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Electronic dance music
Brand category of electronic music

Electronic dance music (EDM) is a broad category of electronic music genres originally created for nightclubs, raves, and festivals. Emerging in the late 1980s with influences from electronic instruments and rave culture, EDM first gained mainstream popularity in Europe and Japan. Despite early resistance from the US record industry and associations with drug culture, EDM's global appeal grew in the 2000s. By the 2010s, the American music industry and music press pushed the term “EDM” to rebrand rave culture, encompassing genres like house, techno, and trance.

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History

See also: Electronic music and History of DJing

Various EDM genres have evolved over the last 40 years, for example; house, techno, drum and bass, dance-pop etc. Stylistic variation within an established EDM genre can lead to the emergence of what is called a subgenre. Hybridization, where elements of two or more genres are combined, can lead to the emergence of an entirely new genre of EDM.8

Precursors

See also: P-Funk

In the late 1960s bands such as Silver Apples created electronic music intended for dancing.9 Other early examples of music that influenced later electronic dance music include Jamaican dub music during the late 1960s to 1970s,10 the synthesizer-based disco music of Italian producer Giorgio Moroder in the late 1970s, and the electropop of Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra in the mid-to-late 1970s.11

Dub

Main article: Dub music

See also: Sound system (Jamaican) and Deejay (Jamaican)

Author Michael Veal considers dub music, a Jamaican music stemming from roots reggae and sound system culture that flourished between 1968 and 1985, to be one of the important precursors to contemporary electronic dance music.12 Dub productions were remixed reggae tracks that emphasized rhythm, fragmented lyrical and melodic elements, and reverberant textures.13 The music was pioneered by studio engineers, such as King Tubby, Errol Thompson, Lee "Scratch" Perry, and Scientist.14 Their productions included forms of tape editing and sound processing that Veal considers comparable to techniques used in musique concrète. Dub producers made improvised deconstructions of existing multi-track reggae mixes by using the studio mixing board as a performance instrument. They also foregrounded spatial effects such as reverb and delay by using auxiliary send routings creatively.15 The Roland Space Echo, manufactured by Roland Corporation, was widely used by dub producers in the 1970s to produce echo and delay effects.16

Despite the limited electronic equipment available to dub pioneers such as King Tubby and Lee "Scratch" Perry, their experiments in remix culture were musically cutting-edge.17 Ambient dub was pioneered by King Tubby and other Jamaican sound artists, using DJ-inspired ambient electronics, complete with drop-outs, echo, equalization and psychedelic electronic effects. It featured layering techniques and incorporated elements of world music, deep bass lines and harmonic sounds.18 Techniques such as a long echo delay were also used.19

Hip hop

Main article: Hip-hop

See also: Rapping and Turntablism

Hip-hop has had some influence in the development of electronic dance music since the 1970s.20 Inspired by Jamaican sound system culture Jamaican-American DJ Kool Herc introduced large bass heavy speaker rigs to the Bronx.21 His parties are credited with having kick-started the New York City hip-hop movement in 1973.22 A technique developed by DJ Kool Herc that became popular in hip hop culture was playing two copies of the same record on two turntables, in alternation, and at the point where a track featured a break. This technique was further used to manually loop a purely percussive break, leading to what was later called a break beat.23

Turntablism has origins in the invention of the direct-drive turntable,24 by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic).25 In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10,26 the first direct-drive turntable on the market,27 and the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.28 The most influential turntable was the Technics SL-1200,29 which was developed in 1971 by a team led by Shuichi Obata at Matsushita, which then released it onto the market in 1972.30 In the 1980s and 1990s hip-hop DJs used turntables as musical instruments in their own right and virtuosic use developed into a creative practice called turntablism.31

Disco

Main article: Disco

See also: Euro disco, Italo disco, and Hi-NRG

In 1974, George McCrae's early disco hit "Rock Your Baby" was one of the first records to use a drum machine,32 an early Roland rhythm machine.33 The use of drum machines in disco production was influenced by Sly and the Family Stone's "Family Affair" (1971), with its rhythm echoed in McCrae's "Rock Your Baby",34 and Timmy Thomas' "Why Can't We Live Together" (1972).353637 Disco producer Biddu used synthesizers in several disco songs from 1976 to 1977, including "Bionic Boogie" from Rain Forest (1976),38 "Soul Coaxing" (1977),39 and Eastern Man and Futuristic Journey4041 (recorded from 1976 to 1977).42

Acts like Donna Summer, Chic, Earth, Wind & Fire, Heatwave, and the Village People helped define the late 1970s disco sound. Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte produced "I Feel Love" for Donna Summer in 1977. It became the first well-known disco hit to have a completely synthesized backing track. Other disco producers, most famously American producer Tom Moulton, grabbed ideas and techniques from dub music (which came with the increased Jamaican migration to New York City in the 1970s) to provide alternatives to the four-on-the-floor style that dominated.4344 During the early 1980s, the popularity of disco music sharply declined in the United States, abandoned by major US record labels and producers. Euro disco continued evolving within the broad mainstream pop music scene.45

Synth-pop

Main article: Synth-pop

See also: New wave music, Electropop, Minimal wave, and City pop

Synth-pop (short for synthesizer pop;46 also called techno-pop4748) is a music genre that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument.49 It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco.

Early synth-pop pioneers included Japanese group Yellow Magic Orchestra, and British bands Ultravox, the Human League and Berlin Blondes. The Human League used monophonic synthesizers to produce music with a simple and austere sound. After the breakthrough of Gary Numan in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, large numbers of artists began to enjoy success with a synthesizer-based sound in the early 1980s, including late-1970s debutants like Japan and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, and newcomers such as Depeche Mode and Eurythmics. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestra's success opened the way for synth-pop bands such as P-Model, Plastics, and Hikashu. The development of inexpensive polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI and the use of dance beats, led to a more commercial and accessible sound for synth-pop. This, its adoption by the style-conscious acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV, led to success for large numbers of British synth-pop acts (including Duran Duran and Spandau Ballet) in the United States.

