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Background

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

Attempts to overturn the presidential election

Main article: Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election

Joe Biden, of the Democratic Party, defeated incumbent Republican Party president Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election.⁶⁵ Trump and other Republicans attempted to overturn the election, falsely claiming widespread voter fraud.⁶⁶

Within hours after the polls closing, while votes were still being tabulated, Trump declared victory, demanding counting be halted.⁶⁷ He began a campaign to subvert the election, through legal challenges and extralegal effort. Trump's attorneys concluded there was neither a factual foundation nor valid legal argument for challenging the election results.⁶⁸ Despite those analyses, Trump sought to overturn the results by filing sixty lawsuits, including two that came before the Supreme Court. Those challenges were all rejected by the courts, for lack of evidence or legal standing.⁶⁹

Trump then mounted a campaign to pressure Republican governors, secretaries of state, and state legislatures to nullify results by replacing slates of Biden electors with slates pledged to Trump, or by manufacturing evidence of fraud; Trump's role in the plot to use fake electors led to prosecutions in Georgia and in federal court. He demanded lawmakers investigate ostensible election "irregularities", such as by conducting signature matches of mailed-in ballots, disregarding any prior analytic efforts. Trump made inquiries regarding the possibility of invoking martial law to "re-run" or reverse the election⁷⁰⁷¹ and appointed a special counsel to find instances of fraud, despite conclusions by federal and state officials that such cases were few or non-existent. Trump ultimately undertook neither step.⁷² Trump repeatedly urged Pence to alter the results and stop Biden from taking office. None of those actions would have been within Pence's constitutional powers as vice president and president of the Senate. Trump repeated this call in his rally speech on the morning of January 6.⁷³

Numerous scholars, historians, political scientists, and journalists have characterized these efforts to overturn the election as an attempted self-coup by Trump and an implementation of the "big lie".⁷⁴

Planning of January 6 events

On December 18, Trump called for supporters to attend a rally before the January 6 Congressional vote count, writing on Twitter, "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!".⁷⁵⁷⁶ On December 28, far-right activist Ali Alexander described collaboration with the Proud Boys and explained the purpose of the January 6 event would be "to build momentum and pressure" to convince members of Congress to alter the election results.⁷⁷ He named three Republican members of the House as allies who were planning "something big": Paul Gosar, Andy Biggs and Mo Brooks.⁷⁸ "We're the four guys who came up with a January 6 event", Alexander said.⁷⁹

On December 23, Roger Stone's group Stop the Steal posted plans to "occupy just outside" the Capitol with promises to "escalate" if opposed by police.⁸⁰ Stone recorded a video for his "Stop The Steal Security Project" to raise funds "for the staging, the transportation and most importantly the security" of the event.⁸¹ The event was largely funded by Trump donor Julie Fancelli, heiress to the Publix supermarket fortune, who budgeted $3 million forand spent at least $650,000.⁸² Fancelli's funding, via conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, was used to reserve the Ellipse. With Fancelli's funding, a robocall campaign urged people to "march to the Capitol building and call on Congress to stop the steal".⁸³ Jones claimed the White House asked him to lead the march to the Capitol.⁸⁴

On January 2, Trump announced plans to speak at the "March to Save America" rally on January 6.^85868788 On January 4, Steve Bannon said he was part of "the bloodless coup".⁸⁹⁹⁰

Seditious conspiracy by Oath Keepers and Proud Boys

Main article: Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack

On November 5, two days after the election, leaders of the Oath Keepers began communicating about a "civil war". On November 9, the leaders held a members-only online conference in which leader Stewart Rhodes outlined a plan to stop the transfer of power, including preparations for using force. The Oath Keepers planned to store "an arsenal" with a "Quick Reaction Force" (QRF) in nearby Alexandria, Virginia. The leaders planned to procure boat transportation so bridge closures could not prevent their entry into D.C.⁹¹

On December 12, about 200 Proud Boys joined a march near Freedom Plaza and the Trump International Hotel dressed in combat fatigues and ballistic vests.⁹² In scuffles between protesters and counter-protesters, four people were stabbed and at least 23 arrested.⁹³ Three days later, Proud Boy members were being photographed wearing apparel featuring the antisemitic, Neo-Nazi slogan "6MWE" (6 million wasn't enough),⁹⁴ referring to the number of Jewish Holocaust victims. The slogan was accompanied by an Eagle and fasces symbol used by the Italian Fascists.⁹⁵ The image, which spread on Twitter, prompted the Anti-Defamation League to declare that the "Proud Boys' Bigotry is on Full Display".⁹⁶

On December 19, Oath Keepers leader Kelly Meggs called Proud Boys leader Enrique Tarrio.⁹⁷ One Proud Boy leader posted a message saying, "I am assuming most of the protest will be at the capital [sic] building given what's going on inside".⁹⁸ The Proud Boys leadership encouraged members to attend the January 6 event. Leaders used a crowdfunding website to raise money and purchase paramilitary equipment such as concealed tactical vests and radio equipment in preparation for the attack. Chapter leadership spent the days prior to, and morning of January 6, planning the attack.⁹⁹¹⁰⁰ On December 29, leaders announced plans to be "incognito" on January 6, by not wearing their traditional black and yellow garb.¹⁰¹¹⁰² On December 30, the leadership received a document titled "1776 Returns", which called for the occupation of "crucial buildings" on January 6 and argued for supporters to "Storm the Winter Palace" in a reference to an attack on the Capitol.¹⁰³ On January 3 and 4, Proud Boys leadership explicitly discussed "storming" the Capitol.¹⁰⁴

On January 3, Rhodes departed home, having spent $6,000 on a rifle and other firearms equipment in Texas, and $4,500 in Mississippi, en route to D.C. On January 5, leaders began unloading weapons for the "QRF". Leaders drove into D.C. on a "reconnaissance mission".¹⁰⁵ On January 4, Tarrio was arrested by D.C. police in connection with a prior destruction-of-property charge. Fearing the police would access Tarrio's messaging apps, leadership deleted the group chat and created a new one. Tarrio was released on January 5 and ordered to leave the city. Rather than immediately comply, he traveled to a parking garage to meet with Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes.¹⁰⁶¹⁰⁷

The night of January 5, Proud Boys leaders divided members into teams, passed out radios, and programmed them to specific channels in preparation. Orders were issued to assemble at 10 a.m. at the Washington Monument. Leadership warned members to avoid police and not in public.¹⁰⁸ On January 6, about 100 plainclothes members assembled at the Washington Monument and were led to the Capitol to participate in the attack.¹⁰⁹

Predictions of violence

Main article: Predictions of violence ahead of the January 6 United States Capitol attack

The weeks preceding January 6 were filled with predictions of violence by Trump supporters. The attack was later said to be "planned in plain sight", with postings on social media even planning for violence on January 6.

Commentators had long feared that Trump might provoke violence after an electoral loss.¹¹⁰¹¹¹ For weeks before January 6, there were over one million mentions of storming the Capitol on social media, including calls for violence against Congress, Pence, and the police.^112113114 On December 28, a map was posted showing entrances and exits to the Capitol and tunnels that connect it to House and Senate office buildings. Black X's represented forces that would be "ready for action" if Congress tried to certify the election.¹¹⁵ On January 1, the operator of a website about the tunnels noticed a traffic spike, prompting him to notify the FBI of a likely attack.¹¹⁶

From December 29 to January 5, the FBI and its field offices warned of armed protests at every state capitol and reported plans by Trump supporters that included violence.¹¹⁷ On December 30, one popular comment was posted, saying, "I'm thinking it will be literal war on that day. Where we'll storm offices and physically remove and even kill all the D.C. traitors and reclaim the country".¹¹⁸ That comment was highlighted in a January 2 article by The Daily Beast which reported protesters were discussing bringing guns, breaking into federal buildings, and attacking law enforcement.¹¹⁹¹²⁰ In the days leading up to the attack, organizations, including ones that monitor online extremism, issued warnings about the event.¹²¹

On January 5, the media published stories about widespread predictions of violence, and D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser called for residents to avoid the downtown area where protesters would march.¹²² Two D.C. food and lodging establishments with a history of being patronized by the Proud Boys announced temporary closures, citing safety concerns.¹²³ Members of Congress reached out to law enforcement charged with protecting the Capitol against violence and were assured Capitol Police were prepared.¹²⁴

Three days before the Capitol attack, the Capitol Police intelligence unit circulated a memo warning that Trump supporters see the day of the Electoral College vote count "as the last opportunity to overturn the results of the presidential election" and could use violence against "Congress itself" on that date.¹²⁵

Law enforcement and National Guard preparations

Main article: Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Preparations for January 6

On November 9, Trump fired Secretary of Defense Mark Esper and replaced him with Christopher C. Miller.¹²⁶ In response, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director Gina Haspel told Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley "we are on the way to a right-wing coup".¹²⁷ On December 18, Miller unilaterally terminated the Department of Defense's transition to the incoming administration, falsely claiming it was a mutually-agreed pause for the holidays.¹²⁸¹²⁹

On January 2, Republican senator Mitt Romney – who himself had lost the 2012 presidential election against Barack Obama, and conceded in an orderly manner – contacted Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, predicting reinforcements would be denied, "... a senior official at the Pentagon... reports that they are seeing very disturbing social media traffic regarding the protests planned on the 6th. There are calls to burn down your home, Mitch; to smuggle guns into DC, and to storm the Capitol. I hope that sufficient security plans are in place, but I am concerned that the instigator—the President—is the one who commands the reinforcements the DC and Capitol police might require".¹³⁰

On January 3, all ten living former defense secretaries released an open letter in which they expressed concerns about a potential coup to overturn the election, mentioning Christopher Miller by name.¹³¹ That day, Trump ordered Miller to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.¹³² The next day, Miller signed a memo severely limiting the ability of the D.C. National Guard to deploy without his permission. Since his appointment in 2018, D.C. National Guard commanding major general William J. Walker had standing orders to respond to civil disturbances in the district, but on January 5, Walker received new orders from Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy forbidding him to respond to a civil disturbance without explicit prior approval from McCarthy and Miller.¹³³ Previously, he had authority to respond without seeking permission.¹³⁴¹³⁵ After the attack, Walter described the order as "unusual", noting "It required me to seek authorization from the secretary of the Army and the secretary of defense to essentially protect my guardsmen".¹³⁶

On January 4, D.C. mayor Bowser announced that the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPD) would lead law enforcement in the district, and would coordinate with the Capitol Police, the U.S. Park Police, and the Secret Service.¹³⁷ Jurisdictionally, the Metropolitan Police Department is responsible for city streets of the National Mall and Capitol area, whereas the Park Police are responsible for the Ellipse, the Secret Service is responsible for the vicinity of the White House, and the Capitol Police is responsible for the Capitol complex itself.¹³⁸ During a meeting with a representative of the Capitol Police, the Mayor asked, "[W]here does your perimeter start?" At that point, the individual left the room, and stopped participating in the conference. The mayor later recalled, "[T]hat should have been like a trigger to me. Like these people, they don't want to answer questions about their preparation".¹³⁹

On January 6, under "orders from leadership", the Capitol Police deployed without "less lethal" arms such as sting grenades. The Capitol Police armory was not properly maintained, riot shields had been improperly stored at the wrong temperature, rendering them ineffective, while ammunition stores were expired.¹⁴⁰

Trump supporters gather in D.C.

On January 5, events related to overturning the election occurred on or near the National Mall in Washington, D.C., at places such as Freedom Plaza, the North Inner Gravel Walkway between 13th and 14th Streets, Area 9 across from the Russell Senate Office Building, and near the United States Supreme Court.¹⁴¹¹⁴² On the night of January 5 and into the morning of January 6, at least ten people were arrested, several on weapons charges.¹⁴³

On January 5, Ray Epps, an individual with a history in the Arizona Oath Keepers, was filmed during two street gatherings urging people to go into the Capitol the next day, "peacefully", he said at one of the gatherings.¹⁴⁴¹⁴⁵ Epps was filmed on January 6 telling people to "go to the Capitol".¹⁴⁶ Epps had texted his nephew that he was "orchestrating" the flow into the Capitol building.¹⁴⁷ Epps later claimed that he had been boasting about "directing" people towards the Capitol.¹⁴⁸

From 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. on January 5, a series of Trump rallies were held at Freedom Plaza.¹⁴⁹ Notable speakers included Alex Jones, Michael Flynn, George Papadopoulos, and Roger Stone.¹⁵⁰

Flynn and Stone had received presidential pardons in prior weeks. On December 8, Trump pardoned retired US Army lieutenant general Michael Flynn, who had pleaded guilty to "willfully and knowingly" making false statements to the FBI about communications with the Russian ambassador. Flynn, a prominent QAnon proponent, participated in the D.C. events on January 5, while his brother, U.S. Army general Charles Flynn, would participate in a conference call on January 6 when he would refuse permission to deploy the National Guard after the breach of the Capitol.¹⁵¹ On December 23, Trump pardoned Roger Stone, who had been found guilty at trial of witness tampering, making false statements to Congress, and obstruction. Stone, who had longtime ties to the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers, employed Oath Keepers as security on January 5.¹⁵² Stone's Oath-Keeper driver was later convicted of seditious conspiracy for his role in plotting and executing the following day's attack.¹⁵³

January 5 meetings

In the evening of January 5, Trump's closest allies, including Michael Flynn, Corey Lewandowski, Alabama senator Tommy Tuberville, and Trump's sons Donald Jr. and Eric, met at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C.¹⁵⁴¹⁵⁵ Tuberville has since said that he did not attend the meeting,¹⁵⁶ despite having been photographed in the hotel's lobby.¹⁵⁷¹⁵⁸ According to Charles Herbster, who said he attended the meeting himself, attendees included Tuberville, Adam Piper, and Peter Navarro. Daniel Beck wrote that "Fifteen of us spent the evening with Donald Trump Jr., Kimberly Guilfoyle, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lindell, Peter Navarro, and Rudy Giuliani".¹⁵⁹ Herbster claimed to be standing "in the private residence of the President at Trump International with the following patriots who are joining me in a battle for justice and truth". He added David Bossie to the list of attendees.¹⁶⁰

Bombs placed

At 7:40 p.m. on January 5, someone was filmed carrying a bag through a neighborhood on South Capitol Street. At 7:52 p.m., the individual was recorded sitting on a bench outside the DNC; the next day, a pipe bomb was discovered there, under a bush. In the footage, the suspect appears to zip a bag, stand and walk away. At 8:14, the suspect was filmed in an alley near the RNC, where a second pipe bomb was found the following day.¹⁶¹ Both bombs were placed within a few blocks of the Capitol.¹⁶²¹⁶³ Nearing the second anniversary of the incident, a reward of $500,000 was offered,¹⁶⁴ but no suspects have been named.¹⁶⁵

