↩

281. "Oklahoma Today February–March 1998 Volume 48 No. 2: 1997 Year in Review" (PDF). Digital.library.okstate.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050115/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oktoday/1990s/1998/oktdv48n2.pdf ↩

282. "OHS Podcasts". Okhistory.org. March 24, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2016.[dead link‍] http://www.okhistory.org/about/transcript.php?episodedate=March ↩

283. "OHS Podcasts". Okhistory.org. March 24, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2016.[dead link‍] http://www.okhistory.org/about/transcript.php?episodedate=March ↩

284. World's own Service. "Ridge Bond, Oklahoman—Tulsa World: Archives". Tulsa World. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/ridge-bond-oklahoman/article_e2ff45ae-ca37-5202-af63-bb100aac9507.html ↩

285. "December 2013 Oklahoma: Magazine of the Oklahoma Heritage Association by Oklahoma Hall of Fame". Issuu. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160314205454/https://issuu.com/okheritage/docs/december_2013/38 ↩

286. "Oklahoma Today February–March 1998 Volume 48 No. 2: 1997 Year in Review" (PDF). Digital.library.okstate.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050115/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oktoday/1990s/1998/oktdv48n2.pdf ↩

287. "Musical Actor to Be Honored With Hall of Fame Award". News OK. November 7, 1993. Retrieved June 3, 2016. http://newsok.com/musical-actor-to-be-honored-with-hall-of-fame-award/article/2447341 ↩

288. Elliott, Matt (March 25, 2007). "Cain's Ballroom—A Music Icon: Venue is a landmark for Western swing, punk fans". Tulsa World. Retrieved July 2, 2016. https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/cain-s-ballroom-a-music-icon-venue-is-a-landmark/article_0396d765-d322-51d6-9711-4cdbc2711e03.html ↩

289. Stancavage, John (July 15, 2006). "Selling Tulsa: Branded". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002801/http://www.tulsaworld.com/business/article.aspx?articleID=060715_Bu_E1_Tulsa51913 ↩

290. "Oklahoma—A Great Place to Play". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070627065030/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=332&Itemid=413 ↩

291. "Museums of Oklahoma". Tufts University. Retrieved August 5, 2007. http://ase.tufts.edu/arted/MuseumsOklahoma.htm ↩

292. "Oklahoma—A Great Place to Play". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070627065030/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=332&Itemid=413 ↩

293. "The All-Terrain Vacation". Travelok.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20060410174845/http://www.travelok.com/atv/urban.asp ↩

294. "Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art, Travel OK". Travelok.com. Retrieved November 22, 2011. http://www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.4717 ↩

295. "About the Museum". Oklahoma City Museum of Art. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070809185510/http://www.okcmoa.com/p/6811/Default.aspx ↩

296. "Oklahoma—A Great Place to Play". Oklahoma Department of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070627065030/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=332&Itemid=413 ↩

297. "Sherwin Miller Museum of Judaism". Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20100226183123/http://www.jewishmuseum.net/ ↩

298. Cross, Robert S. (September 7, 2006). "100 and 1: State's centennial is named top-ranked bus-tour destination". Tulsa World. Retrieved July 2, 2016. https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/and-state-s-centennial-is-named-top-ranked-bus-tour/image_d3a9813a-9b4a-50bb-9f70-19913d4810c0.html ↩

299. "Oklahoma State Fair Opens September 14" (PDF). Oklahoma State Fair. September 11, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070629222126/http://www.okstatefair.com/documents/2006%20OSF%20Opens.pdf ↩

300. "Our Story Continues". Oklahoma City Pride. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904071030/https://www.oklahomacitypride.org/about ↩

301. "First Friday". Paseo Arts Association. Retrieved September 4, 2019. https://www.thepaseo.org/paseo-first-friday-gallery-walk ↩

302. "43rd Annual Paseo Arts Festival". Paseo Arts Association. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190528231951/https://www.thepaseo.org/festival ↩

