• Images
• Videos
• Documents
• Books
• Articles

Etymology and categorisation

The etymological origin of Ephemera (ἐφήμερα) is the Greek epi (ἐπί) – "on, for" and hemera (ἡμέρα) – "day". This combination generated the term ephemeron in neuter gender; the neuter plural form is ephemera, the source of the modern word, which can be traced back to the works of Aristotle.⁶ The initial sense extended to the mayfly and other short-lived insects and flowers, belonging to the biological order Ephemeroptera.⁷

In 1751, Samuel Johnson used the term ephemerae in reference to "the papers of the day".⁸ This application of ephemera has been cited as the first example of aligning it with transient prints.⁹ Ephemeral, by the mid-19th century, began to be used to generically refer to printed items.¹⁰

Ephemera and ephemerality have mutual connotations of "passing time, change, and the philosophically ultimate vision of our own existence".¹¹ The degree to which ephemera is ephemeral is due in part to the value bestowed upon it. Over time, the ephemerality of certain ephemera may change, as items fall in and out of fashion or popularity with collectors.¹²¹³ Comic books, for example, were once considered ephemera; however, that perception later faded.¹⁴

As a conceptual category, ephemera has interested scholars. Henry Jenkins has argued that the emergence of ephemera, and the interest that some people show in collecting items that other people throw away, showcases the immaterial nature of culture arising in daily life.¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷ Rick Prelinger noted that when a piece of ephemera is preserved, and greater value is placed upon it, the object then arguably stops being ephemera.¹⁸

Categorising types of ephemera has presented difficulties to fixed systems in library science and historiography due to the ambiguity of the kinds of items that might be included.¹⁹²⁰²¹ A piece of ephemera's purpose, field of use and geography are among the various elements relevant to its categorisation.²² Challenges pertaining to ephemera include determining its creator, purpose, date and location of origin and impact thereof.²³²⁴ Determining its worth in a present context, distinct from its perhaps obscured purpose, is also of interest.²⁵

The breadth of printed ephemera is vast and varied, often eluding simple definition.²⁶²⁷ Librarians often conflate ephemera with grey literature whereas collectors often broaden the scope and definition of ephemera.²⁸²⁹ José Esteban Muñoz considered the characteristics of ephemera to be subversion and social experience; Alison Byerly described ephemera as the response to cultural trends.³⁰³¹ Wasserman, who defined ephemera as "objects destined for disappearance or destruction", categorised the following as ephemera:³²

• air transport labels
• bank checks
• bingo cards
• bookmarks
• broadsides
• bus tickets
• catalogs
• envelopes
• flyers
• maps
• menus
• newspapers
• pamphlets
• paper dolls
• postcards
• receipts
• sheet music
• stamps
• theater programs
• ticket stubs
• valentines

Further items that have been categorised as ephemera include: posters, album covers, meeting minutes, buttons, stickers, financial records and personal memorabilia; announcements of events in a life, such as a birth, a death, a graduation or marriage, have been described as ephemera.³³³⁴³⁵ Textual material, uniformly, could be considered ephemera.³⁶ Artistic ephemera include sand paintings, sculptures composed of intentionally transient material, graffiti, and guerrilla art.³⁷ Historically, there has been various categories of ephemera.³⁸³⁹ Genres may be defined by function or encompass and detail a specific item.⁴⁰⁴¹ Over 500 categories are listed in The Encyclopedia of Ephemera, ranging from the 18th to 20th century.⁴²⁴³

Forms

There is scarcely a subject that has not generated its own ephemera.⁴⁴

Printed ephemera

Commonly, printed ephemera is seen to not exceed "more than thirty-two pages in length", although some understandings are more broadly encompassing.^45464748 Ephemera is chiefly observed as single page materials, with variance and repeat characteristics.⁴⁹⁵⁰ The material usage of printed ephemera is very often minimal and much are without art, although a distinct design lexicon can be found in pieces.⁵¹⁵² Early ephemera, functionally monochromatic and predominantly textual, indicates a greater access to printing from common people and later cheap photography.⁵³⁵⁴⁵⁵ 17th century ephemera incorporated administrative elements and more visuals.⁵⁶⁵⁷ Advertising and information are among the primary elements of ephemera; design elements, which are typically indicative of the period of origin, such as the Renaissance, likely changed in accordance to higher literacy rates.^58596061 The prose of ephemera could range from pithy to relatively long (~400 words, for example).⁶² By the 19th century, color printing was present, as were vivid, creative, innovative and ornate design, due to the incorporation of lithography.⁶³⁶⁴ The modern ephemera of duplicating machines and photocopiers are chiefly informative.⁶⁵ Ephemera's "generic legibility" was achieved through the use of visuals, a quality that was significantly democratised by ephemera.⁶⁶⁶⁷

Various forms of printed ephemera deteriorate quickly, a key element in definitions of ephemera. Although broad, pre-19th century ephemera has seldom survived.^68697071 Much of ephemera was not intended to be disposed of.⁷² Assignats saw widespread contempt on account of their low-quality, endangering their survival rate.⁷³ The temperance movement produced ubiquitous ephemera; some printed ephemera have had production quantities of millions, although quantifying the matter is often reliant upon limited yet vast approximation.^74757677 Such temperance ephemera was prominent enough to elicit contemporaneous sentimentality and disdain.⁷⁸ By this point, ephemera was printed by various establishments, having likely become a major element of some.⁷⁹

The mid-15th century has been identified as the origin of ephemera, following the Printing Revolution.⁸⁰⁸¹ Ephemera, such as religious indulgences, were significant in the early days of printing.⁸²⁸³ The first mass-produced ephemera is presumed to be a variant of indulgences (~1454/55).⁸⁴ Demand for ephemera corresponded with an increasing scale of towns whereupon they were commonly dispersed on streets.⁸⁵⁸⁶ Ephemera has functioned as a substantial means of disseminating information, evident in public sectors such as tourism, finance, law and recreation and has "aided the proliferation of print media as an exchange of information".⁸⁷⁸⁸ In their times, ephemera has been used for documentation, education, belligerence, critique and propaganda.^899091929394