January 6 Trump rally

On January 6, the "Save America" rally (or "March to Save America", promoted as a "Save America March")¹⁶⁶ took place on the Ellipse within the National Mall just south of the White House. The permit granted to Women for America First scheduled a first amendment rally "March for Trump", with speeches running from 9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., with an additional hour for the conclusion of the rally and dispersal of participants.¹⁶⁷

Trump supporters gathered on the Ellipse to hear speeches from Trump, Rudy Giuliani, and others, such as Chapman University School of Law professor John Eastman, who spoke, at least in part, based on his memorandums, which have been described as an instruction manual for a coup d'état.¹⁶⁸¹⁶⁹ In a February court filing, Jessica Watkins, a member of the Oath Keepers, claimed she had acted as "security" at the rally in collaboration with the Secret Service. The Secret Service denied this,¹⁷⁰ with Watkins later changing her story;¹⁷¹ in 2023, she was sentenced to 8+1⁄2 years in prison.¹⁷²

Mo Brooks was a featured speaker at the rally and spoke around 9 a.m., where he said, "Today is the day American patriots start taking down names and kicking ass". And later, "Are you willing to do what it takes to fight for America? Louder! Will you fight for America?"¹⁷³¹⁷⁴

Representative Madison Cawthorn said, "This crowd has some fight".¹⁷⁵ Women for America First founder Amy Kremer told attendees, "it is up to you and I to save this Republic" and called on them to "keep up the fight".¹⁷⁶ Trump's sons, Donald Jr. and Eric, along with Eric's wife Lara Trump, also spoke, naming and verbally attacking Republican congressmen and senators who were not supporting the effort to challenge the Electoral College vote, and promising to campaign against them in future primary elections.¹⁷⁷ Donald Jr. said of Republican lawmakers, "If you're gonna be the zero and not the hero, we're coming for you".¹⁷⁸¹⁷⁹

Rudy Giuliani repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were "crooked" and at 10:50 called for "trial by combat".¹⁸⁰¹⁸¹ Eastman asserted that balloting machines contained "secret folders" that altered voting results.¹⁸²¹⁸³ At 10:58, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally and marched toward the Capitol Building.¹⁸⁴

On January 6, the "Wild Protest" was organized by Stop The Steal and took place in Area 8, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.¹⁸⁵ On January 6, the "Freedom Rally" was organized by Virginia Freedom Keepers, Latinos for Trump, and United Medical Freedom Super PAC at 300 First Street NE, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.¹⁸⁶

Trump's speech

Starting at 11:58, from behind a bulletproof shield, President Trump gave a speech, declaring that he would "never concede" the election, criticizing the media, and calling for Pence to overturn the election results.¹⁸⁷¹⁸⁸ His speech contained many falsehoods and misrepresentations that inflamed the crowd.¹⁸⁹ Trump did not call on his supporters to use violence or enter the Capitol,¹⁹⁰ but his speech was filled with violent imagery.¹⁹¹ On social media, Trump was suggesting that his supporters had the power to prevent Biden from taking office.¹⁹² One of his tweets, posted on January 6, 2021, at 5:43 a.m., was "Get smart Republicans. FIGHT".¹⁹³ The same afternoon, Pence released a letter to Congress, in which he said he could not challenge Biden's victory.¹⁹⁴¹⁹⁵

Although the initial plan for the rally called for people to remain at the Ellipse until the counting of electoral slates was complete, the White House said they should march to the Capitol, as Trump repeatedly urged during his speech.¹⁹⁶ Trump called for his supporters to "walk down to the Capitol" to "cheer on our brave senators and congressmen and women and we're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them". He told the crowd that he would be with them, but he ultimately did not go to the Capitol. As to counting Biden's electoral votes, Trump said, "We can't let that happen" and suggested Biden would be an "illegitimate president".¹⁹⁷¹⁹⁸ Referring to the day of the elections, Trump said, "most people would stand there at 9:00 in the evening and say, 'I want to thank you very much,' and they go off to some other life, but I said, 'Something's wrong here. Something's really wrong. [It] can't have happened.' And we fight. We fight like Hell and if you don't fight like Hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".¹⁹⁹: 01:11:44  He said the protesters would be "going to the Capitol and we're going to try and give [Republicans] the kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country".²⁰⁰ Trump also said, "you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong. We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated".²⁰¹²⁰²

Trump denounced Representative Liz Cheney, saying, "We've got to get rid of the weak Congresspeople, the ones that aren't any good, the Liz Cheneys of the world".²⁰³ He called upon his supporters to "fight much harder" against "bad people"; told the crowd that "you are allowed to go by very different rules"; said that his supporters were "not going to take it any longer"; framed the moment as the last stand; suggested that Pence and other Republican officials put themselves in danger by accepting Biden's victory; and told the crowd he would march with them to the Capitol (but was prevented from doing so by his security detail).^204205206 In addition to the twenty times he used the term "fight", Trump once used the term "peacefully", saying, "I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard".²⁰⁷

During Trump's speech, his supporters chanted "Take the Capitol", "Taking the Capitol right now", "Invade the Capitol", "Storm the Capitol" and "Fight for Trump".²⁰⁸²⁰⁹ Before Trump had finished speaking at 1:12 p.m., the Proud Boys had begun their attack on the Capitol and breached the outer perimeter of the Capitol grounds; the two pipe bombs had been discovered nearby.²¹⁰

Attack on the Capitol

Just before the Proud Boys attacked the Capitol, pipe bombs were discovered near the complex.²¹¹ Proud Boys, Oath Keepers, and other attackers besieged and ultimately breached the Capitol. Members of the Congress barricaded themselves in the chamber, and one attacker was fatally shot by police while attempting to breach a barricade.²¹²

After officials at the Pentagon delayed deployment of the National Guard, citing concerns about optics, D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser requested assistance from the governor of Virginia. By 3:15, Virginia State Police began arriving in D.C.²¹³ After Vice President Pence and the Congress were evacuated to secure locations, law enforcement cleared and secured the Capitol.

Proud Boys march to Capitol as mob assembles

At 10:30, over a hundred Proud Boys left the Washington Monument, led by Ethan Nordean and Joe Biggs. By 11:52, the group had reached the Capitol and proceeded to walk around the building before doubling back to the west side, which allowed them to assess building defenses and to look for weaknesses.^214215216

Enroute, comments from one of the Proud Boys served as an early indicator of a plan to attack the Capitol, according to a documentary filmmaker who was on scene:

There's only one moment where that – the sort of facade of marching and protesting might have fallen, which is there was a – one of the Proud Boys called Milkshake and Eddie Block on his livestream catches Milkshake saying, well, let's go storm the Capitol with Nordean – Rufio – one of the leaders of the Proud Boys saying, you could keep that quiet, please, Milkshake. And then we continued on marching.²¹⁷

Around 12:30, a crowd of about 300 assembled east of the Capitol. Senator Josh Hawley (R-MO), a leader of the group of lawmakers who vowed to challenge the Electoral College vote, greeted these protesters with a raised fist as he passed by on his way to Congress's joint session in the early afternoon.²¹⁸²¹⁹ At 12:52, a group of Oath Keepers, wearing black hoodies with prominent logos, left the rally at the Ellipse and changed into Army Combat Uniforms, with helmets, on their way to the Capitol.²²⁰

Shortly before 12:53, Nordean and Biggs marched the group of 200–300 Proud Boys to a barricade on the west side of the Capitol grounds near the Peace Monument. Biggs used a megaphone to lead the crowd in chants.²²¹

Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex

This section is an excerpt from Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex.[edit]

Around 12:45 p.m., a bomb was discovered next to a building containing Republican National Committee (RNC) offices by a woman using the shared alleyway to access her apartment building's laundry room.²²² She alerted RNC security, which investigated and summoned law enforcement; U.S. Capitol Police, FBI agents and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) all responded to the RNC bomb.²²³

About thirty minutes later, while officers were still responding at the RNC, they were informed a second pipe bomb had been discovered under a bush at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters.²²⁴²²⁵ Vice President-elect Kamala Harris was inside the DNC headquarters at the time the pipe bomb was discovered.²²⁶ Capitol Police began investigating the DNC pipe bomb at 1:07 p.m., and Harris was evacuated at approximately 1:14 p.m.²²⁷ The devices were of a similar design – about one foot (30 cm) in length.²²⁸²²⁹ They were safely detonated by bomb squads;²³⁰ the pipe bomb at the RNC was neutralized at 3:33 p.m. and the pipe bomb at the DNC was neutralized at 4:36 p.m., according to a Capitol Police timeline.²³¹ The bombs were fully functional and constructed of galvanized steel pipes, homemade black powder, and kitchen timers.²³²²³³ The FBI stated that the bombs "were viable and could have been detonated, resulting in serious injury or death".²³⁴

Sund told The Washington Post on January 10 that he suspected the pipe bombs were intentionally placed to draw police away from the Capitol;²³⁵ Representative Tim Ryan (D-Ohio) echoed the sentiment in a virtual news conference on January 11, saying, "[W]e do believe there was some level of coordination ... because of the pipe bombs ... that immediately drew attention away from the breach that was happening".²³⁶²³⁷ The Inspector General of the Capitol Police later concluded, "If those pipe bombs were intended to be diversion... it worked".²³⁸ As the mob of Trump supporters attacked the Capitol, the discovery of the pipe bombs diverted a large number of already-outnumbered law enforcement officers from the Capitol.²³⁹ Capitol Police Inspector General Michael Bolton testified before Congress that "the bombs drew three teams to investigate" and left only one squad at the Capitol.²⁴⁰

On January 7, 2025, Trump claimed that the FBI knows the identity of the suspect.²⁴¹

Attack begins near Peace Monument, led by Proud Boys

The Proud Boys contingent reached the west perimeter of the Capitol grounds, which was protected only by a sparse line of police in front of a temporary fence. Other Trump supporters arrived, adding to a growing crowd. The Proud Boys tactically coordinated their attacks "from the first moment of violence to multiple breaches of the Capitol while leaving the impression that it was just ordinary protesters leading the charge".²⁴² Proud Boys targeted an access point and began to rile up the previously-peaceful crowd.²⁴³ In a "tipping point" moment, a man later identified as Ryan Samsel approached Joe Biggs and talked with him, even embracing him. Samsel later told the FBI that Biggs "encouraged him to push at the barricades and that when he hesitated, the Proud Boys leader flashed a gun, questioned his manhood and repeated his demand to move upfront and challenge the police", according to The New York Times.²⁴⁴ Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola recalled seeing Biggs flash a handgun and goading Samsel, telling him to "defend his manhood" by attacking the police line, but later tried to retract this statement.²⁴⁵ Samsel also talked to Oath Keeper Ray Epps in the same time frame, with Samsel and Epps stating that Epps was attempting to calm Samsel down and dissuade him from attacking police as Biggs was encouraging him to do. Samsel later changed his story.²⁴⁶²⁴⁷ Shortly after speaking to Epps and Biggs, Samsel became the first to violently attack Capitol Police. Capitol police officer Caroline Edwards described the attack:

Ms. Edwards described how a Proud Boys leader named Joseph Biggs encouraged another man to approach the bike rack barricade where she was posted. That man, Ryan Samsel, she said, pushed the bike rack over, causing her to hit her head and lose consciousness. But before she blacked out, Ms. Edwards recalled seeing "a war scene" playing out in front of her. Police officers were bleeding and throwing up, she recalled. "It was carnage", she said. "It was chaos".²⁴⁸

Video showed Officer Edwards being pushed back behind a bicycle rack as Proud Boys pushed barricades towards her, knocking her off her feet and causing her to hit her head on the concrete steps.²⁴⁹

The Proud Boys led the charge toward the Capitol, to the next police line,²⁵⁰ repeating the same set of tactics: identifying building access points, riling up other protesters, and sometimes directly joining in the violence. When met with resistance, leaders of the group reassessed, and teams of Proud Boys targeted new entry points to the Capitol.²⁵¹

Around 1:00 p.m., hundreds of Trump supporters clashed with a second thin line of officers and pushed through barriers erected along the perimeter of the Capitol.²⁵²²⁵³ The crowd swept past barriers and officers, with some members of the mob spraying officers with chemical agents or hitting them with lead pipes.^254255256 Many rioters walked up the external stairways, while some resorted to ropes and makeshift ladders.²⁵⁷ Police blocked the entrance to a tunnel at the lower west terrace, where rioters waged a three-hour fight to enter.²⁵⁸ To gain access to the Capitol, several rioters scaled the west wall.²⁵⁹ Representative Zoe Lofgren (D–CA), aware that rioters had reached the Capitol steps, could not reach Capitol police chief Steven Sund by phone; House sergeant-at-arms Paul D. Irving told Lofgren the doors to the Capitol were locked and "nobody can get in".²⁶⁰

Telephone logs released by Capitol Police show that Sund had been coordinating additional resources from various agencies. Sund's first call was to the D.C. Metropolitan Police, who arrived within 15 minutes.²⁶¹ Sund called Irving and Stenger at 12:58 and asked them for an emergency declaration required to call in the National Guard; they told Sund they would "run it up the chain", but formal approval to request the Guard was withheld for over an hour.²⁶²

According to testimony from White House staffer Cassidy Hutchinson, shortly after his speech concluded at 1:00 p.m. Trump ordered his Secret Service detail to drive him to the Capitol. When they refused, Trump reportedly assaulted his Secret Service driver, lunging for the man's throat.²⁶³

Around 1:12 p.m., reinforcements from the MPD, equipped with crowd control gear, arrived on the lower west terrace.²⁶⁴ From 1:25 to 1:28, three different groups of Proud Boys leaders were recorded marching in stack formations away from the newly-reinforced police line.²⁶⁵ After about fifteen minutes of observing, the Proud Boys went back on the attack, targeting two new access points that were poorly defended.²⁶⁶ Ronald Loehrke and other Proud Boys led a contingent to the east side of the Capitol; once there, Proud Boys again used distraction and teamwork to remove barricades, prompting the previously-peaceful crowd on the east side to overrun barriers along the entire police line.²⁶⁷

