Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
Durvillaea
Genus of seaweeds

Durvillaea is a genus of large brown algae in the monotypic family Durvillaeaceae. All members of the genus are found in the southern hemisphere, including Australia, New Zealand, South America, and various subantarctic islands. Durvillaea, commonly known as southern bull kelps, occur on rocky, wave-exposed shorelines and provide a habitat for numerous intertidal organisms. Many species exhibit a honeycomb-like structure in their fronds that provides buoyancy, which allows individuals detached from substrates to raft alive at sea, permitting dispersal for hundreds of days over thousands of kilometres. Durvillaea species have been used for clothing, tools and as a food source by many indigenous cultures throughout the South Pacific, and they continue to play a prominent role in Chilean cuisine.

Related Image Collections Add Image
Profiles
1 Image
We don't have any YouTube videos related to Durvillaea yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to Durvillaea yet.
We don't have any Books related to Durvillaea yet.
We don't have any archived web articles related to Durvillaea yet.

Common name and etymology

The common name for Durvillaea is southern bull kelp. This is often shortened to bull kelp, which can generate confusion with the North Pacific kelp species Nereocystis luetkeana.910

The genus is named after French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville (1790-1842).11

Description

Durvillaea species are dioecious.12 Based on the concentration of pigments in thalli, males and females of D. antarctica do not significantly differ in colouration.13 Holdfasts of males and females can be joined together.1415

Durvillaea species are characterised by their prolific growth and plastic morphology.16

Three species, Durvillaea incurvata, D. antarctica, D. poha are buoyant due to a honeycomb-like structure in the fronds of the kelp that holds air.1718 When these species detach from the seabed, this buoyancy allows for individuals to drift for substantial distances, permitting long distance dispersal.1920 In contrast, species as D. willana lack such 'honeycomb' tissue and are non-buoyant, preventing the individuals from moving long distances.21

Ecology

Durvillaea bull kelp grow within intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, typically on rocky wave-exposed coastal sites.22 D. antarctica and D. poha are intertidal, whereas D. willana is subtidal (to 6 m depths).23 Intertidal species can grow at the uppermost limit of the intertidal zone if there is sufficient wave wash.24 Species can withstand a high level of disturbance from wave action,25 although storms can remove individuals from substrates.262728

Research on the bacteria associated with Durvillaea indicates that local environmental conditions shape external microbiome diversity significantly.29 Further research suggests that the diversity of bacterial microbiomes associated with D. antarctica is influenced by the density and connectivity of the host kelp populations.30

Durvillaea southern bull kelp

Epibionts, parasites and rafting

Holdfasts of D. antarctica and other species are often inhabited by a diverse array of epifaunal and infaunal invertebrates, many of which burrow into and graze on the kelp.3132 In New Zealand, species that inhabit Durvillaea include the sea-star Anasterias suteri, crustaceans such as Parawaldeckia kidderi, P. karaka,33 and the gribbles Limnoria segnis34 and L. stephenseni, as well as the molluscs Cantharidus roseus, Onchidella marginata,35 Onithochiton neglectus,3637 and Sypharochiton sinclairi,383940 and the spider Desis marina.4142

Durvillaea individuals can detach from substrates, particularly during storms. Once detached, buoyant species such as D. antarctica and D. poha can float as rafts, and can travel vast distances at sea, driven by ocean currents.4344 Specimens of D. antarctica have been found to float for up to 210 days, during which time high wind speeds transport kelp rafts up to 10,000 km.4546 Environmental factors such as temperature, solar radiation and surface winds (all of which vary with latitude) affect buoyancy of southern bull kelp rafts and their rate of travel.47 Rafts of D. antarctica are more likely to disperse offshore if individuals detach during outgoing tides during autumn and winter.48 Rafts of Kelp-associated invertebrates inside holdfasts and external epiphytes can be transported by rafting individuals, potentially leading to long-distance dispersal and a significant impact upon the population genetic structure of the invertebrate species.495051525354 Attached male and female individuals can raft together, providing an opportunity for reproduction.5556 Rafts of D. antarctica currently reach Antarctica,5758 although freezing negative impacts the buoyancy and photosynthetic activity of D. antarctica tissue, which may affect the viability and reproductive capability of rafts.59

Rafts of Durvillaea can be colonised by the goose barnacles Lepas australis and L. pectinata. Beachcast, decomposing bull-kelp is colonised and consumed by a wide variety of invertebrates including sandhoppers Bellorchestia quoyana,60 and kelp flies Chaetocoelopa littoralis.

Other seaweeds including Gelidium lingulatum, G. rex, Corallina officinalis var. chilensis, and Lessonia spicata also grow as epiphytes in the holdfasts of D. antarctica.61 Rafting on D. antarctica appears to have influenced the dispersal and phylogeography of these non-buoyant species.6263 In New Zealand, Durvillaea fronds can also be infected by the obligate red algal epiphyte Pyrophyllon subtumens (J. Agardh ex R.M. Laing) W.A. Nelson 2003.6465

Fronds of D. antarctica can be infected by an endophytic, phaeophycean algal parasite Herpodiscus durvillaeae (Lindauer) G.R. South.6667 Fronds can also be infected by Maullinia, a genus of intracellular, protistan parasites.686970 Based on genetic evidence, both H. durvillaeae and Maullinia have probably been dispersed across the Southern Hemisphere via rafting bull kelp.71727374

Parasites of Durvillaea southern bull kelp

Environmental stressors

Increased temperatures and heatwaves, increased sedimentation, and invasive species (such as Undaria pinnatifida) are sources of physiological stress and disturbance for members of the genus.75

A marine heatwave in the summer of 2017/18 appears to have caused the local extinction of multiple Durvillaea species at Pile Bay, on the Banks Peninsula.76 Once the kelp was extirpated, the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida recruited in high densities.77

Disturbance from earthquake uplift

Earthquake uplift that raises the intertidal zone by as little as 1.5 metres can cause Durvillaea bull kelp to die off in large numbers.787980 Increased sedimentation following landslides caused by earthquakes is also detrimental.8182 Once an area is cleared of Durvillaea following an uplift event, the bull kelp that re-colonises the area can potentially originate from genetically distinct populations far outside the uplift zone, spread via long distance-dispersal.83

Intertidal species of Durvillaea can be used to estimate earthquake uplift height, with comparable results to traditional methods such as lidar.84 However, since Durvillaea holdfasts often grow at the uppermost limit of the intertidal zone, these uplift estimates are slightly less accurate compared to measures derived from other intertidal kelp such as Carpophyllum maschalocarpum.85

Chile

The 2010 Chile earthquake caused significant coastal uplift (~0.2 to 3.1 m), particularly around the Gulf of Arauco, Santa María Island and the Bay of Concepción.86 This uplift caused large scale die offs of D. antarctica and dramatically affected the intertidal community.87 The damage to infrastructure and ecological disturbance caused by the earthquake was assessed to be particularly damaging for seaweed gatherers and cochayuyo harvest.88

New Zealand

Akatore

Duvillaea bull kelp diversity appears to have been affected by uplift along the Akatore fault zone. Phylogeographic analyses using mitochondrial COX1 sequence data and genotyping by sequencing data for thousands of anonymous nuclear loci, indicate that a historic uplift event (800 – 1400 years before present) along the fault zone and subsequent recolonisation, has left a lasting impact upon the genetic diversity of the intertidal species D. antarctica and D. poha, but not on the subtidal species D. willana.8990 Such a genetic impact may support the founder takes all hypothesis.9192 Further genetic analysis has revealed that the population structure of two epifaunal species, the gribble L. segnis and the chiton O. neglectus, closely matches the pattern observed in the intertidal host species of Durvillaea along the Akatore fault zone.93 However, no matching pattern was observed for another epifaunal species, the amphipod P. karaka, most likely because this species has better swimming potential and can rely upon other host seaweeds.94