The use of digital sampling and looping in popular music was pioneered by Japanese electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO).50515253 Their approach to sampling was a precursor to the contemporary approach of constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and looping them using computer technology.54 "Computer Game/Firecracker" (1978) interpolated a Martin Denny melody,55 and sampled Space Invaders56 video game sounds.57 Technodelic (1981) introduced the use of digital sampling in popular music, as the first album consisting of mostly samples and loops.5859 The album was produced using Toshiba-EMI's LMD-649 digital PCM sampler, which engineer Kenji Murata custom-built for YMO.60[better source needed] The LMD-649 was also used for sampling by other Japanese synthpop artists in the early 1980s, including YMO-associated acts such as Chiemi Manabe61 and Logic System.62

1980s

See also: New school hip hop, Miami bass, Freestyle music, Hip house, Latin house, Industrial dance music, and Kwaito

The emergence of electronic dance music in the 1980s was shaped by the development of several new electronic musical instruments, particularly those from the Japanese Roland Corporation. The Roland TR-808 (often abbreviated as the "808") notably played an important role in the evolution of dance music.63 In 1980, Ryuichi Sakamoto's cult hit "Riot in Lagos" from the album B-2 Unit introduced the 808 to clubs, demonstrating a new type of electro music that laid the groundwork for modern dance music,6465 making it one of the most important tracks in the history of dance music.66 In 1982, Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" (1982) made the 808 very popular on dancefloors.67 The track, influenced by Sakamoto's "Riot in Lagos" as well as Kraftwerk, informed the development of electronic dance music,68 and subgenres including Miami bass and Detroit techno, and popularized the 808 as a "fundamental element of futuristic sound".69 According to Slate, "Planet Rock" "didn't so much put the 808 on the map so much as reorient an entire world of post-disco dance music around it".70 The Roland TR-909, TB-303 and Juno-60 similarly influenced electronic dance music such as techno, house and acid.717273

Post-disco

Main article: Post-disco

See also: Boogie (genre)

During the post-disco era that followed the backlash against "disco" which began in the mid to late 1979, which in the United States lead to civil unrest and a riot in Chicago known as the Disco Demolition Night,[13] an underground movement of "stripped-down" disco inspired music featuring "radically different sounds"[14] started to emerge on the East Coast.[15] [Note 1] This new scene was seen primarily in the New York metropolitan area and was initially led by the urban contemporary artists that were responding to the over-commercialization and subsequent demise of disco culture. The sound that emerged originated from P-Funk[18] the electronic side of disco, dub music, and other genres. Much of the music produced during this time was, like disco, catering to a singles-driven market.[14] At this time creative control started shifting to independent record companies, less established producers, and club DJs.[14] Other dance styles that began to become popular during the post-disco era include dance-pop,[19] [20] boogie,[14] electro, Hi-NRG, Italo disco, house,[19] [21] [22] [23] and techno.[22] [24] [25] [26] [27]

Electro

Main article: Electro (music)

In the early 1980s, electro (short for "electro-funk") emerged as a fusion of synth-pop, funk, and boogie. Also called electro-funk or electro-boogie, but later shortened to electro, cited pioneers include Ryuichi Sakamoto, Afrika Bambaataa,74 Zapp,75 D.Train,76 and Sinnamon.77 Early hip hop and rap combined European and Japanese electropop influences such as Giorgio Moroder, Dan Lacksman (Telex) and Yellow Magic Orchestra inspired the birth of electro.78 As the electronic sound developed, instruments such as the bass guitar and drums were replaced by synthesizers and most notably by iconic drum machines, particularly the Roland TR-808 and the Yamaha DX7.79 Early uses of the TR-808 include Sakamoto's "Riot in Lagos" in 1980,80 several Yellow Magic Orchestra tracks during 1980–1981, the 1982 track "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa, and the 1982 song "Sexual Healing" by Marvin Gaye.81 In 1982, producer Arthur Baker, with Afrika Bambaataa, released the seminal "Planet Rock", which was influenced by Yellow Magic Orchestra (Ryuichi Sakamoto - Riot In Lagos 1980) and had drum beats supplied by the TR-808. Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record, "Nunk" by Warp 9. In 1983, Hashim created an electro-funk sound with "Al-Naafyish (The Soul)"82 that influenced Herbie Hancock, resulting in his hit single "Rockit" the same year. The early 1980s were electro's mainstream peak. According to author Steve Taylor,83 Afrika Bambaataa's Planet Rock serves as a "template for all interesting dance music since".84

House music

Main article: House music

See also: Chicago house, Garage house, and Deep house

In the early 1980s, Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5 and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music, including older disco records (mostly Philly disco and Salsoul85 tracks), Italo Disco, electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa,86 newer Italo disco, B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish, Jellybean Benitez, Arthur Baker, and John Robie, and electronic pop music by Giorgio Moroder and Yellow Magic Orchestra. Some made and played their own edits of their favorite songs on reel-to-reel tape, and sometimes mixed in effects, drum machines, and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation. The hypnotic electronic dance song "On and On", produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence, had elements that became staples of the early house sound, such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland (specifically TR-808) drum machine and Korg (specifically Poly-61) synthesizer.

"On and On" is sometimes cited as the 'first house record',8788 though other examples from around that time, such as J.M. Silk's "Music is the Key" (1985), have also been cited.89 House music quickly spread to American cities including New York City, and Newark, and Detroit—all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia.90 Chicago House experienced some commercial success in Europe with releases such as "House Nation" by House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy of House (1987). Following this, a number of house inspired releases such as "Pump Up The Volume" by M|A|R|R|S (1987), "Theme from S'Express" by S'Express (1988), and "Doctorin' the House" by Coldcut (1988) entered the pop charts.

The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh's Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat (1982), an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style, anticipated the sounds of acid house music, but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album's rediscovery in the 21st century.919293

Techno, acid house, rave

Main articles: Techno and Acid house

See also: Detroit techno, Electronic body music, Balearic house, and Second Summer of Love

In the 1980s, Detroit DJs Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson laid the foundation for a new style of music which would dubbed techno. They fused Chicago house influenced electronic and Detroit (including Motown) influenced funk sounds with the mechanical vibes of the post-industrial city, creating the techno sound of four-on-the-floor beat driven by a kick drum on the quarter notes and a snare or high hat on the second, fourth, or eighth notes.

In the mid-1980s house music thrived on the small Balearic Island of Ibiza, Spain. The Balearic sound was the spirit of the music emerging from the island at that time; the combination of old vinyl rock, pop, reggae, and disco records paired with an "anything goes" attitude made Ibiza a hub of drug-induced musical experimentation.94 A club called Amnesia, whose resident DJ, Alfredo Fiorito, pioneered Balearic house, was the center of the scene.95 Amnesia became known across Europe and by the mid to late 1980s it was drawing people from all over the continent.96

By 1988, house music had become the most popular form of club music in Europe, with acid house developing as a notable trend in the United Kingdom and Germany in the same year.97 In the UK an established warehouse party subculture, centered on the British African-Caribbean sound system scene fueled underground after-parties that featured dance music exclusively. Also in 1988, the Balearic party vibe associated with Ibiza's DJ Alfredo was transported to London, when Danny Rampling and Paul Oakenfold opened the clubs Shoom and Spectrum, respectively. Both places became synonymous with acid house, and it was during this period that MDMA gained prominence as a party drug. Other important UK clubs included Back to Basics in Leeds, Sheffield's Leadmill and Music Factory, and The Haçienda in Manchester, where Mike Pickering and Graeme Park's spot, Nude, was an important proving ground for American underground dance music.9899 The success of house and acid house paved the way for Detroit techno, a style that was initially supported by a handful of house music clubs in Chicago, New York, and Northern England, with Detroit clubs catching up later.100 The term Techno first came into use after a release of a 10 Records/Virgin Records compilation titled Techno: The Dance Sound of Detroit in 1988.101