Meanwhile, on the west side, Joe Biggs led a team of Proud Boys that targeted the stairs covered by a temporary scaffolding.²⁶⁸ Within two minutes of Biggs's arrival, a team of over a dozen Proud Boys approached the entrance to the scaffolding and attacked police.²⁶⁹ Proud Boy Daniel "Milkshake" Scott led the charge, and a 20-minute battle for the scaffolding ensued.²⁷⁰²⁷¹

At 1:50 p.m., the on-scene MPD incident commander declared a riot.²⁷² At 1:58, Capitol Police officers removed a barricade on the northeast side of the Capitol, allowing hundreds of protestors to stream onto the grounds.²⁷³

Attackers on west terrace breach Senate Wing hallway

Just before 2:00 p.m., attackers reached the doors and windows of the Capitol and began attempts to break in. The Los Angeles Times observed that "whether by sheer luck, real-time trial and error, or advance knowledge", the first attackers to break through the police line onto the upper west terrace ran past 15 reinforced windows, "making a beeline" for the recessed area near the Senate where two unreinforced windows and two doors with unreinforced glass were the only protection from attack.²⁷⁴ At 2:11, Proud Boy leader Dominic Pezzola used a stolen police riot shield to smash one of those un-reinforced windows on the west side of the Capitol, breaching the building itself. By 2:13, the Capitol was officially breached.²⁷⁵ Although most of the Capitol's windows had been reinforced, attackers targeted those that remained as single-pane glass and could be broken easily.²⁷⁶ Joe Biggs and other Proud Boy leaders had entered the Capitol by 2:14.²⁷⁷ A news crew from British broadcaster ITV followed the rioters into the Capitol, the only broadcaster to do so.²⁷⁸²⁷⁹

At 2:13, Pence was removed from the Senate chamber by a Secret Service agent, who brought him to a nearby office about 100 feet (30 m) from the landing. Pence's wife Karen Pence, daughter Charlotte Pence Bond, and brother, Representative Greg Pence, were in the Capitol at the time it was attacked.²⁸⁰ As Pence and his family were being escorted from the Senate chamber to a nearby hideaway, they came within a minute of being visible to rioters on a staircase 100 feet (30 m) away.²⁸¹

Unaccompanied by other officers, Capitol Police officer Eugene Goodman confronted the mob. He has been cited for heroism in baiting and diverting the rioters away from the Senate chamber in the minutes before the chamber could be safely evacuated. As the crowd of rioters reached a landing from which there was an unimpeded path to the chamber, Goodman pushed the lead attacker, Doug Jensen, and then deliberately retreated away from the chamber, enticing the crowd to chase him in another direction.²⁸² One media report described his actions as follows:

In short, he tricked them, willingly becoming the rabbit to their wolf pack, pulling them away from the chambers where armed officers were waiting, avoiding tragedy and saving lives. Lives which include their own.²⁸³

Those present at the time of the event, including Democratic and Republican legislators and members of the press, praised Goodman for his quick thinking and brave actions.²⁸⁴²⁸⁵ Republican senator Ben Sasse credited Goodman with having "single-handedly prevented untold bloodshed".²⁸⁶²⁸⁷ Goodman's actions were captured in video footage taken by HuffPost reporter Igor Bobic.²⁸⁸ Bobic's footage of Goodman went viral on the internet, receiving more than 10 million views.²⁸⁹²⁹⁰ A second video of Goodman's confrontation with the crowd was published by ProPublica on January 15.²⁹¹ Goodman was later awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal.²⁹²

Evacuation of leadership amid Capitol lockdown

At 2:13, the Senate recessed,²⁹³ and the doors were locked. A minute later, the rioters reached the doors to the gallery above the chamber.²⁹⁴²⁹⁵ Banging could be heard from outside as rioters attempted to break through the doors. Meanwhile, in the House chamber, Speaker Pelosi was escorted out of the chamber.²⁹⁶²⁹⁷

A police officer carrying a semi-automatic weapon appeared on the floor and stood between then–Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell and then–Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer.²⁹⁸ Senator Mitt Romney exasperatedly threw up his hands and directly criticized fellow Republicans challenging Biden's electoral votes, yelling to them, "This is what you've gotten, guys".²⁹⁹ Members of Senate Parliamentarian Elizabeth MacDonough's staff carried the boxes of Electoral College votes and documentation out of the chamber to hidden safe rooms within the building.³⁰⁰³⁰¹

At 2:26, Pence's Secret Service detail evacuated him and his family from their hideaway near the Senate downstairs towards a more secure location. After his evacuation, Pence's detail wanted to move him away from the Capitol building, but Pence refused to get in the car. Addressing the agent in charge of his detail, Tim Giebels, Pence said, "I trust you, Tim, but you're not driving the car. If I get in that vehicle, you guys are taking off. I'm not getting in the car".³⁰²³⁰³

All buildings in the complex were subsequently locked down, with no entry or exit allowed. Capitol staff were asked to shelter in place; those outside were advised to "seek cover".³⁰⁴ As the mob roamed the Capitol, lawmakers, aides, and staff took shelter in offices and closets. Aides to Mitch McConnell, barricaded in a room just off a hallway, heard a rioter outside the door "praying loudly", asking for "the evil of Congress [to] be brought to an end".³⁰⁵ The rioters entered and ransacked the office of the Senate Parliamentarian.³⁰⁶

With senators still in the chamber, Trump called Senator Tommy Tuberville and told him to do more to block the counting of Biden's electoral votes, but the call had to be cut off when the Senate chamber was evacuated at 2:30.³⁰⁷ After evacuation, the mob briefly took control of the chamber, with some armed men carrying plastic handcuffs and others posing with raised fists on the Senate dais Pence had left minutes earlier.³⁰⁸³⁰⁹ Staff and reporters inside the building were taken by secure elevators to the basement and then to a bunker constructed following the attempted attack on the Capitol in 2001. Evacuees were redirected while en route after the bunker was also infiltrated by the mob.³¹⁰

The Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, Michael C. Stenger, accompanied a group of senators, including Lindsey Graham and Joe Manchin, to a secure location in a Senate office building. Once safe, the lawmakers were "furious" with Stenger; Graham asked him, "How does this happen? How does this happen?" and added that they "[are] not going to be run out by a mob".³¹¹

Meanwhile, the House recessed at 2:18.³¹² Amid the security concerns, Representative Dean Phillips yelled, "This is because of you!" at his Republican colleagues.³¹³ At this same time, according to her book, Oath and Honor, "[t]he C-SPAN cameras captured [Representative Cheney] as [she] pointed at [Representative Jason Smith] and said 'You did this.' [She] was angry. 'You did this.'"³¹⁴ The House resumed debate at 2:26.³¹⁵ After Gosar finished, the House again went into recess at 2:29³¹⁶ after rioters entered the House wing and were attempting to enter the Speaker's Lobby just outside the chamber. Lawmakers were still inside and being evacuated, with Pelosi, Kevin McCarthy, and a few others taken to a secure location.³¹⁷³¹⁸ With violence breaking out, Capitol security advised members of Congress to take cover.³¹⁹³²⁰ Members of Congress inside the House chamber were told to don gas masks as law enforcement began using tear gas within the building.³²¹

ABC News reported that shots were fired within the Capitol.³²²³²³ An armed standoff took place at the front door of the chamber of the House of Representatives: as the mob attempted to break in, federal law enforcement officers inside drew their guns³²⁴ and pointed them toward the chamber doors, which were barricaded with furniture.³²⁵ In a stairway, one officer fired a shot at a man coming toward him.³²⁶ Photographer Erin Schaff said that, from the Capitol Rotunda, she ran upstairs, where rioters grabbed her press badge. Police found her, and because her press pass had been stolen, held her at gunpoint before colleagues intervened.³²⁷

The chief of staff for Representative Ayanna Pressley claimed that when the congresswoman and staff barricaded themselves in her office and attempted to call for help with duress buttons that they had previously used during safety drills, "[e]very panic button in my office had been torn out – the whole unit".³²⁸ Subsequently, a Democratic aide to the House Administration Committee emailed Greg Sargent of The Washington Post claiming the missing buttons were likely due to a "clerical screw-up" resulting from Pressley's swapping offices.³²⁹ Representative Jamaal Bowman tweeted that there were no duress buttons in his office, but acknowledged he was only three days into his term and that the buttons were installed a week later.³³⁰

Multiple rioters, using the cameras on their cell phones, documented themselves occupying the Capitol and the offices of various representatives,³³¹ vandalizing the offices of Speaker Pelosi,³³²³³³ accessing secure computers, and stealing a laptop.³³⁴

Oath Keepers arrive and breach Rotunda

Shortly after 2:00, Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes arrived on the restricted Capitol grounds. At 2:30, a team of Oath Keepers ("Stack One", which included Meggs, Harrelson, Watkins, Hackett, and Moerschel), clad in paramilitary clothing, marched in a stack formation up the east steps of the Capitol to join the mob already besieging the Capitol. At 2:38, those doors to the Capitol Rotunda were breached, and "Stack One" entered the building alongside other attackers. A second group ("Stack Two") entered the Capitol through those same doors at 3:15.³³⁵ Throughout the attack, Oath Keepers maintained a "Quick reaction Force" ready to deliver an arsenal to the group if called upon.^336337338

Meanwhile, also at 2:38, Proud Boy founder Enrique Tarrio made a public social media post writing, "Don't fucking leave". In response to a member who asked "Are we a militia yet?", Tarrio replied, "Yep... Make no mistake... We did this..."³³⁹

Ashli Babbitt killed by police while attempting to breach Speaker's Lobby

Main article: Killing of Ashli Babbitt

At 2:44 p.m., law enforcement near the House Chamber was trying to "defend two fronts", and "a lot of members [of Congress] and staff that were in danger at the time".³⁴⁰³⁴¹ While some lawmakers remained trapped in the House gallery,³⁴² House members and staff from the floor were being evacuated by Capitol Police, protected from the attackers by a barricaded door with glass windows.³⁴³

As lawmakers evacuated, an attacker smashed a glass window beside the barricaded door.³⁴⁴³⁴⁵ Lieutenant Michael Byrd aimed his weapon, prompting attackers to repeatedly warn "he's got a gun".³⁴⁶ Police and Secret Service warned "Get back! Get down! Get out of the way!".³⁴⁷ 35-year-old Ashli Babbitt, wearing a Trump flag as a cape, began to climb through the shattered window, prompting Lt. Byrd to fire a single shot, hitting the attacker in the shoulder.³⁴⁸³⁴⁹

Mob members immediately began to leave the scene, making room for a Capitol Police emergency response team to administer aid. Babbitt had entered the Capitol building through the breach on the upper west terrace.³⁵⁰ She was evacuated to Washington Hospital Center where she later died of her injury.³⁵¹ The shooting was recorded on cameras, and footage was circulated.³⁵²

Attack on the tunnel

Around 3:15, MPD officer Daniel Hodges was crushed in a door while defending the Capitol tunnel from attackers. One of his attackers was sentenced to 7.5 years in prison.³⁵³³⁵⁴

At 3:21, MPD officer Michael Fanone was pulled into the mob and assaulted—dragged down the Capitol steps, beaten with pipes, stunned with a Taser, sprayed with chemical irritants, and threatened with his own sidearm.³⁵⁵ Fanone was carried unconscious back into the tunnel.³⁵⁶ He suffered burns, a heart attack, traumatic brain injuries, and post-traumatic stress disorder as a result.^357358359 One of the men who attacked Fanone with a stun gun was sentenced to 12.5 years in prison.³⁶⁰

By 3:39 p.m., fully-equipped riot officers from Virginia had arrived at the Capitol and began defending the tunnel,³⁶¹ using flashbang munitions to clear the area of attackers.

Police clear the Capitol and Congress reconvenes

A combined force of Capitol Police and Metropolitan Police began a joint operation to clear the Capitol. By 2:49, the Crypt was cleared, and the mob outside the Speaker's Lobby was cleared by 2:57. At 3:25, law enforcement, including a line of MPD officers in full riot gear, proceeded to clear the Rotunda; and by 3:40, rioters had mostly been pushed out onto West Plaza.³⁶²: ch 8 

At 4:22 p.m., Trump issued a video message to supporters on social media, finally telling them to "go home".³⁶³³⁶⁴ At 5:08, Army senior leaders relayed to Major General Walker the secretary of defense's permission to deploy the DC National Guard to the Capitol; The first contingent of 155 Guard members, dressed in riot gear, began arriving at the Capitol at 5:20.³⁶⁵³⁶⁶ By 6 p.m., the building was cleared of rioters, and bomb squads swept the Capitol.