Kaikōura

A substantial die off of Durvillaea bull kelp occurred along the Kaikōura coastline following the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, which caused uplift up to 6 metres.9596979899 The loss of Durvillaea kelp caused ecological disturbance, significantly affecting the biodiversity of the local intertidal community.100101102 Aerial drone imaging two years after the earthquake indicated that Durvillaea abundance remained low on reefs with significant uplift, but it revealed offshore refuge populations less frequently detected by field researchers.103

A genetic analysis indicated that some of the Durvillaea that subsequently reached the affected coastline (i.e. potential colonists) came from areas >1,200 kilometres away.104 For another study, researchers sampled dying D. antarctica immediately after the earthquake to capture the 'pre-uplift' population genomic diversity and they subsequently sampled new recruits of D. antarctica within the newly formed intertidal zone to estimate 'post-uplift' population structure.105 Population genomic analysis indicated little change in genetic diversity within four years of recolonisation by D. antarctica.106 Based on those genomic results, combined with field observations of the recovery of Durvillaea throughout the uplift zone, and oceanographic connectivity modelling, it was hypothesised that the surviving populations of D. antarctica (typically sparse and lower within the intertidal zone) have dominated the early recolonisation.107 The researchers argued that the newly formed coastline has not yet been fully recolonised though, and the population structure and genomic diversity of D. antarctica in the Kaikōura region is likely to change over coming decades.108

A genetic study investigated bacteria associated with D. antarctica and found that the 2016 earthquake changed the diversity of the microbiome in disturbed, uplifted populations.109 Specifically, the analysis showed that disturbed bull kelp populations supported higher functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic microbial beta diversity than non-disturbed populations.110 It was hypothesised that this change was induced by the sudden decline in the host D. antarctica population following the earthquake.111

Rārangi

The D. antarctica sampled from Rarangi, near Blenheim in Marlborough has been found to be genetically distinct from nearby geographic populations, and the kelp is most closely related to D. antarctica populations sampled over 300 km to the south on Banks Peninsula.112 Independently, based on LiDAR mapping and field observations, geologists have discovered a zone of uplifted rocky coastline at the same location.113 By combining the above genomic and geological evidence, researchers have hypothesised that a small section of coastline at Rarangi was uplifted by one of four major earthquakes between 6000 and 2000 years ago, which was sufficient in height and sudden enough to extirpate the original population of D. antarctica.114 Under this hypothesis, the present-day population was founded by rafts of kelp that were not related to the nearby geographic populations, leading the to current genetically distinct population present at Rarangi.115

Wellington and the Wairarapa

Based on genetic data, the predominantly southern-restricted species D. poha appears to have undergone a recent range expansion into the North Island, as it can be found at low frequencies along the Wellington coastline.116 This range expansion coincides with areas affected by tectonic uplift and landslides caused by historic earthquakes, including the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake.117 The removal of D. antarctica and formation of new coastline by such tectonic disturbance likely provided an ecological opportunity for D. poha to successfully colonise coastline north of the Cook Strait.118

A genetic study of D. antarctica identified distinct units of population structure across the uplift zone of the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake.119 Notably, two spatial-genomic sectors of D. antarctica were identified on Turakirae Head, which received the greatest degree of uplift (2 – 6 m).120 Phylogeographic modelling indicated that bull kelp that survived moderate uplift in the Wellington region (≤2 m) likely recolonised Turakirae Head via two parallel, eastward colonisation events - resulting in the two observed units of population structure.121 The hierarchical phylogeographic variation observed in the study provided non-experimental evidence of parapatric sectoring (see Founder takes all) as a result of natural disturbance, over a timescale observable to humans (i.e. <200 years).122

It has been hypothesised that gaps in the current geographic range of D. willana around Wellington and the Wairarapa may have been caused by local extinction following historic earthquake uplift events such as the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake.123 However, uplift along the Akatore fault zone does not appear to have significantly affected the genetic diversity of D. willana in that region.124 The interpretation of this genetic result for Akatore was that earthquake uplift is likely insufficient to cause the complete extirpation of subtidal kelp species such as D. willana.125

Earthquake uplift and Durvillaea

Species and distribution

There are currently eight recognised species within the genus, and the type species is D. antarctica.126 All species are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere and many taxa are endemic to particular coastlines or subantarctic islands.

Evolution

Time-calibrated phylogenetic trees using mixtures of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers have estimated that Durvillaea diverged from other brown algae approximately 20 to 60 million years ago.165166 Given the modern distribution of extant Durvillaea species throughout the Southern Ocean, it has been suggested that the distribution may reflect vicariance following the break-up of Gondwana 40 to 50 million years ago, but this distribution can also be explained by the long-distance dispersal of buoyant Durvillaea lineages throughout the Southern Ocean.167168 Based on molecular phylogenetic research, non-buoyancy is not necessarily the ancestral state for the genus,169170 and non-buoyant lineages could have still been transported across the ocean when attached to rafts of different species of buoyant algae.171

A phylogeny focused on the genus, based on four genes (COI, rbcL, 28S and 18S) indicates the evolutionary relationships shown in the cladogram below.172173 Notably, additional unclassified lineages were estimated within D. antarctica.174175 Mitochondrial introgression has been observed between two species, where some individuals with nuclear DNA of D. poha exhibited mitochondrial DNA belonging to D. antarctica.176

Cladogram of Durvillaea177

D. willana

D. potatorum

D. amatheiae

D. fenestrata

D. incurvata

D. poha

D. chathamensis

D. antarctica (New Zealand north)

D. antarctica (New Zealand south)

D. antarctica (Subantarctic and Chile)

Use of Durvillaea species

Australia

D. potatorum was used extensively for clothing and tools by Aboriginal Tasmanians, with uses including material for shoes and bags to transport freshwater and food.178179 Currently, D. potatorum is collected as beach wrack from King Island, where it is then dried as chips and sent to Scotland for phycocolloid extraction.180

Chile

D. antarctica and D. incurvata have been used in Chilean cuisine for salads and stews, predominantly by the Mapuche indigenous people who refer to it as collofe or kollof.181182 The same species is also called cochayuyo (cocha: lake, and yuyo: weed), and hulte in Quechua.183184185 The kelp harvest, complemented with shellfish gathering, supports artisanal fishing communities in Chile.186 Exclusive harvest rights are designated using coves or caletas, and the income for fishers (and their unions) often depends upon the sale of cochayuyo.187

New Zealand

Māori use D. antarctica (rimurapa) and D. poha to make traditional pōhā bags, which are used to transport food and fresh water, to propagate live shellfish, and to make clothing and equipment for sports.188189190 Pōhā are especially associated with Ngāi Tahu and are often used to carry and store muttonbird (tītī) chicks.191192 The Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 protects Durvillaea bull kelp from commercial harvesting within the tribe's traditional seaweed-gathering areas.193

People living in coastal Otago and Southland have also traditionally carved bouncing balls, including cricket balls, out of the solid stipes of Durvillaea.194195

Uses of southern bull kelp

Further reading

  • Adams, N.M. (1994). Seaweeds of New Zealand. Canterbury University Press. ISBN 978-0908812219.
  • Morton, J.W.; Miller, M.C. (1973). The New Zealand Seashore. Collins.
Wikispecies has information related to Durvillaea. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Durvillaea.

