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John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
English physicist

John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, was an English physicist who spent his academic career at the University of Cambridge. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904 for discovering argon. Rayleigh served as president of the Royal Society and as chancellor of Cambridge. He is famous for explaining Rayleigh scattering, which accounts for the blue sky, and contributed significantly to fluid dynamics with concepts like the Rayleigh number and the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. His work in optics influenced the development of quantum mechanics. Rayleigh’s textbook The Theory of Sound remains influential among acousticians.

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Early life and education

Strutt was born on 12 November 1842 at Langford Grove, Maypole Road in Maldon, Essex.1 In his early years he suffered from frailty and poor health.2 He attended Eton College and Harrow School (each for only a short period),3 before going on to the University of Cambridge in 1861 where he studied mathematics at Trinity College. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree (Senior Wrangler and 1st Smith's Prize) in 1865, and a Master of Arts in 1868.4 He was subsequently elected to a fellowship of Trinity. He held the post until his marriage to Evelyn Balfour, daughter of James Maitland Balfour, in 1871. He had three sons with her.5 In 1873, on the death of his father, John Strutt, 2nd Baron Rayleigh, he inherited the Barony of Rayleigh. Rayleigh was elected fellow of the Royal Society on 12 June 1873.

Career

Rayleigh was the second Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge (following James Clerk Maxwell), from 1879 to 1884. He first described dynamic soaring by seabirds in 1883, in the British journal Nature.6 From 1887 to 1905 he was professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution.

On this post he carefully and precisely measured atomic mass of oxygen and hydrogen, and by 1892 he moved on to nitrogen. By isolating nitrogen in different ways he discovered a small but significant difference, which indicated a heavier inert gas present in the air besides nitrogen. William Ramsay joined this research topic, and in August they discovered argon.78

Around 1900 Rayleigh developed the duplex (combination of two) theory of human sound localisation using two binaural cues, interaural phase difference (IPD) and interaural level difference (ILD) (based on analysis of a spherical head with no external pinnae). The theory posits that we use two primary cues for sound lateralisation, using the difference in the phases of sinusoidal components of the sound and the difference in amplitude (level) between the two ears.

He received the degree of Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa) from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.910

In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies".

During the First World War, he was president of the government's Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which was located at the National Physical Laboratory, and chaired by Richard Glazebrook.11

In 1919, Rayleigh served as president of the Society for Psychical Research.12 As an advocate that simplicity and theory be part of the scientific method, Rayleigh argued for the principle of similitude.

Rayleigh served as president of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908. From time to time he participated in the House of Lords; however, he spoke up only if politics attempted to become involved in science.

Personal life and death

Rayleigh married Evelyn Georgiana Mary (née Balfour). He died on 30 June 1919, at his home in Witham, Essex.1314 He was succeeded, as the 4th Lord Rayleigh, by his son Robert John Strutt, another well-known physicist. Lord Rayleigh was buried in the graveyard of All Saints' Church in Terling in Essex.

Religious views

Rayleigh was an Anglican. Though he did not write about the relationship of science and religion, he retained a personal interest in spiritual matters.15 When his scientific papers were to be published in a collection by the Cambridge University Press, Strutt wanted to include a quotation from the Bible, but he was discouraged from doing so, as he later reported:

When I was bringing out my Scientific Papers I proposed a motto from the Psalms, "The Works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein." The Secretary to the Press suggested with many apologies that the reader might suppose that I was the Lord.1617

Still, he had his wish and the quotation was printed in the five-volume collection of scientific papers. In a letter to a family member, he wrote about his rejection of materialism and spoke of Jesus Christ as a moral teacher:

I have never thought the materialist view possible, and I look to a power beyond what we see, and to a life in which we may at least hope to take part. What is more, I think that Christ and indeed other spiritually gifted men see further and truer than I do, and I wish to follow them as far as I can.

— Rayleigh (1910)181920

He held an interest in parapsychology and was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR). He was not convinced of spiritualism but remained open to the possibility of supernatural phenomena.21 Rayleigh was the president of the SPR in 1919. He gave a presidential address in the year of his death but did not come to any definite conclusions.2223

Honours and awards

The lunar crater Rayleigh as well as the Martian crater Rayleigh were named in his honour.2425 The asteroid 22740 Rayleigh was named after him on 1 June 2007.26 A type of surface waves are known as Rayleigh waves, and the elastic scattering of electromagnetic waves is called Rayleigh scattering. The rayl, a unit of specific acoustic impedance, is also named for him. Rayleigh was also awarded with (in chronological order):

Lord Rayleigh was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902,27 and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902.2829

Sir William Ramsay, his co-worker in the investigation to discover argon described Rayleigh as "the greatest man alive" while speaking to Lady Ramsay during his last illness.30

H. M. Hyndman said of Rayleigh that "no man ever showed less consciousness of great genius".31

In honour of Lord Rayleigh, the Institute of Acoustics sponsors the Rayleigh Medal (established in 1970) and the Institute of Physics sponsors the John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize (established in 2008).