At 8:06 p.m., Pence called the Senate back into session, and at 9:02, Pelosi did the same in the House. Biden's victory was confirmed by Pence shortly before 03:40 a.m. on January 7, and the joint session was dissolved at 03:44.³⁶⁷

Federal officials' conduct

Trump's conduct

Further information: Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack § President Trump

See also: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump § January 6 attack

Trump was in the West Wing of the White House at the time of the attack.³⁶⁸ He was "initially pleased" and refused to intercede when his supporters breached the Capitol.³⁶⁹ Staffers reported that Trump had been "impossible to talk to throughout the day".³⁷⁰ Concerned that Trump may have committed treason through his actions, White House counsel Pat Cipollone reportedly advised administration officials to avoid contact with Trump and ignore any illegal orders that could further incite the attack, in order to limit their prosecutorial liability under the Sedition Act of 1918.³⁷¹

Shortly after 2:00 p.m. EST, as the attack was ongoing and after senators had been evacuated, Trump placed calls to Republican senators (first Mike Lee of Utah, then Tommy Tuberville of Alabama), asking them to make more objections to the counting of the electoral votes.³⁷² Pence was evacuated by the Secret Service from the Senate chamber around 2:13.³⁷³³⁷⁴ At 2:47 p.m., as Trump's supporters violently clashed with police at the Capitol, Trump's account tweeted, "Please support our Capitol Police and Law Enforcement. They are truly on the side of our Country. Stay peaceful!";³⁷⁵ The Washington Post later reported that Trump did not want to include the words "stay peaceful".³⁷⁶ It later emerged that this message was sent by Deputy Chief of Staff Dan Scavino.³⁷⁷

During the attack, Chief of Staff Mark Meadows received messages from Donald Trump Jr., as well as Fox News hosts Sean Hannity, Laura Ingraham, and Brian Kilmeade, urging him to tell Trump to condemn the mayhem, or risk destroying his legacy.³⁷⁸ By 3:10, pressure was building on Trump to condemn supporters engaged in the attack. By 3:25, Trump tweeted, "I am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order – respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue", but he refused to call upon the crowd to disperse.³⁷⁹ By 3:40, several congressional Republicans called upon Trump to more specifically condemn violence and to tell his supporters to end the occupation of the Capitol.³⁸⁰³⁸¹

At some point on January 6, Trump formally withdrew his nomination of acting DHS secretary Chad Wolf, transmitting his withdrawal to the Senate.³⁸²

By 3:50 p.m., White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany said that the National Guard and "other federal protective services" had been deployed.³⁸³ At 4:06 p.m. on national television, President-elect Biden called for President Trump to end the attack. At 4:22 p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media that Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube later took down. In it, he repeated his claims of electoral fraud, praised his supporters, and told them to "go home".³⁸⁴³⁸⁵ At 6:25 p.m., Trump tweeted: "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long" and then issued a call: "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!".^386387388 At 7:00, Rudy Giuliani placed a second call to Lee's number and left a voicemail intended for Tuberville, urging him to make more objections to the electoral votes as part of a bid "to try to just slow it down".³⁸⁹

Inflammatory speech while knowing of weapons

During the "Save America" rally, Trump delivered a speech filled with violent imagery while knowing that some of his supporters were armed. He demanded that armed supporters be allowed to enter the rally, and later instructed the crowd to march on the US Capitol.³⁹⁰³⁹¹ In a December 21, 2021, statement, Trump falsely called the attack a "completely unarmed protest". The Department of Justice said in a January 2022 official statement that over 75 people had been charged, in relation to the attack, with entering a restricted area while armed with "a dangerous or deadly weapon", including some armed with guns, stun guns, knives, batons, baseball bats, axes, and chemical sprays.³⁹² According to testimony from Trump White House aide Cassidy Hutchinson, a Secret Service official had warned Trump that protestors were carrying weapons, but Trump wanted the magnetometers used to detect metallic weapons removed so armed supporters could enter the rally.³⁹³ According to Hutchinson, when warned, Trump said:

I don't fucking care that they have weapons, they're not here to hurt me. They're not here to hurt me. Take the fucking mags away. Let my people in. They can march to the Capitol from here, let the people in and take the mags away.³⁹⁴

Allegation of assaulting a Secret Service driver

In June 2022, Cassidy Hutchinson testified that she was told by then-White House deputy chief of staff Tony Ornato that after Trump got into the presidential SUV following his rally, hoping to drive to the Capitol as his supporters marched there, his lead Secret Service agent Robert Engel told him it was too dangerous and informed him they were returning to the White House. Hutchinson said Ornato told her Trump became irate, attempted to grab the steering wheel of the vehicle, and lunged at Engel's clavicle.³⁹⁵ She testified Engel was present with Ornato as he related the incident but never contradicted the account.³⁹⁶ Three days after Hutchinson's testimony, CNN reported that it had spoken with two Secret Service agents who had heard accounts of the incident from multiple other agents since February 2021, including Trump's driver. Although details differed, agents confirmed there was an angry confrontation, with one agent relating that Trump "tried to lunge over the seat – for what reason, nobody had any idea", but no one asserted Trump attacked Engel. A separate Secret Service official told CNN that Engel denied that Trump grabbed at the steering wheel or lunged toward an agent on his detail, and that Ornato denied telling Hutchinson that.³⁹⁷ The same day, Politico reported that during an early 2022 deposition Engel told the committee that he had kept his full account of the incident from his Secret Service colleagues for at least fourteen months.³⁹⁸ On July 14, 2022, CNN published a corroborating account by a Metropolitan Police officer in the motorcade, who told of the "heated exchange" Trump had with his Secret Service detail when they refused to take him to the Capitol following his rally on January 6.³⁹⁹

Endangering Mike Pence

On January 5, after Vice President Mike Pence refused to participate in the fake electors plot, Trump warned that he would have to publicly criticize him. This prompted Pence's chief of staff to become concerned for Pence's safety and to alert Pence's Secret Service detail to the perceived threat.⁴⁰⁰⁴⁰¹ At 3:23 a.m. on the morning of January 6, QAnon leader Ron Watkins posted a tweet accusing Pence of orchestrating a coup against Trump and linked to a blog post which called for "the immediate arrest of [Pence], for treason".^402403404

At 2:24, while Pence was in hiding in the Capitol, Trump tweeted that Pence "didn't have the courage to do what should have been done".⁴⁰⁵⁴⁰⁶ Trump followers on far-right social media called for Pence to be hunted down, and the mob began chanting, "Where is Pence?" and "Find Mike Pence!"⁴⁰⁷ Outside, the mob chanted, "Hang Mike Pence!", which some crowds continued to chant as they stormed the Capitol;⁴⁰⁸ at least three rioters were overheard by a reporter as saying that they wanted to find Pence and execute him as a "traitor" by hanging him from a tree outside the building.⁴⁰⁹ One official recalled that: "The members of the [Vice President's Secret Service detail] at this time were starting to fear for their own lives... they're screaming and saying things like 'say goodbye to the family'".⁴¹⁰ Alerted by a staffer to the threat against Pence, Trump reportedly replied "So what?".⁴¹¹ According to witnesses, White House chief of staff Mark Meadows told coworkers that Trump complained about Pence being escorted to safety and then stated something suggesting that Pence should be hanged.⁴¹²⁴¹³ Pence later argued that Trump's "reckless words endangered my family and everyone at the Capitol that day".⁴¹⁴

On April 3, 2025, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation announced Pence as the recipient of the JFK Profile in Courage Award "for putting his life and career on the line to ensure the constitutional transfer of presidential power on Jan. 6, 2021".⁴¹⁵

Failure to end the attack

In a televised January 6 Attack congressional hearing on June 9, 2022, congresspersons Bennie Thompson and Liz Cheney stated that Trump did nothing to stop the attack despite numerous urgent requests that he intervene. They described Trump's inaction as a "dereliction of duty".⁴¹⁶ Cheney said that Trump had attempted to overturn a free and fair democratic election by promoting a seven-part conspiracy.⁴¹⁷⁴¹⁸ According to Representative Thompson, "Jan. 6 was the culmination of an attempted coup, a brazen attempt, as one rioter put it shortly after Jan. 6, to overthrow the government... The violence was no accident. It represents Trump's last stand, most desperate chance to halt the transfer of power". Trump, according to the committee, "lied to the American people, ignored all evidence refuting his false fraud claims, pressured state and federal officials to throw out election results favoring his challenger, encouraged a violent mob to storm the Capitol and even signaled support for the execution of his own vice president".⁴¹⁹⁴²⁰

After the June 9 hearing, Congressman Tom Rice reiterated his long-held view of Trump's conduct, saying, "He watched it happen. He reveled in it. And he took no action to stop it. I think he had a duty to try to stop it, and he failed in that duty".⁴²¹

Capitol Police leadership's failure to prepare

Main article: Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack

Capitol Police leadership had not planned for a riot or attack,⁴²² and on January 6, under "orders from leadership", the force deployed without riot gear, shields, batons, or "less lethal" arms such as sting grenades. Department riot shields had been improperly stored, causing them to shatter upon impact.⁴²³ Hundreds more Capitol Police could have been used, but they were not.⁴²⁴

Concerned about the approaching mob, Representative Maxine Waters called Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund, who was not on the Capitol grounds but at the police department's headquarters. When asked what the Capitol Police were doing to stop the rioters, Sund told Waters, "We're doing the best we can" and then hung up on her.⁴²⁵⁴²⁶ It was not until 2:10 p.m. that the Capitol Police board granted Chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.⁴²⁷

In a February 2021 confidence vote organized by the U.S. Capitol Police Labor Committee, the union representing Capitol Police officers, 92 percent voted that they had no confidence in leadership, writing: "Our leaders did not properly plan for the protest nor prepare officers for what they were about to face. This despite the fact they knew days before that the protest had the potential to turn violent. We still have no answers why leadership failed to inform or equip us for what was coming on January 6th".⁴²⁸

Department of Defense leadership's refusal to send Guard

On January 3, acting defense secretary Miller had been ordered by Trump to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.⁴²⁹ The following day, Miller issued orders which prohibited deploying D.C. Guard members with weapons, helmets, body armor, or riot control agents without his personal approval.⁴³⁰ Prior to the attack Trump had floated the idea with his staff of deploying 10,000 National Guardsmen, though not to protect the Capitol, but rather "to protect him and his supporters from any supposed threats by left-wing counterprotestors".⁴³¹

At 1:34 p.m., D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser had a telephone call with army secretary Ryan McCarthy in which she requested they deploy the Guard. At 2:10 p.m., the Capitol Police board granted chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.⁴³²

At 2:26 p.m., D.C.'s homeland security director Chris Rodriguez coordinated a conference call with Mayor Bowser, the chiefs of the Capitol Police (Sund) and Metropolitan Police (Contee), and D.C. National Guard (DCNG) commander Walker. As the DCNG does not report to a governor, but to the president, Walker patched in the Office of the Secretary of the Army, noting that he would need Pentagon authorization to deploy. Lt. Gen. Walter E. Piatt, director of the Army Staff, noted that the Pentagon needed Capitol Police authorization to step onto Capitol grounds. Metro Police chief Robert Contee asked for clarification from Capitol Police chief Sund: "Steve, are you requesting National Guard assistance at the Capitol?" to which Sund replied, "I am making urgent, urgent, immediate request for National Guard assistance". According to Sund, Piatt stated, "I don't like the visual of the National Guard standing a police line with the Capitol in the background". Sund pleaded with Piatt to send the Guard, but Piatt stated that only Army secretary McCarthy had the authority to approve such a request and he could not recommend that Secretary McCarthy approve the request for assistance directly to the Capitol. The D.C. officials were subsequently described as "flabbergasted" at this message. McCarthy would later state that he was not in this conference call because he was already entering a meeting with senior department leadership.⁴³³ General Charles A. Flynn, brother of General Michael Flynn, participated in the call.⁴³⁴⁴³⁵

By 3:37 p.m., the Pentagon dispatched its own security forces to guard the homes of senior defense leaders, "even though no rioters or criminal attacks are occurring at those locations". Sund later opined, "This demonstrates to me that the Pentagon fully understands the urgency and danger of the situation even as it does nothing to support us on the Hill".⁴³⁶⁴³⁷

In response to the reluctance expressed by Department of Defense leaders during the 2:26 conference call, D.C. officials contacted the State of Virginia. The Public Safety secretary of Virginia, Brian Moran, dispatched the Virginia State Police to the U.S. Capitol, as permitted by a mutual aid agreement with D.C.⁴³⁸ At 3:46 p.m., after leaders of the Department of Defense learned that the Virginia National Guard may have mobilized, the head of the National Guard Bureau, General Hokanson, called the Virginia commander to verify that the Virginia Guard would not move without prior permission from the Pentagon. At 3:55, Hokanson made a similar call to the commander of the Maryland National Guard.⁴³⁹

On January 6, Secretary Miller ultimately withheld permission to deploy the National Guard until 4:32 p.m., after assets from Virginia had already entered the district, FBI tactical teams had arrived at the Capitol, and Trump had instructed rioters to "go home".⁴⁴⁰⁴⁴¹ Miller's permission would not actually be relayed to the commander of the National Guard until 5:08.⁴⁴² Sund recalls a comment from the DC National Guard commander General Walker who said:

Steve, I felt so bad. I wanted to help you immediately, but I couldn't. I could hear the desperation in your voice, but they wouldn't let me come. When we arrived, I saw the New Jersey State Police. Imagine how I felt. New Jersey got here before we did!⁴⁴³⁴⁴⁴: Ch. 2 

The Army falsely denied for two weeks that Lt. Gen. Charles A. Flynn – the Army deputy chief of staff for operations, plans and training – was on the conference call requesting the National Guard. Flynn's role drew scrutiny in light of his brother Michael's recent calls for martial law and an election do-over that would be overseen by the military.⁴⁴⁵ Flynn testified that "he never expressed a concern about the visuals, image, or public perception of" sending the Guard to the Capitol; Col. Earl Matthews, who participated in the call and took contemporaneous notes, called Flynn's denial "outright perjury".⁴⁴⁶ Department of Defense leaders claim they called the D.C. National Guard commander at 4:30 to relay permission to deploy—leaders of the Guard deny this call ever took place.⁴⁴⁷

Congressional conduct

During the attack, Representative Lauren Boebert (R-CO) posted information about the police response and the location of members on Twitter, including the fact that Speaker Pelosi had been taken out of the chamber, for which Boebert has faced calls to resign for endangering members.⁴⁴⁸⁴⁴⁹ Boebert responded that she was not sharing private information since Pelosi's removal was also broadcast on TV.⁴⁵⁰

Representative Ayanna Pressley left the congressional safe room for fear of other members there "who incited the mob in the first place".⁴⁵¹

While sheltering for hours in the "safe room" – a cramped, windowless room where people sat within arms' length of each other – some Republican Congress members refused to wear face masks, even when their Democratic colleagues begged them to do so. During the following week, three Democratic members tested positive for COVID-19 in what an environmental health expert described as a "superspreader" event.⁴⁵²

Deletion of Secret Service and Homeland Security text messages

As part of its investigation into the events of January 6, the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General requested text messages from the Secret Service. In response, the messages were deleted.⁴⁵³⁴⁵⁴ Text messages from Department of Homeland Security leaders Chad Wolf and Ken Cuccinelli "are missing from a key period leading up to the January 6 attack".⁴⁵⁵ Wolf's nomination had been withdrawn by the White House sometime on January 6.⁴⁵⁶ A criminal investigation was opened into the deletion.⁴⁵⁷

Participants, groups, and criminal charges

Main article: Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack

By November 2023, over 1,200 defendants had been charged for their role in the attack.⁴⁵⁸ The attackers included some of Trump's longtime and most fervent supporters from across the United States.⁴⁵⁹ The mob included Republican Party officials, current and former state legislators and political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists,⁴⁶⁰ conservative evangelical Christians,⁴⁶¹ and participants of the "Save America" Rally.⁴⁶² According to the FBI, dozens of people on its terrorist watchlist were in D.C. for pro-Trump events on the 6th, with the majority being "suspected white supremacists".⁴⁶³ Some came heavily armed and some were convicted criminals, including a man who had been released from a Florida prison after serving a sentence for attempted murder.⁴⁶⁴