References

  1. Hay, Cameron H. (1977). A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D. willana Lindauer in New Zealand (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Canterbury. hdl:10092/5690. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5690 ↩

  2. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  3. Luca, Mondardini (2018). Effect of earthquake and storm disturbances on bull kelp (Durvillaea ssp.) and analyses of holdfast invertebrate communities (Master of Science in Environmental Sciences thesis). University of Canterbury. hdl:10092/15095. /wiki/Hdl_(identifier) ↩

  4. Parvizi, Elahe; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Concordant phylogeographic responses to large-scale coastal disturbance in intertidal macroalgae and their epibiota". Molecular Ecology. 31 (2): 646–657. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31..646P. doi:10.1111/mec.16245. PMID 34695264. S2CID 239888553. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  5. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  6. Tala, Fadia; López, Boris A.; Velásquez, Marcel; Jeldres, Ricardo; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Mansilla, Andrés; Ojeda, Jaime; Thiel, Martin (2019). "Long-term persistence of the floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica from the South-East Pacific: Potential contribution to local and transoceanic connectivity". Marine Environmental Research. 149: 67–79. Bibcode:2019MarER.149...67T. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.013. PMID 31154063. S2CID 173993590. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  7. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Morrison, Adele K.; Pardo, Luis Miguel; Smith, Stephen D.A.; Pearman, William S.; Parvizi, Elahe; Waters, Jonathan; Macaya, Erasmo C. (2022). "Southern Hemisphere coasts are biologically connected by frequent, long-distance rafting events". Current Biology. 32 (14): 3154–3160.e3. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3154F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.035. PMID 35679870. S2CID 249478074. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.05.035 ↩

  8. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  9. Cheshire, A.C.; Hallam, N. (2009). "Morphological Differences in the Southern Bull-Kelp (Durvillaea potatorum) throughout South-Eastern Australia". Botanica Marina. 32 (3): 191–198. doi:10.1515/botm.1989.32.3.191. S2CID 83670142. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  10. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  11. M. Huisman, John (2000). Marine Plants of Australia. University of Western Australia Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-876268-33-6. 978-1-876268-33-6 ↩

  12. Lizée-Prynne, Dominic; López, Boris A.; Tala, Fadia; Thiel, Martin (2016). "No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica". Botanica Marina. 59 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1515/bot-2015-0072. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  13. Lizée-Prynne, Dominic; López, Boris A.; Tala, Fadia; Thiel, Martin (2016). "No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica". Botanica Marina. 59 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1515/bot-2015-0072. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  14. Lizée-Prynne, Dominic; López, Boris A.; Tala, Fadia; Thiel, Martin (2016). "No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica". Botanica Marina. 59 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1515/bot-2015-0072. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  15. López, Boris A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Tala, Fadia; Tellier, Florence; Thiel, Martin (2017). "The variable routes of rafting: stranding dynamics of floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) on beaches in the SE Pacific". Journal of Phycology. 53 (1): 70–84. Bibcode:2017JPcgy..53...70L. doi:10.1111/jpy.12479. PMID 27734500. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  16. "Kelp". Australian Antarctic Division: Leading Australia’s Antarctic Program. Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 7 December 2016. http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/plants/kelp ↩

  17. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  18. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2012). "Durvillaea poha sp. nov. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): a buoyant southern bull-kelp species endemic to New Zealand". Phycologia. 51 (2): 151–156. Bibcode:2012Phyco..51..151F. doi:10.2216/11-47.1. S2CID 86386681. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  19. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  20. Hay, Cameron H. (2019). "Seashore uplift and the distribution of the bull kelp Durvillaea willana Lindauer in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 2019 (2): 94–117. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2019.1679842. S2CID 208593399. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  21. Hay, Cameron H. (2019). "Seashore uplift and the distribution of the bull kelp Durvillaea willana Lindauer in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 2019 (2): 94–117. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2019.1679842. S2CID 208593399. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  22. "Kelp". Australian Antarctic Division: Leading Australia’s Antarctic Program. Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 7 December 2016. http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/plants/kelp ↩

  23. Parvizi, Elahe; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2020). "The genomic footprint of coastal earthquake uplift". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 287 (1930): 20200712. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0712. PMC 7423469. PMID 32635859. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7423469 ↩

  24. Reid, Catherine; Begg, John; Mouslopoulou, Vasiliki; Oncken, Onno; Nicol, Andrew; Kufner, Sofia-Katerina (2020). "Using a calibrated upper living position of marine biota to calculate coseismic uplift: a case study of the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand". Earth Surface Dynamics. 8 (2): 351–366. Bibcode:2020ESuD....8..351R. doi:10.5194/esurf-8-351-2020. https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fesurf-8-351-2020 ↩

  25. "Kelp". Australian Antarctic Division: Leading Australia’s Antarctic Program. Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 7 December 2016. http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/plants/kelp ↩

  26. Nikula, Raisa; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2010). "Circumpolar dispersal by rafting in two subantarctic kelp-dwelling crustaceans". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 405: 221–230. Bibcode:2010MEPS..405..221N. doi:10.3354/meps08523. https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08523 ↩

  27. Nikula, Raisa; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2013). "Passive rafting is a powerful driver of transoceanic gene flow". Biology Letters. 9 (1): 20120821. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0821. PMC 3565489. PMID 23134782. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565489 ↩

  28. Waters, Jonathan M.; King, Tania M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave (2018). "An integrated ecological, genetic and geological assessment of long-distance dispersal by invertebrates on kelp rafts". Frontiers of Biogeography. 10 (3/4): e40888. doi:10.21425/F5FBG40888. https://doi.org/10.21425%2FF5FBG40888 ↩

  29. Pearman, William S.; Duffy, Grant A.; Liu, Xiaoyue P.; Gemmell, Neil J.; Morales, Sergio E.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2016). "Macroalgal microbiome biogeography is shaped by environmental drivers rather than geographical distance". Annals of Botany. 133 (1): 169–182. doi:10.1093/aob/mcad151. PMC 10921836. PMID 37804485. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10921836 ↩

  30. Pearman, William S.; Morales, Sergio E.; Vaux, Felix; Gemmell, Neil J.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "Host population crashes disrupt the diversity of associated marine microbiomes". Environmental Microbiology. 26 (1): e16611. Bibcode:2024EnvMi..26E6611P. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16611. PMID 38519875. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  31. Luca, Mondardini (2018). Effect of earthquake and storm disturbances on bull kelp (Durvillaea ssp.) and analyses of holdfast invertebrate communities (Master of Science in Environmental Sciences thesis). University of Canterbury. hdl:10092/15095. /wiki/Hdl_(identifier) ↩

  32. Parvizi, Elahe; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Concordant phylogeographic responses to large-scale coastal disturbance in intertidal macroalgae and their epibiota". Molecular Ecology. 31 (2): 646–657. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31..646P. doi:10.1111/mec.16245. PMID 34695264. S2CID 239888553. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  33. Parvizi, Elahe; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Concordant phylogeographic responses to large-scale coastal disturbance in intertidal macroalgae and their epibiota". Molecular Ecology. 31 (2): 646–657. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31..646P. doi:10.1111/mec.16245. PMID 34695264. S2CID 239888553. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  34. Parvizi, Elahe; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Concordant phylogeographic responses to large-scale coastal disturbance in intertidal macroalgae and their epibiota". Molecular Ecology. 31 (2): 646–657. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31..646P. doi:10.1111/mec.16245. PMID 34695264. S2CID 239888553. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  35. Cumming, Rebecca A.; Nikula, Raisa; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2014). "Transoceanic genetic similarities of kelp-associated sea slug populations: long-distance dispersal via rafting?". Journal of Biogeography. 41 (12): 2357–2370. Bibcode:2014JBiog..41.2357C. doi:10.1111/jbi.12376. S2CID 84574097. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  36. Salloum, P.M.; de Villemereuil, P.; Santure, A.W.; Waters, J.M. (2020). "Hitchhiking consequences for genetic and morphological patterns: the influence of kelp-rafting on a brooding chiton". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 130 (4): 756–770. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa073. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiolinnean%2Fblaa073 ↩

  37. Parvizi, Elahe; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Concordant phylogeographic responses to large-scale coastal disturbance in intertidal macroalgae and their epibiota". Molecular Ecology. 31 (2): 646–657. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31..646P. doi:10.1111/mec.16245. PMID 34695264. S2CID 239888553. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  38. Nikula, Raisa; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2010). "Circumpolar dispersal by rafting in two subantarctic kelp-dwelling crustaceans". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 405: 221–230. Bibcode:2010MEPS..405..221N. doi:10.3354/meps08523. https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08523 ↩