Lottery tickets, playbills and trade cards have been among the most prominent ephemera of eras, such as the Georgian and Civil War eras.⁹⁵⁹⁶ Panoramic paintings were a far-reaching class of ephemera, few remaining as a result.⁹⁷ Junk mail is a contemporary example of prominent ephemera.⁹⁸ Ephemera's mundane ubiquity is a relatively modern phenomenon, evidenced by Henri Béraldi's amazed writings on their proliferation.⁹⁹ Ubiquitous descriptions of printed ephemera have extended back to the 1840s and by the turn of the century, a time in which a deluge of ephemera had become commonplace, "readers [were] defined by their relationship with print ephemera".^100101102 Discussing an increase in ephemera by the mid-19th century, E.S Dallas wrote that new etiquette had been introduced, thus "a new era" was to follow, espousing the impression that authorship and literature were no longer hermetic.¹⁰³

Digital ephemera

In 1998, librarian Richard Stone wrote that the internet "can be seen as the ultimate in ephemera with its vast amount of information and advertising which is extremely transitory and volatile in nature, and vulnerable to change or deletion".¹⁰⁴ Multiple academics have described digital ephemera as being possibly more vulnerable than traditional forms.¹⁰⁵¹⁰⁶ Internet memes and selfies have been described as forms of ephemera and various modern print ephemera features a digital component.¹⁰⁷¹⁰⁸ Commonly printed ephemera increasingly only manifests digitally.¹⁰⁹ The Tate Library defines "e-ephemera" as the digital-born content and paratext of an email, typically of a promotional variety, produced by cultural institutions; similar in nature, monographs, catalogues and micro-sites are excluded, per being considered e-books.¹¹⁰ Websites, such as those of an administrative nature, have seen description as ephemera.¹¹¹¹¹² The likes of Instagram feature accounts dedicated to displaying graphically designed ephemera.¹¹³

Digital ephemera is of comparable nature to printed ephemera, although it is even more prevalent and subject to altering perceptions of ephemera.^114115116 Holly Callaghan of the Tate Library noted a proliferation of "e-ephemera"; an increased reliance upon this form of ephemera has engendered concern, with note to later accessibility and a difficulty to those outside of the intended recipients.^117118119 Citing ostensibly infinite digital storage, Wasserman said that the category, ephemera, may cease to exist, its contents having been ultimately preserved.¹²⁰

Collecting

Ephemera has long been substantially collected, both with and without intention, presevering what may be the only remaining reproductions.^121122123124 Victorian families pasted their collections of ephemera, acquiring the likes of scraps and trade cards, in scrapbooks whereas Georgian curators thoroughly archived ephemera.^125126127 It was a private endeavour, with little outward cultural presence, although an eminent interpersonal function.¹²⁸ Cigarette cards were widely collected, by-design.^129130131

Contemporarily, institutions have attempted to preserve digital ephemera, although problems may exist in regards to scope and interest.^132133134 Ephemera has been considered for curation since the 1970s, due in part to collectors, at which point societies, professional associations and publications regarding ephemera arose.^135136137 Although ephemera is a global occurrence, interest is chiefly present in Britain and America.¹³⁸¹³⁹ Ephemera collections can be idiosyncratic, sequential and difficult to peruse.¹⁴⁰¹⁴¹

Multiple scholars articulated a connection to the past, such as nostalgia, as a key motivation for ephemera collecting.^142143144145 Such a connection has been described as evocative and atmospheric; the memory as collective and cultural; the nostalgia as populist and the ephemera associated with melancholy.^{146147148149150} Aesthetics, academic advancement and existential ephemerality have also been seen as motivation.^151152153

Academia

The study of print ephemera has seen much contention; various viewpoints and interpretations have been proposed from scholars, with comparisons to folklore studies and popular culture studies, due to the invoking of "remembrance and echoed retellings" and contending that which is more prestigious, respectively.^154155156 Literature around ephemera concern its production, varieties: trade cards, broadside ballads, chapbooks, almanacs, and newspapers; scholars predominately examine ephemera post-19th century due to greater quantities thereof.^157158159 A significant amount of scholars have been collectors, archivists and amateurs, particularly at the inception of ephemera studies, a now burgeoning academic field.^160161162 Digitisation of ephemera has provided accessibility and spurred renewed interest, following the "few writings" present at the start of the 21st century.^163164165

As a source, ephemera has been widely accepted.¹⁶⁶ Ephemera has been credited with illustrating social dynamics, including daily life, communication, social mobility and the enforcement of social norms.¹⁶⁷¹⁶⁸ Furthermore, varied cultures from differing groups can be assessed via ephemera.^{169170171172173174} Ephemera, to Rickards, documents "the other side of history...[which] contains all sorts of human qualities that would otherwise be edited out".¹⁷⁵

See also

• Found Footage Festival
• Prelinger Archives
• The Show with No Name
• Ephemeral Society of America.
• Ephemeral
• Ephemeris

Notes

• Bellows, Amanda Brickell (2020). American Slavery and Russian Serfdom in the Post-Emancipation Imagination. University of North Carolina Press. doi:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655543.001.0001. ISBN 978-1-4696-5554-3. S2CID 225964519.
• Blum, Hester (2019). The News at the Ends of the Earth: The Print Culture of Polar Exploration. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1-4780-0448-6.
• Buday, György. (1971). The History of the Christmas Card. Salisbury Square.
• Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, eds. (2019). A Companion to the History of the Book (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-01821-6. OCLC 1099543594.
• Field, Hannah (2019). Playing with the Book: Victorian Movable Picture Books and the Child Reader. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-5958-0.
• Iskin, Ruth E.; Salsbury, Britany, eds. (2019). Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera. Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
• McAleer, John; MacKenzie, John, eds. (2015). Exhibiting the Empire: Cultures of Display and the British Empire. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-9109-4.
• MacKenzie, John (1984). Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-1499-9. OCLC 10208219.
• Murphy, Kevin; O'Driscoll, Sally, eds. (2013). Studies in Ephemera : Text and Image in Eighteenth-Century Print. Bucknell University Press. ISBN 978-1-61148-494-6. OCLC 812254905.
• Pettegree, Andrew, ed. (2017). Broadsheets: Single-sheet Publishing in the First Age of Print. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-34030-5. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnfd.
• Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0.
• Stone, Richard (2005). Fragments of the Everyday: A Book of Australian Ephemera. National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-27601-8.
• Suarez, Michael F. SJ; Turner, Michael L., eds. (2010). The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521810173. ISBN 9781139056069.
• Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0.
• Weaver, William Woys (2010). Culinary Ephemera : an Illustrated History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94706-1. OCLC 794663706.
• Zieger, Susan (2018). The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-7985-2.