Last Sons of Liberty,⁴⁶⁵ Rod of Iron Ministries,⁴⁶⁶ and Groyper Army⁴⁶⁷ were directly involved but non-conspiring groups. NSC-131⁴⁶⁸ and Super Happy Fun America⁴⁶⁹ both were involved in the attack and allegedly conspired, though SHFA denies this.⁴⁷⁰ Multiple factions of the Three Percenters were also involved in the attack, including "DC Brigade", "Patriot Boys of North Texas",⁴⁷¹ and "B Squad". The B Squad and DC Brigade conspired with the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.⁴⁷²

Proud Boys

Main article: Proud Boys § Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack

See also: Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Proud Boys

The Proud Boys played a much greater role in planning and coordinating the attack than was publicly known in 2021. In 2022, new information appeared in testimony to the January 6th Committee and in a New York Times investigative video.⁴⁷³ Another key revelation about the Proud Boys' plans came from an informant and concerned Mike Pence:

According to an F.B.I. affidavit the panel highlighted ... a government informant said that members of the far-right militant group the Proud Boys told him they would have killed Pence 'if given the chance.' The rioters on January 6th almost had that chance, coming within forty feet of the Vice-President as he fled to safety.⁴⁷⁴

On July 7, 2023, Barry Bennet Ramey was sentenced to 5 years in prison. He was connected to the Proud Boys and pepper-sprayed police in the face.⁴⁷⁵ Proud Boys leaders Joseph Biggs and Zachary Rehl were sentenced to 17 and 15 years respectively.⁴⁷⁶ Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola, who breached the Capitol with a stolen police riot shield, was sentenced to 10 years.⁴⁷⁷ Proud Boys founder Enrique Tarrio, described as the "ultimate leader" of the conspiracy, was sentenced to 22 years in prison.⁴⁷⁸

Oath Keepers

Main article: Oath Keepers § Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack

See also: Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Oath Keepers

The Oath Keepers are an American far-right⁴⁷⁹ anti-government militia⁴⁸⁰⁴⁸¹ whose leaders have been convicted of violently opposing the government of the United States, including the transfer of presidential power as prescribed by the United States constitution. It was incorporated in 2009 by founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes, a lawyer and former paratrooper. In 2023, Rhodes was sentenced to 18 years for seditious conspiracy for his role in the attack, and another Oath Keepers leader, Kelly Meggs, was sentenced to 12 years for the same crime.⁴⁸²

On January 13, 2022, 10 members of the Oath Keepers, including founder Stewart Rhodes, were arrested and charged with seditious conspiracy.⁴⁸³ On November 29, a jury convicted Rhodes and Florida chapter Oath Keepers leader Kelly Meggs of seditious conspiracy. Three other members of the Oath Keepers were found not guilty of seditious conspiracy, but were convicted on other, related charges.⁴⁸⁴⁴⁸⁵

On May 23, 2023, Rhodes, age 57, was sentenced to 18 years in prison.⁴⁸⁶ The Department of Justice announced plans to appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for longer prison terms for Rhodes and his co-defendants.⁴⁸⁷ At sentencing, the court described Rhodes as dangerous, noting "The moment you are released, whenever that may be, you will be ready to take up arms against your government".⁴⁸⁸ Eight of Rhodes's militiamen were convicted for seditious conspiracy, among other charges. Meggs was sentenced to 12 years in prison.⁴⁸⁹ Jessica Watkins was sentenced to 8 years and six months, and Kenneth Harrelson was sentenced to four years in prison. Both convicts were members of the Oath Keepers, with Watkins's crimes including merging her local Ohio armed group with the Oath Keepers in 2020, and Harrelson's as serving as the right-hand man to Kelly Meggs, leader of the Florida chapter.⁴⁹⁰

QAnon

Main article: QAnon § Attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. election

QAnon is an American political conspiracy theory and political movement that originated in the American far-right political sphere in 2017.⁴⁹¹ QAnon centers on fabricated claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q". Those claims have been relayed and developed by online communities and influencers. Their core belief is that a cabal of Satanic,^492493494 cannibalistic child molesters are operating a global child sex trafficking ring that conspired against Donald Trump.⁴⁹⁵ Watchdogs studied QAnon posts and warned of the potential for violence ahead of January 6, 2021.^496497498 Multiple QAnon-affiliated protesters participated in the attack.⁴⁹⁹⁵⁰⁰ One participant, whose attire and behavior attracted worldwide media attention, was Jacob Chansley, a QAnon supporter nicknamed the "QAnon Shaman".⁵⁰¹ Ashli Babbitt, a rioter who was shot dead by police as she was trying to break into the Speaker's Lobby, was a committed follower of QAnon.⁵⁰²⁵⁰³ The day before the attack, she had tweeted: "the storm is here and it is descending upon DC in less than 24 hours".⁵⁰⁴

White supremacists, neo-Nazis, and neo-Confederates

Far-right emblematic gear was worn by some participants, including neo-Confederate, Holocaust deniers, neo-Nazi and Völkisch-inspired neopagan apparel, as well as a shirt emblazoned with references to the Auschwitz concentration camp and its motto, Arbeit macht frei ("Work sets you free").⁵⁰⁵

The anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi group NSC-131 was at the event, although it is unknown to what extent.^506507508 Following the event, members of the group detailed their actions and claimed they were the "beginning of the start of White Revolution in the United States".⁵⁰⁹ After the attack, two white nationalists known for racist and anti-Semitic rhetoric streamed to their online followers a video posted on social media showing a man harassing an Israeli journalist seeking to conduct a live report outside the building.⁵¹⁰

For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was displayed inside the Capitol.⁵¹¹⁵¹² Some of the rioters carried American flags, Confederate battle flags,⁵¹³ or Nazi emblems.⁵¹⁴ A group of Indian American Trump supporters held an Indian flag.⁵¹⁵ Varun Gandhi, a senior parliamentarian from India's ruling BJP, expressed surprise and disapproval of the prominent display of the Indian flag by some of the protestors in one of his tweets; opposition Indian National Congress leader Shashi Tharoor equated the mentality of some Indians with that of Trump supporters.⁵¹⁶

The laptop computer taken from Pelosi's office was taken by 22-year-old Capitol rioter Riley Williams, a member of the Atomwaffen Division and the Order of Nine Angles.⁵¹⁷ Williams' boyfriend, who tipped off police, said that she had intended to send the stolen laptop to a friend in Russia for sale to Russian intelligence.⁵¹⁸⁵¹⁹ Williams was sentenced to three years in prison.⁵²⁰

The National Capital Region Threat Intelligence Consortium, a fusion center that aids the DHS and other federal national security and law enforcement groups, wrote that potentially violent individuals were joining the protest from the neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division and Stormfront. Despite this information, the Secret Service released an internal memo that stated there was no concern.⁵²¹

Others

Although the anti-government Boogaloo movement mostly were opposed to Trump, a Boogaloo follower said groups under his command helped attack the Capitol, taking the opportunity to strike against the federal government.⁵²² Also present during the attack were parts of the National Anarchist Movement and the Blue Lives Matter movement, supporters of the America First Movement, the Stop the Steal movement and the Patriot Movement, remnants of the Tea Party movement, the Three Percenters, the Groyper Army, Christian nationalists, and other far-right organizations and groups.⁵²³ Shirts with references to the internet meme Pepe the Frog were also seen, alongside "1776" and "MAGA civil war 2021" shirts, NSC-131 stickers, and the valknut symbol.⁵²⁴ Rioters were seen using the OK gesture, a gesture that had been famously co-opted as an alt-right symbol. Christian imagery, including a large "Jesus saves" banner, was seen in the crowd of demonstrators. Various other iconography was also on display, such as flags of other countries.⁵²⁵

Anti-vaccine activists and conspiracy theorists were also present at the rally.⁵²⁶ Members of the right-wing Tea Party Patriots–backed group America's Frontline Doctors, including founder Simone Gold and its communications director, were arrested.⁵²⁷⁵²⁸ She was later sentenced to 60 days in prison by a US federal court in Washington, D.C., for illegally entering the Capitol building.⁵²⁹ West Virginia delegate Derrick Evans, a state lawmaker, filmed himself entering the Capitol alongside rioters. On January 8, he was charged by federal authorities with entering a restricted area;⁵³⁰ he resigned from the House of Delegates the next day and was ultimately sentenced to 90 days in jail.⁵³¹ Amanda Chase was censured by the Virginia State Senate for her actions surrounding the event.⁵³²

Police and military connections

Politico reported that some rioters briefly showed their police badges or military identification to law enforcement as they approached the Capitol, expecting to be let inside; a Capitol Police officer told BuzzFeed News that one rioter had told him "[w]e're doing this for you" as he flashed a badge.⁵³³ One former police officer, Laura Steele, was convicted for breaching the Capitol with fellow Oath Keepers.⁵³⁴

A number of U.S. military personnel participated in the attack;⁵³⁵ the Department of Defense is investigating members on active and reserve duty who may have been involved.⁵³⁶⁵³⁷ Nearly 20% of defendants charged in relation to the attack, and about 12% of the participants in general, were current or former members of the U.S. military.⁵³⁸⁵³⁹ A report from George Washington University and the Combating Terrorism Center said that "if anything ... there actually is a very slight underrepresentation of veterans among the January 6 attackers".⁵⁴⁰ Police officers and a police chief from departments in multiple states are under investigation for their alleged involvement in the attack.⁵⁴¹ Two Capitol Police officers were suspended, one for directing rioters inside the building while wearing a Make America Great Again hat, and the other for taking a selfie with a rioter.⁵⁴²⁵⁴³

Analysis

In February 2021, an academic analysis in The Atlantic found that of the 193 persons so far arrested for invading the Capitol, 89 percent had no clear public connection to established far-right militias, known white-nationalist gangs, or any other known militant organizations. "The overwhelming reason for action, cited again and again in court documents, was that arrestees were following Trump's orders to keep Congress from certifying Joe Biden as the presidential-election winner". They were older than participants in previous far-right violent demonstrations and more likely to be employed, with 40% being business owners. The researchers concluded that these "middle-aged, middle-class insurrectionists" represented "a new force in American politics – not merely a mix of right-wing organizations, but a broader mass political movement that has violence at its core and draws strength even from places where Trump supporters are in the minority".⁵⁴⁴

The Associated Press reviewed public and online records of more than 120 participants after the attack and found that many of them shared conspiracy theories about the election on social media and had believed other QAnon and "deep state" conspiracy theories. Several had threatened Democratic and Republican politicians before the attack.⁵⁴⁵ The event was described as "extremely online", with "pro-Trump internet personalities" and fans streaming live footage while taking selfies.⁵⁴⁶⁵⁴⁷

According to the University of Maryland's National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism:

The "ordinary people" argument misses, or at least obscures, the extent to which the Capitol rioters were linked to dangerous groups and ideas.... at least 280 of the individuals charged with committing crimes on Jan. 6 were associated with extremist groups or conspiratorial movements. This includes 78 defendants who had links to the Proud Boys, a group with a history of violence; 37 members of the anti-government Oath Keepers militia; 31 individuals who embraced the similarly anti-government and militant views of the Three Percenters movement; and 92 defendants who promoted aspects of QAnon.... These 280 individuals make up approximately 35 percent of the Capitol defendants. While it is true that they do not represent a majority of the more than 800 people who have been charged in connection with the riot, ... A 35 percent rate of participation in extremism among a collective of apparently "ordinary" individuals is an astounding number – one that should shake us to our core.⁵⁴⁸

Federal officials estimate that about ten thousand rioters entered the Capitol grounds,⁵⁴⁹ and the Secret Service and FBI have estimated that from 2,000 to 2,500 ultimately entered the building.^550551552 As of May 2024, about 1,400 people had been charged with federal crimes relating to the event,⁵⁵³ and 884 of those defendants had been sentenced,⁵⁵⁴ in many cases for nonviolent offenses.⁵⁵⁵⁵⁵⁶ Those who went inside the Capitol but were peaceful have been called "MAGA tourists".⁵⁵⁷

More than 800 video and audio files – including D.C. Metropolitan Police radio transmissions, Capitol Police body-worn camera footage, and Capitol surveillance camera footage – were later obtained as evidence in Trump's impeachment trial. The evidence showed that the assailants launched a large and coordinated attack. For example, "Security camera footage near the House chamber shows the rioters waving in reinforcements to come around the corner. Another video shows more than 150 rioters charging through a breached entrance in just a minute-and-a-half".⁵⁵⁸ While assaulting the Capitol, the crowd chanted "Fight, Fight"; "Stop the steal"; and "Fight for Trump".⁵⁵⁹ As they were overrun by a violent mob, the police acted with restraint and pleaded for backup.⁵⁶⁰ Many of the attackers employed tactics, body armor, and technology (such as two-way radio headsets) similar to those of the very police they were confronting.⁵⁶¹ Some rioters wore riot gear, including helmets and military-style vests. A pair of rioters carried plastic handcuffs, which they found on a table inside the Capitol.⁵⁶²⁵⁶³ In an analysis of later court documents, it was reported that at least 85 participants in the riot were charged with carrying or using a weapon—such as guns, knives, axes, chemical sprays, police gear, and stun guns—in the riots to assault others or break objects. It is illegal to possess weapons at the Capitol.⁵⁶⁴

Results

Casualties and suicides

Further information: Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Casualties, and Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Suicides

See also: Killing of Ashli Babbitt and Death of Brian Sicknick

Ashli Babbitt, a 35-year-old Air Force veteran, was fatally shot in the upper chest by Lt. Michael Leroy Byrd while attempting to climb through the shattered window of a barricaded door.⁵⁶⁵⁵⁶⁶

Brian Sicknick, a 42-year-old responding Capitol Police officer, was pepper-sprayed during the attack and had two thromboembolic strokes the next day,⁵⁶⁷⁵⁶⁸ after which he was placed on life support⁵⁶⁹ and soon died.⁵⁷⁰⁵⁷¹ The D.C. chief medical examiner found he died from a stroke, classifying his death as natural,⁵⁷² and said that the designation of natural causes is "used when a disease alone causes death. If death is hastened by an injury, the manner of death is not considered natural".⁵⁷³ The coroner commented that "all that transpired played a role in his condition".^574575576 While some accounts maintain he was struck in the head during the riots, he was not found to have died from blunt-force trauma. No signs of any injuries were found during medical examination.⁵⁷⁷

Rosanne Boyland, 34, died of an amphetamine overdose during the attack, rather than, as was initially reported, from injuries sustained from being crushed beneath other rioters.⁵⁷⁸ When the crowd of rioters moved from on top of her, she was found dead. Her death was ruled as accidental by the D.C. medical examiner's office.⁵⁷⁹ Her mother, Cheryl Boyland, told NBC News: "She was not doing drugs. The only thing they found was her own prescription medicine".⁵⁸⁰

