Timeline of quantum computing and communication

13 June – James L. Park (Washington State University, Pullman)'s paper is received by Foundations of Physics,³ in which he describes the non possibility of disturbance in a quantum transition state in the context of a disproof of quantum jumps in the concept of the atom described by Bohr.⁴ ⁵ ⁶

1970s

1973

Alexander Holevo's paper⁷ is published.⁸ The Holevo bound describes a limit of the quantity of classical information which is possible to quanta encode.⁹
Charles H. Bennett shows that computation can be done reversibly.¹⁰

1975

R. P. Poplavskii publishes "Thermodynamical models of information processing" (in Russian)¹¹ which shows the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers, due to the superposition principle.
Roman Stanisław Ingarden, a Polish mathematical physicist, submits the paper "Quantum Information Theory" in Reports on Mathematical Physics, vol. 10, pp. 43–72, published 1976. It is one of the first attempts at creating a quantum information theory, showing that Shannon information theory cannot directly be generalized to the quantum case, but rather that it is possible to construct a quantum information theory, which is a generalization of Shannon's theory, within the formalism of a generalized quantum mechanics of open systems and a generalized concept of observables (the so-called semi-observables).

1980s

1980

Paul Benioff describes the first quantum mechanical model of a computer. In this work, Benioff showed that a computer could operate under the laws of quantum mechanics by describing a Schrödinger equation description of Turing machines, laying a foundation for further work in quantum computing. The paper¹² was submitted in June 1979 and published in April 1980.
Yuri Manin briefly motivates the idea of quantum computing.¹³
Tommaso Toffoli introduces the reversible Toffoli gate,¹⁴ which (together with initialized ancilla bits) is functionally complete for reversible classical computation.

1981

At the first Conference on the Physics of Computation, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in May,¹⁵ Paul Benioff and Richard Feynman give talks on quantum computing. Benioff's talk built on his earlier 1980 work showing that a computer can operate under the laws of quantum mechanics. The talk was titled "Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian models of discrete processes that erase their own histories: application to Turing machines".¹⁶ In Feynman's talk, he observed that it appeared to be impossible to efficiently simulate the evolution of a quantum nature system on a classical computer, and he proposed a basic model for a quantum computer.¹⁷ Feynman's conjecture on a quantum simulating computer, published 1982,¹⁸ understood as - the reality of quantum mechanics expressed as an effective quantum system necessitates quantum computers,¹⁹ is conventionally accepted as a beginning of quantum computing.²⁰ ²¹

1982

Paul Benioff further develops his original model of a quantum mechanical Turing machine.²²
William Wootters and Wojciech H. Zurek,²³ and independently Dennis Dieks ²⁴ rediscover the no-cloning theorem of James L. Park.

1984

Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard employ Wiesner's conjugate coding for distribution of cryptographic keys.²⁵

1985

David Deutsch, at the University of Oxford, England, describes the first universal quantum computer. Just as a Universal Turing machine can simulate any other Turing machine efficiently (Church–Turing thesis), so the universal quantum computer is able to simulate any other quantum computer with at most a polynomial slowdown.
Asher Peres points out the need for quantum error correction schemes and discusses a repetition code for amplitude errors.²⁶

1988

Yoshihisa Yamamoto and K. Igeta propose the first physical realization of a quantum computer, including Feynman's CNOT gate.²⁷ Their approach uses atoms and photons and is the progenitor of modern quantum computing and networking protocols using photons to transmit qubits and atoms to perform two-qubit operations.

1989

Gerard J. Milburn proposes a quantum-optical realization of a Fredkin gate.²⁸
Bikas Chakrabarti & collaborators from Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India, propose that quantum fluctuations could help explore rugged energy landscapes by escaping from local minima of glassy systems having tall but thin barriers by tunneling (instead of climbing over using thermal excitations), suggesting the effectiveness of quantum annealing over classical simulated annealing.²⁹ ³⁰

1990s

1991

Artur Ekert at the University of Oxford, proposes entanglement-based secure communication.³¹

1992

David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa propose a computational problem that can be solved efficiently with the deterministic Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm on a quantum computer, but for which no deterministic classical algorithm is possible. This was perhaps the earliest result in the computational complexity of quantum computers, proving that they were capable of performing some well-defined computation more efficiently than any classical computer.
Ethan Bernstein and Umesh Vazirani propose the Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm. It is a restricted version of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm where instead of distinguishing between two different classes of functions, it tries to learn a string encoded in a function. The Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm was designed to prove an oracle separation between complexity classes BQP and BPP.
Research groups at Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (Garching)³² ³³ and shortly after at NIST (Boulder)³⁴ experimentally realize the first crystallized strings of laser-cooled ions. Linear ion crystals constitute the qubit basis for most quantum computing and simulation experiments with trapped ions.

1993

Daniel R. Simon, at Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada, invent an oracle problem, Simon's problem, for which a quantum computer would be exponentially faster than a conventional computer. This algorithm introduces the main ideas which were then developed in Peter Shor's factorization algorithm.

1994

Peter Shor, at AT&T's Bell Labs in New Jersey, publishes Shor's algorithm. It would allow a quantum computer to factor large integers quickly. It solves both the factoring problem and the discrete log problem. The algorithm can theoretically break many of the cryptosystems in use today. Its invention sparked tremendous interest in quantum computers.
The first United States Government workshop on quantum computing is organized by NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland, in autumn.
Isaac Chuang and Yoshihisa Yamamoto propose a quantum-optical realization of a quantum computer to implement Deutsch's algorithm.³⁵ Their work introduced dual-rail encoding for photonic qubits.
In December, Ignacio Cirac, at University of Castilla–La Mancha at Ciudad Real, and Peter Zoller at the University of Innsbruck propose an experimental realization of the controlled NOT gate with cold trapped ions.³⁶

1995

The first United States Department of Defense workshop on quantum computing and quantum cryptography is organized by United States Army physicists Charles M. Bowden, Jonathan Dowling, and Henry O. Everitt; it took place in February at the University of Arizona in Tucson.
Peter Shor proposes the first schemes for quantum error correction.³⁷
Christopher Monroe and David J. Wineland at NIST (Boulder, Colorado) experimentally realize the first quantum logic gate – the controlled NOT gate – with trapped ions, following the Cirac-Zoller proposal.³⁸
Independently, Subhash Kak and Ronald Chrisley propose the first quantum neural network.³⁹ ⁴⁰