One of the first Detroit productions to receive wider attention was Derrick May's "Strings of Life" (1987), which, together with May's previous release, "Nude Photo" (1987), helped raise techno's profile in Europe, especially the UK and Germany, during the 1987–1988 house music boom (see Second Summer of Love).102 It became May's best-known track, which, according to Frankie Knuckles, "just exploded. It was like something you can't imagine, the kind of power and energy people got off that record when it was first heard. Mike Dunn says he has no idea how people can accept a record that doesn't have a bassline."103 According to British DJ Mark Moore, "Strings of Life" led London club-goers to accept house: "because most people hated house music and it was all rare groove and hip hop...I'd play 'Strings of Life' at the Mudd Club and clear the floor".104105 By the late 1980s interest in house, acid house and techno escalated in the club scene and MDMA-fueled club-goers, who were faced with a 2 a.m. closing time in the UK, started to seek after-hours refuge at all-night warehouse parties. Within a year, in summer 1989, up to 25,000 people at a time were attending commercially organised underground parties called raves.106

1990s

See also: Progressive house, Tech house, Minimal techno, Trance music, Intelligent dance music, Eurodance, Ghetto house, Hardcore (electronic dance music genre), Big beat, Digital hardcore, and Afro house

Trance

Main article: Trance music

See also: Goa trance, Psychedelic trance, Progressive trance, and Uplifting trance

Trance emerged from the rave scene in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s and developed further during the early 1990s in Germany before spreading throughout the rest of Europe, as a more melodic offshoot from techno and house. At the same time trance music was developing in Europe, the genre was also gathering a following in the Indian state of Goa.107 Trance is mostly instrumental, although vocals can be mixed in: typically they are performed by mezzo-soprano to soprano female soloists, often without a traditional verse/chorus structure. Structured vocal form in trance music forms the basis of the vocal trance subgenre, which has been described as "grand, soaring, and operatic" and "ethereal female leads floating amongst the synths".108109 Trance music is broken into a number of subgenres including acid trance, classic trance, hard trance, progressive trance,110 and uplifting trance.111 Uplifting trance is also known as "anthem trance", "epic trance",112 "commercial trance", "stadium trance", or "euphoric trance",113 and has been strongly influenced by classical music in the 1990s114 and 2000s by leading artists such as Ferry Corsten, Armin Van Buuren, Tiësto, Push, Rank 1 and at present with the development of the subgenre "orchestral uplifting trance" or "uplifting trance with symphonic orchestra" by such artists as Andy Blueman, Ciro Visone, Soundlift, Arctic Moon, Sergey Nevone&Simon O'Shine etc. Closely related to Uplifting Trance is Euro-trance, which has become a general term for a wide variety of highly commercialized European dance music. Several subgenres are crossovers with other major genres of electronic music. For instance, Tech trance is a mixture of trance and techno, and Vocal trance "combines [trance's] progressive elements with pop music".115 The dream trance genre originated in the mid-1990s, with its popularity then led by Robert Miles.

AllMusic states on progressive trance: "the progressive wing of the trance crowd led directly to a more commercial, chart-oriented sound since trance had never enjoyed much chart action in the first place. Emphasizing the smoother sound of Eurodance or house (and occasionally more reminiscent of Jean-Michel Jarre than Basement Jaxx), Progressive Trance became the sound of the world's dance floors by the end of the millennium. Critics ridiculed its focus on predictable breakdowns and relative lack of skill to beat-mix, but progressive trance was caned by the hottest DJ."116

Breakbeat hardcore, jungle, drum and bass

Main articles: Jungle music, Drum and bass, and Breakbeat hardcore

See also: History of drum and bass, UK garage, Breakbeat, and Breakcore

By the early 1990s, a style of music developed within the rave scene that had an identity distinct from American house and techno. This music, much like hip-hop before it, combined sampled syncopated beats or breakbeats, other samples from a wide range of different musical genres, and, occasionally, samples of music, dialogue, and effects from films and television programmes. Relative to earlier styles of dance music such as house and techno, so-called 'rave music' tended to emphasise bass sounds and use faster tempos, or beats per minute (BPM). This subgenre was known as "hardcore" rave, but from as early as 1991, some musical tracks made up of these high-tempo breakbeats, with heavy basslines and samples of older Jamaican music, were referred to as "jungle techno", a genre influenced by Jack Smooth and Basement Records, and later just "jungle", which became recognized as a separate musical genre popular at raves and on pirate radio in Britain. It is important to note when discussing the history of drum & bass that prior to jungle, rave music was getting faster and more experimental.

By 1994, jungle had begun to gain mainstream popularity, and fans of the music (often referred to as junglists) became a more recognisable part of youth subculture. The genre further developed, incorporating and fusing elements from a wide range of existing musical genres, including the raggamuffin sound, dancehall, MC chants, dub basslines, and increasingly complex, heavily edited breakbeat percussion. Despite the affiliation with the ecstasy-fuelled rave scene, Jungle also inherited some associations with violence and criminal activity, both from the gang culture that had affected the UK's hip-hop scene and as a consequence of jungle's often aggressive or menacing sound and themes of violence (usually reflected in the choice of samples). However, this developed in tandem with the often positive reputation of the music as part of the wider rave scene and dance hall-based Jamaican music culture prevalent in London. By 1995, whether as a reaction to, or independently of this cultural schism, some jungle producers began to move away from the ragga-influenced style and create what would become collectively labelled, for convenience, as drum and bass.117

21st century

See also: Bass music, Crunk, Trap music, EDM trap, Footwork (genre), Electroclash, Hardstyle, Moombahton, and Microgenres

Dubstep

Main article: Dubstep

Dubstep is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in South London in the late 1990s. It is generally characterized by sparse, syncopated rhythmic patterns with bass lines that contain prominent sub-bass frequencies. The style emerged as an offshoot of UK garage, drawing on a lineage of related styles such as 2-step, dub reggae, jungle, broken beat, and grime.118119 In the United Kingdom, the origins of the genre can be traced back to the growth of the Jamaican sound system party scene in the early 1980s.120121

The earliest known dubstep releases date back to 1998, and were usually featured as B-sides of 2-step garage single releases. These tracks were darker, more experimental remixes with less emphasis on vocals, and attempted to incorporate elements of breakbeat and drum and bass into 2-step. In 2001, this and other strains of dark garage music began to be showcased and promoted at London's nightclub Plastic People, at the "Forward" night (sometimes stylised as FWD>>), which went on to be considered influential to the development of dubstep. The term "dubstep" in reference to a genre of music began to be used around 2002 by labels such as Big Apple, Ammunition, and Tempa, by which time stylistic trends used in creating these remixes started to become more noticeable and distinct from 2-step and grime.122

Electro house

Main article: Electro house

Electro house is a form of house music characterized by a prominent bassline or kick drum and a tempo between 125 and 135 beats per minute, usually 128.123124125 Its origins were influenced by electro. The term has been used to describe the music of many DJ Mag Top 100 DJs, including Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Hardwell, Skrillex,126127 and Steve Aoki.128 Italian DJ Benny Benassi, with his track "Satisfaction" released in 2002, is seen as the forerunner of electro-house who brought it to the mainstream.129 By the mid-2000s, electro-house saw an increase in popularity, with hits such as the Tom Neville remix of Studio B's "I See Girls" in 2005 (UK #11). In November 2006, electroGq-house tracks "Put Your Hands Up for Detroit" by Fedde Le Grand and the D. Ramirez remix of "Yeah Yeah" by Bodyrox and Luciana held the number one and number two spots, respectively, on the UK top 40 singles chart.130 Since then, electro-house producers such as Feed Me, Knife Party, The M Machine, Porter Robinson, Yasutaka Nakata131 and Dada Life have emerged.