Further reading

• Printed Ephemera: The Changing Uses of Type and Letterforms in English and American Printing, John Lewis, Ipswich, Suffolk, Eng.: W. S. Cowell, 1962
• The Encyclopedia of Ephemera: A Guide to the Fragmentary Documents of Everyday Life for the Collector, Curator, and Historian by Maurice Rickards et alia. London: The British Library; New York: Routledge, 2000.
• Fragments of the Everyday: A Book of Australian Ephemera by Richard Stone (2005, ISBN 0-642-27601-3)
• Twyman, Michael (August 2002). "Ephemera: whose responsibility are they?". Library and Information Update. 1 (5): 54–55. ISSN 1476-7171.

External links

• Ephemera Society of Australia
• The Ephemera Society
• Ephemera Society of America
• Printed Ephemera in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress
• Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives – Ephemera Collection Archived 2019-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
• National Library of Australia – Ephemera Collection
• GG Archives – Ephemera Collection
• British Library – Evanian Collection of Ephemera Archived 2017-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
• State Library of Victoria – Ephemera Archived 2014-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
• State Library of Western Australia – Ephemera
• The John Grossman Collection of Antique Images
• New Zealand Ephemera Society website
• Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Ephemera
• ephemerastudies.org at Louisiana Tech University
• Sheaff, Dick. "Sheaff: Ephemera". Ephemera. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
• Collection of digitized ephemera at Biblioteca Digital Hispánica, Biblioteca Nacional de España
• Ephemerajournal. theory & politics of organization

References

1. "ephemera". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2024-03-13. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095754277 ↩

2. Solis-Cohen, Lisa (April 4, 1980). "Ephemera Society is Group Devoted to Throwaways". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved May 14, 2022. https://www.newspapers.com/image/665639718/?terms=ephemera&match=1 ↩

3. Garner, Anne (2021). "State of the Discipline: Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera". Book History. 24 (1): 244–263. doi:10.1353/bh.2021.0008. ISSN 1529-1499. S2CID 242506527. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/788356 ↩

4. Dugaw, Dianne (2020). "Transcendent Ephemera: Performing Deep Structure in Elegies, Ballads, and Other Occasional Forms". Eighteenth-Century Life. 44 (2): 17–42. doi:10.1215/00982601-8218591. ISSN 1086-3192. S2CID 226080511. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758817 ↩

5. Stone, Richard (1998). "Junk mail: Printed ephemera and preservation of the everyday". Journal of Australian Studies. 22 (58): 99–106. doi:10.1080/14443059809387406. ISSN 1444-3058. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443059809387406 ↩

6. Young, Timothy G. (2003). "Evidence: Toward a Library Definition of Ephemera". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 4 (1): 11–26. doi:10.5860/rbm.4.1.214. ISSN 2150-668X. S2CID 191348342. https://doi.org/10.5860%2Frbm.4.1.214 ↩

7. Wasserman 2020, p. 2. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

8. Garner, Anne (2021). "State of the Discipline: Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera". Book History. 24 (1): 244–263. doi:10.1353/bh.2021.0008. ISSN 1529-1499. S2CID 242506527. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/788356 ↩

9. Russell, Gillian (2014). "The neglected history of the history of printed ephemera". Melbourne Historical Journal. 42 (1): 7–37. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00766232&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA394113310&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs ↩

10. Garner, Anne (2021). "State of the Discipline: Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera". Book History. 24 (1): 244–263. doi:10.1353/bh.2021.0008. ISSN 1529-1499. S2CID 242506527. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/788356 ↩

11. Roylance, Dale (1976). "Graphie Americana: The E. Lawrence Sampter Collection of Printed Ephemera". The Yale University Library Gazette. 51 (2): 104–114. ISSN 0044-0175. JSTOR 40858619. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40858619 ↩

12. Pecorari, Marco (2021). Fashion Remains: Rethinking Ephemera in the Archive. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 9781350074774. 9781350074774 ↩

13. Garner, Anne (2021). "State of the Discipline: Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera". Book History. 24 (1): 244–263. doi:10.1353/bh.2021.0008. ISSN 1529-1499. S2CID 242506527. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/788356 ↩

14. West, Joel (2020). The Sign of the Joker: The Clown Prince of Crime as a Sign. Brill. p. 31. ISBN 978-90-04-40868-5. OCLC 1151945452. 978-90-04-40868-5 ↩

15. Anghelescu, Hermina G. B. (2001). "A Bit of History in the Library Attic". Collection Management. 25 (4): 61–75. doi:10.1300/j105v25n04_07. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 60723329. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v25n04_07 ↩

16. Stein, Daniel; Thon, Jan-Noël, eds. (2015). From Comic Strips to Graphic Novels: Contributions to the Theory and History of Graphic Narrative. De Gruyter. p. 310. ISBN 9783110427660. 9783110427660 ↩

17. Stone 2005, p. 7. - Stone, Richard (2005). Fragments of the Everyday: A Book of Australian Ephemera. National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-27601-8. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3413498 ↩

18. Hediger, Vinzenz; Vonderau, Patrick, eds. (2009). Films that Work: Industrial Film and the Productivity of Media. Amsterdam University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-90-8964-013-0. JSTOR j.ctt45kdjb. 978-90-8964-013-0 ↩

19. McDowell, Paula (2012). "Of Grubs and Other Insects: Constructing the Categories of "Ephemera" and "Literature" in Eighteenth-Century British Writing". Book History. 15 (1): 48–70. doi:10.1353/bh.2012.0009. ISSN 1529-1499. S2CID 143553893. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/488252 ↩

20. Garner, Anne (2021). "State of the Discipline: Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera". Book History. 24 (1): 244–263. doi:10.1353/bh.2021.0008. ISSN 1529-1499. S2CID 242506527. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/788356 ↩

21. Russell, Gillian (2018). "Ephemeraphilia". Angelaki. 23 (1): 174–186. doi:10.1080/0969725x.2018.1435393. ISSN 0969-725X. S2CID 214613899. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/0969725X.2018.1435393 ↩

22. Massip, Catherine (2020-10-01), Watt, Paul; Collins, Sarah; Allis, Michael (eds.), "Ephemera", The Oxford Handbook of Music and Intellectual Culture in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford University Press, pp. 168–188, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190616922.013.8, ISBN 978-0-19-061692-2, retrieved 2021-12-11 978-0-19-061692-2 ↩