1996

Lov Grover, at Bell Labs, invents the quantum database search algorithm. The quadratic speedup is not as dramatic as the speedup for factoring, discrete logs, or physics simulations. However, the algorithm can be applied to a much wider variety of problems. Any problem that can be solved by random, brute-force search, may take advantage of this quadratic speedup in the number of search queries.
The United States Government, particularly in a joint partnership of the Army Research Office (now part of the Army Research Laboratory) and the National Security Agency, issues the first public call for research proposals in quantum information processing.
Andrew Steane designs Steane code for error correction.⁴¹
David DiVincenzo, of IBM, proposes a list of minimal requirements for creating a quantum computer,⁴² now called DiVincenzo's criteria.
Seth Lloyd proves Feynman's conjecture on quantum simulation.⁴³

1997

David G. Cory, Amr Fahmy and Timothy Havel, and at the same time Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac Chuang at MIT publish the first papers realizing gates for quantum computers based on bulk nuclear spin resonance, or thermal ensembles. The technology is based on a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) machine, which is similar to the medical magnetic resonance imaging machine.
Alexei Kitaev describes the principles of topological quantum computation as a method for dealing with the problem of decoherence.⁴⁴
Daniel Loss and David DiVincenzo propose the Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer, using as qubits the intrinsic spin-1/2 degree of freedom of individual electrons confined to quantum dots.⁴⁵

1998

The first experimental demonstration of a quantum algorithm is reported. A working 2-qubit NMR quantum computer was used to solve Deutsch's problem by Jonathan A. Jones and Michele Mosca at Oxford University and shortly after by Isaac L. Chuang at IBM's Almaden Research Center, in California, and Mark Kubinec and the University of California, Berkeley together with coworkers at Stanford University in California and MIT in Massachusetts.⁴⁶
The first working 3-qubit NMR computer is reported.
Bruce Kane proposes a silicon-based nuclear spin quantum computer, using nuclear spins of individual phosphorus atoms in silicon as the qubits and donor electrons to mediate the coupling between qubits.⁴⁷
The first execution of Grover's algorithm on an NMR computer is reported.⁴⁸
Hidetoshi Nishimori & colleagues from Tokyo Institute of Technology show that a quantum annealing algorithm can perform better than classical simulated annealing under certain conditions.⁴⁹
Daniel Gottesman and Emanuel Knill independently prove that a certain subclass of quantum computations can be efficiently emulated with classical resources (Gottesman–Knill theorem).⁵⁰

1999

Samuel L. Braunstein and collaborators show that none of the bulk NMR experiments performed to date contain any entanglement; the quantum states being too strongly mixed. This is seen as evidence that NMR computers would likely not yield a benefit over classical computers. It remains an open question, however, whether entanglement is necessary for quantum computational speedup.⁵¹
Gabriel Aeppli, Thomas Rosenbaum and colleagues demonstrate experimentally the basic concepts of quantum annealing in a condensed matter system.
Yasunobu Nakamura and Jaw-Shen Tsai demonstrate that a superconducting circuit can be used as a qubit.⁵²

2000s

2000

Arun K. Pati and Samuel L. Braunstein prove the quantum no-deleting theorem. This is dual to the no-cloning theorem which shows that one cannot delete a copy of an unknown qubit. Together with the stronger no-cloning theorem, the no-deleting theorem has the implication that quantum information can neither be created nor be destroyed.
The first working 5-qubit NMR computer is demonstrated at the Technical University of Munich, Germany.
The first execution of order finding (part of Shor's algorithm) at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University is demonstrated.
The first working 7-qubit NMR computer is demonstrated at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico.
The textbook, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, by Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang is published.

2001

The first execution of Shor's algorithm at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University is demonstrated. The number 15 was factored using 1018 identical molecules, each containing seven active nuclear spins.
Noah Linden and Sandu Popescu prove that the presence of entanglement is a necessary condition for a large class of quantum protocols. This, coupled with Braunstein's result (see 1999 above), called the validity of NMR quantum computation into question.⁵³
Emanuel Knill, Raymond Laflamme, and Gerard Milburn show that optical quantum computing is possible with single-photon sources, linear optical elements, and single-photon detectors, establishing the field of linear optical quantum computing.
Robert Raussendorf and Hans Jürgen Briegel propose measurement-based quantum computation.⁵⁴

2002

The Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmapping Project, involving some of the main participants in the field, lays out the Quantum computation roadmap.
The Institute for Quantum Computing is established at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario by Mike Lazaridis, Raymond Laflamme and Michele Mosca.⁵⁵
A group led by Gerhard Birkl (now at TU Darmstadt) demonstrates the first 2D array of optical tweezers with trapped atoms for quantum computation with atomic qubits.⁵⁶

2003

Implementation of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm on an ion-trap quantum computer at the University of Innsbruck is reported.⁵⁷
Todd D. Pittman and collaborators at Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, and independently Jeremy O'Brien and collaborators at the University of Queensland, demonstrate quantum controlled NOT gates using only linear optical elements.⁵⁸ ⁵⁹
The first implementation of a CNOT quantum gate, according to the Cirac–Zoller proposal, is reported by a team at the University of Innsbruck led by Rainer Blatt.⁶⁰
The United States government DARPA Quantum Network becomes fully operational on October 23, 2003.
The Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) is established in Innsbruck and Vienna, Austria, by the founding directors Rainer Blatt, Hans Jürgen Briegel, Rudolf Grimm, Anton Zeilinger and Peter Zoller.

2004

The first working pure state NMR quantum computer (based on parahydrogen) is demonstrated at Oxford University and University of York in England.
Physicists at the University of Innsbruck show deterministic quantum-state teleportation between a pair of trapped calcium ions.⁶¹
The first five-photon entanglement is demonstrated by Pan Jianwei's team at the University of Science and Technology of China; the minimal number of qubits required for universal quantum error correction.⁶²

2005

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign scientists demonstrate quantum entanglement of multiple characteristics, potentially allowing multiple qubits per particle.
Two teams of physicists measure the capacitance of a Josephson junction for the first time. The methods could be used to measure the state of quantum bits in a quantum computer without disturbing the state.⁶³
In December, W states of quantum registers with up to 8 qubits implemented using trapped ions are demonstrated at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information and the University of Innsbruck in Austria.⁶⁴
Harvard University and Georgia Institute of Technology (US) researchers succeed in transferring quantum information between "quantum memories" – from atoms to photons and back again.