Big room house is a sub-genre of electro and progressive house that emerged in the mid-2010s, characterized by simplistic melodies and drops, and a sound design intended to be suited towards larger venues such as arenas and outdoor festivals.132133134

EDM trap music

Main article: EDM trap music

Trap music originated from techno, dub, and Dutch house, but also from the original off-shoot of Southern hip hop in the late 2000s and early 2010s. This form of trap music can be simplified by these three features: "1/3 hip hop (tempo and song structure are similar, most tracks are usually between 70 and 110 bpm) – with vocals sometimes being pitched down, 1/3 dance music – high-pitched Dutch synth work, hardstyle sampling, as well as a plethora of trap remixes of popular EDM songs, and 1/3 dub (low-frequency focus and strong emphasis on repetitiveness throughout a song)".135 Some of the artists that popularized this genre, along with several others, are producers such as RL Grime with the tracks "Core" and "Scylla" released in 2014, Flosstradamus with their Hdynation Radio album released in 2015 and Carnage with his track "Turn Up" released in 2012.136 Trap music in this connotation was characterized by "soulful synths, 808s, the pan flute, sharp snares and long, syrup-slurred vowels" which created dirty and aggressive beats resulting in "dark melodies". Trap is now mainly used to create remixes of already existing songs.137138

Terminology

In 1980 English producer Richard James Burgess, and his band Landscape, used the term on the sleeve of the single "European Man": "Electronic Dance Music... EDM; computer programmed to perfection for your listening pleasure." In response to a question about being credited with coining the term New Romantic Burgess has stated that: "Initially I was using three terms – Futurist, Electronic Dance Music (the Landscape singles have EDM printed on them) and New Romantic."139140

Music journalist for The Guardian, Alexis Petridis, claimed that British DJ and music journalist James Hamilton coined the term EDM, but doesn't give a date for this.141

Writing in The Guardian, journalist Simon Reynolds noted that the American music industry's adoption of the term EDM in the late 2000s was an attempt to re-brand US "rave culture" and differentiate it from the 1990s rave scene. It has been described as an era of electronic music, being described in a MixMag article as being "the drop-heavy, stadium-filling, fist-pumping, chart-topping, massively commercial main stage sound that conquered America...possibly somewhere between electro and progressive house, directed by Michael Bay, and like many music genres, trying to pin it down exactly is like trying to grab a fistful of water".142 In the UK, "dance music" or "dance" are more common terms for EDM.[4] What is widely perceived to be "club music" has changed over time; it now includes different genres and may not always encompass EDM. Similarly, "electronic dance music" can mean different things to different people. Both "club music" and "EDM" seem vague, but the terms are sometimes used to refer to distinct and unrelated genres (club music is defined by what is popular, whereas EDM is distinguished by musical attributes).[96] Though Billboard debuted a "dance" chart in 1974, the larger US music industry did not create music charts until the late 1990s.[93] In July 1995, Nervous Records and Project X Magazine hosted the first awards ceremony, calling it the "Electronic Dance Music Awards".[Note 4]

Production

Electronic dance music is generally composed and produced in a recording studio with specialized equipment such as samplers, synthesizers, effects units and MIDI controllers all set up to interact with one another using the MIDI protocol. In the genre's early days, hardware electronic musical instruments were used and the focus in production was mainly on manipulating MIDI data as opposed to manipulating audio signals. Since the late 1990s, the use of software has increased. A modern electronic music production studio generally consists of a computer running a digital audio workstation (DAW), with various plug-ins installed such as software synthesizers and effects units, which are controlled with a MIDI controller such as a MIDI keyboard. This setup is generally sufficient to complete entire productions, which are then ready for mastering.143

Ghost production

A ghost producer is a hired music producer in a business arrangement who produces a song for another DJ/artist that releases it as their own,144 typically under a contract which prevents them from identifying themselves as a personnel of the song.145 Ghost producers receive a simple fee or royalty payments for their work and are often able to work in their preference of not having the intense pressure of fame and the lifestyle of an internationally recognized DJ.146 A ghost producer may increase their notability in the music industry by acquainting with established "big name" DJs and producers.147 Producers like Martin Garrix and Porter Robinson are often noted for their ghost production work for other producers while David Guetta and Steve Aoki are noted for their usage of ghost producers in their songs whereas DJs like Tiësto have been openly crediting their producers in an attempt to avoid censure and for transparency.148

Many ghost producers sign agreements that prevent them from working for anyone else or establishing themselves as a solo artist.149 Such non-disclosure agreements are often noted as predatory because ghost producers, especially teenage producers, do not have an understanding of the music industry.150 London producer Mat Zo has alleged that DJs who hire ghost producers "have pretended to make their own music and [left] us actual producers to struggle".151

Bedroom production

A bedroom producer is an independent musician who creates electronic music on their laptop or in a home studio. Unlike in traditional recording studios, bedroom producers typically use low-cost, accessible software and equipment which can lead to music being created completely "in the box", with no external hardware.152

Afro-EDM

Afro-EDM depicts African electronic dance music genres and styles that blend elements of traditional African music with electronic dance music. It incorporates various African rhythms, instruments, and vocal styles, merging them with modern EDM production techniques. Afro EDM had existed for decades. However, it was only with the advent of 21st-century technology that African EDM truly began to thrive. Popular contemporary millennium Afro-EDM genres and styles can be found within the gqom (South Africa) and Afrobeats (Nigeria) genres. Music scenes in other African countries exist such as in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (tekno kintueni).153

Afrobeats

Main article: Afrobeats

Pon Pon (also ADM or African Dance Music) emerged in Nigeria circa 2018 denoting EDM influences intermingled with Afrobeats, Nigerian Afropop, dancehall and highlife. A variant is Nigerian Afro-EDM which emerged in the 2020s encompassing afrobeats, Nigerian afro-house and afroelectro.154155

Gqom

Main article: Gqom

Gqom originated around 2009–2010 in Durban, through the pioneering efforts of local record producers. Gqom blends elements of techno, broken beats, and house music. Unlike traditional house music, gqom diverges by eschewing the typical four-on-the-floor rhythm. Gqom is categorized as both EDM and house music, characterized by diverse production techniques and variations.156157158159160161