  39. Nikula, Raisa; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2013). "Passive rafting is a powerful driver of transoceanic gene flow". Biology Letters. 9 (1): 20120821. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0821. PMC 3565489. PMID 23134782. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565489 ↩

  40. Waters, Jonathan M.; King, Tania M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave (2018). "An integrated ecological, genetic and geological assessment of long-distance dispersal by invertebrates on kelp rafts". Frontiers of Biogeography. 10 (3/4): e40888. doi:10.21425/F5FBG40888. https://doi.org/10.21425%2FF5FBG40888 ↩

  41. McLay, C. L.; Hayward, T. L. (1987-01-01). "Population structure and use of Durvillaea antarctica holdfasts by the intertidal spider Desis marina (Araneae: Desidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 14 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422679. ISSN 0301-4223. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  42. Vink, C., McQuillan, B., Simpson, A., & Correa-Garhwal, S. (2017). The marine spider, Desis marina (Araneae: Desidae): new observations and localities. The Weta, 51, 71-79. Retrieved from http://publications.ento.org.nz/index.php/weta/article/view/167 Archived 2019-12-20 at the Wayback Machine http://publications.ento.org.nz/index.php/weta/article/view/167 ↩

  43. Tala, Fadia; López, Boris A.; Velásquez, Marcel; Jeldres, Ricardo; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Mansilla, Andrés; Ojeda, Jaime; Thiel, Martin (2019). "Long-term persistence of the floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica from the South-East Pacific: Potential contribution to local and transoceanic connectivity". Marine Environmental Research. 149: 67–79. Bibcode:2019MarER.149...67T. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.013. PMID 31154063. S2CID 173993590. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  44. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Morrison, Adele K.; Pardo, Luis Miguel; Smith, Stephen D.A.; Pearman, William S.; Parvizi, Elahe; Waters, Jonathan; Macaya, Erasmo C. (2022). "Southern Hemisphere coasts are biologically connected by frequent, long-distance rafting events". Current Biology. 32 (14): 3154–3160.e3. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3154F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.035. PMID 35679870. S2CID 249478074. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.05.035 ↩

  45. Tala, Fadia; López, Boris A.; Velásquez, Marcel; Jeldres, Ricardo; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Mansilla, Andrés; Ojeda, Jaime; Thiel, Martin (2019). "Long-term persistence of the floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica from the South-East Pacific: Potential contribution to local and transoceanic connectivity". Marine Environmental Research. 149: 67–79. Bibcode:2019MarER.149...67T. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.013. PMID 31154063. S2CID 173993590. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  46. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Morrison, Adele K.; Pardo, Luis Miguel; Smith, Stephen D.A.; Pearman, William S.; Parvizi, Elahe; Waters, Jonathan; Macaya, Erasmo C. (2022). "Southern Hemisphere coasts are biologically connected by frequent, long-distance rafting events". Current Biology. 32 (14): 3154–3160.e3. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3154F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.035. PMID 35679870. S2CID 249478074. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.05.035 ↩

  47. Tala, Fadia; López, Boris A.; Velásquez, Marcel; Jeldres, Ricardo; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Mansilla, Andrés; Ojeda, Jaime; Thiel, Martin (2019). "Long-term persistence of the floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica from the South-East Pacific: Potential contribution to local and transoceanic connectivity". Marine Environmental Research. 149: 67–79. Bibcode:2019MarER.149...67T. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.013. PMID 31154063. S2CID 173993590. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  48. Hawes, Nicola A.; Taylor, David I.; Schiel, David R. (2019). "Transport of drifting fucoid algae: Nearshore transport and potential for long distance dispersal". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 490: 634–41. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2017.02.001. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  49. Nikula, Raisa; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2010). "Circumpolar dispersal by rafting in two subantarctic kelp-dwelling crustaceans". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 405: 221–230. Bibcode:2010MEPS..405..221N. doi:10.3354/meps08523. https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08523 ↩

  50. Nikula, Raisa; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2013). "Passive rafting is a powerful driver of transoceanic gene flow". Biology Letters. 9 (1): 20120821. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0821. PMC 3565489. PMID 23134782. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565489 ↩

  51. López, Boris A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Tala, Fadia; Tellier, Florence; Thiel, Martin (2017). "The variable routes of rafting: stranding dynamics of floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) on beaches in the SE Pacific". Journal of Phycology. 53 (1): 70–84. Bibcode:2017JPcgy..53...70L. doi:10.1111/jpy.12479. PMID 27734500. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  52. Waters, Jonathan M.; King, Tania M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave (2018). "An integrated ecological, genetic and geological assessment of long-distance dispersal by invertebrates on kelp rafts". Frontiers of Biogeography. 10 (3/4): e40888. doi:10.21425/F5FBG40888. https://doi.org/10.21425%2FF5FBG40888 ↩

  53. Cumming, Rebecca A.; Nikula, Raisa; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2014). "Transoceanic genetic similarities of kelp-associated sea slug populations: long-distance dispersal via rafting?". Journal of Biogeography. 41 (12): 2357–2370. Bibcode:2014JBiog..41.2357C. doi:10.1111/jbi.12376. S2CID 84574097. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  54. Salloum, P.M.; de Villemereuil, P.; Santure, A.W.; Waters, J.M. (2020). "Hitchhiking consequences for genetic and morphological patterns: the influence of kelp-rafting on a brooding chiton". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 130 (4): 756–770. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa073. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiolinnean%2Fblaa073 ↩

  55. Lizée-Prynne, Dominic; López, Boris A.; Tala, Fadia; Thiel, Martin (2016). "No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica". Botanica Marina. 59 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1515/bot-2015-0072. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  56. López, Boris A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Tala, Fadia; Tellier, Florence; Thiel, Martin (2017). "The variable routes of rafting: stranding dynamics of floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) on beaches in the SE Pacific". Journal of Phycology. 53 (1): 70–84. Bibcode:2017JPcgy..53...70L. doi:10.1111/jpy.12479. PMID 27734500. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  57. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Morrison, Adele K.; McC Hogg, Andrew; Macaya, Erasmo C.; van Sebille, Erik; Ryan, Peter G.; Padovan, Amanda; Jack, Cameron; Valdiva, Nelson; Waters, Jonathan M. (2018). "Antarctica's ecological isolation will be broken by storm-driven dispersal and warming". Nature Climate Change. 8 (8): 704–707. Bibcode:2018NatCC...8..704F. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0209-7. hdl:1874/368294. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  58. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Morrison, Adele K.; Pardo, Luis Miguel; Smith, Stephen D.A.; Pearman, William S.; Parvizi, Elahe; Waters, Jonathan; Macaya, Erasmo C. (2022). "Southern Hemisphere coasts are biologically connected by frequent, long-distance rafting events". Current Biology. 32 (14): 3154–3160.e3. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3154F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.035. PMID 35679870. S2CID 249478074. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.05.035 ↩

  59. Sinclair, Sophie M.; Duffy, Grant A.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2023). "Repeated freezing impacts buoyancy and photosynthesis of a rafting kelp species". Antarctic Science. 35 (6): 403–406. Bibcode:2023AntSc..35..403S. doi:10.1017/S0954102023000305. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  60. Dufour, C.; Probert, P.K.; Savage, C. (2012). "Macrofaunal colonisation of stranded Durvillaea antarctica on a southern New Zealand exposed sandy beach". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 46 (3): 369–383. Bibcode:2012NZJMF..46..369D. doi:10.1080/00288330.2012.676557. S2CID 84692284. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  61. Macaya, E.C.; López, B.; Tala, F.; Tellier, F. & Thiel, M. (January 6, 2016) [1st pub. 2016]. "Float and Raft: Role of Buoyant Seaweeds in the Phylogeography and Genetic Structure of Non-buoyant Associated Flora". In Hu, ZM. & Fraser, C.I. (eds.). Seaweed Phylogeography. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 97–130. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7534-2_4. ISBN 978-94-017-7534-2. 978-94-017-7534-2 ↩