2006

The Materials Science Department of Oxford University, England cage a qubit in a "buckyball" (a molecule of buckminsterfullerene) and demonstrated quantum "bang-bang" error correction.⁶⁵
Researchers from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign use the Zeno Effect, repeatedly measuring the properties of a photon to gradually change it without actually allowing the photon to reach the program, to search a database using counterfactual quantum computation.⁶⁶
Vlatko Vedral of the University of Leeds, England and colleagues at the universities of Porto and Vienna find that the photons in ordinary laser light can be quantum mechanically entangled with the vibrations of a macroscopic mirror.⁶⁷
Samuel L. Braunstein at the University of York, North Yorkshire, England, along with the University of Tokyo and the Japan Science and Technology Agency give the first experimental demonstration of quantum telecloning.⁶⁸
Professors at the University of Sheffield, England, develop a means to efficiently produce and manipulate individual photons at high efficiency at room temperature.⁶⁹
A new error checking method is theorized for Josephson junction computers.⁷⁰
The first 12-qubit quantum computer is benchmarked by researchers at the Institute for Quantum Computing and the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario as well as at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.⁷¹
A two-dimensional ion trap is developed for quantum computing.⁷²
Seven atoms are placed in a stable line, a step on the way to constructing a quantum gate, at the University of Bonn, Germany.⁷³
A team at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands creates a device that can manipulate the "up" or "down" spin-states of electrons on quantum dots.⁷⁴
The University of Arkansas develops quantum dot molecules.⁷⁵
The spinning new theory on particle spin brings science closer to quantum computing.⁷⁶
The University of Copenhagen, Denmark, develops quantum teleportation between photons and atoms.⁷⁷
University of Camerino scientists develop a theory of macroscopic object entanglement, which has implications for the development of quantum repeaters.⁷⁸
Tai-Chang Chiang, at Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, finds that quantum coherence can be maintained in mixed-material systems.⁷⁹
Cristophe Boehme, University of Utah, demonstrates the feasibility of reading data using the nuclear spin on a silicon-phosphorus Kane quantum computer.⁸⁰

2007

Subwavelength waveguide is developed for light.⁸¹
A single-photon emitter for optical fibers is developed.⁸²
The first one-way quantum computers are built,⁸³ where measurement (collapse) of an entangled cluster state is the main driving force of computation,⁸⁴ and shown to perform simple computations, such as Deutsch's algorithm.⁸⁵
A new material is proposed for quantum computing.⁸⁶
A single-atom single-photon server is devised.⁸⁷
The University of Cambridge, England, develops an electron quantum pump.⁸⁸
A superior method of qubit coupling is developed.⁸⁹
A successful demonstration of controllably coupled qubits is reported.⁹⁰
A breakthrough in applying spin-based electronics to silicon is reported.⁹¹
Scientists demonstrate a quantum state exchange between light and matter.⁹²
A diamond quantum register is developed.⁹³
Controlled NOT quantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits are realized.⁹⁴
Scientists contain and study hundreds of individual atoms in 3D array.⁹⁵
Nitrogen in a buckyball molecule is used in quantum computing.⁹⁶
A large number of electrons are quantum coupled.⁹⁷
Spin–orbit interaction of electrons are measured.⁹⁸
Atoms are quantum manipulated in laser light.⁹⁹
Light pulses are used to control electron spins.¹⁰⁰
Quantum effects are demonstrated across tens of nanometers.¹⁰¹
Light pulses are used to accelerate quantum computing development.¹⁰²
A quantum random access memory (RAM) blueprint is unveiled.¹⁰³
A model of a quantum transistor is developed.¹⁰⁴
Long distance entanglement is demonstrated.¹⁰⁵
Photonic quantum computing is used to factor a number by two independent labs.¹⁰⁶
A quantum bus is developed by two independent labs.¹⁰⁷
A superconducting quantum cable is developed.¹⁰⁸
The transmission of qubits is demonstrated.¹⁰⁹
Superior qubit material is devised.¹¹⁰
A single-electron qubit memory is reported.¹¹¹
Bose–Einstein condensate quantum memory is developed.¹¹²
D-Wave Systems demonstrates use of a 28-qubit quantum annealing computer.¹¹³
A new cryonic method reduces decoherence and increases interaction distance, and thus quantum computing speed.¹¹⁴
A photonic quantum computer is demonstrated.¹¹⁵
Graphene quantum dot spin qubits are proposed.¹¹⁶

2008

The HHL algorithm for solving linear equations is published.¹¹⁷
Graphene quantum dot qubits are described.¹¹⁸
Scientists succeed in storing a quantum bit.¹¹⁹
3D qubit-qutrit entanglement is demonstrated.¹²⁰
Analog quantum computing is devised.¹²¹
Control of quantum tunneling is devised.¹²²
Entangled memory is developed.¹²³
A superior NOT gate is developed.¹²⁴
Qutrits are developed.¹²⁵
Quantum logic gate in optical fiber is reported.¹²⁶
A superior quantum Hall Effect is discovered.¹²⁷
Enduring spin states in quantum dots are reported.¹²⁸
Molecular magnets are proposed for quantum RAM.¹²⁹
Quasiparticles offer hope of stable quantum computers.¹³⁰
Image storage may have better storage of qubits is reported.¹³¹
Quantum entangled images are reported.¹³²
Quantum state is intentionally altered in a molecule.¹³³
Electron position is controlled in a silicon circuit.¹³⁴
A superconducting electronic circuit pumps microwave photons.¹³⁵
Amplitude spectroscopy is developed.¹³⁶
A superior quantum computer test is developed.¹³⁷
An optical frequency comb is devised.¹³⁸
The concept of Quantum Darwinism is supported.¹³⁹
Hybrid qubit memory is developed.¹⁴⁰
A qubit is stored for over 1 second in an atomic nucleus.¹⁴¹
Faster electron spin qubit switching and reading is developed.¹⁴²
The possibility of non-entanglement quantum computing is described.¹⁴³
D-Wave Systems claims to have produced a 128-qubit computer chip, though this claim had yet to be verified.¹⁴⁴

