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Aditya-L1
Indian solar probe

Aditya-L1 (Āditya, meaning 'Sun') is a coronagraphy spacecraft developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation to study the solar atmosphere and solar magnetic storms. It orbits around the Lagrange Point 1 (L1) in a halo orbit about 1.5 million km from Earth, providing a unique vantage point between the Earth and the Sun. Launched on 2 September 2023 aboard the PSLV C57, it reached L1 on 6 January 2024. Directed by Nigar Shaji, this is India’s first mission dedicated to solar observation, notably detecting a powerful solar flare in February 2024 from its orbital position.

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Mission objectives

The main objectives of Aditya-L1 are:

History

The mission was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS).1516 It was initially envisaged as a small, 400 kg (880 lb) satellite in a Low Earth Orbit (800 km) with a coronagraph to study the solar corona. An experimental budget of ₹3 crore was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017.171819 The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it became a comprehensive solar and space environment observatory to be placed at Lagrange point 1 (L1),20 hence the mission was renamed as Aditya-L1. As of July 2019[update], the mission has an allocated cost of ₹378 crores, excluding launch costs.21

The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) is supporting the mission.22

On 11 January 2024, ISRO successfully deployed a 6-meter magnetometer boom aboard the Aditya-L1 in the Halo orbit at the Lagrange Point L1. After the liftoff, the boom had been stowed for 132 days. The in-orbit deployment period that was measured was roughly 9 seconds, which is well within the 8–12 second prediction range. The magnetometer boom will measure the low-intensity interplanetary magnetic field in space using two high-accuracy fluxgate magnetometer sensors that are carried aboard. In order to reduce the impact of the spacecraft's magnetic field on measurements, the sensors are placed 3 and 6 meters away from the craft. Using a dual sensor system also helps to cancel out the spacecraft's magnetic influence and facilitates accurate estimation. The carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) was used in the construction of the boom segments. Through the use of spring-driven hinge mechanisms, the five pieces are joined to enable folding in close proximity to the craft throughout the journey and opening up upon reaching the desired orbit. The hinges lock into place as the mechanism fans out. In the stowed position, two hold-downs firmly secure the boom in place. Information obtained via the telemetry switches validates the release of the hold-down, the initial motion, and the locking of every hinge.2324

Overview

The mission took 126 Earth days after launch to reach the halo orbit around the L1 point, which is about 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) from Earth.25 The spacecraft is planned to remain in the halo orbit for its mission duration while being maintained at a stationkeeping Δv of 0.2–4 m/s per year.26 The 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) satellite carries seven science payloads with various objectives, including instruments to measure coronal heating, solar wind acceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring of near-UV solar radiation (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to the chromosphere and corona,27 and in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind, and solar magnetic storms.28

Aditya-L1 will provide observations of the Sun's photosphere, chromosphere and corona. Its scientific payloads must be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field, and hence, could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit, as proposed in the original mission concept back in 2008.29

One of the major unsolved problems in the field of solar physics is coronal heating. The upper atmosphere of the Sun has a temperature of 2,000,000 K (2,000,000 °C; 3,600,000 °F), whereas the lower atmosphere is just 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F).30 In addition, it is not understood exactly how the Sun's radiation affects the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere on a shorter as well as a longer time scale. The mission will obtain near-simultaneous images of the different layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which will reveal the ways in which energy is channeled and transferred from one layer to another. Thus, the mission will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the Sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics and heliophysics.

Payloads

The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere, mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at the L1 point. There are seven payloads on board, with four for remote sensing of the Sun and three for in-situ observation. The payloads have been developed by different laboratories in the country with close collaborations of various ISRO centres.31

TypeSl.NoPayloadCapabilityLaboratories
Remote Sensing Payloads1Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)Corona Imaging and spectroscopyIndian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore
2Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)Photosphere and chromosphere imaging-narrow and broadbandInter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pune
3Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)Soft X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-a-star observationU R Rao Satellite Centre, Bangalore
4High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)Hard X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-a-star observation
In-situ Payloads5Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)Solar wind and Particle analyzer: Protons and Heavier ions with directionsPhysical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
6Plasma Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA)Solar wind and Particle Analyzer: Electrons and Heavier Ions with directionsSpace Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
7Advanced Tri-axial High Resolution Digital MagnetometersIn-situ magnetic field (Bx, By and Bz).Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems, Bangalore

Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)

