| Order-3 apeirogonal tiling | |
|---|---|
| Poincaré disk model of the hyperbolic plane | |
| Type | Hyperbolic regular tiling |
| Vertex configuration | ∞3 |
| Schläfli symbol | {∞,3}t{∞,∞}t(∞,∞,∞) |
| Wythoff symbol | 3 | ∞ 22 ∞ | ∞∞ ∞ ∞ | |
| Coxeter diagram | |
| Symmetry group | [∞,3], (*∞32)[∞,∞], (*∞∞2)[(∞,∞,∞)], (*∞∞∞) |
| Dual | Infinite-order triangular tiling |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, face-transitive |
In geometry, the order-3 apeirogonal tiling is a regular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It is represented by the Schläfli symbol {∞,3}, having three regular apeirogons around each vertex. Each apeirogon is inscribed in a horocycle.
The order-2 apeirogonal tiling represents an infinite dihedron in the Euclidean plane as {∞,2}.
Images
Each apeirogon face is circumscribed by a horocycle, which looks like a circle in a Poincaré disk model, internally tangent to the projective circle boundary.
The edges of the tiling, shown in blue, form an order-3 Cayley tree.
Uniform colorings
Like the Euclidean hexagonal tiling, there are 3 uniform colorings of the order-3 apeirogonal tiling, each from different reflective triangle group domains:
| Regular | Truncations | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| {∞,3} | t0,1{∞,∞} | t1,2{∞,∞} | t{∞[3]} |
| Hyperbolic triangle groups | |||
| [∞,3] | [∞,∞] | [(∞,∞,∞)] | |
Symmetry
The dual to this tiling represents the fundamental domains of [(∞,∞,∞)] (*∞∞∞) symmetry. There are 15 small index subgroups (7 unique) constructed from [(∞,∞,∞)] by mirror removal and alternation. Mirrors can be removed if its branch orders are all even, and cuts neighboring branch orders in half. Removing two mirrors leaves a half-order gyration point where the removed mirrors met. In these images fundamental domains are alternately colored black and white, and mirrors exist on the boundaries between colors. The symmetry can be doubled as ∞∞2 symmetry by adding a mirror bisecting the fundamental domain. Dividing a fundamental domain by 3 mirrors creates a ∞32 symmetry.
A larger subgroup is constructed [(∞,∞,∞*)], index 8, as (∞*∞∞) with gyration points removed, becomes (*∞∞).
| Subgroups of [(∞,∞,∞)] (*∞∞∞) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | 1 | 2 | 4 | |||
| Diagram | ||||||
| Coxeter | [(∞,∞,∞)] | [(1+,∞,∞,∞)] = | [(∞,1+,∞,∞)] = | [(∞,∞,1+,∞)] = | [(1+,∞,1+,∞,∞)] | [(∞+,∞+,∞)] |
| Orbifold | *∞∞∞ | *∞∞∞∞ | ∞*∞∞∞ | ∞∞∞× | ||
| Diagram | ||||||
| Coxeter | [(∞,∞+,∞)] | [(∞,∞,∞+)] | [(∞+,∞,∞)] | [(∞,1+,∞,1+,∞)] | [(1+,∞,∞,1+,∞)] = | |
| Orbifold | ∞*∞ | ∞*∞∞∞ | ||||
| Direct subgroups | ||||||
| Index | 2 | 4 | 8 | |||
| Diagram | ||||||
| Coxeter | [(∞,∞,∞)]+ | [(∞,∞+,∞)]+ = | [(∞,∞,∞+)]+ = | [(∞+,∞,∞)]+ = | [(∞,1+,∞,1+,∞)]+ = | |
| Orbifold | ∞∞∞ | ∞∞∞∞ | ∞∞∞∞∞∞ | |||
| Radical subgroups | ||||||
| Index | ∞ | ∞ | ||||
| Diagram | ||||||
| Coxeter | [(∞,∞*,∞)] | [(∞,∞,∞*)] | [(∞*,∞,∞)] | [(∞,∞*,∞)]+ | [(∞,∞,∞*)]+ | [(∞*,∞,∞)]+ |
| Orbifold | ∞*∞∞ | ∞∞ | ||||
Related polyhedra and tilings
This tiling is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra with Schläfli symbol {n,3}.