  62. Macaya, E.C.; López, B.; Tala, F.; Tellier, F. & Thiel, M. (January 6, 2016) [1st pub. 2016]. "Float and Raft: Role of Buoyant Seaweeds in the Phylogeography and Genetic Structure of Non-buoyant Associated Flora". In Hu, ZM. & Fraser, C.I. (eds.). Seaweed Phylogeography. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 97–130. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7534-2_4. ISBN 978-94-017-7534-2. 978-94-017-7534-2 ↩

  63. López, Boris A.; Tellier, Florence; Retamal‑Alarcón, Juan C.; Pérez‑Araneda, Karla; Fierro, Ariel O.; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Tala, Fadia (2017). "Phylogeography of two intertidal seaweeds, Gelidium lingulatum and G. rex (Rhodophyta: Gelidiales), along the South East Pacific: patterns explained by rafting dispersal?". Marine Biology. 164 (9): 188. Bibcode:2017MarBi.164..188L. doi:10.1007/s00227-017-3219-5. S2CID 253770571. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  64. Nelson, W.A.; Knight, G.A. (1996). "Life history in culture of the obligate epiphyte Porphyra subtumens (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) endemic to New Zealand". Phycological Research. 44 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1835.1996.tb00034.x. S2CID 85007306. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  65. Nelson, W.A.; Broom, J.E.; Farr, T.J. (2003). "Pyrophyllon and Chlidophyllon (Erythropeltidales, Rhodophyta): two new genera for obligate epiphytic species previously placed in Porphyra, and a discussion of the orders Erythropeltidales and Bangiales". Phycologia. 42 (3): 308–315. Bibcode:2003Phyco..42..308N. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-42-3-308.1. S2CID 83609962. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  66. Heesch, Svenja; Peters, Akira F.; Broom, Judy E.; Hurd, Catriona L. (2008). "Affiliation of the parasite Herpodiscus durvillaeae (Phaeophyceae) with the Sphacelariales based on DNA sequence comparisons and morphological observations". European Journal of Phycology. 43 (3): 283–295. Bibcode:2008EJPhy..43..283H. doi:10.1080/09670260801911157. /wiki/Svenja_Heesch ↩

  67. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2013). "Algal parasite Herpodiscus durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Sphacelariales) inferred to have traversed the Pacific Ocean with its buoyant host". Journal of Phycology. 49 (1): 202–206. Bibcode:2013JPcgy..49..202F. doi:10.1111/jpy.12017. PMID 27008401. S2CID 21397549. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  68. Blake, Callum; Thiel, Martin; López, Boris A.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2017). "Gall-forming protistan parasites infect southern bull kelp across the Southern Ocean, with prevalence increasing to the south". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 583: 95–106. Bibcode:2017MEPS..583...95B. doi:10.3354/meps12346. hdl:1885/238283. https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps12346 ↩

  69. Murúa, Pedro; Goecke, Franz; Westermeier, Renato; van West, Pieter; Küpper, Frithjof C.; Neuhauser, Sigrid (2017). "Maullinia braseltonii sp. nov. (Rhizaria, Phytomyxea, Phagomyxida): A Cyst-forming Parasite of the Bull Kelp Durvillaea spp. (Stramenopila, Phaeophyceae, Fucales)". Protist. 168 (4): 468–480. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.07.001. PMC 5673062. PMID 28822911. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5673062 ↩

  70. Mabey, Abigail L.; Parvizi, Elahe; Ceridwen, Fraser I. (2021). "Pathogen inferred to have dispersed thousands of kilometres at sea, infecting multiple keystone kelp species". Marine Biology. 168 (4): 47. Bibcode:2021MarBi.168...47M. doi:10.1007/s00227-021-03853-8. ISSN 0025-3162. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00227-021-03853-8 ↩

  71. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2013). "Algal parasite Herpodiscus durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Sphacelariales) inferred to have traversed the Pacific Ocean with its buoyant host". Journal of Phycology. 49 (1): 202–206. Bibcode:2013JPcgy..49..202F. doi:10.1111/jpy.12017. PMID 27008401. S2CID 21397549. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  72. Blake, Callum; Thiel, Martin; López, Boris A.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2017). "Gall-forming protistan parasites infect southern bull kelp across the Southern Ocean, with prevalence increasing to the south". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 583: 95–106. Bibcode:2017MEPS..583...95B. doi:10.3354/meps12346. hdl:1885/238283. https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps12346 ↩

  73. Mabey, Abigail L.; Parvizi, Elahe; Ceridwen, Fraser I. (2021). "Pathogen inferred to have dispersed thousands of kilometres at sea, infecting multiple keystone kelp species". Marine Biology. 168 (4): 47. Bibcode:2021MarBi.168...47M. doi:10.1007/s00227-021-03853-8. ISSN 0025-3162. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00227-021-03853-8 ↩

  74. Baranuik, Chris (5 April 2021). "Kelp Pathogen Has Spread Across the Southern Ocean". The Scientist. Retrieved 14 April 2021. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/kelp-pathogen-has-spread-across-the-southern-ocean-68634 ↩

  75. Thomsen, Mads S.; Mondardini, Luca; Alestra, Tommaso; Gerrity, Shawn; Tait, Leigh; South, Paul M.; Lilley, Stacie A.; Schiel, David R. (2019). "Local Extinction of Bull Kelp (Durvillaea spp.) Due to a Marine Heatwave". Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00084. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00084 ↩

  76. Thomsen, Mads S.; South, Paul M. (2019). "Communities and Attachment Networks Associated with Primary, Secondary and Alternative Foundation Species; A Case Study of Stressed and Disturbed Stands of Southern Bull Kelp". Diversity. 11 (4): 56. doi:10.3390/d11040056. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd11040056 ↩

  77. Thomsen, Mads S.; South, Paul M. (2019). "Communities and Attachment Networks Associated with Primary, Secondary and Alternative Foundation Species; A Case Study of Stressed and Disturbed Stands of Southern Bull Kelp". Diversity. 11 (4): 56. doi:10.3390/d11040056. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd11040056 ↩

  78. Hay, Cameron H. (2019). "Seashore uplift and the distribution of the bull kelp Durvillaea willana Lindauer in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 2019 (2): 94–117. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2019.1679842. S2CID 208593399. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  79. Schiel, David R.; Alestra, Tommaso; Gerrity, Shawn; Orchard, Shane; Dunmore, Robyn; Pirker, John; Lilley, Stacie; Tait, Leigh; Hickford, Michael; Thomsen, Mads (2019). "The Kaikoura earthquake in southern New Zealand: Loss of connectivity of marine communities and the necessity of a cross-ecosystem perspective". Aquatic Conservation. 29 (9): 1520–1534. Bibcode:2019ACMFE..29.1520S. doi:10.1002/aqc.3122. S2CID 195403585. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  80. "Kelp forests after the Kaikoura Earthquake". Science Learning Hub. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2856-kelp-forests-after-the-kaikoura-earthquake ↩

  81. Schiel, David R.; Alestra, Tommaso; Gerrity, Shawn; Orchard, Shane; Dunmore, Robyn; Pirker, John; Lilley, Stacie; Tait, Leigh; Hickford, Michael; Thomsen, Mads (2019). "The Kaikoura earthquake in southern New Zealand: Loss of connectivity of marine communities and the necessity of a cross-ecosystem perspective". Aquatic Conservation. 29 (9): 1520–1534. Bibcode:2019ACMFE..29.1520S. doi:10.1002/aqc.3122. S2CID 195403585. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  82. "Kelp forests after the Kaikoura Earthquake". Science Learning Hub. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2856-kelp-forests-after-the-kaikoura-earthquake ↩

  83. Peters, Jonette C.; Waters, Jonathan M.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2020). "SNP analyses reveal a diverse pool of potential colonists to earthquake-uplifted coastlines". Molecular Ecology. 29 (1): 149–159. Bibcode:2020MolEc..29..149P. doi:10.1111/mec.15303. hdl:1885/282690. PMID 31711270. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.15303 ↩