303. "Tulsa State Fair—General Information". Tulsa State Fair. 2007. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070828181706/http://www.tulsastatefair.com/fair/generalinfo/index.asp ↩

304. Bell, Leigh (May 21, 2007). "Mayfest: Celebrating Downtown: Festival closes after big year". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20160910080548/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-163684756.html ↩

305. "Medieval Fair of Norman". Medieval Fair of Norman. 2010. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110727075023/http://www.medievalfair.org/index.html ↩

306. "WNBA Approves Relocation of Shock from Tulsa to Dallas–Fort Worth" (Press release). Women's National Basketball Association. July 23, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015. http://www.wnba.com/news/wnba-approves-tulsa-shock-relocation-dallas-fort-worth/ ↩

307. "WNBA's Dallas Wings Introduced in DFW Metroplex" (Press release). Women's National Basketball Association. November 2, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015. http://www.wnba.com/news/wnbas-dallas-wings-introduced-in-dfw-metroplex/ ↩

308. Hibdon, Glenn (July 29, 2007). "Pro soccer: Soccer comes to Tulsa". Tulsa World. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/pro-soccer-soccer-comes-to-tulsa/article_0c080201-f674-5e71-ad9f-259cc015a519.html ↩

309. "History-Southeastern Conference". Southeastern Conference. July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024. https://www.secsports.com/history ↩

310. "Big 12 Conference—One True Champion". Big 12 Conference. June 26, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2015. https://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=1514841&DB_OEM_ID=10410&DB_OEM_ID=10410 ↩

311. "Attendance Records" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011. http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2011/Attendance.pdf ↩

312. "America's Best Sports Colleges: 1–10". Sports Illustrated. October 7, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20021019031054/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/10/01/1_10/ ↩

313. "America's Best Sports Colleges: 11–100". Sports Illustrated. October 7, 2002. Archived from the original on October 16, 2002. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20021016015130/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/10/01/11_100/ ↩

314. "About TU". Tulsa Golden Hurricane. Retrieved November 9, 2015. http://tulsahurricane.com/sports/2015/5/21/GEN_0521151506_AboutTU.aspx ↩

315. "Home Page". Oral Roberts Golden Eagles. Retrieved August 23, 2024. Move the cursor over "Sports" on the menu to see a list of varsity sports; football is not listed. https://oruathletics.com/ ↩

316. "Summit League Quick Facts". The Summit League. Retrieved August 23, 2024. https://thesummitleague.org/sports/2020/5/26/Quick%20Facts.aspx ↩

317. "Home Page". Great American Conference. Retrieved August 23, 2024. Move the cursor over "Member Institutions" on the menu to see a list of members; six members are from Oklahoma. https://greatamericanconference.com/ ↩

318. "Lone Star Conference History". Lone Star Conference. Retrieved November 9, 2015. http://www.lonestarconference.org/sports/2009/12/16/information_history_index.aspx? ↩

319. "About the MIAA". Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. Retrieved November 9, 2015. http://www.themiaa.com/sports/2012/5/18/about.aspx? ↩

320. "NAIA Member Schools: Oklahoma". National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved November 10, 2015. http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=27900&ATCLID=205322922 ↩

321. "Oklahoma's Top 10 Private Golf Courses". Tulsaweb. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070806060137/http://tulsaweb.com/Golf/Private.htm ↩

322. "Southern Hills Country Club is rich in History". PGA. 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007. http://www.pga.com/pgachampionship/2007/news/20060228_history.html ↩

323. "Rodeo History". Guymon Rodeo Foundation. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070525105057/http://www.guymonrodeo.com/rodeohistory.htm ↩

324. Hays, Graham (May 28, 2020). "How Oklahoma City, home of the Women's College World Series, became the center of the softball universe". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 28, 2020. https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/29224143/how-oklahoma-city-home-women-college-world-series-became-center-softball-universe ↩