Many of the papers that he wrote on lubrication32 are now recognized as early classical contributions to the field of tribology. For these contributions, he was named as one of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.33

There is a memorial to him by Derwent Wood in St Andrew's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.34

Bibliography

See also

Main article: List of things named after Lord Rayleigh

Further reading

  • Life of John William Strutt: Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., (1924) Longmans, Green & Co.
A biography written by his son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh Wikimedia Commons has media related to John William Strutt. Wikiquote has quotations related to John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh. Wikisource has original works by or about:John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

References

  1. "LANGFORD GROVE, Langford - 1111044 | Historic England". https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1111044?section=official-list-entry ↩

  2. "Sketch of Lord Rayleigh". The Popular Science Monthly. 25 (46). Bonnier Corporation: 840 ff. October 1884. https://books.google.com/books?id=fiwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA840 ↩

  3. One son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh, was also an eminent physicist and fellow of the Royal Society. "Lord Rayleigh: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904". The Nobel Foundation. 1904. Retrieved 5 May 2010. /wiki/Robert_Strutt,_4th_Baron_Rayleigh ↩

  4. "Strutt, the Hon. John William (STRT861JW)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=STRT861JW&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50 ↩

  5. One son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh, was also an eminent physicist and fellow of the Royal Society. "Lord Rayleigh: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904". The Nobel Foundation. 1904. Retrieved 5 May 2010. /wiki/Robert_Strutt,_4th_Baron_Rayleigh ↩

  6. RAYLEIGH (1883). "The soaring of birds". Nature. 27 (701): 534–535. Bibcode:1883Natur..27..534R. doi:10.1038/027534a0. S2CID 45898842. ↩

  7. Kirkup, L.; Frenkel, R. B. (1 June 2006). An Introduction to Uncertainty in Measurement: Using the GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45490-2. 978-1-139-45490-2 ↩

  8. Spanos, Aris (2010). "The Discovery of Argon: A Case for Learning from Data?*". Philosophy of Science. 77 (3): 359–380. doi:10.1086/652961. hdl:2022/26117. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 10.1086/652961. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/652961 ↩

  9. "Foreign degrees for British men of Science". The Times. No. 36867. London. 8 September 1902. p. 4. ↩

  10. "Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902–1910". (in Norwegian) http://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/aresdoktorer/tidligere-aresdoktorer/1902-1910/ ↩

  11. Lanchester, Frederick William (1916). Aircraft in Warfare. London: Constable and company Limited. p. 163. /wiki/Frederick_W._Lanchester ↩

  12. "Past Presidents". Society for Psychical Research. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150223112644/http://www.spr.ac.uk/page/past-presidents-parapsychology ↩

  13. One son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh, was also an eminent physicist and fellow of the Royal Society. "Lord Rayleigh: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904". The Nobel Foundation. 1904. Retrieved 5 May 2010. /wiki/Robert_Strutt,_4th_Baron_Rayleigh ↩

  14. "John Strutt, Lord Rayleigh". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 7 May 2019. https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/john-strutt-lord-rayleigh ↩

  15. Peter J. Bowler (2014). Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, University of Chicago Press. p. 35 ↩

  16. Robert John Strutt Baron Rayleigh (1924). John William Strutt: Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., Sometime President of the Royal Society and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, E. Arnold & Company, p. 307 ↩

  17. Lord Rayleigh (Robert John Strutt), John William Strutt Baron Rayleigh (1964). "An Appraisal of Rayleigh", Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, U.S. Air Force. p. 1150. ↩

  18. Melba Phillips (1992), The Life and Times of Modern Physics: History of Physics II. American Institute of Physics. p. 50 ↩

  19. As quoted in R. J. Strutt. John William Strutt. p. 361. in Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, by Peter J. Bowler (2014). p. 35 ↩

  20. Sir William Gavin (1967). Ninety Years of Family Farming: The Story of Lord Rayleigh's and Strutt & Parker Farms. Hutchinson, p. 37 ↩

  21. DeYoung, Ursula. (2011). A Vision of Modern Science: John Tyndall and the Role of the Scientist in Victorian Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-230-11053-3 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  22. Haynes, Renee. (1982). The Society for Psychical Research 1882–1982: A History. London: MacDonald & Co. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-356-07875-5 /w/index.php?title=Renee_Haynes&action=edit&redlink=1 ↩

  23. Lindsay, Robert Bruce. (1970). Men of Physics Lord Rayleigh–The Man and His Work. Pergamon Press. pp. 227–242. ISBN 978-1-4831-1435-4 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  24. "Lunar crater Rayleigh". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4966 ↩

  25. "Martian crater Rayleigh". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4967 ↩

  26. JPL (2008). "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 22740 Rayleigh (1998 SX146)". NASA. Retrieved 23 July 2008. /wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory ↩

  27. "The Coronation Honours". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5. ↩

  28. "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36842. London. 9 August 1902. p. 6. ↩

  29. "No. 27470". The London Gazette. 2 September 1902. p. 5679. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27470/page/5679 ↩

  30. Gavin, Sir William (1967). Ninety Years of Family Farming. Hutchinson of London. p. 24. ↩

  31. Gavin, Sir William (1967). Ninety Years of Family Farming. Hutchinson of London. p. 24. ↩

  32. Rayleigh, Lord (1918). "I. Notes on the theory of lubrication". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 35 (205): 1–12. doi:10.1080/14786440108635730. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440108635730 ↩

  33. Dowson, Duncan (1 January 1979). "Men of Tribology: John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1842–1919) and Beauchamp Tower (1845–1904)". Journal of Lubrication Technology. 101 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1115/1.3453272. ISSN 0022-2305. https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/tribology/article/101/1/1/430997/Men-of-Tribology-John-William-Strutt-Lord-Rayleigh ↩

  34. The Abbey Scientists, Hall, A. R. p. 59: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966 ↩

  35. "Review of Scientific Papers by John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, Vols. I–IV". The Athenaeum (3937): 469. 11 April 1903. https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA469 ↩

  36. "Review of Scientific Papers by John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, Vols. I–IV". The Athenaeum (3937): 469. 11 April 1903. https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA469 ↩

  37. "Review of Scientific Papers by John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, Vols. I–IV". The Athenaeum (3937): 469. 11 April 1903. https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA469 ↩

  38. "Review of Scientific Papers by John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, Vols. I–IV". The Athenaeum (3937): 469. 11 April 1903. https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA469 ↩