  84. Reid, Catherine; Begg, John; Mouslopoulou, Vasiliki; Oncken, Onno; Nicol, Andrew; Kufner, Sofia-Katerina (2020). "Using a calibrated upper living position of marine biota to calculate coseismic uplift: a case study of the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand". Earth Surface Dynamics. 8 (2): 351–366. Bibcode:2020ESuD....8..351R. doi:10.5194/esurf-8-351-2020. https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fesurf-8-351-2020 ↩

  85. Reid, Catherine; Begg, John; Mouslopoulou, Vasiliki; Oncken, Onno; Nicol, Andrew; Kufner, Sofia-Katerina (2020). "Using a calibrated upper living position of marine biota to calculate coseismic uplift: a case study of the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand". Earth Surface Dynamics. 8 (2): 351–366. Bibcode:2020ESuD....8..351R. doi:10.5194/esurf-8-351-2020. https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fesurf-8-351-2020 ↩

  86. Castilla, Juan Carlos; Manríquez, Patricio H.; Camaño, Andrés (2010). "Effects of rocky shore coseismic uplift and the 2010 Chilean mega-earthquake on intertidal biomarker species". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 418: 17–23. Bibcode:2010MEPS..418...17C. doi:10.3354/meps08830. https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08830 ↩

  87. Castilla, Juan Carlos; Manríquez, Patricio H.; Camaño, Andrés (2010). "Effects of rocky shore coseismic uplift and the 2010 Chilean mega-earthquake on intertidal biomarker species". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 418: 17–23. Bibcode:2010MEPS..418...17C. doi:10.3354/meps08830. https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08830 ↩

  88. Marín, Andrés; Gelcich, Stefan; Araya, Gonzalo; Olea, Gonzalo; Espíndola, Miguel; Castilla, Juan C. (2010). "The 2010 tsunami in Chile: Devastation and survival of coastal small-scale fishing communities". Marine Policy. 34 (6): 1381–1384. Bibcode:2010MarPo..34.1381M. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.06.010. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  89. Parvizi, Elahe; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2020). "The genomic footprint of coastal earthquake uplift". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 287 (1930): 20200712. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0712. PMC 7423469. PMID 32635859. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7423469 ↩

  90. Parvizi, Elahe; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2019). "Kelp DNA records late Holocene paleoseismic uplift of coastline, southeastern New Zealand". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 520: 18–25. Bibcode:2019E&PSL.520...18P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.034. S2CID 189974346. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  91. Parvizi, Elahe; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2020). "The genomic footprint of coastal earthquake uplift". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 287 (1930): 20200712. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0712. PMC 7423469. PMID 32635859. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7423469 ↩

  92. Parvizi, Elahe; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2019). "Kelp DNA records late Holocene paleoseismic uplift of coastline, southeastern New Zealand". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 520: 18–25. Bibcode:2019E&PSL.520...18P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.034. S2CID 189974346. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  93. Parvizi, Elahe; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Concordant phylogeographic responses to large-scale coastal disturbance in intertidal macroalgae and their epibiota". Molecular Ecology. 31 (2): 646–657. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31..646P. doi:10.1111/mec.16245. PMID 34695264. S2CID 239888553. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  94. Parvizi, Elahe; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Concordant phylogeographic responses to large-scale coastal disturbance in intertidal macroalgae and their epibiota". Molecular Ecology. 31 (2): 646–657. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31..646P. doi:10.1111/mec.16245. PMID 34695264. S2CID 239888553. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  95. Reid, Catherine; Begg, John; Mouslopoulou, Vasiliki; Oncken, Onno; Nicol, Andrew; Kufner, Sofia-Katerina (2020). "Using a calibrated upper living position of marine biota to calculate coseismic uplift: a case study of the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand". Earth Surface Dynamics. 8 (2): 351–366. Bibcode:2020ESuD....8..351R. doi:10.5194/esurf-8-351-2020. https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fesurf-8-351-2020 ↩

  96. Luca, Mondardini (2018). Effect of earthquake and storm disturbances on bull kelp (Durvillaea ssp.) and analyses of holdfast invertebrate communities (Master of Science in Environmental Sciences thesis). University of Canterbury. hdl:10092/15095. /wiki/Hdl_(identifier) ↩

  97. Schiel, David R.; Alestra, Tommaso; Gerrity, Shawn; Orchard, Shane; Dunmore, Robyn; Pirker, John; Lilley, Stacie; Tait, Leigh; Hickford, Michael; Thomsen, Mads (2019). "The Kaikoura earthquake in southern New Zealand: Loss of connectivity of marine communities and the necessity of a cross-ecosystem perspective". Aquatic Conservation. 29 (9): 1520–1534. Bibcode:2019ACMFE..29.1520S. doi:10.1002/aqc.3122. S2CID 195403585. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  98. "Kelp forests after the Kaikoura Earthquake". Science Learning Hub. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2856-kelp-forests-after-the-kaikoura-earthquake ↩

  99. Peters, Jonette C.; Waters, Jonathan M.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2020). "SNP analyses reveal a diverse pool of potential colonists to earthquake-uplifted coastlines". Molecular Ecology. 29 (1): 149–159. Bibcode:2020MolEc..29..149P. doi:10.1111/mec.15303. hdl:1885/282690. PMID 31711270. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.15303 ↩

  100. Schiel, David R.; Alestra, Tommaso; Gerrity, Shawn; Orchard, Shane; Dunmore, Robyn; Pirker, John; Lilley, Stacie; Tait, Leigh; Hickford, Michael; Thomsen, Mads (2019). "The Kaikoura earthquake in southern New Zealand: Loss of connectivity of marine communities and the necessity of a cross-ecosystem perspective". Aquatic Conservation. 29 (9): 1520–1534. Bibcode:2019ACMFE..29.1520S. doi:10.1002/aqc.3122. S2CID 195403585. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  101. "Kelp forests after the Kaikoura Earthquake". Science Learning Hub. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2856-kelp-forests-after-the-kaikoura-earthquake ↩

  102. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Duffy, Grant A.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "First genomic snapshots of recolonising lineages following a devastating earthquake". Ecography (6): e07117. Bibcode:2024Ecogr2024E7117V. doi:10.1111/ecog.07117. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  103. Tait, Leigh; Orchard, Shane; Schiel, David R. (2021). "Missing the Forest and the Trees: Utility, Limits and Caveats for Drone Imaging of Coastal Marine Ecosystems". Remote Sensing. 13 (16): 3136. Bibcode:2021RemS...13.3136T. doi:10.3390/rs13163136. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs13163136 ↩

  104. Peters, Jonette C.; Waters, Jonathan M.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2020). "SNP analyses reveal a diverse pool of potential colonists to earthquake-uplifted coastlines". Molecular Ecology. 29 (1): 149–159. Bibcode:2020MolEc..29..149P. doi:10.1111/mec.15303. hdl:1885/282690. PMID 31711270. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.15303 ↩