325. Lloyd, Jonathan (June 24, 2024). "Why two 2028 Los Angeles Olympics events are moving to Oklahoma City". KNBC. Retrieved August 23, 2024. https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/sports/2028-los-angeles-olympics-oklahoma-city-venues-softball-canoe-slalom/3442896/ ↩

326. Exhibit highlights Oklahoma's strong wrestling history, tradition. nwhof.org. Retrieved January 22, 2022. https://nwhof.org/news/exhibit-highlights-oklahomas-strong-wrestling-history-tradition ↩

327. "Major Teqball extravaganza descends upon Tulsa", FITEQ (April 4, 2024) https://www.fiteq.org/news/754 ↩

328. "Health Report: Oklahoma". Trust for America's Health. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070812184402/http://healthyamericans.org/state/index.php?StateID=OK ↩

329. "Health Report: Oklahoma". Trust for America's Health. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070812184402/http://healthyamericans.org/state/index.php?StateID=OK ↩

330. "State health workforce profiles:Oklahoma" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2007. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110217051715/ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/bhpr/workforce/summaries/Oklahoma03.pdf ↩

331. "Health insurance, lack of coverage among adults: State, 2002–2005". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071012213905/http://209.217.72.34/HDAA/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=151 ↩

332. "U.S. Obesity Trends". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090825130031/http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html ↩

333. Hitti, Miranda (June 13, 2007). "How States Rank on Health Care". WebMD Health News. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20070617033457/https://www.webmd.com/news/20070613/how-states-rank-on-health-care ↩

334. "OU Medical Center Employment Opportunities". University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070817194528/http://www.oumedcenter.com/eRecruit.asp ↩

335. "Trauma One Center". University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on July 21, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070721211811/http://www.oumedcenter.com/CustomPage.asp?guidCustomContentID=3F100B4D-6724-11D4-81F3-00508B1249D5 ↩

336. "Southwestern Regional Medical Center". Cancer Treatment Centers of America. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010160608/http://www.cancercenter.com/southwestern-hospital/about-this-hospital.cfm ↩

337. "Tulsa Regional Medical Center Changes its name to OSU Medical Center". Oklahoma State University. 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231828/http://osu.okstate.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=479&Itemid=90 ↩

338. "Basic Biomedical Research in the OSU College of Osteopathic Medicine". Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20060901125105/http://www.research.okstate.edu/report00/com/comnar.html ↩

339. Murphy, Sean (June 27, 2018). "Oklahoma voters approve medical marijuana despite opposition". AP News. Retrieved November 15, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/70b6fafb4c0f4d2ea920cba5fa227737 ↩

340. "US Health Map". Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. University of Washington. Retrieved December 27, 2020. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/subnational/usa ↩

341. "Oklahoma: Life Expectancy". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved December 28, 2020. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/oklahoma/2020/measure/outcomes/147/data?sort=sc-2 ↩

342. "Tracking Coronavirus in Oklahoma: Latest Map and Case Count, December 22, 2022". New York Times. March 3, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/covid-cases.html ↩

343. "Local Television Market Universe Estimates Comparisons of 2008–09 and 2009–10 Market Ranks" (PDF). Nielsen Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110317170600/http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2009-2010-dma-ranks.pdf ↩

344. "Historical Highlights of Television in Tulsa, Oklahoma". Tulsa TV History. Retrieved August 6, 2007. http://www.tulsatvmemories.com/tvthesi2.html ↩

345. "U.S. Television Stations in Oklahoma". Global Computing. 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927064302/http://www.globalcomputing.com/GetTV_Map1.cfm?PageNum_q_GetTV_Map=1&stateid=OK ↩

346. "2011 Top Media Outlets: Newspapers, Blogs, Consumer Magazines & Social Network" (PDF). BurrellesLuce. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20131023162955/http://www.burrellesluce.com/sites/default/files/TopMedia2011_UpdatedFebruary2011_FINAL.pdf ↩

347. "History of Newspapers in Oklahoma". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved August 6, 2007. http://www.okhistory.org/research/collections/news_history.html ↩