Kevin Greeson, 55; and Benjamin Philips, 50, died naturally from coronary heart disease and hypertensive heart disease, respectively. There was no indication that they participated in the riot.⁵⁸¹⁵⁸²

Four officers, from various police departments, who responded to the attack committed suicide in the days and months that followed.⁵⁸³⁵⁸⁴ Capitol Police officer Howard Charles Liebengood died by suicide three days after the attack.⁵⁸⁵ D.C. Metropolitan Police officer Jeffrey Smith, who was injured in the attack, died by suicide from a gunshot wound to the head at George Washington Memorial Parkway on January 15, after a misdiagnosed concussion;⁵⁸⁶ his death was found to be in line of duty.⁵⁸⁷ In July, two more officers who responded to the attack died by suicide: Metropolitan Police officer Kyle Hendrik DeFreytag was found on July 10, and Metropolitan Police officer Gunther Paul Hashida was found on July 29.⁵⁸⁸

Some rioters⁵⁸⁹ and 174 police officers were injured, of whom 15 were hospitalized, some with severe injuries.⁵⁹⁰ All had been released from the hospital by January 11.⁵⁹¹

Damage

Rioters stormed the offices of Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls;⁵⁹²⁵⁹³ the office of the Senate Parliamentarian was ransacked;⁵⁹⁴ art was looted;⁵⁹⁵ and feces was tracked into hallways.^596597598 Windows were smashed throughout the building, leaving the floor littered with glass and debris.⁵⁹⁹⁶⁰⁰ Rioters damaged, turned over, or stole furniture.⁶⁰¹ One door had "Murder the Media" scribbled onto it in all-caps.⁶⁰² Rioters damaged Associated Press recording and broadcasting equipment outside the Capitol after chasing away reporters.⁶⁰³ Rioters also destroyed a display honoring the life of congressman and civil rights leader John Lewis.⁶⁰⁴⁶⁰⁵ A photo of Representative Andy Kim cleaning up the litter in the rotunda after midnight went viral.⁶⁰⁶

The rioters caused extensive physical damage.⁶⁰⁷⁶⁰⁸ Architect of the Capitol J. Brett Blanton, who then led the office charged with maintaining the Capitol and preserving its art and architecture, reported in congressional testimony from late February 2021 that the combined costs of repairing the damage and post-attack security measures (such as erecting temporary perimeter fencing) already exceeded $30 million and would continue to increase.⁶⁰⁹ In May 2021, U.S. prosecutors estimated that the damage would cost almost $1.5 million.⁶¹⁰ Interior damage from the attack included broken glass, broken doors, and graffiti; some statues, paintings, and furniture were damaged by pepper spray, tear gas, and fire extinguishing agents deployed by rioters and police.⁶¹¹⁶¹²

The historic bronze Columbus Doors were damaged.⁶¹³⁶¹⁴ Items, including portraits of John Quincy Adams and James Madison, as well as a marble statue of Thomas Jefferson, were covered in "corrosive gas agent residue"; these were sent to the Smithsonian for assessment and restoration.⁶¹⁵ A 19th-century marble bust of President Zachary Taylor was defaced with what seemed to be blood, but the most important works in the Capitol collection, such as the John Trumbull paintings, were unharmed.⁶¹⁶⁶¹⁷ On the Capitol's exterior, two 19th-century bronze light fixtures designed by Frederick Law Olmsted were damaged.⁶¹⁸ Because the Capitol has no insurance against loss, taxpayers will pay for damage suffered during the siege.⁶¹⁹ Rare old-growth mahogany wood, stored in Wisconsin for more than one hundred years by the Forest Products Laboratory, was used to replace damaged wood fixtures and doors at the Capitol.⁶²⁰⁶²¹

Laptop theft and cybersecurity concerns

A laptop owned by Senator Jeff Merkley was stolen.⁶²² A laptop taken from Pelosi's office was a "laptop from a conference room ... that was only used for presentations", according to Pelosi's deputy chief of staff.⁶²³ Representative Ruben Gallego said, "we have to do a full review of what was taken, or copied, or even left behind in terms of bugs and listening devices".⁶²⁴ Military news website SOFREP reported that "several" secret‑level laptops were stolen, some of which had been abandoned while still logged in to SIPRNet, causing authorities to temporarily shut down SIPRNet for a security update on January 7 and leading the United States Army Special Operations Command to re-authorize all SIPRNet-connected computers on January 8.⁶²⁵⁶²⁶

Representative Anna Eshoo said in a statement that "[i]mages on social media and in the press of vigilantes accessing congressional computers are worrying" and she had asked the Chief Administrative Officer of the House (CAO) "to conduct a full assessment of threats based on what transpired".⁶²⁷ The CAO said it was "providing support and guidance to House offices as needed".⁶²⁸

Aftermath

Political, legal, and social repercussions

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[edit]

The attack was followed by political, legal, and social repercussions. The second impeachment of Donald Trump, who was charged for incitement of insurrection for his conduct, occurred on January 13. At the same time, Cabinet officials were pressured to invoke the 25th Amendment for removing Trump from office.⁶²⁹ Trump was subsequently acquitted in the Senate trial, which was held in February after Trump had already left office. The result was a 57–43 vote in favor of conviction, with every Democrat and seven Republicans voting to convict, but two-thirds of the Senate (67 votes) are required to convict.⁶³⁰ Many in the Trump administration resigned. Several large companies⁶³¹ announced they were halting all political donations, and others have suspended funding the lawmakers who had objected to certifying Electoral College results.⁶³² A bill was introduced to form an independent commission, similar to the 9/11 Commission, to investigate the events surrounding the attack; it passed the House but was blocked by Republicans in the Senate.⁶³³ The House then approved a House "select committee" to investigate the attack.⁶³⁴ In June, the Senate released the results of its own investigation of the attack. The event led to strong criticism of law enforcement agencies. Leading figures within the United States Capitol Police resigned.⁶³⁵⁶³⁶ A large-scale criminal investigation was undertaken, with the FBI opening more than 1,200 case files. Federal law enforcement undertook a nationwide manhunt for the perpetrators, with arrests and indictments following within days. Over 890 people had been found guilty of federal crimes.⁶³⁷

Trump was suspended from various social media sites for his involvement in inciting the attack, at first temporarily and then indefinitely. In response to posts by Trump supporters in favor of the attempts to overturn the election, the social networking site Parler was shut down by its service providers. Corporate suspensions of other accounts and programs associated with participating groups also took place.^638639640

The inauguration week was marked by nationwide security concerns. Unprecedented security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden were undertaken, including the deployment of 25,000 National Guard members. In May, the House passed a $1.9 billion Capitol security bill in response to the attack.⁶⁴¹

In the days following the attack on the Capitol, Republican politicians in at least three states introduced legislation creating new prohibitions on protest activity.⁶⁴²

Trump has publicly embraced and celebrated the January 6 Capitol attack.⁶⁴³ Trump and elected officials within the Republican Party have since promoted a revisionist history of the event by downplaying the severity of the violence, spread conspiracy theories about the attack, called those charged "hostages" and portrayed them as martyrs.⁶⁴⁴

After being elected president in the 2024 United States presidential election Donald Trump pardoned about 1,500 people convicted of offenses related to the attack on January 20, 2025.⁶⁴⁵

The 117th Congress passed and President Joe Biden signed legislation related to the Capitol attack, including the Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act of 2021, the Electoral Reform Act, and a bill granting awards to Capitol Police officers for their bravery during the insurrection.⁶⁴⁶

On August 1, 2023, Fitch Ratings downgraded the U.S. credit rating from AAA to AA+, making it the second time in U.S. history the government's credit rating was downgraded since Standard & Poor's downgrade in 2011. Fitch Ratings directly cited the attack as a factor in its decision to downgrade, privately telling Biden officials that the event "indicated an unstable government". It also cited rising debt at the federal, state, and local levels, a "steady deterioration in standards of governance" over the last two decades, worsening political divisions around spending and tax policy, and "repeated debt limit standoffs and last-minute resolutions". Fitch Ratings did note in a previous report that while government stability declined from 2018 to 2021, it had increased since Biden assumed the presidency.⁶⁴⁷

On July 16, 2023, Trump was notified that he was officially a target in the Smith special counsel investigation.⁶⁴⁸ On August 1, 2023, Trump was indicted on four charges. These were conspiracy to defraud the United States under Title 18 of the United States Code, obstructing an official proceeding and conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, and conspiracy against rights under the Enforcement Act of 1870. Trump pleaded not guilty,⁶⁴⁹ while his attorney Sidney Powell later pleaded guilty to conspiring to interfere with the election.⁶⁵⁰ Following Trump's reelection to the presidency in November 2024, Smith filed a motion to dismiss the case without prejudice, citing the DOJ's policy of not prosecuting sitting presidents. Judge Chutkan approved the request and dismissed all charges.⁶⁵¹ Smith submitted his final 137-page report to the Justice Department on January 7, 2025 and resigned three days later.⁶⁵²⁶⁵³ The part of the report about election obstruction was made public on January 14. The part about the mishandling of government records was not released at the same time because it was related to an ongoing criminal case.⁶⁵⁴

Although a few evangelical leaders supported the attack,⁶⁵⁵ most condemned the violence and criticized Trump for inciting the crowd.⁶⁵⁶ This criticism came from liberal Christian groups such as the Red-Letter Christians, as well as evangelical groups who were generally supportive of Trump.⁶⁵⁷⁶⁵⁸ This criticism did not noticeably affect evangelical support for Trump; investigative journalist Sarah Posner, author of Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump, argued that many white evangelical Christians in the U.S. create an echo chamber whereby Trump's missteps are blamed on the Democratic Party, leftists, or the mainstream media, the last of which is viewed as especially untrustworthy.⁶⁵⁹

In February 2025, during Donald Trump's second presidential term, The Washington Post reported that candidates for top intelligence and law enforcement positions were being screened with yes-or-no questions about whether January 6 was "an inside job" and whether the 2020 presidential election was "stolen".⁶⁶⁰

Domestic reactions

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[edit]

In the aftermath of the attack, after drawing widespread condemnation from the U.S. Congress, members of his administration, and the media, 45th U.S. President Donald Trump released a video-taped statement on January 7, reportedly to stop the resignations of his staff and the threats of impeachment or removal from office. In the statement, he condemned the violence at the U.S. Capitol, saying that "a new administration will be inaugurated", which was widely seen as a concession, and his "focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly, and seamless transition of power" to the Joe Biden administration.⁶⁶¹⁶⁶² Vanity Fair reported that Trump was at least partially convinced to make the statement by U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), who told Trump a sufficient number of Senate Republicans would support removing him from office unless he conceded.⁶⁶³ Kayleigh McEnany, the White House Press Secretary, had attempted to distance the administration from the rioters' behavior in a televised statement earlier in the day.⁶⁶⁴ On January 9, The New York Times reported that Trump had told White House aides he regretted committing to an orderly transition of power and would never resign from office.⁶⁶⁵ In a March 25 interview on Fox News, Trump defended the Capitol attackers, saying they were patriots who posed "zero threat", and he criticized law enforcement for "persecuting" the rioters.⁶⁶⁶

The Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a statement on January 12 condemning the attack and reminding military personnel everywhere that incoming President Joe Biden was about to become their commander-in-chief, saying "... the rights of freedom of speech and assembly do not give anyone the right to resort to violence, sedition, and insurrection".⁶⁶⁷ The statement also said, "As we have done throughout our history, the U.S. military will obey lawful orders from civilian leadership, support civilian authorities to protect lives and property, ensure public safety in accordance with the law, and remain fully committed to protecting and defending the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic".⁶⁶⁸⁶⁶⁹ U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell (R–KY), then the Senate Majority Leader, called it a "failed insurrection",⁶⁷⁰⁶⁷¹ that "the mob was fed lies", and "they were provoked by the president and other powerful people".⁶⁷² Christopher Wray, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) since 2017, later characterized the incident as domestic terrorism.⁶⁷³⁶⁷⁴ President Biden, who described the rioters as "terrorists" aimed at "overturning the will of the American people" later shared this opinion.⁶⁷⁵ In early 2021, the RAND Corporation released a framework to reduce the risk of extremist activity in the U.S. military.⁶⁷⁶

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi had the flags at the Capitol lowered to half-staff in honor of Brian Sicknick, a United States Capitol Police officer who died following the attacks.⁶⁷⁷⁶⁷⁸ Trump initially declined to lower flags at the White House or other federal buildings under his control, before changing his mind four days later.^679680681 Biden, Mike Pence, and Pelosi offered condolences to Sicknick's family; Trump did not.⁶⁸²⁶⁸³ After Sicknick's death, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) received backlash for previous speeches that were perceived as calls for violence.⁶⁸⁴

A survey by the Hobby School of Public Affairs at the University of Houston taken January 12–20 showed that nearly a third (32%) of Texas Republicans supported the attack, although overall 83% of all Texans who expressed an opinion were opposed to it.⁶⁸⁵ In a poll of Americans just after the attack, 79% of those surveyed said America is "falling apart".⁶⁸⁶⁶⁸⁷ In February 2022, the Republican National Committee called the events of January 6 "legitimate political discourse".⁶⁸⁸

The US art world reacted through the chronicling of the day as well as the creation of new work. Starting January 7, 2021, the Smithsonian Museum enacted its "rapid-response protocol" to gather rally signs, posters, flags, and weapons abandoned on the National Mall and began work on a digital arts exhibit.⁶⁸⁹ Visual artist Paul Chan created his "A drawing as a recording of an insurrection", a 163-inch (4.1 m) double-sided drawing⁶⁹⁰ exhibited at the Greene Naftali Gallery in New York.⁶⁹¹ In December 2022, literary press Whiskey Tit released Tell Me What You See, the first fiction published about the attack.⁶⁹² At the one-year anniversary, One Six Comics published graphic novel series 1/6⁶⁹³ with an accompanying education and action guide by the Western States Center.⁶⁹⁴ The Society of Classical Poets website posted various poems about the day,⁶⁹⁵ including one glorifying deceased rioter Ashli Babbitt.⁶⁹⁶

Biden, Harris, civil rights groups and celebrities immediately criticized the Capitol Police for a perceived "double standard" in the treatment of the protesters and rioters, who were mostly white. Biden stated, "No one can tell me that if it had been a group of Black Lives Matter protesting yesterday they wouldn't have been treated very, very differently than the mob of thugs that stormed the Capitol. We all know that's true and it is unacceptable". Harris stated, "We witnessed two systems of justice when we saw one that let extremists storm the United States Capitol and another that released tear gas on peaceful protestors (Black Lives Matter) last summer".⁶⁹⁷ Michelle Obama wrote, "Yesterday made it painfully clear that certain Americans are, in fact, allowed to denigrate the flag and symbols of our nation. They've just got to look the right way".⁶⁹⁸⁶⁹⁹ Capitol Police chief Steven Sund, who later resigned, explained they had prepared for a peaceful protest but were overwhelmed by an "angry, violent mob".⁷⁰⁰ Later in the year, at a White House ceremony to thank officers who responded to the attack that day, Biden and Harris congratulated the police on their response, calling them "heroes".⁷⁰¹⁷⁰²

International reactions

These paragraphs are an excerpt from International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[edit]

More than seventy countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the attack and condemned the violence, with some specifically condemning President Donald Trump's own role in inciting the attack.⁷⁰³⁷⁰⁴ Foreign leaders, diplomats, politicians, and institutions expressed shock, outrage, and condemnation of the events.⁷⁰⁵⁷⁰⁶ Multiple world leaders made a call for peace, describing the assault as "an attack on democracy".⁷⁰⁷ The leaders of some countries, including Brazil, Poland, and Hungary, declined to condemn the situation, and described it as an internal U.S. affair.⁷⁰⁸

As early as January 2021, a few European security officials described the events as an attempted coup.⁷⁰⁹

14th Amendment disqualification

Main article: 2024 presidential eligibility of Donald Trump

In late 2022 Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election. Some legal scholars argued that Trump should be barred from presidential office under section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution because of his apparent support for the attack.⁷¹⁰ Three states, Maine, Colorado, and Illinois, issued rulings to disqualify Trump from appearing on election ballots, with Trump appealing in Trump v. Anderson. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled on March 4, 2024 that states could not remove Trump from the ballot.⁷¹¹ Following Biden's withdrawal from the race in July, Trump ultimately defeated Kamala Harris the election in November, being inaugurated for a second term on January 20, 2025 with JD Vance as his vice president.