*n32 symmetry mutation of regular tilings: {n,3}
| |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spherical | Euclidean | Compact hyperb. | Paraco. | Noncompact hyperbolic | |||||||
| {2,3} | {3,3} | {4,3} | {5,3} | {6,3} | {7,3} | {8,3} | {∞,3} | {12i,3} | {9i,3} | {6i,3} | {3i,3} |
Paracompact uniform tilings in [∞,3] family
| ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symmetry: [∞,3], (*∞32) | [∞,3]+(∞32) | [1+,∞,3](*∞33) | [∞,3+](3*∞) | |||||||
| = | = | = | = or | = or | = | |||||
| {∞,3} | t{∞,3} | r{∞,3} | t{3,∞} | {3,∞} | rr{∞,3} | tr{∞,3} | sr{∞,3} | h{∞,3} | h2{∞,3} | s{3,∞} |
| Uniform duals | ||||||||||
| V∞3 | V3.∞.∞ | V(3.∞)2 | V6.6.∞ | V3∞ | V4.3.4.∞ | V4.6.∞ | V3.3.3.3.∞ | V(3.∞)3 | V3.3.3.3.3.∞ | |
Paracompact uniform tilings in [∞,∞] family
| ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| = = | = = | = = | = = | = = | = | = |
| {∞,∞} | t{∞,∞} | r{∞,∞} | 2t{∞,∞}=t{∞,∞} | 2r{∞,∞}={∞,∞} | rr{∞,∞} | tr{∞,∞} |
| Dual tilings | ||||||
| V∞∞ | V∞.∞.∞ | V(∞.∞)2 | V∞.∞.∞ | V∞∞ | V4.∞.4.∞ | V4.4.∞ |
| Alternations | ||||||
| [1+,∞,∞](*∞∞2) | [∞+,∞](∞*∞) | [∞,1+,∞](*∞∞∞∞) | [∞,∞+](∞*∞) | [∞,∞,1+](*∞∞2) | [(∞,∞,2+)](2*∞∞) | [∞,∞]+(2∞∞) |
| h{∞,∞} | s{∞,∞} | hr{∞,∞} | s{∞,∞} | h2{∞,∞} | hrr{∞,∞} | sr{∞,∞} |
| Alternation duals | ||||||
| V(∞.∞)∞ | V(3.∞)3 | V(∞.4)4 | V(3.∞)3 | V∞∞ | V(4.∞.4)2 | V3.3.∞.3.∞ |
Paracompact uniform tilings in [(∞,∞,∞)] family
| ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (∞,∞,∞)h{∞,∞} | r(∞,∞,∞)h2{∞,∞} | (∞,∞,∞)h{∞,∞} | r(∞,∞,∞)h2{∞,∞} | (∞,∞,∞)h{∞,∞} | r(∞,∞,∞)r{∞,∞} | t(∞,∞,∞)t{∞,∞} |
| Dual tilings | ||||||
| V∞∞ | V∞.∞.∞.∞ | V∞∞ | V∞.∞.∞.∞ | V∞∞ | V∞.∞.∞.∞ | V∞.∞.∞ |
| Alternations | ||||||
| [(1+,∞,∞,∞)](*∞∞∞∞) | [∞+,∞,∞)](∞*∞) | [∞,1+,∞,∞)](*∞∞∞∞) | [∞,∞+,∞)](∞*∞) | [(∞,∞,∞,1+)](*∞∞∞∞) | [(∞,∞,∞+)](∞*∞) | [∞,∞,∞)]+(∞∞∞) |
| Alternation duals | ||||||
| V(∞.∞)∞ | V(∞.4)4 | V(∞.∞)∞ | V(∞.4)4 | V(∞.∞)∞ | V(∞.4)4 | V3.∞.3.∞.3.∞ |
Functions on tilings
Functions on this tiling that have symmetry properties tied to it are called modular functions; the modular forms are a special case. This is visually evident in the visualizations of Klein's j-invariant on the Poincare disk, as well as the Eisenstein series.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Order-3 apeirogonal tiling.- Tilings of regular polygons
- List of uniform planar tilings
- List of regular polytopes
- Hexagonal tiling honeycomb, similar {6,3,3} honeycomb in H3.
- John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 19, The Hyperbolic Archimedean Tessellations)
- "Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space". The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays. Dover Publications. 1999. ISBN 0-486-40919-8. LCCN 99035678.