  105. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Duffy, Grant A.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "First genomic snapshots of recolonising lineages following a devastating earthquake". Ecography (6): e07117. Bibcode:2024Ecogr2024E7117V. doi:10.1111/ecog.07117. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  106. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Duffy, Grant A.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "First genomic snapshots of recolonising lineages following a devastating earthquake". Ecography (6): e07117. Bibcode:2024Ecogr2024E7117V. doi:10.1111/ecog.07117. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  107. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Duffy, Grant A.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "First genomic snapshots of recolonising lineages following a devastating earthquake". Ecography (6): e07117. Bibcode:2024Ecogr2024E7117V. doi:10.1111/ecog.07117. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  108. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Duffy, Grant A.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "First genomic snapshots of recolonising lineages following a devastating earthquake". Ecography (6): e07117. Bibcode:2024Ecogr2024E7117V. doi:10.1111/ecog.07117. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  109. Pearman, William S.; Morales, Sergio E.; Vaux, Felix; Gemmell, Neil J.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "Host population crashes disrupt the diversity of associated marine microbiomes". Environmental Microbiology. 26 (1): e16611. Bibcode:2024EnvMi..26E6611P. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16611. PMID 38519875. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  110. Pearman, William S.; Morales, Sergio E.; Vaux, Felix; Gemmell, Neil J.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "Host population crashes disrupt the diversity of associated marine microbiomes". Environmental Microbiology. 26 (1): e16611. Bibcode:2024EnvMi..26E6611P. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16611. PMID 38519875. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  111. Pearman, William S.; Morales, Sergio E.; Vaux, Felix; Gemmell, Neil J.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (2024). "Host population crashes disrupt the diversity of associated marine microbiomes". Environmental Microbiology. 26 (1): e16611. Bibcode:2024EnvMi..26E6611P. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16611. PMID 38519875. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  112. Vaux, Felix; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Read, Stephen; Waters, Jonathan M. (2023). "Integrating kelp genomic analyses and geological data to reveal ancient earthquake impacts". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 20 (202). doi:10.1098/rsif.2023.0105. PMC 10189309. PMID 37194268. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10189309 ↩

  113. Vaux, Felix; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Read, Stephen; Waters, Jonathan M. (2023). "Integrating kelp genomic analyses and geological data to reveal ancient earthquake impacts". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 20 (202). doi:10.1098/rsif.2023.0105. PMC 10189309. PMID 37194268. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10189309 ↩

  114. Vaux, Felix; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Read, Stephen; Waters, Jonathan M. (2023). "Integrating kelp genomic analyses and geological data to reveal ancient earthquake impacts". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 20 (202). doi:10.1098/rsif.2023.0105. PMC 10189309. PMID 37194268. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10189309 ↩

  115. Vaux, Felix; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Read, Stephen; Waters, Jonathan M. (2023). "Integrating kelp genomic analyses and geological data to reveal ancient earthquake impacts". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 20 (202). doi:10.1098/rsif.2023.0105. PMC 10189309. PMID 37194268. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10189309 ↩

  116. Vaux, Felix; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2021). "Northward range extension for Durvillaea poha bull kelp: Response to tectonic disturbance?". Journal of Phycology. 57 (5): 1411–1418. Bibcode:2021JPcgy..57.1411V. doi:10.1111/jpy.13179. PMID 33942304. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  117. Vaux, Felix; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2021). "Northward range extension for Durvillaea poha bull kelp: Response to tectonic disturbance?". Journal of Phycology. 57 (5): 1411–1418. Bibcode:2021JPcgy..57.1411V. doi:10.1111/jpy.13179. PMID 33942304. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  118. Vaux, Felix; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2021). "Northward range extension for Durvillaea poha bull kelp: Response to tectonic disturbance?". Journal of Phycology. 57 (5): 1411–1418. Bibcode:2021JPcgy..57.1411V. doi:10.1111/jpy.13179. PMID 33942304. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  119. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Parallel recolonisations generate distinct genomic sectors in kelp following high magnitude earthquake disturbance?". Molecular Ecology. 31 (18): 4818–4831. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31.4818V. doi:10.1111/mec.16535. PMC 9540901. PMID 35582778. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9540901 ↩

  120. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Parallel recolonisations generate distinct genomic sectors in kelp following high magnitude earthquake disturbance?". Molecular Ecology. 31 (18): 4818–4831. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31.4818V. doi:10.1111/mec.16535. PMC 9540901. PMID 35582778. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9540901 ↩

  121. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Parallel recolonisations generate distinct genomic sectors in kelp following high magnitude earthquake disturbance?". Molecular Ecology. 31 (18): 4818–4831. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31.4818V. doi:10.1111/mec.16535. PMC 9540901. PMID 35582778. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9540901 ↩

  122. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Parallel recolonisations generate distinct genomic sectors in kelp following high magnitude earthquake disturbance?". Molecular Ecology. 31 (18): 4818–4831. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31.4818V. doi:10.1111/mec.16535. PMC 9540901. PMID 35582778. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9540901 ↩

  123. Hay, Cameron H. (2019). "Seashore uplift and the distribution of the bull kelp Durvillaea willana Lindauer in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 2019 (2): 94–117. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2019.1679842. S2CID 208593399. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  124. Parvizi, Elahe; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2020). "The genomic footprint of coastal earthquake uplift". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 287 (1930): 20200712. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0712. PMC 7423469. PMID 32635859. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7423469 ↩

  125. Parvizi, Elahe; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Dutoit, Ludovic; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2020). "The genomic footprint of coastal earthquake uplift". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 287 (1930): 20200712. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0712. PMC 7423469. PMID 32635859. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7423469 ↩

  126. Bory de Saint-Vincent, J.B.G.M. (1826). Laminaire, Laminaria. In: Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle. (Audouin, I. et al. Eds) Vol. 9, pp. 187-194. ↩

  127. Weber, X.A., Edgar, G.J., Banks, S.C., Waters, J.M., and Fraser, C.I. "A morphological and phylogenetic investigation into divergence among sympatric Australian southern bull kelps (Durvillaea potatorum and D. amatheiae sp. nov.)." Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. (2017) 107:630-643. ↩

  128. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  129. Weber, X.A., Edgar, G.J., Banks, S.C., Waters, J.M., and Fraser, C.I. "A morphological and phylogenetic investigation into divergence among sympatric Australian southern bull kelps (Durvillaea potatorum and D. amatheiae sp. nov.)." Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. (2017) 107:630-643. ↩

  130. Bory de Saint-Vincent, J.B.G.M. (1826). Laminaire, Laminaria. In: Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle. (Audouin, I. et al. Eds) Vol. 9, pp. 187-194. ↩

  131. Hay, Cameron H. (1977). A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D. willana Lindauer in New Zealand (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Canterbury. hdl:10092/5690. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5690 ↩

  132. Dufour, C.; Probert, P.K.; Savage, C. (2012). "Macrofaunal colonisation of stranded Durvillaea antarctica on a southern New Zealand exposed sandy beach". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 46 (3): 369–383. Bibcode:2012NZJMF..46..369D. doi:10.1080/00288330.2012.676557. S2CID 84692284. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  133. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  134. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  135. "Kelp". Australian Antarctic Division: Leading Australia’s Antarctic Program. Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 7 December 2016. http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/plants/kelp ↩

  136. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2012). "Durvillaea poha sp. nov. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): a buoyant southern bull-kelp species endemic to New Zealand". Phycologia. 51 (2): 151–156. Bibcode:2012Phyco..51..151F. doi:10.2216/11-47.1. S2CID 86386681. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  137. Parvizi, Elahe; Craw, Dave; Waters, Jonathan M. (2019). "Kelp DNA records late Holocene paleoseismic uplift of coastline, southeastern New Zealand". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 520: 18–25. Bibcode:2019E&PSL.520...18P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.034. S2CID 189974346. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  138. Vaux, Felix; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Craw, Dave; Read, Stephen; Waters, Jonathan M. (2023). "Integrating kelp genomic analyses and geological data to reveal ancient earthquake impacts". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 20 (202). doi:10.1098/rsif.2023.0105. PMC 10189309. PMID 37194268. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10189309 ↩

  139. Vaux, Felix; Parvizi, Elahe; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Parallel recolonisations generate distinct genomic sectors in kelp following high magnitude earthquake disturbance?". Molecular Ecology. 31 (18): 4818–4831. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31.4818V. doi:10.1111/mec.16535. PMC 9540901. PMID 35582778. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9540901 ↩