Other public officials involved in the January 6 attack have also faced disqualification under the Fourteenth Amendment. Otero County, New Mexico, commissioner Couy Griffin was disqualified and removed from office while Congressional representative Marjorie Taylor Greene survived a similar challenge.⁷¹²

Sarbanes–Oxley Act prosecutions

Over 350 defendants, including Trump, were charged with obstructing an official proceeding under the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Prior to the January 6 prosecutions, such charges had never been brought in cases that did not involve evidence tampering. In Fischer v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 on non-ideological lines in favor of defendant Joseph Fischer and found that the obstruction charges in the case were overbroad, as they did not apply to evidence tampering, although charges against Trump could potentially proceed.^713714715 Soon after the ruling, other January 6 criminal cases were reopened to adhere to the Fischer ruling and further usage of obstruction charges against January 6 defendants was stopped.⁷¹⁶⁷¹⁷

In 2025, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia initiated an internal review of its prosecutions of January 6 defendants under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.⁷¹⁸⁷¹⁹

2025 pardons and commutations

See also: Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants

On January 20, 2025, on his last day in office, U.S. president Joe Biden granted pardons to all members of the House Select Committee that had investigated the January 6 attack, as well as their staff and the officers who testified.⁷²⁰ Later that day, on the first day of his second term, U.S. president Donald Trump issued a proclamation granting clemency to approximately 1,200 individuals convicted for their involvement in the January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol, and dismissing the cases of the remaining approximately 300 charged individuals. The pardon extended to those charged with vandalism and assaults on law enforcement officers, including members of the Proud Boys and the Oath Keepers.⁷²¹ Following the pardons, Trump ordered the DOJ to purge previously-published press releases about the arrests and convictions of those pardoned.⁷²² Soon after, video evidence of the attack likewise began being purged from government databases.⁷²³

Analysis and terminology

See also: Description of the attempts to overturn the election as an attempted coup

This section is an excerpt from Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Contemporary analysis and terminology.[edit]

A week following the attack, journalists were searching for an appropriate word to describe the event.⁷²⁴ According to the Associated Press, U.S. media outlets first described the developments on January 6 as "a rally or protest", but as the events of the day escalated and further reporting and images emerged, the descriptions shifted to "an assault, a riot, an insurrection, domestic terrorism or even a coup attempt".⁷²⁵ It was variably observed that the media outlets were settling on the terms "riot" and "insurrection".⁷²⁶⁷²⁷ According to NPR, "By definition, 'insurrection', and its derivative, 'insurgency', are accurate. 'Riot' and 'mob' are equally correct. While these words are not interchangeable, they are all suitable when describing Jan. 6."⁷²⁸ The New York Times assessed the event as having brought the United States "hours away from a full-blown constitutional crisis".⁷²⁹ Brian Stelter in CNN Business wrote that the events of the Capitol attack "will be remembered as an act of domestic terrorism against the United States".⁷³⁰

The attack was widely described as an attempted coup d'état^731732733 or self-coup.^734735736 Federal judge David Carter described Trump's actions as "a coup in search of a legal theory".⁷³⁷ Naunihal Singh of the U.S. Naval War College, and author of Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups, wrote that the attack on the Capitol was "an insurrection, a violent uprising against the government" and "sedition", but not a coup because Trump did not order the military "to seize power on his behalf".⁷³⁸⁷³⁹ The Coup D'état Project of the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research at the University of Illinois, which tracks coups and coup attempts globally, classified the attack as an "attempted dissident coup", defined as an unsuccessful coup attempt "initiated by a small group of discontents" such as "ex-military leaders, religious leaders, former government leaders, members of a legislature/parliament, and civilians [but not police or the military]". The Cline Center said the "organized, illegal attempt to intervene in the presidential transition" by displacing Congress met this definition.⁷⁴⁰⁷⁴¹ Some political scientists identified the attack as an attempted self-coup, in which the head of government attempts to strong-arm the other branches of government to entrench power.⁷⁴² Academic Fiona Hill, a former member of Trump's National Security Council, described the attack, and Trump's actions in the months leading up to it, as an attempted self-coup.⁷⁴³

The FBI classified the attack as domestic terrorism.⁷⁴⁴⁷⁴⁵ At the Senate Judiciary Committee meeting on March 2, 2021, Wray testified:

I was appalled, like you, at the violence and destruction that we saw that day. I was appalled that you, our country's elected leaders, were victimized right here in these very halls. That attack, that siege was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism. It's got no place in our democracy and tolerating it would make a mockery of our nation's rule of law.⁷⁴⁶⁷⁴⁷

The Congressional Research Service also concluded that the attack met the federal definition of domestic terrorism.⁷⁴⁸⁷⁴⁹ Republican senator Ted Cruz characterized it as terrorism at least eighteen times over the ensuing year, though he was among the Senate Republicans who blocked a bipartisan January 6 commission to investigate it.⁷⁵⁰⁷⁵¹

On January 4, 2021, Steve Bannon, while discussing the planning for the upcoming events and speech by Trump on January 6 at The Ellipse, described it as a "bloodless coup".⁷⁵²⁷⁵³

A March 2023 poll found that 20.5 percent of respondents believed that violence to achieve a political goal is sometimes justified. Nearly 12 percent expressed their willingness to use force to restore Trump to power.⁷⁵⁴ A June 2023 poll found that about 12 million American adults, or 4.4 percent of the adult population, believed violence is justified in returning Trump to the White House.⁷⁵⁵

Historians' perspectives

For broader coverage of this topic, see Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol.

See also: List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.; List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States; List of rebellions in the United States; and List of attacks on legislatures

While there have been other instances of violence at the Capitol in the 19th and 20th centuries, this event was the most severe assault on the building since the 1814 burning of Washington by British forces during the War of 1812. The last attempt on the life of the vice president was a bomb plot against Thomas Marshall in July 1915.⁷⁵⁶ For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flown inside the Capitol. The Confederate States Army had never reached the Capitol, nor come closer than 6 miles (10 km) from the Capitol at the Battle of Fort Stevens, during the American Civil War.⁷⁵⁷⁷⁵⁸

Douglas Brinkley, a historian at Rice University,⁷⁵⁹ remarked on how January 6 would be remembered in American history: "Now every Jan. 6, we're going to have to remember what happened... I worry if we lose the date that it will lose some of its wallop over time". He also wrote about Trump's responsibility during the attack: "There are always going to be puzzle pieces added to what occurred on January 6, because the president of the United States was sitting there watching this on television in the White House, as we all know, allowing it to go on and on".⁷⁶⁰

On the first anniversary of the attack, historians Doris Kearns Goodwin and Jon Meacham warned that the U.S. remained at "a crucial turning point". Meacham commented, "What you saw a year ago today was the worst instincts of both human nature and American politics and it's either a step on the way to the abyss or it is a call to arms figuratively for citizens to engage".⁷⁶¹

Robert Paxton considered the attack to be evidence that Trump's movement was an example of fascism, a characterization that Paxton had resisted up to that point. Paxton compared the event to the French 6 February 1934 crisis.⁷⁶²

Richard J. Evans said that it was not a coup, but that it did represent a danger to democracy in the U.S.⁷⁶³

Other scholars expressed concern about how history would portray the attack and its aftermath.⁷⁶⁴ Larry Sabato, director of the University of Virginia's Center for Politics, stated that reframing the insurrection as a "sightseeing tour" by the GOP has given "the far-right extremists, the neo-Nazi white supremacists who are obsessed with January 6, the counter reality they've been looking for of a bunch of patriots taking a tour in the Capitol".⁷⁶⁵

See also

• 1983 United States Senate bombing
• Zug massacre
• 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament
• 2017 Venezuelan National Assembly attack
• 2019 South Korean Capitol attack
• 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
• 2022 German coup d'état plot
• 2022 Wellington protest
• 2024 Parliament of Kenya attack
• 2024 South Korean martial law
• 8 January Brasília attacks
• Brooks Brothers riot – 2000 U.S. political demonstration
• Canada convoy protest
• Demonstrations in support of Donald Trump
• EDSA III – 2001 incident in the Philippines
• Enough, a memoir by Cassidy Hutchinson
• List of coups and coup attempts by country § United States
• List of attacks on legislatures
• Newburgh Conspiracy – Planned military coup in 1783 in the U.S.
• Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election
• Protests against Donald Trump's Presidential inauguration
• Right-wing terrorism
• Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election
• Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud
• Wilmington massacre – 1898 insurrection in North Carolina, US
• Non-cooperation movement (2024) – Pro-democratic mass uprising against the government of Bangladesh

Notes

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Trump's rally speech

• Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S. – U.S.-wide tracker database created and updated by USA Today
• "CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation". CNN. September 13, 2022. Show can be found on CNN Live TV
  • "Transcript: CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation". CNN. September 18, 2022.

Federal government

• Final Report (December 22, 2022) of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack (845 pages)
  • Supporting Material from the January 6 Select Committee
• Capitol Breach Cases – list of defendants charged in federal court in the District of Columbia related to the January 6 attack (list maintained by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia)
• Senate Committee on Rules and Administration; Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (June 7, 2021). "Examining The U.S. Capitol Attack: A Review of The Security, Planning, and Response Failures on January 6". United States Senate.
• FBI Seeking Information Related to Violent Activity at the U.S Capitol Building – FBI
• "Senate Impeachment Trial: January 6 Video Montage (13:24)". C-SPAN (House Impeachment Manager Rep. Jamie Raskin presents a video montage of the January 6, 2021, Attack on the U.S. Capitol during his opening statement during the Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump). February 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021 – via YouTube.
  • See also: Elliott, Philip (February 10, 2021). "This Video of Jan. 6's Insurrection Should Be Mandatory". Time. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021.
• H. Res. 24 – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors (article of impeachment adopted by the House on January 13, 2021)
• H.Res.31 – Condemning and censuring Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama (censure resolution introduced on January 11, 2021, by Representative Tom Malinowski, with two cosponsors)
• The full text of Article of Impeachment against Donald J. Trump (2021) at Wikisource

Video

• What Parler Saw During the Attack on the Capitol (video archive from ProPublica)
• Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol (visual investigation by The New York Times)
• Democracy on Trial PBS
• Lies, Politics and Democracy PBS
• Plot to Overturn the Election PBS
• Michael Flynn's Holy War PBS
• American Insurrection PBS
• United States of Conspiracy PBS
• Trump's American Carnage PBS
• Pelosi's Power PBS
• America's Great Divide PBS
• American Reckoning – A PBS NewsHour Special Report PBS
• The January 6th Report NBC
• CNN Coverage of the January 6 Insurrection CNN
• News team decides to remind listeners of the attempted overthrow of the USA government by Republican elected officials on January 6, 2021 (WITF; The Washington Post; May 2, 2021).
• FBI U.S. Capitol Violence (Filter by keywords)

Timeline

• Leatherby, Lauren; Singhvi, Anjali (January 15, 2021). "Critical Moments in the Capitol Siege". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. (Detailed timeline)
• Bennett, Dalton; Brown, Emma; Cahlan, Sarah; Lee, Joyce Sohyun; Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse; Swaine, Jon (January 16, 2021). "41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. (Video timeline)
• US Capitol stormed, collected news and commentary. BBC News Online.
• Timeline − details before, during and after the attack (The Washington Post; October 31, 2021).
• Video (18:49): "Inside Trump's Election Plot" on YouTube (MSNBC News; July 29, 2022)
• "Donald Trump Is Not Above The Law" (The New York Times; August 26, 2022)

References

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2. Buchanan, Larry; Gamio, Lazaro; Kelso, Christina; Khavin, Dmitriy; Leatherby, Lauren; Parlapiano, Alicia; Reinhard, Scott; Singhvi, Anjali; Watkins, Derek (January 7, 2021). "How a Pro-Trump Mob Stormed the U.S. Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/06/us/trump-mob-capitol-building.html ↩

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4. Multiple sources: Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3) Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. (October 2023). "The Trump Self-Coup Attempt: Comparisons and Civil–Military Relations". Government and Opposition. 58 (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4): 238. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power. Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2023. [Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. Eastman v Thompson, et al., 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260, 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... 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Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. (2022). "The Trump Self-Coup Attempt: Comparisons and Civil–Military Relations". Government and Opposition. 58 (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. 978-1-003-11036-1 ↩

5. Bash, Dana; Tapper, Jake; Herb, Jeremy (June 10, 2022). "January 6 Vice Chair Cheney said Trump had a 'seven-part plan' to overturn the election. Here's what she meant". CNN. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/09/politics/jan-6-hearing-cheney-trump-overturn-election-plan/index.html ↩