Popularisation

United States

See also: Beacham Theater § Late Night era: (1988–1994) Aahz

Initially, the popularization of electronic dance music was associated with European rave and club culture and it achieved limited popular exposure in the United States. By the mid-to-late 1990s this began to change as the American music industry made efforts to market a range of dance genres as "electronica".162 At the time, a wave of electronic music bands from the United Kingdom, including The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim and Underworld, had been prematurely associated with an "American electronica revolution".163164 But rather than finding mainstream success, many established EDM acts were relegated to the margins of the US industry.165 In 1998, Madonna's album Ray of Light—heavily influenced by club music trends and produced with British producer William Orbit—brought dance music to the attention of popular music listeners.166167 In the late 1990s, despite US media interest in dance music re-branded as electronica, American house and techno producers continued to travel abroad to establish their careers as DJs and producers.168 According to New York Times journalist Kelefa Sanneh, Aaliyah's 2000 single "Try Again" "helped smuggle the innovative techniques of electronic dance music onto the American pop charts"169

By the mid-2000s, Dutch producer Tiësto was bringing worldwide popular attention to EDM after providing a soundtrack to the entry of athletes during the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics — an event which The Guardian deemed as one of the 50 most important events in dance music.170 In 2003, the influence of dance music on American radio resulted in Billboard creating the first-ever Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart.171 By 2005, the prominence of dance music in North American popular culture had markedly increased. According to Spin, Daft Punk's performance at Coachella in 2006 was the "tipping point" for EDM—it introduced the duo to a new generation of "rock kids".172 As noted by Entertainment Weekly, Justin Timberlake's "SexyBack" helped introduce EDM sounds to top 40 radio, as it brought together variations of electronic dance music with the singer's R&B sounds.173174 In 2009, French house musician David Guetta began to regularly achieve crossover hits via collaborations with other pop and hip-hop acts, such as Kelly Rowland ("When Love Takes Over"),175 Akon ("Sexy Bitch"), The Black Eyed Peas ("I Gotta Feeling"), and Sia ("Titanium").176177 The music sharing website SoundCloud, as well as the video sharing website YouTube, also helped fuel interest in electronic music. Dubstep producer Skrillex popularized a harsher sound dubbed "Brostep", which had drawn comparisons to the aggression and tone of heavy metal.178179180181

With the increasing popularity of electronic dance music, promoters and venues realized that DJs could generate larger profits than traditional musicians; Diplo explained that "a band plays [for] 45 minutes; DJs can play for four hours. Rock bands—there's a few headliner dudes that can play 3,000–4,000-capacity venues, but DJs play the same venues, they turn the crowd over two times, people buy drinks all night long at higher prices—it's a win-win."182 Electronic music festivals, such as Electric Daisy Carnival (EDC) in Las Vegas and Ultra Music Festival in Miami also grew in size, placing an increased emphasis on visual experiences, and DJs who had begun to attain a celebrity status.183184 Other major acts that gained prominence, including Avicii and Swedish House Mafia, toured major venues such as arenas and stadiums rather than playing clubs; in December 2011, Swedish House Mafia became the first electronic music act to sell out New York City's Madison Square Garden.185

In 2011, Spin declared a "new rave generation" led by acts like David Guetta, Deadmau5, and Skrillex.186 In January 2013, Billboard introduced a new EDM-focused Dance/Electronic Songs chart, tracking the top 50 electronic songs based on sales, radio airplay, club play, and online streaming.187 According to Eventbrite, EDM fans are more likely to use social media to discover and share events or gigs. They also discovered that 78% of fans say they are more likely to attend an event if their peers do, compared to 43% of fans in general. EDM has many young and social fans.188 By late 2011, Music Trades was describing electronic dance music as the fastest-growing genre in the world.189 Elements of electronic music also became increasingly prominent in pop music.190 Radio and television also contributed to dance music's mainstream acceptance.191

US corporate interest

Corporate consolidation in the EDM industry began in 2012—especially in terms of live events. In June 2012, media executive Robert F. X. Sillerman—founder of what is now Live Nation—re-launched SFX Entertainment as an EDM conglomerate, and announced his plan to invest $1 billion to acquire EDM businesses. His acquisitions included regional promoters and festivals (including ID&T, which organises Tomorrowland), two nightclub operators in Miami, and Beatport, an online music store which focuses on electronic music.192193 Live Nation also acquired Cream Holdings and Hard Events, and announced a "creative partnership" with EDC organizers Insomniac Events in 2013 that would allow it to access its resources whilst remaining an independent company;194 Live Nation CEO Michael Rapino described EDM as the "[new] rock 'n' roll".195196197

US radio conglomerate iHeartMedia, Inc. (formerly Clear Channel Media and Entertainment) also made efforts to align itself with EDM. In January 2014 It hired noted British DJ and BBC Radio 1 personality Pete Tong to produce programming for its "Evolution" dance radio brand,198 and announced a partnership with SFX to co-produce live concerts and EDM-oriented original programming for its top 40 radio stations. iHeartMedia president John Sykes explained that he wanted his company's properties to be the "best destination [for EDM]".199200

Major brands have also used the EDM phenomena as a means of targeting millennials201202203204 and EDM songs and artists have increasingly been featured in television commercials and programs.205 Avicii's manager Ash Pournouri compared these practices to the commercialization of hip-hop in the early 2000s.206 Heineken has a marketing relationship with the Ultra Music Festival, and has incorporated Dutch producers Armin van Buuren and Tiësto into its ad campaigns. Anheuser-Busch has a similar relationship as beer sponsor of SFX Entertainment events.207 In 2014, 7 Up launched "7x7Up"—a multi-platform EDM-based campaign that included digital content, advertising featuring producers, and branded stages at both Ultra and Electric Daisy Carnival.208209210 Wireless carrier T-Mobile US entered into an agreement with SFX to become the official wireless sponsor of its events, and partnered with Above & Beyond to sponsor its 2015 tour.211

In August 2015, SFX began to experience declines in its value,212 and a failed bid by CEO Sillerman to take the company private. The company began looking into strategic alternatives that could have resulted in the sale of the company.213214 In October 2015, Forbes declared the possibility of an EDM "bubble", in the wake of the declines at SFX Entertainment, slowing growth in revenue, the increasing costs of organizing festivals and booking talent, as well as an oversaturation of festivals in the eastern and western United States. Insomniac CEO Pasquale Rotella felt that the industry would weather the financial uncertainty of the overall market by focusing on "innovation" and entering into new markets.215 Despite forecasts that interest in popular EDM would wane, in 2015 it was estimated to be a £5.5bn industry in the US, up by 60% compared to 2012 estimates.216

SFX emerged from bankruptcy in December 2016 as LiveStyle, under the leadership of Randy Phillips, a former executive of AEG Live.217218 The company began to slowly divest its live music assets in 2018, including selling its stakes in Rock in Rio (which it had bought as part of an attempted Las Vegas edition of the festival),219220 and later other SFX-owned promoters such as ID&T221222 and React Presents.223 Phillips stepped down as CEO in 2019 to pursue other projects.224