23. Reichard, David A. (2012). "Animating Ephemera through Oral History: Interpreting Visual Traces of California Gay College Student Organizing from the 1970s". Oral History Review. 39 (1): 37–60. doi:10.1093/ohr/ohs042. ISSN 1533-8592. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/471290 ↩

24. Weaver 2010, p. 6. - Weaver, William Woys (2010). Culinary Ephemera : an Illustrated History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94706-1. OCLC 794663706. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794663706 ↩

25. Eliot & Rose 2019, p. 634. - Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, eds. (2019). A Companion to the History of the Book (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-01821-6. OCLC 1099543594. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099543594 ↩

26. Russell, Gillian (2015). "Sarah Sophia Banks's Private Theatricals: Ephemera, Sociability, and the Archiving of Fashionable Life". Eighteenth-Century Fiction. 27 (3): 535–555. doi:10.3138/ecf.27.3.535. ISSN 1911-0243. S2CID 162841068. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/584625 ↩

27. Stone, Richard (1998). "Junk mail: Printed ephemera and preservation of the everyday". Journal of Australian Studies. 22 (58): 99–106. doi:10.1080/14443059809387406. ISSN 1444-3058. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443059809387406 ↩

28. Marcum, James W. (2006). "Ephemeral Knowledge in the Visual Ecology". Counterpoints. 231: 89–106. ISSN 1058-1634. JSTOR 42978851. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42978851 ↩

29. Eliot & Rose 2019, p. 637. - Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, eds. (2019). A Companion to the History of the Book (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-01821-6. OCLC 1099543594. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099543594 ↩

30. Muñoz, José Esteban (1996-01-01). "Ephemera as Evidence: Introductory Notes to Queer Acts". Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory. 8 (2): 5–16. doi:10.1080/07407709608571228. ISSN 0740-770X. https://doi.org/10.1080/07407709608571228 ↩

31. Byerly, Alison (2009). "What not to save: The future of ephemera" (PDF): 45–49. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/legacy/mit6/papers/Byerly.pdf ↩

32. Wasserman 2020, p. 2, 236. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

33. Anghelescu, Hermina G. B. (2001). "A Bit of History in the Library Attic". Collection Management. 25 (4): 61–75. doi:10.1300/j105v25n04_07. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 60723329. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v25n04_07 ↩

34. Russell, Gillian (2018). "Ephemeraphilia". Angelaki. 23 (1): 174–186. doi:10.1080/0969725x.2018.1435393. ISSN 0969-725X. S2CID 214613899. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/0969725X.2018.1435393 ↩

35. Ann, Cvetkovich (2003). An Archive of Feelings. Duke University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-8223-8443-4. OCLC 1139770505. 978-0-8223-8443-4 ↩

36. Young, Timothy G. (2003). "Evidence: Toward a Library Definition of Ephemera". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 4 (1): 11–26. doi:10.5860/rbm.4.1.214. ISSN 2150-668X. S2CID 191348342. https://doi.org/10.5860%2Frbm.4.1.214 ↩

37. London, Justin (2013). "Ephemeral Media, Ephemeral Works, and Sonny Boy Williamson's "Little Village"". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 71 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2012.01540.x. ISSN 0021-8529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6245.2012.01540.x ↩

38. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

39. McAleer & MacKenzie 2015, p. 150. - McAleer, John; MacKenzie, John, eds. (2015). Exhibiting the Empire: Cultures of Display and the British Empire. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-9109-4. ↩

40. Young, Timothy G. (2003). "Evidence: Toward a Library Definition of Ephemera". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 4 (1): 11–26. doi:10.5860/rbm.4.1.214. ISSN 2150-668X. S2CID 191348342. https://doi.org/10.5860%2Frbm.4.1.214 ↩

41. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

42. Byerly, Alison (2009). "What not to save: The future of ephemera" (PDF): 45–49. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/legacy/mit6/papers/Byerly.pdf ↩

43. Altermatt, Rebecca; Hilton, Adrien (2012). "Hidden Collections within Hidden Collections: Providing Access to Printed Ephemera". The American Archivist. 75 (1): 171–194. doi:10.17723/aarc.75.1.6538724k51441161. ISSN 0360-9081. JSTOR 23290585. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23290585 ↩

44. Lambert, Julie Anne; Rickards, Maurice (2003), "Ephemera, printed", Oxford Art Online, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t026405, retrieved 2021-11-28 https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t026405 ↩

45. Jung, Sandro (2020). "Literary Ephemera: Understanding the Media of Literacy and Culture Formation". Eighteenth-Century Life. 44 (2): 1–16. doi:10.1215/00982601-8218580. ISSN 1086-3192. S2CID 226064356. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758816 ↩

46. Cocks, Harry G.; Rubery, Matthew (2012). "Introduction". Media History. 18 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.634650. ISSN 1368-8804. S2CID 220378257. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2011.634650 ↩

47. Russell 2020, p. 3. - Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ephemeral-eighteenth-century/4F9B8D61D476ED883A5B739C720BBD4F ↩

48. A qualifier from the National Library of Australia, devised in 1992, virtually excluded material of more than five pages.[5] ↩

49. Anghelescu, Hermina G. B. (2001). "A Bit of History in the Library Attic". Collection Management. 25 (4): 61–75. doi:10.1300/j105v25n04_07. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 60723329. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v25n04_07 ↩

50. Harris, Michael (2010). "Printed Ephemera". In Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H.R. (eds.). The Oxford companion to the book. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957014-0. OCLC 502389441. 978-0-19-957014-0 ↩

51. Young, Timothy G. (2003). "Evidence: Toward a Library Definition of Ephemera". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 4 (1): 11–26. doi:10.5860/rbm.4.1.214. ISSN 2150-668X. S2CID 191348342. https://doi.org/10.5860%2Frbm.4.1.214 ↩

52. Lambert, Julie Anne; Rickards, Maurice (2003), "Ephemera, printed", Oxford Art Online, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t026405, retrieved 2021-11-28 https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t026405 ↩

53. Suarez & Turner 2010, p. 66–67. - Suarez, Michael F. SJ; Turner, Michael L., eds. (2010). The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521810173. ISBN 9781139056069. https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521810173 ↩