2009

Carbon 12 is purified for longer coherence times.¹⁴⁵
The lifetime of qubits is extended to hundreds of milliseconds.¹⁴⁶
Improved quantum control of photons is reported.¹⁴⁷
Quantum entanglement is demonstrated over 240 micrometres.¹⁴⁸
Qubit lifetime is extended by a factor of 1000.¹⁴⁹
The first electronic quantum processor is created.¹⁵⁰
Six-photon graph state entanglement is used to simulate the fractional statistics of anyons living in artificial spin-lattice models.¹⁵¹
A single-molecule optical transistor is devised.¹⁵²
NIST reads and writes individual qubits.¹⁵³
NIST demonstrates multiple computing operations on qubits.¹⁵⁴
The first large-scale topological cluster state quantum architecture is developed for atom-optics.¹⁵⁵
A combination of all of the fundamental elements required to perform scalable quantum computing through the use of qubits stored in the internal states of trapped atomic ions is shown.¹⁵⁶
Researchers at University of Bristol, U.K., demonstrate Shor's algorithm on a silicon photonic chip.¹⁵⁷
Quantum Computing with an Electron Spin Ensemble is reported.¹⁵⁸
A so-called photon machine gun is developed for quantum computing.¹⁵⁹
The first universal programmable quantum computer is unveiled.¹⁶⁰
Scientists electrically control quantum states of electrons.¹⁶¹
Google collaborates with D-Wave Systems on image search technology using quantum computing.¹⁶²
A method for synchronizing the properties of multiple coupled CJJ rf-SQUID flux qubits with a small spread of device parameters due to fabrication variations is demonstrated.¹⁶³
Universal Ion Trap Quantum Computation with decoherence free qubits is realized.¹⁶⁴
The first chip-scale quantum computer is reported.¹⁶⁵

2010s

2010

Ions are trapped in an optical trap.¹⁶⁶
An optical quantum computer with three qubits calculates the energy spectrum of molecular hydrogen to high precision.¹⁶⁷
The first germanium laser advances the state of optical computers.¹⁶⁸
A single-electron qubit is developed¹⁶⁹
The quantum state in a macroscopic object is reported.¹⁷⁰
A new quantum computer cooling method is developed.¹⁷¹
Racetrack ion trap is developed.¹⁷²
Evidence for a Moore-Read state in the u = 5 / 2 {\displaystyle u=5/2} quantum Hall plateau,¹⁷³ which would be suitable for topological quantum computation is reported
A quantum interface between a single photon and a single atom is demonstrated.¹⁷⁴
LED (light emitting diode) quantum entanglement is demonstrated.¹⁷⁵
Multiplexed design increases the speed of transmission of quantum information through a quantum communications channel.¹⁷⁶
A two-photon optical chip is reported.¹⁷⁷
Microfabricated planar ion traps are tested.¹⁷⁸ ¹⁷⁹
A boson sampling technique is proposed by Aaronson and Arkhipov.¹⁸⁰
Quantum dot qubits are manipulated electrically, not magnetically.¹⁸¹

2011

Entanglement in a solid-state spin ensemble is reported¹⁸²
NOON photons in a superconducting quantum integrated circuit are reported.¹⁸³
A quantum antenna is described.¹⁸⁴
Multimode quantum interference is documented.¹⁸⁵
Magnetic Resonance applied to quantum computing is reported.¹⁸⁶
The quantum pen for single atoms is documented.¹⁸⁷
Atomic "Racing Dual" is reported.¹⁸⁸
A 14-qubit register is reported.¹⁸⁹
D-Wave claims to have developed quantum annealing and introduces their product called D-Wave One. The company claims this is the first commercially available quantum computer.¹⁹⁰
Repetitive error correction is demonstrated in a quantum processor.¹⁹¹
Diamond quantum computer memory is demonstrated.¹⁹²
Qmodes are developed.¹⁹³
Decoherence is demonstrated as suppressed.¹⁹⁴
Simplification of controlled operations is reported.¹⁹⁵
Ions entangled using microwaves are documented.¹⁹⁶
Practical error rates are achieved.¹⁹⁷
A quantum computer employing Von Neumann architecture is described.¹⁹⁸
A quantum spin Hall topological insulator is reported.¹⁹⁹
The concept of two diamonds linked by quantum entanglement could help develop photonic processors is described.²⁰⁰

2012

D-Wave claims a quantum computation using 84 qubits.²⁰¹
Physicists create a working transistor from a single atom.²⁰² ²⁰³
A method for manipulating the charge of nitrogen vacancy-centres in diamond is reported.²⁰⁴
Creation of a 300 qubit/particle quantum simulator is reported.²⁰⁵ ²⁰⁶
Demonstration of topologically protected qubits with an eight-photon entanglement is reported; a robust approach to practical quantum computing.²⁰⁷
1QB Information Technologies (1QBit) is founded; the world's first dedicated quantum computing software company.²⁰⁸
The first design of a quantum repeater system without a need for quantum memories is reported.²⁰⁹
Decoherence suppressed for 2 seconds at room temperature by manipulating Carbon-13 atoms with lasers is reported.²¹⁰ ²¹¹
The theory of Bell-based randomness expansion with reduced assumption of measurement independence is reported.²¹²
New low overhead method for fault-tolerant quantum logic is developed called lattice surgery.²¹³

2013

Coherence time of 39 minutes at room temperature (and 3 hours at cryogenic temperatures) is demonstrated for an ensemble of impurity-spin qubits in isotopically purified silicon.²¹⁴
Extension of time for a qubit maintained in superimposed state for ten times longer than what has ever been achieved before is reported.²¹⁵
The first resource analysis of a large-scale quantum algorithm using explicit fault-tolerant, error-correction protocols is developed for factoring.²¹⁶

2014

Documents leaked by Edward Snowden confirm the Penetrating Hard Targets project,²¹⁷ by which the US National Security Agency sought to develop a quantum computing capability for cryptography purposes.²¹⁸ ²¹⁹ ²²⁰
Researchers in Japan and Austria publish the first large-scale quantum computing architecture for a diamond-based system.²²¹
Scientists at the University of Innsbruck perform quantum computations on a topologically encoded qubit which is encoded in entangled states distributed over seven trapped-ion qubits.²²²
Scientists transfer data by quantum teleportation over a distance of 10 feet (3.0 meters) with zero percent error rate; a vital step towards a quantum Internet.²²³ ²²⁴