Criticism of over-commercialization

Following the popularization of EDM in America a number of producers and DJs, including Carl Cox, Steve Lawler, and Markus Schulz, raised concerns that the perceived over-commercialisation of dance music had impacted the art of DJing. Cox saw the "press-play" approach taken by newer EDM DJs as unrepresentative of what he called a "DJ ethos".225 Writing in Mixmag, DJ Tim Sheridan argued that "push-button DJs" who use auto-sync and play pre-recorded sets of "obvious hits" resulted in a situation overtaken by "the spectacle, money and the showbiz".226 "Big room house"—an EDM genre characterized by simplistic songs designed to be played in festival settings (exemplified by songs such as Martin Garrix's "Animals"), also faced criticism for being a homogenized sound with little originality.227228229 In May 2014, the NBC variety show Saturday Night Live satirized EDM culture and push-button DJs in a Digital Short titled When Will the Bass Drop?. It featured a DJ who goes about performing everyday activities—playing a computer game, frying eggs, collecting money—who then presses a giant "BASS" button, which explodes the heads of concertgoers.230231232

Some house producers openly admitted that "commercial" EDM needed further differentiation and creativity. Avicii, whose 2013 album True featured songs incorporating elements of bluegrass, such as lead single "Wake Me Up", stated that most EDM lacked "longevity".233 Deadmau5 criticized the homogenization of popular EDM, and suggested that it "all sounds the same". During the 2014 Ultra Music Festival, Deadmau5 made critical comments about up-and-coming producer Martin Garrix, and later played an edited version of Garrix's "Animals" remixed to the melody of "Old McDonald Had a Farm". Afterwards, Tiësto criticized Deadmau5 on Twitter for "sarcastically" mixing Avicii's "Levels" with his own "Ghosts 'n' Stuff" (in reference to being a last-minute substitution for Avicii on the festival schedule due to a medical issue), to which Deadmau5 asked whether playing a song "sarcastically" involved "sneer[ing] while hitting the sync button".234235236237

Porter Robinson was another critic of commercial EDM, believing that EDM was oriented towards "entertainment" rather than artistry, and felt that trying to gear songs towards towards dance and DJs was compromising the quality of his music. In August 2014, he released a studio album entitled "Worlds", which pivoted from his previous EDM-oriented material in favor of atmospheric tracks with aspects of video game music, new wave, and electropop. He had denounced .238239 His later albums, "Nurture" and "Smile! :D" reflected further departures from electronic music, with the former having an indie pop-driven sound,240241 and the latter carrying pop-punk and hyperpop influences.242

After years of rapid growth, the American popular EDM market started to wane in 2016, when some producers began to diversify beyond the "big room" sound. This development was directly referenced by two such DJs – David Guetta and Showtek – in a techno-influenced single released in April 2016 titled "The Death of EDM".243 By the end of the 2010s, EDM's position as the dominant force in mainstream popular music began to plateau as it became displaced by other styles.244245

International

In May 2015, the International Music Summit's Business Report estimated that the global electronic music industry had reached nearly $6.9 billion in value; the count included music sales, events revenue (including nightclubs and festivals), the sale of DJ equipment and software, and other sources of revenue. The report also identified several emerging markets for electronic dance music, including East Asia, India, and South Africa, credited primarily to investment by domestic, as well as American and European interests. A number of major festivals also began expanding into Latin America.246

In Ghana, West Africa, an artist named Djsky introduced EDM in 2015–present and organised successful festivals and events such as Hey Ibiza, Sunset music Festival, Sky show and more.247248249250 In an interview with WatsUp TV, Djsky revealed he was the first to introduce Electronic Music Dance into Ghana music.251252

In Ethiopia EDM has become part of mainstream music after the 2018 breakthrough of a young artist named Rophnan which incorporated EDM sound with traditional rhythms and melodies.253 In his shows, tens of thousands of youth were packing stadiums across the country and radios started to play the emerging genre.254255

China is a market where EDM had initially made relatively few inroads; although promoters believed that the mostly instrumental music would remove a metaphorical language barrier, the growth of EDM in China was hampered by the lack of a prominent rave culture in the country as in other regions, as well as the popularity of domestic Chinese pop over foreign artists. Former Universal Music executive Eric Zho, inspired by the US growth, made the first significant investments in electronic music in China, including the organisation of Shanghai's inaugural Storm festival in 2013, the reaching of a title sponsorship deal for the festival with Anheuser-Busch's Budweiser brand, a local talent search, and organising collaborations between EDM producers and Chinese singers, such as Avicii and Wang Leehom's "Lose Myself". In the years following, a larger number of EDM events began to appear in China, and Storm itself was also preceded by a larger number of pre-parties in 2014 than its inaugural year. A new report released during the inaugural International Music Summit China in October 2015 revealed that the Chinese EDM industry was experiencing modest gains, citing the larger number of events (including new major festival brands such as Modern Sky and YinYang), a 6% increase in the sales of electronic music in the country, and the significant size of the overall market. Zho also believed that the country's "hands-on" political climate, as well as investments by China into cultural events, helped in "encouraging" the growth of EDM in the country.256257

Social impact

Festivals

Main article: List of electronic music festivals

In the 1980s, electronic dance music was often played at illegal underground rave parties held in secret locations, for example, warehouses, abandoned aircraft hangars, fields and any other large, open areas. In the 1990s and 2000s, aspects of the underground rave culture of the 1980s and early 1990s began to evolve into legitimate, organized EDM concerts and festivals. Major festivals often feature a large number of acts representing various EDM genres spread across multiple stages. Festivals have placed a larger emphasis on visual spectacles as part of their overall experiences, including elaborate stage designs with underlying thematics, complex lighting systems, laser shows, and pyrotechnics. Rave fashion also evolved among attendees, which The Guardian described as having progressed from the 1990s "kandi raver" to "[a] slick and sexified yet also kitschy-surreal image midway between Venice Beach and Cirque du Soleil, Willy Wonka and a gay pride parade".258259260 These events differed from underground raves by their organized nature, often taking place at major venues, and with measures to ensure the health and safety of attendees.261 MTV's Rawley Bornstein described electronic music as "the new rock and roll",262 as has Lollapalooza organizer Perry Farrell.263

Ray Waddell of Billboard noted that festival promoters have done an excellent job at branding.264 Larger festivals have been shown to have positive economic impacts on their host cities265 the 2014 Ultra Music Festival brought 165,000 attendees—and over $223 million—to the Miami/South Florida region's economy.266 The inaugural edition of TomorrowWorld—a U.S.-based version of Belgium's Tomorrowland festival, brought $85.1 million to the Atlanta area—as much revenue as its hosting of the NCAA Final Four (the semi-final and national championship games of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament) earlier in the year.267 EDC Las Vegas boosted the Clark County economy by $350.3 million in 2015 alone, with over 405,000 attendees across three days (June 19–21).268