54. MacKenzie 1984, p. 21. - MacKenzie, John (1984). Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-1499-9. OCLC 10208219. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10208219 ↩

55. Eliot & Rose 2019, pp. 635–636. - Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, eds. (2019). A Companion to the History of the Book (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-01821-6. OCLC 1099543594. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099543594 ↩

56. De Mûelenaere, Gwendoline (2022). Early Modern Thesis Prints in the Southern Netherlands: An Iconological Analysis of the Relationships Between Art, Science and Power. Brill. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-90-04-44453-9. OCLC 1259587568. 978-90-04-44453-9 ↩

57. Suarez & Turner 2010, p. 74. - Suarez, Michael F. SJ; Turner, Michael L., eds. (2010). The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521810173. ISBN 9781139056069. https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521810173 ↩

58. Anghelescu, Hermina G. B. (2001). "A Bit of History in the Library Attic". Collection Management. 25 (4): 61–75. doi:10.1300/j105v25n04_07. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 60723329. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v25n04_07 ↩

59. Stone 2005, p. 6; Suarez & Turner 2010, p. 66–67. - Stone, Richard (2005). Fragments of the Everyday: A Book of Australian Ephemera. National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-27601-8. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3413498 ↩

60. McAleer & MacKenzie 2015, p. 145. - McAleer, John; MacKenzie, John, eds. (2015). Exhibiting the Empire: Cultures of Display and the British Empire. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-9109-4. ↩

61. Display typefaces were an advertising component present prominently in 19th-century ephemera.[45] /wiki/Display_typeface ↩

62. McAleer & MacKenzie 2015, p. 146. - McAleer, John; MacKenzie, John, eds. (2015). Exhibiting the Empire: Cultures of Display and the British Empire. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-9109-4. ↩

63. McAleer & MacKenzie 2015, p. 145. - McAleer, John; MacKenzie, John, eds. (2015). Exhibiting the Empire: Cultures of Display and the British Empire. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-9109-4. ↩

64. Eliot & Rose 2019, p. 636. - Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, eds. (2019). A Companion to the History of the Book (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-01821-6. OCLC 1099543594. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099543594 ↩

65. Young, Timothy G. (2003). "Evidence: Toward a Library Definition of Ephemera". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 4 (1): 11–26. doi:10.5860/rbm.4.1.214. ISSN 2150-668X. S2CID 191348342. https://doi.org/10.5860%2Frbm.4.1.214 ↩

66. MacKenzie 1984, p. 21. - MacKenzie, John (1984). Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-1499-9. OCLC 10208219. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10208219 ↩

67. Murphy & O'Driscoll 2013, p. 199. - Murphy, Kevin; O'Driscoll, Sally, eds. (2013). Studies in Ephemera : Text and Image in Eighteenth-Century Print. Bucknell University Press. ISBN 978-1-61148-494-6. OCLC 812254905. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812254905 ↩

68. Garner, Anne (2021). "State of the Discipline: Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera". Book History. 24 (1): 244–263. doi:10.1353/bh.2021.0008. ISSN 1529-1499. S2CID 242506527. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/788356 ↩

69. Russell, Gillian (2014). "The neglected history of the history of printed ephemera". Melbourne Historical Journal. 42 (1): 7–37. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00766232&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA394113310&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs ↩

70. Quirk, Linda (2016). "Proliferating Ephemera in Print and Digital Media". ESC: English Studies in Canada. 42 (3): 22–24. doi:10.1353/esc.2016.0027. ISSN 1913-4835. S2CID 164429601. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/663384 ↩

71. Osbaldestin, David Joseph (2020). "The Art of Ephemera: Typographic Innovations of Nineteenth-Century Midland Jobbing Printers". Midland History. 45 (2): 208–221. doi:10.1080/0047729x.2020.1767975. ISSN 0047-729X. S2CID 221055264. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0047729x.2020.1767975 ↩

72. Eliot & Rose 2019, p. 633. - Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, eds. (2019). A Companion to the History of the Book (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-01821-6. OCLC 1099543594. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099543594 ↩

73. The Multigraph Collective (2018). Interacting with Print: Elements of Reading in the Era of Print Saturation. University of Chicago Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780226469287. 9780226469287 ↩

74. Linley, Margaret (2019). "The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century by Susan Zieger (review)". Victorian Studies. 62 (1): 125–127. doi:10.2979/victorianstudies.62.1.09. ISSN 1527-2052. S2CID 258100058. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/753358 ↩

75. Russell, Gillian (2018). "Ephemeraphilia". Angelaki. 23 (1): 174–186. doi:10.1080/0969725x.2018.1435393. ISSN 0969-725X. S2CID 214613899. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/0969725X.2018.1435393 ↩

76. Pettegree 2017, p. 79. - Pettegree, Andrew, ed. (2017). Broadsheets: Single-sheet Publishing in the First Age of Print. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-34030-5. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnfd. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnfd ↩

77. Ephemera relating to beer, wine and drinking is vast and developed in accordance with drinking movements.[54] /wiki/Drinking_culture ↩

78. Zieger 2018, p. 16. - Zieger, Susan (2018). The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-7985-2. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/59089 ↩

79. Suarez & Turner 2010, p. 66–67. - Suarez, Michael F. SJ; Turner, Michael L., eds. (2010). The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521810173. ISBN 9781139056069. https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521810173 ↩

80. Russell, Gillian (2014). "The neglected history of the history of printed ephemera". Melbourne Historical Journal. 42 (1): 7–37. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00766232&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA394113310&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs ↩

81. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

82. Roylance, Dale (1976). "Graphie Americana: The E. Lawrence Sampter Collection of Printed Ephemera". The Yale University Library Gazette. 51 (2): 104–114. ISSN 0044-0175. JSTOR 40858619. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40858619 ↩

83. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

84. Pettegree 2017, p. 81. - Pettegree, Andrew, ed. (2017). Broadsheets: Single-sheet Publishing in the First Age of Print. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-34030-5. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnfd. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnfd ↩

85. Harris, Michael (2010). "Printed Ephemera". In Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H.R. (eds.). The Oxford companion to the book. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957014-0. OCLC 502389441. 978-0-19-957014-0 ↩

86. Suarez & Turner 2010, p. 68. - Suarez, Michael F. SJ; Turner, Michael L., eds. (2010). The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521810173. ISBN 9781139056069. https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521810173 ↩