348. "History of Newspapers in Oklahoma". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved August 6, 2007. http://www.okhistory.org/research/collections/news_history.html ↩

349. Gleason, Matt (January 28, 2007). "Radio Days: Oklahoma's First Station: Broadcast pioneer WKY began in garage, living room". Tulsa World. Retrieved October 28, 2020. https://tulsaworld.com/archive/radio-days-oklahomas-first-station-broadcast-pioneer-wky-began-in-garage-living-room/article_598b57f4-03e1-5a4c-85ec-6c08c7138fe3.html#:~:text=WhatsApp-,Radio%20Days%3A%20Oklahoma's%20First%20Station%3A%20Broadcast%20pioneer%20WKY,began%20in%20garage%2C%20living%20room&text=In%201922%2C%20the%20U.S.%20Department,west%20of%20the%20Mississippi%20River. ↩

350. "Complete List of Radio Stations in the State of OK". On the Radio.net. 2006. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070824110916/http://www.ontheradio.net/states/oklahoma.aspx ↩

351. Federal Communications Commission. "Call Sign History". Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20170525205031/http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=67999&Callsign=KTBO-TV ↩

352. "Transportation in Oklahoma City". Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce. 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. http://www.okcchamber.com/index.php?submenu=Transportation&src=gendocs&ref=Transportation&category=OklahomaCity ↩

353. "Transportation in Oklahoma City". Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce. 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. http://www.okcchamber.com/index.php?submenu=Transportation&src=gendocs&ref=Transportation&category=OklahomaCity ↩

354. "Route 66—Facts and Trivia". Legends of America. 2007. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070809135444/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/66-Facts.html ↩

355. "2008 Annual Average Daily Traffic" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2011. http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/aadt/2008/statemap.pdf ↩

356. "Deficient Bridges by State and Highway System". United States Department of Transportation—Federal Highway Administration. 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2011. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi/defbr10.cfm ↩

357. "Aviation Activity Report December 2010" (PDF). Oklahoma City Airport Authority. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120317073707/http://www.flyokc.com/statistics/December%2010%20Activity.pdf ↩

358. "Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) and All-Cargo Data for U.S. Airports" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110920023456/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy10_primary_enplanements_prelim.pdf ↩

359. "Tulsa International Airport—Airline Information". Tulsa Airport Authority. 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120928005948/http://tulsaairports.com/airline-information/ ↩

360. "Will Rogers World Airports—Airline Information". Oklahoma City Airport Authority. 2004. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20110315095936/http://flyokc.com/Airlines.aspx ↩

361. "Riverside Jones Airport". Tulsa Airport Authority. 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110822190220/http://www.tulsaairports.com/index.cfm?id=11 ↩

362. "Airports of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Airport Operators Association. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928150603/http://www.okairports.com/airports.html ↩

363. Barber, Brian (January 18, 2007). "Federal matching funds may help bring Amtrak to Tulsa". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20160910071640/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-157844553.html ↩

364. "Tulsa not included in proposed OKC-to-Kansas passenger rail expansion". Carmen Forman, Tulsa World, June 12, 2023. June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023. https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/government-politics/tulsa-not-included-in-proposed-okc-to-kansas-passenger-rail-expansion/article_68b5344e-053d-11ee-a5f2-b3714a93e9bb.html#tracking-source=home-top-story ↩

365. "KDOT gives update on potential Amtrak expansion into Wichita". www.kake.com. Retrieved November 16, 2023. https://www.kake.com/story/49974341/kdot-gives-update-on-potential-amtrak-expansion-into-wichita ↩

366. "What's new at the port?". Tulsa Port Authority. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070714184501/http://www.tulsaport.com/news_and_events.html ↩

367. "State Government—Oklahoma". GoveEngine.com. 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2007. http://www.govengine.com/stategov/oklahoma.html ↩

368. "Oklahoma State Map Collection". geology.com. 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://geology.com/state-map/oklahoma.shtml ↩