The popularity of EDM and festivals also led some multi-genre festivals not strongly associated with electronic music, such as Coachella and Lollapalooza, to add more electronic acts to their lineup. They often play EDM-specific stages, but major acts such as Deadmau5, Calvin Harris and Subtronics have made overall headlining appearances on the main stages of Lollapalooza and Coachella respectively—placements that are typically associated with rock and alternative acts.269270 Russell Smith of The Globe and Mail felt that the commercial festival industry was an antithesis to the original principles of the rave subculture, citing "the expensive tickets, the giant corporate sponsors, the crass bro culture—shirtless muscle boys who cruise the stadiums, tiny popular girls in bikinis who ride on their shoulders – not to mention the sappy music itself."271 Drug-related incidents, as well as other complaints surrounding the behaviour of their attendees, have contributed to negative perceptions and opposition to electronic music events by local authorities.272273

After Ultra Music Festival 2014, where a crowd of gatecrashers trampled a security guard on its first day, Miami's city commissioners considered banning the festival from being held in the city, citing the trampling incident, lewd behavior, and complaints by downtown residents of being harassed by attendees. The commissioners voted to allow Ultra to continue being held in Miami due to its positive economic effects, under the condition that its organizers address security, drug usage and lewd behavior by attendees.274275276 In 2018, after continued concerns, the commissioners voted to bar the festival from being held in Bayfront Park and downtown Miami,277278279 but subsequently approved a proposal to move the event to one of Miami's barrier islands, Virginia Key.280 Following the festival, which was impacted by transportation issues (as there is only one vehicular link between Virginia Key and mainland Miami) and other problems, Ultra pulled out of the agreement, and negotiated an agreement to return to Bayfront Park.281282 The UK Jungle and Drum and Bass focused record label, Hospital Records, runs a festival called Hospitality283 in clubs and other locations scattered around the UK and other countries with big EDM influence. These events are usually concerts from artists on the record's roster of musicians.

COVID-19 impact

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, cancellation of festivals, accompanied by the restrictions on social distancing has negatively impacted economic activity of festivals and the music industry.284 Festivals are required to have regulations on health and safety, as well as deal with crisis and risk management, since they are at high risk due to the mass of people that attend. As a result, it has become normal for festivals or performances to be streamed online.285

During 2020, all large EDM music festivals were postponed or canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On March 4, 2020, Ultra Miami was the first electronic dance music festival to cancel an event since the event could not conform to the state's capacity rules and county's safety protocols and regulations.286 On April 21, 2020, Electric Forest music festival in Rothbury, Michigan rescheduled their event on June 25–27, 2020 to June 2021 due to health concerns.287 On July 9, 2020, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio decided that all sizeable events will be suspended through September 30.288 As a result, Electric Zoo 2020, which takes place on Randall's Island in New York City during Labor Day Weekend, fully canceled their 2020 event.

Electric Daisy Carnival Las Vegas (EDC), the biggest dance music festival in North America, was scheduled to happen on May 15–17, 2020. In April, EDC postponed their May event to October 2–4, 2020, and later declared on August 2 that EDC Las Vegas 2020 would be officially canceled.289 Instead, EDC CEO Pasquale Rotella announced the celebration of EDC's 25th anniversary on May 21–23, 2021.290 On April 9, 2021, EDC had not yet released their lineup and COVID-19 safety protocols for the event happening in May 2021.291 On April 20, 2021, Rotella postponed the festival to October 22–24, 2021.292

The cancellations of these events economically hurt the music industry and the companies that run these events. EDC 2020 originally sold out of the 200,000 tickets for their first event, but offered full returns for those who could not make it to new dates.293 Electric Zoo included an incentive for customers to keep their ticket by providing an extra $50 for General Admission tickets and $100 for VIP tickets to spend on merchandise and food on festival grounds.294  Most music festival companies offered to rollover the ticket to their next event or give full refunds to those who could not attend, but ultimately lost a lot of customers due to the uncertainty of COVID-19.295

Association with recreational drug use

See also: Club drug, Party pills, MDMA, 2C-B, 4-MA, Cannabis, Cocaine, GHB, DMT, LSD, Ketamine, Amphetamine, Benzylpiperazine, and Benzodiazepine

Dance music has a long association with recreational drug use,296 particularly with a wide range of drugs that have been categorized under the name "club drugs". Russell Smith noted that the association of drugs and music subcultures was by no means exclusive to electronic music, citing previous examples of music genres that were associated with certain drugs, such as psychedelic rock and LSD, disco music and cocaine, and punk music and heroin.297

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as ecstasy, "E", or "Molly", is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at clubs, festivals and house parties.298 In the rave environment, the sensory effects from the music and lighting are often highly synergistic with the drug. The psychedelic amphetamine quality of MDMA offers multiple reasons for its appeals to users in the "rave" setting. Some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the inhibition-reducing effects of the drug, while others use it as party fuel because of the drug's stimulatory effects.299 Another drug para-Methoxyamphetamine (4-MA) also known as pink ecstasy, PMA, "Death" or "Dr. Death", it is similar to MDMA but they can take up to an hour to produce effects, which can result in hyperthermia and subsequently, organ failure. People who take PMA are often mistaken for it being identified as MDMA.300301

MDMA is occasionally known for being taken in conjunction with psychedelic drugs. The more common combinations include MDMA combined with LSD, MDMA combined with DMT, MDMA with psilocybin mushrooms, and MDMA with the dissociative drug ketamine. Many users use mentholated products while taking MDMA for its cooling sensation while experiencing the drug's effects. Examples include menthol cigarettes, Vicks VapoRub, NyQuil,302 and lozenges.

The incidence of nonmedical ketamine has increased in the context of raves and other parties.303 However, its emergence as a club drug differs from other club drugs (e.g. MDMA) due to its anesthetic properties (e.g., slurred speech, immobilization) at higher doses;304 in addition, there are reports of ketamine being sold as "ecstasy".305 The use of ketamine as part of a "postclubbing experience" has also been documented.306 Ketamine's rise in the dance culture was rapid in Hong Kong by the end of the 1990s.307 Before becoming a federally controlled substance in the United States in 1999, ketamine was available as diverted pharmaceutical preparations and as a pure powder sold in bulk quantities from domestic chemical supply companies.308 Much of the current ketamine diverted for nonmedical use originates in China and India.309

Drug-related deaths at electronic dance music events

A number of deaths attributed to apparent drug use have occurred at major electronic music concerts and festivals. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum blacklisted Insomniac Events after an underaged attendee died from "complications of ischemic encephalopathy due to methylenedioxymethamphetamine intoxication" during Electric Daisy Carnival 2010; as a result, the event was re-located to Las Vegas the following year.310311312313314 Drug-related deaths during Electric Zoo 2013 in New York City, United States, and Future Music Festival Asia 2014 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, prompted the final day of both events to be cancelled,315316 while Life in Color cancelled a planned event in Malaysia out of concern for the incident, and other drug-related deaths that occurred at the A State of Trance 650 concerts in Jakarta, Indonesia.317318319