87. Grisham, Leah (2019). "The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century by Susan Zieger (review)". Victorian Periodicals Review. 52 (1): 210–212. doi:10.1353/vpr.2019.0011. ISSN 1712-526X. S2CID 166259579. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/722860 ↩

88. Stone 2005, p. 6. - Stone, Richard (2005). Fragments of the Everyday: A Book of Australian Ephemera. National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-27601-8. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3413498 ↩

89. Newman, Ian; Russell, Gillian (2019). "Metropolitan Songs and Songsters: Ephemerality in the World City". Studies in Romanticism. 58 (4): 429–449. doi:10.1353/srm.2019.0034. ISSN 2330-118X. S2CID 214209212. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/747834 ↩

90. McAleer & MacKenzie 2015, p. 143. - McAleer, John; MacKenzie, John, eds. (2015). Exhibiting the Empire: Cultures of Display and the British Empire. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-9109-4. ↩

91. Holmes, Nina (2019). "Maternal subjects: representations of women in Irish government health ephemera, 1970s-1980s". The History of the Family. 24 (4): 707–743. doi:10.1080/1081602X.2019.1610667. ISSN 1081-602X. S2CID 182539276. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2019.1610667 ↩

92. Berger, J M; Aryaeinejad, Kateira; Looney, Seán (2020). "There and Back Again: How White Nationalist Ephemera Travels Between Online and Offline Spaces". The RUSI Journal. 165 (1): 114–129. doi:10.1080/03071847.2020.1734322. ISSN 0307-1847. S2CID 216228863. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2020.1734322 ↩

93. Craske, Matthew (1999). "Plan and Control: Design and the Competitive Spirit in Early and Mid-Eighteenth-Century England". Journal of Design History. 12 (3): 187–216. doi:10.1093/jdh/12.3.187. ISSN 0952-4649. JSTOR 1316282. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1316282 ↩

94. Soon after, political propaganda arose as a category of ephemera.[65] ↩

95. Russell, Gillian (2015). ""Announcing each day the performances": Playbills, Ephemerality, and Romantic Period Media/Theater History". Studies in Romanticism. 54 (2): 241–268. doi:10.1353/srm.2015.0024. ISSN 2330-118X. S2CID 162589631. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/741580 ↩

96. Bellows 2020, p. 159–160. - Bellows, Amanda Brickell (2020). American Slavery and Russian Serfdom in the Post-Emancipation Imagination. University of North Carolina Press. doi:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655543.001.0001. ISBN 978-1-4696-5554-3. S2CID 225964519. https://northcarolina.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655543.001.0001/upso-9781469655543 ↩

97. Teukolsky, Rachel (2020). Picture World: Image, Aesthetics, and Victorian New Media (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 100, 357. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198859734.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-885973-4. 978-0-19-885973-4 ↩

98. Stone 2005, p. 6. - Stone, Richard (2005). Fragments of the Everyday: A Book of Australian Ephemera. National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-27601-8. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3413498 ↩

99. Iskin & Salsbury 2019, p. 119. - Iskin, Ruth E.; Salsbury, Britany, eds. (2019). Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera. Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 2021-12-19. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/collecting-prints-posters-and-ephemera-9781501338496/ ↩

100. Zieger 2018, p. 14. - Zieger, Susan (2018). The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-7985-2. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/59089 ↩

101. Fraser, Alison (2019). "Mass Print, Clipping Bureaus, and the Pre-Digital Database: Reexamining Marianne Moore's Collage Poetics through the Archives". Journal of Modern Literature. 43 (1): 19–33. doi:10.2979/jmodelite.43.1.02. ISSN 1529-1464. S2CID 213899584. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/745755 ↩

102. Eliot & Rose 2019, pp. 472–473. - Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, eds. (2019). A Companion to the History of the Book (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-01821-6. OCLC 1099543594. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099543594 ↩

103. Fyfe, Paul (2015). By Accident or Design: Writing the Victorian Metropolis. Oxford University Press. p. 165. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732334.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-873233-4. 978-0-19-873233-4 ↩

104. Stone, Richard (1998). "Junk mail: Printed ephemera and preservation of the everyday". Journal of Australian Studies. 22 (58): 99–106. doi:10.1080/14443059809387406. ISSN 1444-3058. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443059809387406 ↩

105. Quirk, Linda (2016). "Proliferating Ephemera in Print and Digital Media". ESC: English Studies in Canada. 42 (3): 22–24. doi:10.1353/esc.2016.0027. ISSN 1913-4835. S2CID 164429601. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/663384 ↩

106. Hammond, Catherine (2016). "Escaping the digital black hole: e-ephemera at two Auckland art libraries". Art Libraries Journal. 41 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1017/alj.2016.10. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 191357158. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/alj.2016.10 ↩

107. Callaghan, Holly (2013). "Electronic ephemera: collection, storage and access in Tate Library". Art Libraries Journal. 38 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1017/s0307472200017843. ISSN 0307-4722. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017843 ↩

108. Govil, Nitin (2022). "Keanu's late style: the ubiquitous art of short-form celebrity". Celebrity Studies. 13 (2): 214–227. doi:10.1080/19392397.2022.2063402. ISSN 1939-2397. S2CID 248289457. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2022.2063402 ↩

109. Deutch, Samantha; McKay, Sally (2016). "The Future of Artist Files: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 35 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1086/685975. ISSN 0730-7187. JSTOR 26557039. S2CID 112265150. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26557039 ↩

110. Callaghan, Holly (2013). "Electronic ephemera: collection, storage and access in Tate Library". Art Libraries Journal. 38 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1017/s0307472200017843. ISSN 0307-4722. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017843 ↩

111. Slania, Heather (2013). "Online Art Ephemera: Web Archiving at the National Museum of Women in the Arts". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 32 (1): 112–126. doi:10.1086/669993. ISSN 0730-7187. S2CID 58248647. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/669993 ↩

112. Bardiot, Clarisse (2021). Performing Arts and Digital Humanities: From Traces to Data. Vol. 5. Wiley. p. 26. ISBN 9781119855569. 9781119855569 ↩

113. Lange, Alexandra (2015-03-24). "Instagram's Endangered Ephemera". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2022-05-21. http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/instagrams-beautiful-ephemera ↩

114. Deutch, Samantha; McKay, Sally (2016). "The Future of Artist Files: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 35 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1086/685975. ISSN 0730-7187. JSTOR 26557039. S2CID 112265150. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26557039 ↩