369. "Current Registration Statistics by County" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. January 15, 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230305071400/https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/elections/voter-registration-statistics/2023-vr-statistics/vrstats-county-jan15-2023.pdf ↩

370. "The Execution State?". Oklahoma Watch. February 21, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013. http://oklahomawatch.org/2013/02/21/this-news-brief-has-a-featured-image/ ↩

371. "Methods of Execution". https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/methods-of-execution ↩

372. J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (December 15, 2020). "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 19 (4): 503–509. doi:10.1089/elj.2020.0666. ISSN 1533-1296. S2CID 225139517. https://doi.org/10.1089%2Felj.2020.0666 ↩

373. "Oklahoma SB1081 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan. Retrieved November 2, 2023. https://legiscan.com/OK/bill/SB1081/2020 ↩

374. "Nation's first anti-red flag law now on the books". Claremore Daily Progress. May 21, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2023. https://www.claremoreprogress.com/news/nation-s-first-anti-red-flag-law-now-on-the-books/article_3eba8328-9b6f-11ea-a178-57cce31dba87.html ↩

375. "Where Can I Get an Abortion? | U.S. Abortion Clinic Locator". www.abortionfinder.org. Retrieved December 29, 2024. https://www.abortionfinder.org/abortion-guides-by-state/abortion-in-oklahoma ↩

376. "Oklahoma State Government". Netstate. June 7, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://www.netstate.com/states/government/ok_government.htm ↩

377. "Legislative Longevity Limits". U.S. Term Limits. Archived from the original on September 20, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070920054851/http://www.ustl.org/leglong.html ↩

378. "Oklahoma State Government". Netstate. June 7, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. http://www.netstate.com/states/government/ok_government.htm ↩

379. "Report of the Governor's Commission on Government Performance". Governor's Commission. December 1, 1995. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070429100905/http://www.oklaosf.state.ok.us/osfdocs/gvcmmsh2.html ↩

380. "List of County Officers". Government of Oklahoma. January 6, 2006. Archived from the original on May 31, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070531193042/http://www.state.ok.us/osfdocs/county.html ↩

381. "Oklahoma Municipal Government" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Libraries. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074216/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/12-muni.pdf ↩

382. Diehl, Don (July 24, 2007). "Metro About Jenks population figures ... doubled in size since 2000 census". Neighbor Newspapers. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015351/http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=2754&dept_id=573976&newsid=18622071&PAG=461&rfi=9 ↩

383. Henry, Robert (March 22, 1989). "Oklahoma Attorney General's Opinions: Question Submitted by: The Honorable Enoch Kelly Haney, Oklahoma State Senate". The Oklahoma State Courts Network. Retrieved August 21, 2007. http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=61934 ↩

384. Robertson, Lindsay (2001). "Native Americans and the Law: Native Americans Under Current United States Law". University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120416012037/http://thorpe.ou.edu/guide/robertson.html ↩

385. "Registration by Party as of January 15, 2015" (PDF). Oklahoma State Election Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150207050926/http://www.ok.gov/elections/documents/VRStatsbycountyjan152015.pdf ↩

386. "Oklahoma Voter Surveys: How Different Groups Voted". The New York Times. November 3, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/ap-polls-oklahoma.html ↩

387. 2024 Month-End Voter Registration Reports Oklahoma State Election Board https://oklahoma.gov/elections/voter-registration/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-statistics-archive/2024-month-end-voter-registration-statistics.html ↩

388. "OCIS Document Index". The Oklahoma Supreme Court Network. Retrieved May 11, 2007. http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/index.asp?ftdb=STOKST&level=1 ↩

389. "Oklahoma House approves 'In God We Trust' for state motto". newsok.com. March 26, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2018. http://newsok.com/article/3660948 ↩

390. "HCR 1024" (PDF). Retrieved March 27, 2018. http://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2011-12%20INT/hres/HCR1024%20int.pdf ↩