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7. The coroner listed the manner of Sicknick's death as "natural," defined as a term "used when a disease alone causes death. If death is hastened by an injury, the manner of death is not considered natural." The coroner also stated that "All that transpired played a role in his condition". The coroner said there was no "evidence of internal or external injuries" ↩

8. Massimo, Nick (April 19, 2021). "Medical examiner: Capitol Police officer Sicknick died of stroke; death ruled 'natural'". WTOP. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021. https://wtop.com/dc/2021/04/medical-examiner-capitol-police-officer-sicknick-died-of-stroke-death-ruled-natural/ ↩

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74. Multiple sources: Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. 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461. Before the demonstrators entered the building, activist Jacob Chansley called out for them to pause and join him in prayer.[373] /wiki/Jacob_Chansley ↩

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467. Barrett, Malachi (January 7, 2021). "Far-right activist who encouraged U.S. Capitol occupation also organized 'stop the steal' rally in Michigan". MLive.com. Retrieved April 16, 2021. https://www.mlive.com/politics/2021/01/far-right-activist-who-encouraged-us-capitol-occupation-also-organized-stop-the-steal-rally-in-michigan.html ↩

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481. Sources: Bella, Timothy (November 24, 2021). "A Broadway actor was with Oath Keepers on Jan. 6, feds say. His Michael Jackson jacket gave him away". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021. Tully, Tracey (October 27, 2021). "An Oath Keeper Was at the Capitol Riot. On Tuesday, He's on the Ballot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/11/24/capitol-jan6-james-beeks-oath-jackson/ ↩

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495. Multiple sources:[401][402][403][404][405] ↩

496. Kuznia, Rob; Devine, Curt; Bronstein, Scott; Ortega, Bob (January 8, 2021). "Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day". CNN. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html ↩

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499. Culbertson, Alix (January 8, 2021). "US Capitol: Q-Anon, Confederate flag man, and Baked Alaska – here are the people who stormed the building". Sky News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021. https://news.sky.com/story/us-capitol-from-neo-nazis-and-conspiracy-theorists-to-a-politician-who-stormed-the-capitol-12181628 ↩

500. Venkataramakrishnan, Siddharth; Manson, Katrina (January 7, 2021). "Who were the Capitol insurrectionists?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/8ee1f26a-619a-46d2-98c2-be3eb34fcd5e ↩

501. Ruelas, Richard (January 6, 2021). "QAnon supporter from Arizona dressed in fur and horns joins storming of US Capitol". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/06/arizona-qanon-supporter-jake-angeli-joins-storming-us-capitol/6570514002/ ↩

502. Keller, Aaron (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump Woman Shot and Killed at U.S. Capitol Retweeted Attorney Lin Wood's 'Must Be Done' List Before She Died". Law & Crime. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021. A Twitter account linked to Babbitt, which was reviewed extensively by Law&Crime Wednesday night, indicates that Babbitt was a staunch QAnon follower who retweeted dozens of conspiracy-theory-laden missives originally posted by Georgia attorney L. Lin Wood. https://lawandcrime.com/2020-election/pro-trump-woman-shot-and-killed-at-u-s-capitol-retweeted-attorney-lin-woods-must-be-done-list-before-she-died/ ↩

503. Zadrozny, Brandy; Gains, Mosheh (January 7, 2021). "Woman killed in Capitol was Trump supporter who embraced conspiracy theories". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021. /wiki/Brandy_Zadrozny ↩

504. Trotta, Daniel; Borter, Gabriella; Allen, Jonathan (January 7, 2021). "Woman killed in siege of U.S. Capitol was veteran who embraced conspiracy theories". Reuters. Retrieved January 3, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-death-idUKKBN29C2NX/ ↩

505. Attributed to multiple sources.[416][374][26][417] ↩

506. Dempsey, Janelle; Fowler, Erin; Sellstrom, Oren (January 13, 2021). "There Are White Supremacist Hate Groups Everywhere. Even In 'Blue' Mass". WBUR-FM. Retrieved September 19, 2021. https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2021/01/13/capitol-attack-massachusetts-right-wing-extremism-janelle-dempsey-erin-fowler-oren-sellstrom ↩

507. "Nationalist Social Club (NSC)". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved September 19, 2021. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/nationalist-social-club-nsc ↩

508. The group is more radical than other patriot movement groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the extinction of the white race." states the ADL.[420] /wiki/Patriot_movement ↩

509. Makuch, Ben (January 7, 2021). "Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion". Vice. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion ↩

510. Schor, Elana (January 13, 2021). "Anti-Semitism seen in Capitol insurrection raises alarms". Daily Herald. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021. https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20210113/news/301139930 ↩

511. McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 7, 2021). "Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html ↩

512. Multiple sources: Cramer, Maria (January 9, 2021). "Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021. Blumenthal, Sidney (January 9, 2021). "Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021. McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 7, 2021). "Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021. Smith, Clint (January 8, 2021). "The Whole Story in a Single Photo". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021. During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/confederate-flag-capitol.html ↩

513. Attributed to multiple sources.[7][422][424][425] ↩

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556. Kinstler, Linda. "Jan. 6, America's Rupture and the Strange, Forgotten Power of Oblivion", New York Times (Jun 15, 2024): "for every violent rioter justly tried and punished, there have been many nonviolent offenders summoned to court." https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/15/opinion/jan-6-memory-memorial-forgetting.html ↩

557. Lucas, Ryan. "Where the Jan. 6 insurrection investigation stands, one year later", NPR (6 Jan 2022): "In the past year, the FBI and the public have learned a lot about who the rioters were and what motivated them, and they fall into three general categories. The first are the so-called MAGA tourists. These are Trump supporters who entered the Capitol but didn't engage in violence or destroy property." https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/npr/2022/01/06/1070736018/where-the-jan-6-insurrection-investigation-stands-one-year-later/ ↩

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564. Tillman, Zoe (November 8, 2021). "Guns, Knives, And A Skateboard: A Guide To The Weapons At The Capitol Riot". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 9, 2021. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/capitol-riot-weapons-charges ↩

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566. Some media reports have described Babbitt as "unarmed" at the time of the shooting;[468][469] however, according to a January 11, 2021 crime scene examination report by the D.C. Department of Forensic Sciences, the police "recovered a 'Para Force' folding knife in Ms. Babbitt's pants pocket" after she was shot.[470][471][472] ↩

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644. Attributed to multiple sources:[519][520][521][522][523][524][525][526][527][528] ↩

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731. Eastman v Thompson, et al., 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260, 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself."). https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf ↩

732. Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16, 2023. [Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ ↩

733. Multiple media sources: Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Call it what it was: a coup attempt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 7, 2021. A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count. Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023. Duignan, Brian (August 4, 2021). "January 6 U.S. Capitol attack". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021. Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ ↩

734. Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3) 978-1-003-11036-1 ↩

735. Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246. https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2022.13 ↩

736. Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4). MDPI: 238. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. ISSN 2076-0760. What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci12040238 ↩

737. Luke Broadwater; Alan Feuer; Maggie Haberman (March 28, 2022). "Federal Judge Finds Trump Most Likely Committed Crimes Over 2020 Election". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/28/us/politics/trump-election-crimes.html ↩

738. Singh, Naunihal (January 7, 2021). "It Wasn't Strictly a Coup Attempt. But It's Not Over, Either". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/world/americas/what-is-a-coup-attempt.html ↩

739. David, Fickling (January 7, 2021). "This Was No Coup. But It Comes Far Too Close: A Q&A with Naunihal Singh, an assistant professor at the U.S. Naval War College, who wrote a book on attempts to overthrow governments". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-01-07/storming-of-capitol-wasn-t-a-coup-it-was-an-insurrection ↩

740. McLaughlin, Eliott C. (February 3, 2021). "With coup label, Capitol rioters join communist party in plotting against USA, university project says". CNN. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/us/capitol-coup-attempt-communists-white-supremacists/index.html ↩

741. "It Was an Attempted Coup: The Cline Center's Coup D'état Project Categorizes the January 6, 2021 Assault on the US Capitol". Cline Center for Advanced Social Research. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021. https://clinecenter.illinois.edu/coup-detat-project-cdp/statement_jan.27.2021 ↩

742. Ingraham, Christopher (January 13, 2021). "How experts define the deadly mob attack at the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/13/autogolpe-self-coup-capitol/ ↩

743. Hill, Fiona (January 11, 2021). "Yes, It Was a Coup Attempt. Here's Why". Politico. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/01/11/capitol-riot-self-coup-trump-fiona-hill-457549 ↩

744. Eric Tucker; Mary Clare Jalonick (March 2, 2021). "FBI chief warns violent 'domestic terrorism' growing in US". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021. FBI Director Christopher Wray bluntly labeled the January riot at the U.S. Capitol as 'domestic terrorism' Tuesday and warned of a rapidly growing threat of homegrown violent extremism that law enforcement is scrambling to confront through thousands of investigations. https://apnews.com/article/fbi-chris-wray-testify-capitol-riot-9a5539af34b15338bb5c4923907eeb67 ↩

745. Rebecca Beitsch (March 2, 2021). "Wray: FBI deemed Jan. 6 attack domestic terrorism". The Hill. That attack, that siege, was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism ... https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/541185-wray-fbi-deemed-jan-6-attack-domestic-terrorism ↩

746. Cohen, Zachary; Polantz, Katelyn; Carrega, Christina (March 2, 2021). "FBI Director Wray knocks down conspiracy theory that January 6 rioters were 'fake Trump protesters'". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/02/politics/fbi-director-chris-wray-january-6-riot-hearing/index.html ↩

747. PBS NewsHour (March 2, 2021). Watch Live: FBI chief Wray testifies on agency oversight of Jan. 6 Capitol attack. Testimony given at 24:51. Retrieved January 6, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNNLvzIT6kU ↩

748. Lisa N. Sacco (January 13, 2021). "Domestic Terrorism and the Attack on the U.S. Capitol". Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11573 ↩

749. Ken Dilanian (February 5, 2021). "Biden may have trouble cracking down on domestic terrorism because of free speech and the FBI". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021. The attack on the Capitol fits the legal definition of domestic terrorism, the Congressional Research Service and others have concluded. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/biden-may-have-trouble-cracking-down-domestic-terrorism-because-free-n1256727 ↩

750. Dale, Daniel (January 7, 2022). "'Sloppy' wording this week? Ted Cruz actually called the Capitol assault a terrorist attack at least 17 previous times". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/07/politics/fact-check-ted-cruz-capitol-terrorist-attack/index.html ↩

751. Stevenson, Peter W.; Blanco, Adrian; Santamariña, Daniela (May 21, 2021). "Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 29, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/january6-commission-senators-vote/ ↩

752. "CNN Transcripts". CNN. July 15, 2022. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022. https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/nday/date/2022-07-15/segment/05 ↩

753. Peltz, Madeline (October 29, 2021). "Leading up to January 6, Steve Bannon publicly bragged about his behind-the-scene role fomenting the insurrection". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022. https://www.mediamatters.org/steve-bannon/leading-january-6-steve-bannon-publicly-bragged-about-his-behind-scene-role-fomenting ↩

754. Mockaitis, Tom (March 17, 2023). "Contemporary America is modeling the worst of Depression-era Germany". The Hill. Retrieved January 3, 2024. https://thehill.com/opinion/civil-rights/3905112-contemporary-america-is-modeling-the-worst-of-depression-era-germany/ ↩

755. Lerner, Kira (June 9, 2023). "12m Americans believe violence is justified to restore Trump to power". The Guardian. Retrieved January 3, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/09/january-6-trump-political-violence-survey ↩

756. Multiple sources: Holpuch, Amanda (January 6, 2021). "US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. For the first time on Wednesday, it was the site of an armed insurrection incited by the sitting president. ... Not since 1814 has the building been breached. Then, it was by British troops who set fire to the building during a broader attack on Washington in the war of 1812. Puckett, Jason; Spry Jr., Terry (January 6, 2021). "Has the US Capitol ever been attacked before?". WXIA-TV. Tegna Inc. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. While this is the first large-scale occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814, there have been several other instances of violence at the U.S. Capitol, particularly in the 20th century. Fisher, Marc; Flynn, Meagan; Contrera, Jessica; Loennig, Carol D. (January 7, 2021). "The four-hour insurrection: How a Trump mob halted American democracy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814 https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/06/us-capitol-building-washington-history-breach ↩

757. Multiple sources: Cramer, Maria (January 9, 2021). "Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021. Blumenthal, Sidney (January 9, 2021). "Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021. McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 7, 2021). "Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021. Smith, Clint (January 8, 2021). "The Whole Story in a Single Photo". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021. During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/confederate-flag-capitol.html ↩

758. However, from 1894 to 2020, the Flag of Mississippi contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.[630]The flag was carried during the attack by Kevin Seefried, who traveled from his home in Delaware to hear Trump speak, bringing the flag he had displayed outside his house. Seefried and his son, who helped clear a broken window for them to gain access into the Capitol, were indicted by a grand jury.[631] /wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi ↩

759. "Faculty: Douglas Brinkley". Rice University. Retrieved January 17, 2022. https://profiles.rice.edu/faculty/douglas-brinkley ↩

760. O'Dowd, Peter; Hagan, Allison (January 6, 2022). "'Dark day on the calendar of American history': Historian explains how Jan. 6 will be remembered". wbur.org. Retrieved January 17, 2022. https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2022/01/06/jan-6-capitol-history ↩

761. Greve, Joan E. (January 6, 2022). "Historians mark 6 January with urgent warning on threats to US democracy". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/06/us-capitol-attack-historians-democracy-threat ↩

762. Paxton, Robert O. (January 11, 2021). "I've Hesitated to Call Donald Trump a Fascist. Until Now". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 12, 2021. https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652 ↩

763. Evans, Richard J. (January 13, 2021). "Why Trump isn't a fascist". New Statesman. Retrieved January 3, 2024. /wiki/Richard_J._Evans ↩

764. Fisher, Joe (January 5, 2024). "Scholars concerned over how history will portray Jan. 6". United Press International. Retrieved January 5, 2024. https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2024/01/05/jan-6-capitol-riot-anniversary-history/6741704465721 ↩

765. McGreal, Chris (March 11, 2023). "Republicans try to reframe January 6 as a sightseeing tour – will it work?". The Guardian. Retrieved January 7, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/11/republicans-reframing-january-6-attack ↩