115. Iskin & Salsbury 2019, p. 125. - Iskin, Ruth E.; Salsbury, Britany, eds. (2019). Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera. Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 2021-12-19. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/collecting-prints-posters-and-ephemera-9781501338496/ ↩

116. Wasserman 2020, p. 236. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

117. Callaghan, Holly (2013). "Electronic ephemera: collection, storage and access in Tate Library". Art Libraries Journal. 38 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1017/s0307472200017843. ISSN 0307-4722. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017843 ↩

118. Russell, Edmund; Kane, Jennifer (2008). "The Missing Link : Assessing the Reliability of Internet Citations in History Journals". Technology and Culture. 49 (2): 420–429. doi:10.1353/tech.0.0028. hdl:1808/13144. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 40061522. S2CID 111270449. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061522 ↩

119. Nelson, Amelia; Timmons, Traci E., eds. (2021). The New Art Museum Library. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 51. ISBN 978-1538135709. 978-1538135709 ↩

120. Wasserman 2020, p. 231. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

121. Russell, Gillian (2015). "Sarah Sophia Banks's Private Theatricals: Ephemera, Sociability, and the Archiving of Fashionable Life". Eighteenth-Century Fiction. 27 (3): 535–555. doi:10.3138/ecf.27.3.535. ISSN 1911-0243. S2CID 162841068. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/584625 ↩

122. Slate, John H. (2001). "Not Fade Away". Collection Management. 25 (4): 51–59. doi:10.1300/J105v25n04_06. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 57187993. https://doi.org/10.1300/J105v25n04_06 ↩

123. Burant, Jim (1995). "Ephemera, Archives, and Another View of History". Archivaria. 40: 189–198. ISSN 1923-6409. https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/12105 ↩

124. Stone 2005, p. 13. - Stone, Richard (2005). Fragments of the Everyday: A Book of Australian Ephemera. National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-27601-8. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3413498 ↩

125. Russell, Gillian (2015). ""Announcing each day the performances": Playbills, Ephemerality, and Romantic Period Media/Theater History". Studies in Romanticism. 54 (2): 241–268. doi:10.1353/srm.2015.0024. ISSN 2330-118X. S2CID 162589631. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/741580 ↩

126. Snyder, Terry (2014). "Spectacular Ephemera". Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy. 24 (1–2): 101–109. ISSN 1052-5017. JSTOR 10.5325/trajincschped.24.1-2.0101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/trajincschped.24.1-2.0101 ↩

127. Field 2019, p. 81. - Field, Hannah (2019). Playing with the Book: Victorian Movable Picture Books and the Child Reader. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-5958-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/66674 ↩

128. Zieger 2018, p. 2. - Zieger, Susan (2018). The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-7985-2. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/59089 ↩

129. Salmon, Richard (2020). "Consuming Ephemera". Criticism. 62 (1): 151–155. doi:10.13110/criticism.62.1.0151. ISSN 1536-0342. S2CID 235488621. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/764107 ↩

130. MacKenzie 1984, p. 17. - MacKenzie, John (1984). Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-1499-9. OCLC 10208219. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10208219 ↩

131. In an overview of ephemera, Rickards and Lambert wrote that the specification of cigarette cards as collectable means they should not be classified as ephemera, though rarely is this distinction acknowledged.[33] ↩

132. Byerly, Alison (2009). "What not to save: The future of ephemera" (PDF): 45–49. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/legacy/mit6/papers/Byerly.pdf ↩

133. Callaghan, Holly (2013). "Electronic ephemera: collection, storage and access in Tate Library". Art Libraries Journal. 38 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1017/s0307472200017843. ISSN 0307-4722. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017843 ↩

134. Doster, Adam (2016). "Saving Digital Ephemera". American Libraries. 47 (1/2): 18. ISSN 0002-9769. JSTOR 24604193. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24604193 ↩

135. Garner, Anne (2021). "State of the Discipline: Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera". Book History. 24 (1): 244–263. doi:10.1353/bh.2021.0008. ISSN 1529-1499. S2CID 242506527. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/788356 ↩

136. Smith, Kai Alexis (2016). "Digitizing Ephemera Reloaded: A Digitization Plan for an Art Museum Library". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 35 (2): 329–338. doi:10.1086/688732. ISSN 0730-7187. S2CID 113743222. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/688732 ↩

137. Haug, Mary-Elise (1995). "The Life Cycle of Printed Ephemera: A Case Study of the Maxine Waldron and Thelma Mendsen Collections". Winterthur Portfolio. 30 (1): 59–72. doi:10.1086/wp.30.1.4618482. ISSN 0084-0416. JSTOR 4618482. S2CID 163616019. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4618482 ↩

138. Lambert, Julie Anne; Rickards, Maurice (2003), "Ephemera, printed", Oxford Art Online, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t026405, retrieved 2021-11-28 https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t026405 ↩

139. Weaver 2010, p. 2; Blum 2019, p. xix. - Weaver, William Woys (2010). Culinary Ephemera : an Illustrated History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94706-1. OCLC 794663706. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794663706 ↩

140. Byerly, Alison (2009). "What not to save: The future of ephemera" (PDF): 45–49. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/legacy/mit6/papers/Byerly.pdf ↩

141. Bashford, Christina (2008). "Writing (British) Concert History: The Blessing and Curse of Ephemera". Notes. 64 (3): 458–473. doi:10.1353/not.2008.0023. ISSN 1534-150X. S2CID 162396585. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/232019 ↩

142. Byerly, Alison (2009). "What not to save: The future of ephemera" (PDF): 45–49. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/legacy/mit6/papers/Byerly.pdf ↩

143. Giannachi, Gabriella (2016). Archive Everything: Mapping the Everyday. The MIT Press. p. 76. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262035293.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-03529-3. 978-0-262-03529-3 ↩

144. Burant, Jim (1995). "Ephemera, Archives, and Another View of History". Archivaria. 40: 189–198. ISSN 1923-6409. https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/12105 ↩

145. Weaver 2010, p. 135, 188. - Weaver, William Woys (2010). Culinary Ephemera : an Illustrated History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94706-1. OCLC 794663706. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794663706 ↩

146. Mussell, James (2012). "The Passing of Print". Media History. 18 (1): 77–92. doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.637666. ISSN 1368-8804. S2CID 161174759. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2011.637666 ↩