2015

Optically addressable nuclear spins in a solid with a six-hour coherence time are documented.²²⁵
Quantum information encoded by simple electrical pulses is documented.²²⁶
Quantum error detection code using a square lattice of four superconducting qubits is documented.²²⁷
D-Wave Systems Incorporated announce on June 22 that it had broken the 1,000-qubit barrier.²²⁸
A two-qubit silicon logic gate is successfully developed.²²⁹

2016

Physicists led by Rainer Blatt join forces with scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), led by Isaac Chuang, to efficiently implement Shor's algorithm in an ion-trap-based quantum computer.²³⁰
IBM releases the Quantum Experience, an online interface to their superconducting systems. The system is immediately used to publish new protocols in quantum information processing.²³¹ ²³²
Google, using an array of 9 superconducting qubits developed by the Martinis group and UCSB, simulates a hydrogen molecule.²³³
Scientists in Japan and Australia invent a quantum version of a Sneakernet communications system.²³⁴

2017

D-Wave Systems Incorporated announce general commercial availability of the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer, which it claims has 2000 qubits.²³⁵
A blueprint for a microwave trapped ion quantum computer is published.²³⁶
IBM unveils a 17-qubit quantum computer—and a better way of benchmarking it.²³⁷
Scientists build a microchip that generates two entangled qudits each with 10 states, for 100 dimensions total.²³⁸
Microsoft revealed Q#, a quantum programming language integrated with its Visual Studio development environment. Programs can be executed locally on a 32-qubit simulator, or a 40-qubit simulator on Azure.²³⁹
IBM reveals a working 50-qubit quantum computer that maintains its quantum state for 90 microseconds.²⁴⁰
The first teleportation using a satellite, connecting ground stations over a distance of 1400 km apart is announced.²⁴¹ Previous experiments were at Earth, at shorter distances.

2018

John Preskill introduces the concept of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era.²⁴²
MIT scientists report the discovery of a new triple-photon form of light.²⁴³ ²⁴⁴
Oxford researchers successfully use a trapped-ion technique, where they place two charged atoms in a state of quantum entanglement to speed up logic gates by a factor of 20 to 60 times, as compared with the previous best gates, translated to 1.6 microseconds long, with 99.8% precision.²⁴⁵
QuTech successfully tests a silicon-based 2-spin-qubit processor.²⁴⁶ ²⁴⁷
Google announces the creation of a 72-qubit quantum chip, called "Bristlecone",²⁴⁸ achieving a new record.
Intel announces the fabrication and testing of silicon-based spin-qubit processors manufactured in the company's D1D fab in Oregon.²⁴⁹ ²⁵⁰
Intel confirms development of a 49-qubit superconducting test chip, called "Tangle Lake".²⁵¹
Japanese researchers demonstrate universal holonomic quantum gates.²⁵²
An integrated photonic platform for quantum information with continuous variables is documented.²⁵³
On December 17, 2018, the company IonQ introduces the first commercial trapped-ion quantum computer, with a program length of over 60 two-qubit gates, 11 fully connected qubits, 55 addressable pairs, one-qubit gate error of <0.03% and two-qubit gate error of <1.0%.²⁵⁴ ²⁵⁵
On December 21, 2018, the US National Quantum Initiative Act was signed into law by US President Donald Trump, establishing the goals and priorities for a 10-year plan to accelerate the development of quantum information science and technology applications in the United States.²⁵⁶ ²⁵⁷ ²⁵⁸