The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is a key instrument on the Aditya spacecraft. The VELC is an internally occulted reflective coronagraph designed to fulfil specific observation needs. The instrument allows for high spatial resolution imaging 1.25-2.5 arcseconds of the Sun's corona, simultaneous observations in three modes (Imaging, Spectroscopy and Spectro-polarimetry), and even utilizes artificial intelligence to aid in the detection of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The instrument was developed by Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore.32

Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)

The SUIT is an ultraviolet imaging telescope designed to study the solar spectral radiation in the ultraviolet range, using narrowband and broadband spectral filters in the range of 200-400 nm with the hope of developing a better understanding between solar activity and the atmospheric dynamics of Earth. The SUIT provides near-simultaneous coverage of the solar atmosphere, from lower photosphere to the upper chromosphere. The instrument was developed by Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pune, in collaboration with ISRO.33

Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)

The SoLEXS is an X-ray spectrometer designed to continuously measure the solar soft X-ray flux (1 keV-22 keV) from the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L1. These measurements can be used to better understand the properties of the Sun's corona, in particular, why the temperature of the corona is so high. The SoLEXS will observe solar flares, and in conjunction with data provided by the VELC, will help study the complex thermal properties of the Sun's outer layers. The instrument was developed by U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bangalore.34

High Energy L-1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)

Developed by the Space Astronomy Group, URSC, the HEL1OS (pronounced helios) is an x-ray spectrometer designed to study solar flares in the x-ray spectrum, in particular, energy bands of 10-150 Kev (kilo-electron volts). Using a twin-pair of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors, the instrument aims to study the acceleration and movement of electrons in the Sun's corona, as well as to study the cut-off energy between thermal and non-thermal solar emissions.35

Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)

The ASPEX is an instrument composed of low and high energy particle spectrometers, designed to conduct measurements of the Sun's solar wind particles. Solar Wind Ion Spectrometer (SWIS), the low energy spectrometer, contains two analysers, each designed to study particles entering the device in different planes. Supra Thermal Energetic Particle Spectrometer (STEPS), the high energy spectrometer, also consists of two parts, STEPS 1 and STEPS 2, both designed to separate protons and alpha particles and measure the integrated flux. The instrument was developed by the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.36

Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA)

The PAPA is an instrument on board the Aditya-L1 designed to study the temperature, distribution and velocity of the solar winds. The instrument contains two sensors; the Solar Wind Electron Energy Probe (SWEEP) and the Solar Wind lon Composition Analyser (SWICAR). The detectors are used in conjunction to analyse the energy levels of electrons and ions within the solar wind. The instrument was developed by the Space Physics Laboratory of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram.37

Digital magnetometers

On board the Aditya-L1 spacecraft are a pair of magnetic sensors on a deployable boom, one positioned in the middle and the other at the tip. The purpose of these sensors is to gather information about the magnitude and direction of the Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (IMF), as well as to study other events such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CME). Data from the magnetic sensors will be used to supplement that of the PAPA and ASPEX sensors.38

Mission profile

Launch

On 2 September 2023, at 11:50 IST, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C57) accomplished a successful launch of the Aditya-L1 from the Second Launch Pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) located in Sriharikota.

Aditya-L1, following a flight duration of 63 minutes and 20 seconds, achieved a successful injection into an elliptical orbit around the Earth at 12:54 IST.39

Aditya-L1 underwent a series of four Earth-bound orbital maneuvres prior to its injection to a transfer orbit towards the Lagrange point (L1). It reached its designated orbit at the L1 point 126 days after its launch on 6 January 2024 at 4:17 IST.4041

Orbit raising burns

First orbit raising burn

On 3 September 2023, the Aditya-L1 performed its first Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 245 km (152 mi) into 22,459 km (13,955 mi) orbit.42

Second orbit raising burn

On 5 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its second Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 282 km (175 mi) into 40,225 km (24,995 mi) orbit.

Third orbit raising burn

On 10 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its third Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 296 km (184 mi) into 71,767 km (44,594 mi) orbit.

Fourth orbit raising burn

On 15 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its fourth Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its original orbit to a 256 km (159 mi) into 121,973 km (75,791 mi) orbit. This was the last of such maneuvers, being directly followed by the Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection, which took place on 19 September.

Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection

On 19 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its last maneuvre around Earth to escape its orbit and headed towards the Lagrange 1 point, taking at least four months to further reach its destination, 1.5 million kilometers away.43

On 30 September 2023, Aditya-L1 had escaped the Earth's sphere of influence and was on the way to the Lagrange point 1.44

Trajectory correction maneuver

On 6 October 2023, Aditya-L1 performed a Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM1). It was needed to correct the trajectory evaluated after tracking the Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) maneuvre performed on 19 September 2023.45

Halo orbit insertion

On 6 January 2024, Aditya-L1 was successfully injected on the Halo orbit of Lagrange point 1 (HOI), at 4:17 pm IST.46

Mission stages and maneuvres
Stage and SequenceDate/TimeTime (IST)PeriapsisApoapsisOrbital PeriodBurn TImeRef.
Launch
Earth Orbit Insertion2 September 202312:54 p.m235 km (146 mi)19,500 km (12,100 mi)22 hours, 46 minutes47
Earth Bound maneuvres
Earth Bound maneuvre 13 September 202311:40 a.m.245 km (152 mi)22,459 km (13,955 mi)39 hours, 20 minutes48
Earth Bound maneuvre 25 September 20233:00 a.m282 km (175 mi)40,225 km (24,995 mi)4 days, 23 hours and 30 minutes49
Earth Bound maneuvre 310 September 20232:30 am296 km (184 mi)71,767 km (44,594 mi)4 days, 23 hours and 45 minutes50
Earth Bound maneuvre 415 September 20232:15 am256 km (159 mi)121,973 km (75,791 mi)3 days, 23 hours and 45 minutes51
Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Injection19 September 20232:00 am52
Trajectory correction maneuvres
Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM)6 October 202316s53
Halo orbit injection
Halo orbit insertion (HOI)6 January 20244:17 pmapprox. 177.86 earth days54
Animation of Aditya-L1Around the EarthAround the L1 point - Frame rotating with Earth   Aditya-L1 ·    Earth ·    L1 point

Orbit

Aditya-L1 completed its first halo orbit around L1 point on July 2, 2024. It takes it approximately 178 days to complete each orbit. It underwent two station-keeping maneuvers on February 22 and June 7, and later one on July 2.55

Science phase

Following commissioning and checkout, Adiya L1 began Science observations about three months into the mission. The PAPA instrument on the spacecraft was operationalised on December 12, 2023, and made its first observation on February 10 and 11, 2024.56

In conjunction with the Udaipur Solar Observatory and research stations at Thumba, ISRO mobilised all its observation platforms and systems to record the signatures of a Massive Solar Flare in May 2024. Aditya-L1, Chandrayaan-2's orbiter and XPoSat have made observations and observed signatures have been analysed. Aditya-L1 used ASPEX, SOLEX, HEL1OS an its magnetometer instruments to record data.57 On July 16, 2024, the VELC instrument was used to measure a large Coronal Mass ejection from the Sun. It also studied an accompanying solar flare and the motion of solar particles within the Sun.58

Marking its first year of science observation, ISRO released the maiden set of the scientific data from the Aditya L1 to the global scientific community on January 6, 2025, at the ISRO Headquarters in Bengaluru.59 ISRO presented the second set on 14 February 2025.60 On February 22, 2024, Aditya L1 captured the first-ever image of a X6.3-class solar flare ‘kernel’ occurring in the photosphere and the chromosphere. The image was taken alongside operations of SUIT, SoLEXS and HEL1OS instruments in the Near-Ultraviolet band.61 Scientist from IIA reported observations of a flareless coronal mass ejection from reading taken by VELC in March 2025.62

Images of the sun taken from SUIT (Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope) instrument of Aditya-L1 in different wavelengths.

Team

  • Nigar Shaji - Project director
  • Sankarasubramanian K - Principal scientist of the mission63

See also

  • Spaceflight portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aditya L1.

References

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  47. ISRO [@isro] (2 September 2023). "The launch of Aditya-L1 by PSLV-C57 is accomplished successfully. The vehicle has placed the satellite precisely into its intended orbit. India's first solar observatory has begun its journey to the destination of Sun-Earth L1 point" (Tweet) – via Twitter. https://x.com/isro/status/1697874341604835828 ↩

  48. ISRO [@isro] (3 September 2023). "The satellite is healthy and operating nominally. The first Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#1) is performed successfully from ISTRAC, Bengaluru. The new orbit attained is 245km x 22459 km. The next maneuvre (EBN#2) is scheduled for September 5, 2023, around 03:00 Hrs. IST" (Tweet) – via Twitter. https://x.com/isro/status/1698224462821544411 ↩