147. Stone, Richard (1998). "Junk mail: Printed ephemera and preservation of the everyday". Journal of Australian Studies. 22 (58): 99–106. doi:10.1080/14443059809387406. ISSN 1444-3058. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443059809387406 ↩

148. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

149. Stone 2005, p. 13. - Stone, Richard (2005). Fragments of the Everyday: A Book of Australian Ephemera. National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-27601-8. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3413498 ↩

150. Wasserman 2020, p. 230. - Wasserman, Sarah (2020). The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6414-0. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266 ↩

151. Burant, Jim (1995). "Ephemera, Archives, and Another View of History". Archivaria. 40: 189–198. ISSN 1923-6409. https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/12105 ↩

152. Tschabrun, Susan (2003). "Off the Wall and into a Drawer: Managing a Research Collection of Political Posters". The American Archivist. 66 (2): 303–324. doi:10.17723/aarc.66.2.x482536031441177. ISSN 0360-9081. JSTOR 40294235. https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.66.2.x482536031441177 ↩

153. Raine, Henry (2017). "From Here to Ephemerality: Fugitive Sources in Libraries, Archives, and Museums: The 48th Annual RBMS Preconference". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 9 (1): 14–17. doi:10.5860/rbm.9.1.293. https://rbm.acrl.org/index.php/rbm/article/view/293 ↩

154. Dugaw, Dianne (2020). "Transcendent Ephemera: Performing Deep Structure in Elegies, Ballads, and Other Occasional Forms". Eighteenth-Century Life. 44 (2): 17–42. doi:10.1215/00982601-8218591. ISSN 1086-3192. S2CID 226080511. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758817 ↩

155. Stone, Richard (1998). "Junk mail: Printed ephemera and preservation of the everyday". Journal of Australian Studies. 22 (58): 99–106. doi:10.1080/14443059809387406. ISSN 1444-3058. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443059809387406 ↩

156. Randall, David (2004). "Recent Studies in Print Culture: News, Propaganda, and Ephemera". Huntington Library Quarterly. 67 (3): 457–472. doi:10.1525/hlq.2004.67.3.457. ISSN 0018-7895. JSTOR 10.1525/hlq.2004.67.3.457. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

157. Harris, Michael (2010). "Printed Ephemera". In Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H.R. (eds.). The Oxford companion to the book. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957014-0. OCLC 502389441. 978-0-19-957014-0 ↩

158. Suarez & Turner 2010, p. 68. - Suarez, Michael F. SJ; Turner, Michael L., eds. (2010). The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521810173. ISBN 9781139056069. https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521810173 ↩

159. Vareschi, Mark; Burkert, Mattie (2016). "Archives, Numbers, Meaning: The Eighteenth-Century Playbill at Scale". Theatre Journal. 68 (4): 597–613. doi:10.1353/tj.2016.0108. ISSN 1086-332X. S2CID 151711494. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/645398 ↩

160. Russell 2020, p. 3. - Russell, Gillian (2020). The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting. Cambridge Studies in Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48758-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ephemeral-eighteenth-century/4F9B8D61D476ED883A5B739C720BBD4F ↩

161. Sèbe, Berny; Stanard, Matthew G. (2020). Decolonising Europe?: Popular Responses to the End of Empire. Routledge. p. 201. doi:10.4324/9780429029363. ISBN 9780429029363. S2CID 216189182. 9780429029363 ↩

162. Iskin & Salsbury 2019, p. 118. - Iskin, Ruth E.; Salsbury, Britany, eds. (2019). Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera. Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 2021-12-19. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/collecting-prints-posters-and-ephemera-9781501338496/ ↩

163. Salmon, Richard (2020). "Consuming Ephemera". Criticism. 62 (1): 151–155. doi:10.13110/criticism.62.1.0151. ISSN 1536-0342. S2CID 235488621. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/764107 ↩

164. Hadley, Nancy (2001). "Access and Description of Visual Ephemera". Collection Management. 25 (4): 39–50. doi:10.1300/j105v25n04_05. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 62713439. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v25n04_05 ↩

165. Lambert, Julie Anne (2017). "Immortalizing the Mayfly: Permanent Ephemera: An Illusion or a (Virtual) Reality?". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 9 (1): 142–156. doi:10.5860/rbm.9.1.304. https://rbm.acrl.org/index.php/rbm/article/view/304 ↩

166. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

167. Young, Timothy G. (2003). "Evidence: Toward a Library Definition of Ephemera". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 4 (1): 11–26. doi:10.5860/rbm.4.1.214. ISSN 2150-668X. S2CID 191348342. https://doi.org/10.5860%2Frbm.4.1.214 ↩

168. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

169. Young, Timothy G. (2003). "Evidence: Toward a Library Definition of Ephemera". RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage. 4 (1): 11–26. doi:10.5860/rbm.4.1.214. ISSN 2150-668X. S2CID 191348342. https://doi.org/10.5860%2Frbm.4.1.214 ↩

170. Reichard, David A. (2012). "Animating Ephemera through Oral History: Interpreting Visual Traces of California Gay College Student Organizing from the 1970s". Oral History Review. 39 (1): 37–60. doi:10.1093/ohr/ohs042. ISSN 1533-8592. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/471290 ↩

171. Altermatt, Rebecca; Hilton, Adrien (2012). "Hidden Collections within Hidden Collections: Providing Access to Printed Ephemera". The American Archivist. 75 (1): 171–194. doi:10.17723/aarc.75.1.6538724k51441161. ISSN 0360-9081. JSTOR 23290585. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23290585 ↩

172. Andrews, Martin J. (2006). "The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera". Art Libraries Journal. 31 (4): 5–8. doi:10.1017/S030747220001467X. ISSN 0307-4722. S2CID 190490100. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 ↩

173. Zieger 2018, p. 22. - Zieger, Susan (2018). The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-7985-2. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/59089 ↩

174. Following the California Gold Rush of 1849, by means of visual ephemera, the citizens of San Francisco, regardless of race or class, "were exposed to one another".[112] /wiki/California_Gold_Rush ↩

175. Sèbe, Berny; Stanard, Matthew G. (2020). Decolonising Europe?: Popular Responses to the End of Empire. Routledge. p. 201. doi:10.4324/9780429029363. ISBN 9780429029363. S2CID 216189182. 9780429029363 ↩