2019

2020s

2020

20 April – UNSW Sydney develops a way of producing 'hot qubits' – quantum devices that operate at 1.5 kelvin.²⁷¹
11 March – UNSW perform electric nuclear resonance to control single atoms in electronic devices.²⁷²
23 April – University of Tokyo and Australian scientists create and successfully test a solution to the quantum wiring problem, creating a 2D structure for qubits. Such structure can be built using existing integrated circuit technology and has considerably lower cross-talk.²⁷³
16 January – Quantum physicists report the first direct splitting of one photon into three using spontaneous parametric down-conversion which may have applications in quantum technology.²⁷⁴ ²⁷⁵
11 February – Quantum engineers report that they created artificial atoms in silicon quantum dots for quantum computing and that artificial atoms with a higher number of electrons can be more stable qubits than previously thought possible. Enabling silicon-based quantum computers may make it possible to reuse the manufacturing technology of "classical" modern-day computer chips among other advantages.²⁷⁶ ²⁷⁷
14 February – Quantum physicists develop a novel single-photon source which may allow bridging of semiconductor-based quantum-computers that use photons by converting the state of an electron spin to the polarisation of a photon. They showed that they can generate a single photon in a controlled way without the need for randomly formed quantum dots or structural defects in diamonds.²⁷⁸ ²⁷⁹
25 February – Scientists visualize a quantum measurement: by taking snapshots of ion states at different times of measurement via coupling of a trapped ion qutrit to the photon environment, they showed that the changes of the degrees of superpositions, and therefore of probabilities of states after measurement, happens gradually under the measurement influence.²⁸⁰ ²⁸¹
2 March – Scientists report achieving repeated quantum nondemolition measurements of an electron's spin in a silicon quantum dot: measurements that do not change the electron's spin in the process.²⁸² ²⁸³
11 March – Quantum engineers report to have controlled the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields. This was first suggested to be possible in 1961 and may be used for silicon quantum computers that use single-atom spins without needing oscillating magnetic fields. This may be especially useful for nanodevices, for precise sensors of electric and magnetic fields, as well as for fundamental inquiries into quantum nature.²⁸⁴ ²⁸⁵
19 March – A US Army laboratory announces that its scientists analysed a Rydberg sensor's sensitivity to oscillating electric fields over an enormous range of frequencies—from 0 to 10^12 Hz (the spectrum to 0.3 mm wavelength). The Rydberg sensor may potentially be used to detect communications signals as it could reliably detect signals over the entire spectrum and compare favourably with other established electric field sensor technologies, such as electro-optic crystals and dipole antenna-coupled passive electronics.²⁸⁶ ²⁸⁷
23 March – Researchers report that they corrected for signal loss in a prototype quantum node that can catch, store and entangle bits of quantum information. Their concepts could be used for key components of quantum repeaters in quantum networks and extend their longest possible range.²⁸⁸ ²⁸⁹
15 April – Researchers demonstrate a proof-of-concept silicon quantum processor unit cell which works at 1.5 kelvin – many times warmer than common quantum processors that are being developed. The finding may enable the integration of classical control electronics with a qubit array and substantially reduce costs. The cooling requirements necessary for quantum computing have been called one of the toughest roadblocks in the field.²⁹⁰ ²⁹¹ ²⁹² ²⁹³
16 April – Scientists prove the existence of the Rashba effect in bulk perovskites. Previously researchers have hypothesized that the materials' extraordinary electronic, magnetic and optical properties – which make it a commonly used material for solar cells and quantum electronics – are related to this effect which to date had not been proven to be present in the material.²⁹⁴ ²⁹⁵
8 May – Researchers report to have developed a proof-of-concept of a quantum radar using quantum entanglement and microwaves which may potentially be useful for the development of improved radar systems, security scanners and medical imaging systems.²⁹⁶ ²⁹⁷ ²⁹⁸
12 May – Researchers report to have developed a method to selectively manipulate a layered manganite's correlated electrons' spin state while leaving its orbital state intact using femtosecond X-ray laser pulses. This may indicate that orbitronics – using variations in the orientations of orbitals – may be used as the basic unit of information in novel information technology devices.²⁹⁹ ³⁰⁰
19 May – Researchers report to have developed the first integrated silicon on-chip low-noise single-photon source compatible with large-scale quantum photonics.³⁰¹ ³⁰² ³⁰³
11 June – Scientists report the generation of rubidium Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) in the Cold Atom Laboratory aboard the International Space Station under microgravity which could enable improved research of BECs and quantum mechanics, whose physics are scaled to macroscopic scales in BECs, support long-term investigations of few-body physics, support the development of techniques for atom–wave interferometry and atom lasers and verified the successful operation of the laboratory.³⁰⁴ ³⁰⁵ ³⁰⁶
15 June – Scientists report the development of the smallest synthetic molecular motor, consisting of 12 atoms and a rotor of 4 atoms, shown to be capable of being powered by an electric current using an electron scanning microscope and moving with very low amounts of energy due to quantum tunneling.³⁰⁷ ³⁰⁸ ³⁰⁹
17 June – Quantum scientists report the development of a system that entangled two photon quantum communication nodes through a microwave cable that can send information in between without the photons being sent through, or occupying, the cable. On 12 June it was reported that they also, for the first time, entangled two phonons as well as erase information from their measurement after the measurement had been completed using delayed-choice quantum erasure.³¹⁰ ³¹¹ ³¹² ³¹³
18 June – Honeywell announces a quantum computer with a quantum volume of 64, the highest at the time.³¹⁴
13 August – Universal coherence protection is reported to have been achieved in a solid-state spin qubit, a modification that allows quantum systems to stay operational (or "coherent") for 10,000 times longer than before.³¹⁵ ³¹⁶
26 August – Scientists report that ionizing radiation from environmental radioactive materials and cosmic rays may substantially limit the coherence times of qubits if they are not adequately shielded.³¹⁷ ³¹⁸ ³¹⁹
28 August – Quantum engineers working for Google report the largest chemical simulation on a quantum computer – a Hartree–Fock approximation with a Sycamore computer paired with a classical computer that analyzed results to provide new parameters for a 12-qubit system.³²⁰ ³²¹ ³²²
2 September – Researchers present an eight-user city-scale quantum communication network, located in Bristol, England, using already deployed fibres without active switching or trusted nodes.³²³ ³²⁴
9 September – Xanadu offers a cloud quantum computing service, using a photonic quantum computer.³²⁵
21 September – Researchers report the achievement of quantum entanglement between the motion of a millimetre-sized mechanical oscillator and a disparate distant spin system of a cloud of atoms.³²⁶ ³²⁷
3 December – Chinese researchers claim to have achieved quantum supremacy, using a photonic peak 76-qubit system (43 average) known as Jiuzhang, which performed calculations at 100 trillion times the speed of classical supercomputers.³²⁸ ³²⁹ ³³⁰
29 October – Honeywell introduces a subscription for a quantum computing service, known as quantum computing as a service, with an ion trap quantum computer.³³¹
12 December – At the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), IMEC shows an RF multiplexer chip that operates at temperatures as low as a few millikelvins, designed for quantum computers. Researchers from the Chalmers University of Technology report the development of a cryogenic low-noise amplifier (LNA) for amplifying signals from qubits, made of indium phosphide (InP) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs).³³²
21 December – Publication of research of "counterfactual quantum communication" – whose first achievement was reported in 2017 – by which information can be exchanged without any physical particle traveling between observers and without quantum teleportation.³³³ The research suggests that this is based on some form of relation between the properties of modular angular momentum.³³⁴ ³³⁵ ³³⁶

2021

6 January – Chinese researchers report that they have built the world's largest integrated quantum communication network, combining over 700 optical fibers with two QKD-ground-to-satellite links for a total distance between nodes of the network of up to ~4,600 km.³³⁷ ³³⁸
13 January – Austrian researchers report the first realization of an entangling gate between two logical qubits encoded in topological quantum error-correction codes using a trapped-ion quantum computer with 10 ions.³³⁹ ³⁴⁰
15 January – Researchers in China report the successful transmission of entangled photons between drones, used as nodes for the development of mobile quantum networks or flexible network extensions, marking the first work in which entangled particles were sent between two moving devices.³⁴¹ ³⁴²
27 January – BMW announces the use of a quantum computer for the optimization of supply chains.³⁴³
28 January – Swiss and German researchers report the development of a highly efficient single-photon source for quantum information technology with a system of gated quantum dots in a tunable microcavity which captures photons released from excited "artificial atoms".³⁴⁴ ³⁴⁵
3 February – Microsoft starts offering a cloud quantum computing service, called Azure Quantum.³⁴⁶
5 February – Researchers demonstrate a first prototype of quantum-logic gates for distributed quantum computers.³⁴⁷ ³⁴⁸
11 March – Honeywell announces a quantum computer with a quantum volume of 512.³⁴⁹
13 April – In a preprint, an astronomer describes for the first time how one could search for quantum communication transmissions sent by extraterrestrial intelligence using existing telescope and receiver technology. He also provides arguments for why future searches of SETI should also target interstellar quantum communications.³⁵⁰ ³⁵¹
7 May – Two studies complement research published September 2020 by quantum-entangling two mechanical oscillators.³⁵² ³⁵³ ³⁵⁴
8 June – Researchers from Toshiba achieve quantum communications over optical fibres exceeding 600 km in length, a world-record distance.³⁵⁵ ³⁵⁶ ³⁵⁷