In September 2016, the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina banned all electronic music events, pending future legislation, after five drug-related deaths and four injuries at a Time Warp Festival event in the city in April 2016. The ban forced electronic band Kraftwerk to cancel a planned concert in the city, despite arguing that there were dissimilarities between a festival and their concerts.320321

Industry awards

OrganizationAward(s)Year(s)Notes
BRIT AwardsBritish Dance Act1994–present(on hiatus between 2005 to 2021)The BRIT awards in the UK introduced a "British Dance Act" category in 1994, first won by M People. Although dance acts had featured in the awards in previous years, this was the first year dance music was given its own category.
Grammy AwardsBest Dance/Electronic Recording1998–presentMost recently won (2024) by Justice & Tame Impala for "Neverender".322
Best Dance/Electronic Music Album2005–presentMost recently won (2024) by Charli XCX for Brat.323
DJ MagTop 100 DJs poll1991–presentThe British dance music magazine DJ Mag publishes a yearly listing of the top 100 DJs in the world; from 1991 to 1996 the Top 100 poll were ranked by the magazine's journalists; in 1997 the poll became a public vote. The current number one as of the 2024 list is Martin Garrix.324
DJ AwardsBest DJ Award1998–presentThe only global DJ awards event that nominates and awards international DJ's in 11 categories held annually in Ibiza, Spain, winners selected by a public vote325 and one of the most important.326
Winter Music Conference (WMC)IDMA: International Dance Music Awards1998–present327
Project X MagazineElectronic Dance Music Awards1995Readers of Project X magazine voted for the winners of the first (and only) "Electronic Dance Music Awards".328 In a ceremony organized by the magazine and Nervous Records, award statues were given to Winx, The Future Sound of London, Moby, Junior Vasquez, Danny Tenaglia, DJ Keoki, TRIBAL America Records and Moonshine Records.329
American Music AwardsFavorite Dance/Electronic Artist2012–presentMost recently won (2025) by Lady Gaga.330
World Music AwardsFavorite Electronic Dance Music Artist2006–present(on hiatus)Most recently won (2014) by Calvin Harris.331

See also

(Alphabetical)

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

References

  1. Koskoff (2004), p. 44. - Koskoff, Ellen (2004). Music Cultures in the United States: an Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9780415965897. ↩

  2. Butler (2006), pp. 12–13, 94. - Butler, Mark Jonathan (2006). Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253346629. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=opzZzFUgDfEC ↩

  3. "How Rave Music Conquered America". The Guardian. August 2, 2012. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/aug/02/how-rave-music-conquered-america ↩

  4. "How Rave Music Conquered America". The Guardian. August 2, 2012. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/aug/02/how-rave-music-conquered-america ↩

  5. Kembrew McLeod (2001). "Genres, Subgenres, Sub-Subgenres and More: Musical and Social Difference Within Electronic/Dance Music Communities". Journal of Popular Music Studies. 13: 59–75. doi:10.1111/j.1533-1598.2001.tb00013.x. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  6. Richard James Burgess (2014), The History of Music Production, page 115, Oxford University Press /wiki/Richard_James_Burgess ↩

  7. EDM – ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC Archived October 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Armada Music Very interesting fact is, the term EDM is mostly in European area often associated with kitschy styles of electronic dance music genres like melodic techno, electro-house and similar cheesy imitations of underground culture. https://www.armadamusic.com/edm-electronic-dance-music ↩

  8. Kembrew McLeod (2001). "Genres, Subgenres, Sub-Subgenres and More: Musical and Social Difference Within Electronic/Dance Music Communities". Journal of Popular Music Studies. 13: 59–75. doi:10.1111/j.1533-1598.2001.tb00013.x. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  9. "Silver Apples Made EDM in the 1960s - Supersonic - Ep. 6". YouTube. December 16, 2013. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xReSZczxSsU ↩

  10. EDM – ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC Archived October 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Armada Music Very interesting fact is, the term EDM is mostly in European area often associated with kitschy styles of electronic dance music genres like melodic techno, electro-house and similar cheesy imitations of underground culture. https://www.armadamusic.com/edm-electronic-dance-music ↩

  11. Richard James Burgess (2014), The History of Music Production, page 115, Oxford University Press /wiki/Richard_James_Burgess ↩

  12. Michael Veal (2013), Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae, pages 26–44, "Electronic Music in Jamaica" Archived November 8, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Wesleyan University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=kYtiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP54 ↩

  13. Michael Veal (2013), Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae, pages 85–86 Archived November 8, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Wesleyan University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=kYtiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 ↩

  14. Michael Veal (2013), Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae, pages 26–44, "Electronic Music in Jamaica" Archived November 8, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Wesleyan University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=kYtiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP54 ↩

  15. Michael Veal (2013), Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae, pages 26–44, "Electronic Music in Jamaica" Archived November 8, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Wesleyan University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=kYtiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP54 ↩

  16. Truesdell, Cliff (2007). Mastering Digital Audio Production: The Professional Music Workflow with Mac OS X. John Wiley & Sons. p. 310. ISBN 9780470165768. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2019. 9780470165768 ↩

  17. Nicholas Collins, Margaret Schedel, Scott Wilson (2013), Electronic Music: Cambridge Introductions to Music, page 20 Archived November 8, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=bQeAtG97BmEC&pg=PA20 ↩

  18. Holmes, Thom (2008). Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture. Routledge. p. 403. ISBN 978-0203929599. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2013. 978-0203929599 ↩

  19. Toop, David (1995). Ocean of Sound. Serpent's Tail. p. 115. ISBN 9781852423827. 9781852423827 ↩

  20. "The Intersection of Hip Hop and Electronic Dance Music: A History of Influences". Electronica. March 22, 2021. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023. https://electronica.org.uk/blog/the-intersection-of-hip-hop-and-electronic-dance-music-a-history-of-influences/ ↩

  21. Arthur P. Molella, Anna Karvellas (2015),"Places of Invention", Smithsonian Institution, p.47. https://books.google.com/books?id=FyDaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 ↩

  22. Arthur P. Molella, Anna Karvellas (2015),"Places of Invention", Smithsonian Institution, p.47. https://books.google.com/books?id=FyDaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 ↩

  23. Nicholas Collins, Margaret Schedel, Scott Wilson (2013), Electronic Music: Cambridge Introductions to Music, page 105, Cambridge University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=bQeAtG97BmEC&pg=PA105 ↩

  24. Brian Coleman, The Technics 1200 — Hammer Of The Gods Archived July 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Medium https://medium.com/@briancoleman/the-technics-1200-hammer-of-the-gods-xxl-fall-1998-5b93180a67da ↩

  25. Billboard, May 21, 1977, page 140 /wiki/Billboard_(magazine) ↩

  26. Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies, page 515, Oxford University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=KuRfLG0IedYC&pg=PA515 ↩

  27. "History of the Record Player Part II: The Rise and Fall". Reverb.com. October 2015. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2016. https://reverb.com/news/history-of-the-record-player-part-ii-the-rise-and-fall ↩

  28. Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies, page 515, Oxford University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=KuRfLG0IedYC&pg=PA515 ↩

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