  49. ISRO [@isro] (4 September 2023). "Aditya-L1 Mission: The second Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#2) is performed successfully from ISTRAC, Bengaluru. ISTRAC/ISRO's ground stations at Mauritius, Bengaluru and Port Blair tracked the satellite during this operation. The new orbit attained is 282 km x 40225 km. The next maneuvre (EBN#3) is scheduled for September 10, 2023, around 02:30 Hrs. IST" (Tweet) – via Twitter. /wiki/ISRO ↩

  50. ISRO [@isro] (9 September 2023). "Aditya-L1 Mission:The third Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#3) is performed successfully from ISTRAC, Bengaluru.ISRO's ground stations at Mauritius, Bengaluru, SDSC-SHAR and Port Blair tracked the satellite during this operation.The new orbit attained is 296 km x 71767 km. The next maneuvre (EBN#4) is scheduled for September 15, 2023, around 02:00 Hrs. IST" (Tweet) – via Twitter. /wiki/ISRO ↩

  51. ISRO [@isro] (14 September 2023). "Aditya-L1 Mission: The fourth Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#4) is performed successfully. ISRO's ground stations at Mauritius, Bengaluru, SDSC-SHAR and Port Blair tracked the satellite during this operation, while a transportable terminal currently stationed in the Fiji islands for Aditya-L1 will support post-burn operations. The new orbit attained is 256 km x 121973 km. The next maneuvre Trans-Lagragean Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) a send-off from the Earth is scheduled for September 19, 2023, around 02:00 Hrs.IST" (Tweet) – via Twitter. /wiki/ISRO ↩

  52. ISRO [@isro] (18 September 2023). "Aditya-L1 Mission: Off to Sun-Earth L1 point! The Trans-Lagrangean Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) maneuvre is performed successfully. The spacecraft is now on a trajectory that will take it to the Sun-Earth L1 point. It will be injected into an orbit around L1 through a maneuver after about 110 days. This is the fifth consecutive time ISRO has successfully transferred an object on a trajectory toward another celestial body or location in space" (Tweet) – via Twitter. /wiki/ISRO ↩

  53. "ADITYA-L1". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 8 October 2023. https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html ↩

  54. "Halo-Orbit Insertion of Aditya-L1 Successfully Accomplished". ISRO. 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024. https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html ↩

  55. "Aditya-L1 Mission: Completion of First Halo Orbit". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2 July 2024. https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1_Mission_Completion_of_First_Halo_Orbit.html ↩

  56. "PAPA payload aboard Aditya-L1 detects solar wind impact of Coronal Mass Ejections". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 10 December 2024. https://www.isro.gov.in/PAPA_payload_Aditya-L1_detects_solar_wind.html ↩

  57. "ISRO Captures the Signatures of the Recent Solar Eruptive Events from Earth, Sun-Earth L1 Point, and the Moon". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 10 December 2024. https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_CapturesSignaturesRecentSolarEruptive_Events.html ↩

  58. "Unlocking the Mysteries of the Sun: Aditya-L1's Observations of a Coronal Mass Ejection". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 10 December 2024. https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1_Observations_Coronal_Mass_Ejection.html ↩

  59. "ISRO Organises National Meet on Aditya L1 Data Release and Payload Performance Appraisal". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 7 January 2025. https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Nationalmeet_AdityaL1.html ↩

  60. "Release of the Second Set of Aditya-L1 Science Data". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 28 February 2025. https://www.isro.gov.in/Second_Set_of_Aditya_L1_Science_Data.html ↩

  61. "Historic First: India's Solar Ultra-violet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) onboard Aditya-L1 Captures Unprecedented Solar Flare Details". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 28 February 2025. https://www.isro.gov.in/SUIT_Aditya-L1_Captures_SolarFlare.html ↩

  62. C.S, Hemanth (14 March 2025). "Aditya-L1 mission: scientists observe a flareless coronal mass ejection". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 March 2025. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/aditya-l1-mission-iia-scientists-report-observations-of-a-flareless-coronal-mass-ejection-from-the-solar-atmosphere/article69330587.ece/amp/ ↩

  63. "Educational qualification of scientists behind ISRO's solar mission, Aditya L-1". DNA India. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023. https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-educational-qualification-of-scientists-behind-aditya-l-1-mission-chandrayaan-3-s-somanath-iit-iisc-bengaluru-3058363 ↩