17 June – Austrian, German and Swiss researchers present a quantum computing demonstrator fitting into two standard 19-inch racks, the world's first quality standards-meeting compact quantum computer.³⁵⁸ ³⁵⁹
29 June – IBM demonstrates quantum advantage.³⁶⁰
1 July – Rigetti develops a method to join several quantum processor chips together.³⁶¹
7 July – American researchers present a programmable quantum simulator that can operate with 256 qubits,³⁶² ³⁶³ and on the same date and journal another team presents a quantum simulator of 196 Rydeberg atoms trapped in optical tweezers.³⁶⁴
25 October – Chinese researchers report that they have developed the world's fastest programmable quantum computers. The photon-based Jiuzhang 2 is claimed to calculate a task in one millisecond, that otherwise would have taken a conventional computer 30 trillion years to complete. Additionally, Zuchongzhi 2 is a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computer that was claimed to be the world's fastest quantum computer that can run a calculation task one million times more complex than Google's Sycamore, as well as being 10 million times faster.³⁶⁵ ³⁶⁶
See also: Quantum supremacy § Progress in the 21st century
11 November – The first simulation of baryons on a quantum computer is reported by University of Waterloo, Canada.³⁶⁷ ³⁶⁸
16 November – IBM claims that it has created a 127-quantum bit processor, 'IBM Eagle', which according to a report is the most powerful quantum processor known. According to the report, the company had not yet published an academic paper describing its metrics, performance or abilities.³⁶⁹ ³⁷⁰

2022

18 January – Europe's first quantum annealer with more than 5,000 qubits is presented in Jülich, Germany.³⁷¹
24 March – The first prototype, photonic, quantum memristive device, for neuromorphic (quantum-) computers and artificial neural networks, that is "able to produce memristive dynamics on single-photon states through a scheme of measurement and classical feedback" is invented.³⁷² ³⁷³
29 March - Researchers at Intel and Delft University of Technology publish data on the first qubits fabricated on 300 mm wafers in a semiconductor manufacturing facility using all-optical lithography and fully industrial processing.³⁷⁴
14 April – The Quantinuum System Model H1-2 doubles its performance claiming to be the first commercial quantum computer to pass quantum volume 4096.³⁷⁵
26 May – A universal set of computational operations on fault-tolerant quantum bits is demonstrated by a team of experimental physicists in Innsbruck, Austria.³⁷⁶
22 June – The world's first quantum computer integrated circuit is demonstrated.³⁷⁷ ³⁷⁸
28 June – Physicists report that interstellar quantum communication by other civilizations could be possible and may be advantageous, identifying some potential challenges and factors for detecting such. They may use, for example, X-ray photons for remotely established quantum communications and quantum teleportation as the communication mode.³⁷⁹ ³⁸⁰
21 July – A universal qudit quantum processor is demonstrated with trapped ions.³⁸¹
15 August – Nature Materials publishes the first work showing optical initialization and coherent control of nuclear spin qubits in 2D materials (an ultrathin hexagonal boron nitride).³⁸²
24 August – Nature publishes the first research related to a set of 14 photons entangled with high efficiency and in a defined way.³⁸³
26 August – Created photon pairs at several different frequencies using optical ultra-thin resonant metasurfaces made up of arrays of nanoresonators is reported.³⁸⁴
29 August – Physicists at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics deterministically generate entangled graph states of up to 14 photons using a trapped rubidium atom in an optical cavity.³⁸⁵
2 September – Researchers from The University of Tokyo and other Japanese institutions develop a systematic method that applies optimal control theory (GRAPE algorithm) to identify the theoretically optimal sequence from among all conceivable quantum operation sequences. It is necessary to complete the operations within the time that the coherent quantum state is maintained.³⁸⁶
30 September – Researchers at University of New South Wales, Australia, achieve a coherence time of two milliseconds, 100 times higher than the previous benchmark in the same quantum processor.³⁸⁷
9 November – IBM presents its 433-qubit 'Osprey' quantum processor, the successor to its Eagle system.³⁸⁸ ³⁸⁹
1 December – The world's first portable quantum computer enters into commerce in Japan. With three variants, topping out at 3 qubits, they are meant for education. They are based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), "NMR has extremely limited scaling capabilities" and dimethylphosphite.³⁹⁰ ³⁹¹ ³⁹²

2023

3 February – At the University of Innsbruck, researchers entangle two ions over a distance of 230 meters.³⁹³
8 February – Alpine Quantum Technologies (AQT) demonstrates a quantum volume of 128 on its 19-inch rack-compatible quantum computer system PINE – a new record in Europe.³⁹⁴
17 February – Fusion-based quantum computation is proposed.³⁹⁵
27 March – India's first quantum computing-based telecom network link is inaugurated.³⁹⁶
14 June – IBM computer scientists report that a quantum computer produced better results for a physics problem than a conventional supercomputer.³⁹⁷ ³⁹⁸
21 June – Microsoft declares that it is working on a topological quantum computer based on Majorana fermions, with the aim of arriving within 10 years at a computer capable of carrying out at least one million operations per second with an error rate of one operation every 1,000 billion (corresponding to 11 uninterrupted days of calculation).³⁹⁹
13 October – Researchers at TU Darmstadt publish the first experimental demonstration of a qubit array with more than 1,000 qubits:⁴⁰⁰ ⁴⁰¹ A 3,000-site atomic array based on a 2D configuration of optical tweezers⁴⁰² holds up to 1,305 atomic qubits.
24 October – Atom Computing announces that it has "created a 1,225-site atomic array, currently populated with 1,180 qubits",⁴⁰³ based on Rydberg atoms.⁴⁰⁴
4 December – IBM presents its 1121-qubit 'Condor' quantum processor, the successor to its Osprey and Eagle systems.⁴⁰⁵ ⁴⁰⁶ The Condor system was the culmination of IBM's multi-year 'Roadmap to Quantum Advantage' seeking to break the 1,000 qubit threshold.⁴⁰⁷
6 December – A group led by Misha Lukin at Harvard University realises a programmable quantum processor based on logical qubits using reconfigurable neutral atom arrays.⁴⁰⁸