  140. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Hay, Cameron H.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2009). "Genetic and morphological analyses of the southern bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica (Phaeophyceae: Durvillaeales) in New Zealand reveal cryptic species". Journal of Phycology. 45 (2): 436–443. Bibcode:2009JPcgy..45..436F. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00658.x. PMID 27033822. S2CID 18309093. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  141. Cameron H., Hay (1979). "Nomenclature and taxonomy within the genus Durvillaea Bory (Phaeophyceae: Durvilleales Petrov)". Phycologia. 18 (3): 191–202. Bibcode:1979Phyco..18..191H. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-18-3-191.1. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  142. Cameron H., Hay (1979). "Nomenclature and taxonomy within the genus Durvillaea Bory (Phaeophyceae: Durvilleales Petrov)". Phycologia. 18 (3): 191–202. Bibcode:1979Phyco..18..191H. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-18-3-191.1. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  143. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  144. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  145. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  146. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  147. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  148. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  149. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  150. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2012). "Durvillaea poha sp. nov. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): a buoyant southern bull-kelp species endemic to New Zealand". Phycologia. 51 (2): 151–156. Bibcode:2012Phyco..51..151F. doi:10.2216/11-47.1. S2CID 86386681. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  151. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  152. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  153. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2012). "Durvillaea poha sp. nov. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): a buoyant southern bull-kelp species endemic to New Zealand". Phycologia. 51 (2): 151–156. Bibcode:2012Phyco..51..151F. doi:10.2216/11-47.1. S2CID 86386681. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  154. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Hay, Cameron H.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2009). "Genetic and morphological analyses of the southern bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica (Phaeophyceae: Durvillaeales) in New Zealand reveal cryptic species". Journal of Phycology. 45 (2): 436–443. Bibcode:2009JPcgy..45..436F. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00658.x. PMID 27033822. S2CID 18309093. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  155. Cheshire, A.C.; Hallam, N. (2009). "Morphological Differences in the Southern Bull-Kelp (Durvillaea potatorum) throughout South-Eastern Australia". Botanica Marina. 32 (3): 191–198. doi:10.1515/botm.1989.32.3.191. S2CID 83670142. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  156. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  157. Cheshire, Anthony C.; Hallam, Neil D. (1985). "The environmental role of alginates in Durvillaea potatorum (Fucales, Phaeophyta)". Phycologia. 24 (2): 147–153. Bibcode:1985Phyco..24..147C. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-24-2-147.1. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  158. Lindauer, V.W. (1949). "Notes on marine algae of New Zealand. I". Pacific Science. 3: 340–352. ↩

  159. Hay, Cameron H. (1977). A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D. willana Lindauer in New Zealand (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Canterbury. hdl:10092/5690. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5690 ↩

  160. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  161. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  162. Hay, Cameron H. (2019). "Seashore uplift and the distribution of the bull kelp Durvillaea willana Lindauer in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 2019 (2): 94–117. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2019.1679842. S2CID 208593399. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  163. Cameron H., Hay (1979). "Nomenclature and taxonomy within the genus Durvillaea Bory (Phaeophyceae: Durvilleales Petrov)". Phycologia. 18 (3): 191–202. Bibcode:1979Phyco..18..191H. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-18-3-191.1. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  164. Lindauer, V.W. (1949). "Notes on marine algae of New Zealand. I". Pacific Science. 3: 340–352. ↩

  165. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  166. Silberfeld, Thomas; Leigh, Jessica W.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Cruaud, Corinne; de Reviers, Bruno; Rouseau, Florence (2010). "A multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of the brown algae (Heterokonta, Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae): Investigating the evolutionary nature of the "brown algal crown radiation"". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (5): 659–674. Bibcode:2010MolPE..56..659S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.020. PMID 20412862. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  167. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  168. Cheshire, Anthony C.; Conran, John G.; Hallam, Neil D. (1995). "A cladistic analysis of the evolution and biogeography of Durvillaea (Phaeophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 31 (4): 644–655. Bibcode:1995JPcgy..31..644C. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1995.tb02561.x. S2CID 84955971. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  169. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  170. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  171. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  172. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  173. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  174. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  175. Fraser, C.I.; Winter, D.J.; Spencer, H.G.; Waters, J.M. (2010). "Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1301–11. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1301F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011. PMID 20971197. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  176. Vaux, Felix; Craw, Dave; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2021). "Northward range extension for Durvillaea poha bull kelp: Response to tectonic disturbance?". Journal of Phycology. 57 (5): 1411–1418. Bibcode:2021JPcgy..57.1411V. doi:10.1111/jpy.13179. PMID 33942304. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  177. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  178. Thurstan, Ruth H.; Brittain, Zoё; Jones, David S.; Cameron, Elizabeth; Dearnaley, Jennifer; Bellgrove, Alecia (2018). "Aboriginal uses of seaweeds in temperate Australia: an archival assessment". Journal of Applied Phycology. 30 (6): 1821–1832. Bibcode:2010MarPo..34.1381M. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.06.010. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  179. Murtough, Harry (6 January 2019). "Kelp water carrying sculptures mad by Nannette Shaw win Victorian Aboriginal art award". The Examiner. Retrieved 10 July 2020. https://www.examiner.com.au/story/5837504/succeeding-with-seaweed-as-local-indigenous-artist-wins-victorian-art-award/ ↩

  180. Kelp Industries (August 2004). "Proposal for the harvest and export of native flora under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" (PDF). https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/54e20d92-e0ff-418f-8bb8-154df51d9365/files/tas-kelp-submission.pdf ↩

  181. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  182. Stuart, Jim (15 April 2010). "Seaweed: Cochayuyo and Luche". Eating Chilean. http://eatingchile.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/seaweed-cochayuyo-and-luche.html ↩

  183. Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.A.; Hay, Cameron (2019). "The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species". Journal of Phycology. 56 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/jpy.12939. PMID 31642057. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpy.12939 ↩

  184. Marín, Andrés; Gelcich, Stefan; Araya, Gonzalo; Olea, Gonzalo; Espíndola, Miguel; Castilla, Juan C. (2010). "The 2010 tsunami in Chile: Devastation and survival of coastal small-scale fishing communities". Marine Policy. 34 (6): 1381–1384. Bibcode:2010MarPo..34.1381M. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.06.010. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  185. Gelcich, Stefan; Edwards-Jones, Gareth; Kaiser, Michel J.; Castilla, Juan C. (2010). "Co-management Policy Can Reduce Resilience in Traditionally Managed Marine Ecosystems". Ecosystems. 9 (6): 951–966. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0007-8. S2CID 17720219. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  186. Gelcich, Stefan; Edwards-Jones, Gareth; Kaiser, Michel J.; Castilla, Juan C. (2010). "Co-management Policy Can Reduce Resilience in Traditionally Managed Marine Ecosystems". Ecosystems. 9 (6): 951–966. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0007-8. S2CID 17720219. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  187. Gelcich, Stefan; Edwards-Jones, Gareth; Kaiser, Michel J.; Castilla, Juan C. (2010). "Co-management Policy Can Reduce Resilience in Traditionally Managed Marine Ecosystems". Ecosystems. 9 (6): 951–966. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0007-8. S2CID 17720219. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  188. "Page 4. Traditional use of seaweeds". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 12 Jun 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2019. https://teara.govt.nz/en/seaweed/page-4 ↩

  189. "Traditional Māori food gathering". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 30 May 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2019. https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/maori/traditional-maori-food-gathering ↩

  190. "Maori shellfish project wins scholarship". SunLive. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2019. https://sunlive.co.nz/news/179488-maori-shellfish-project-wins-scholarship.html ↩

  191. "Page 4. Traditional use of seaweeds". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 12 Jun 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2019. https://teara.govt.nz/en/seaweed/page-4 ↩

  192. "Traditional Māori food gathering". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 30 May 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2019. https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/maori/traditional-maori-food-gathering ↩

  193. "Durvillaea antarctica". New Zealand Plant Conversation Network. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/durvillaea-antarctica/ ↩

  194. Lovell-Smith, Melanie (12 Jun 2006). "Maggy Wassilieff, 'Seaweed - Kelp', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Kelp Ball". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 3 January 2021. https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/4609/kelp-ball ↩

  195. "Rakiura Stewart Island, From Nine To Noon 31 August 2009: Off the beaten track on Rakiura Stewart Island". Radio New Zealand. 31 August 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2021. https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/galleries/rakiura ↩