2024

14 February – Researchers at UNSW Sydney demonstrated control⁴⁰⁹ of antimony-based materials, including antimonides, in quantum computing. These materials enable high-dimensional Schrödinger-cat quantum states (qudits), with enhanced scalability and error resilience, utilizing the nucleus spin of 123Sb antimony embedded in silicon nanoelectronics.⁴¹⁰ ⁴¹¹
21 February – UCL researchers achieved 97% precision in placing single arsenic atoms in silicon lattices using scanning tunneling microscopy, enabling scalable, low-error qubit arrays for quantum computing.⁴¹²
25 February – Researchers at the California Institute of Technology demonstrated multiplexed entanglement generation in quantum network nodes, entangling remote quantum memories using multiple distinct emitters. By embedding ytterbium atoms in yttrium orthovanadate (YVO₄) crystals and coupling them to optical cavities, they enabled parallel transmission of entangled photons, scaling the entanglement rate with the number of qubits.⁴¹³
12 March – Physicists at EPFL directly observed dissipative phase transitions (DPTs) in a superconducting Kerr resonator. Their experiment confirmed both first- and second-order DPTs, revealing critical slowing down and metastability effects, which could lead to more stable quantum computing and ultra-sensitive quantum sensors.⁴¹⁴
1 May – Researchers at Intel show data using a cryogenic 300-mm wafer prober to collect high-volume data on hundreds of industry-manufactured spin qubit devices at 1.6 K. Devices were characterized in the single electrons across full wafers with high yield.⁴¹⁵
8 May – Researchers deterministically fuse small quantum states into states with up to eight qubits.⁴¹⁶
10 May – Researchers from Google and the Paul Scherrer Institute developed a new hybrid digital-analog quantum simulator, combining the strengths of both techniques. This innovation enhanced the precision and flexibility of quantum computing while enabling more accurate modeling of complex quantum processes.⁴¹⁷ ⁴¹⁸
30 May – Researchers at Photonic and Microsoft perform a teleported CNOT gate between qubits physically separated by 40 meters, confirming remote quantum entanglement between T-centers.⁴¹⁹
30 June – Researchers from Oxford University successfully linked two quantum processors via an optical fiber network, enabling distributed quantum computing by demonstrating quantum entanglement between distant qubits, paving the way for scalable modular quantum computers and the development of a quantum internet.⁴²⁰
5 August – Research from Brown University discovered fractional excitons in bilayer graphene under the fractional quantum Hall effect, expanding excitonic understanding and quantum computing potential.⁴²¹
26 August – Researchers at Northwestern University successfully teleported a quantum state of light over 30 kilometres (19 mi) of fiber optic cable carrying conventional internet traffic, demonstrating the feasibility of integrating quantum communication into existing networks.⁴²²
29 August – Researchers at Empa successfully constructed a one-dimensional alternating Heisenberg model using synthetic nanographenes, confirming century-old quantum physics predictions. Their work marked a significant step toward real-world quantum technologies such as ultra-fast computing and unbreakable encryption.⁴²³
2 December – Physicists observed quantum entanglement within individual protons, demonstrating that entanglement, a key concept in quantum computing, extended to the subatomic level, revealing the complex interdependence of quarks and gluons within protons.⁴²⁴
9 December – Google Quantum AI announced Willow, the first quantum processor where error-corrected qubits get exponentially better as they get bigger. Willow performed a standard benchmark computation in under five minutes that would take today's fastest supercomputers 10 septillion years.⁴²⁵ ⁴²⁶
15 December – Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in collaboration with EPB and the University of Tennessee achieved transmission of entangled quantum signals with 100% uptime through a commercial fiber-optic network for over 30 hours using automatic polarization compensation to prevent disruptions from environmental factors.⁴²⁷ ⁴²⁸ ⁴²⁹
25 December – Researchers at Intel demonstrate a test chip with 12 spin-qubits fabricated using immersion and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV), along with other standard high-volume manufacturing (HVM) processes.⁴³⁰ This doubles the number of spin qubits published in September 2022.⁴³¹

2025

7 January – Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University derived a simplified formula for quantum entanglement entropy, allowing for easier analysis of entanglement in strongly correlated electron systems. Their study identified unexpected quantum behaviors in nanoscale artificial magnetic materials and highlighted the role of quantum relative entropy in the Kondo effect.⁴³²
14 February – Researchers (Björkman et al.) used transmon qubits to demonstrate a virtual-state process of the Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana (LZSM) transition.⁴³³ ⁴³⁴ ⁴³⁵ ⁴³⁶ Their experiment significantly suppressed the AC Stark shift, improving control over quantum state transitions.⁴³⁷ ⁴³⁸
19 February – Microsoft announced Majorana 1, the first quantum processing unit based on a topological core.⁴³⁹ The research created a new class of materials called topoconductors, which use topological superconductivity to control hardware-protected topological qubits and determined fermion parity in Majorana zero modes.⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁴¹
27 February – Amazon announced⁴⁴² a quantum computing processor prototype, nicknamed "Ocelot", that utilizes cat qubits for bosonic quantum error correction.⁴⁴³
26 March – Researchers at JPMorganChase and Quantinuum announced the realization of certified randomness, generating publicly certifiable bits using a trapped-ion quantum processor.⁴⁴⁴ ⁴⁴⁵

Notes

References

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Published January 1, 1983.[2][3] 1968 is the year Wiesner developed a new coding in the Columbia University timeline[4] and of the relevant publication in Charles H. Bennett (2021) citing Bennett CH, Bessette F, Brassard G, Salvail L, Smolin J (1992) "Experimental quantum cryptography." J Cryptol 5(1): 3–28. In Bennett, Bessette et al. (1992) the year of "manuscript written" by Wiesner is "circa 1970".[5] ↩
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Manin, Yu I (1980). Vychislimoe i nevychislimoe (Computable and Noncomputable) (in Russian). Soviet Radio. pp. 13–15. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130510173823/http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/M/MANIN_Yuriy_Ivanovich/Manin_Yu.I._Vychislimoe_i_nevychislimoe.%281980%29.%5Bdjv%5D.zip ↩
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Submission received by the IJoTP: May 7, 1981 /wiki/International_Journal_of_Theoretical_Physics ↩
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1969