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Basics

Adaptation
Trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism maintained and evolved by natural selection
Coevolution
Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
Convergent evolution
Independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages which creates analogous structures
Evolution of bacteria
Development of bacteria throughout time
Evolution of birds
Derivation of birds from a dinosaur precursor, and the adaptive radiation of bird species
Evolution of brachiopods
The origin and diversification of brachiopods through geologic time
Evolution of fish
The origin and diversification of fish through geologic time
Evolution of fungi
The origin and diversification of fungi through geologic time
Evolution of insects
Development of insects from an ancestral crustacean and their subsequent radiation
Evolution of mammals
Derivation of mammals from a synapsid precursor, and the adaptive radiation of mammal species
Evolution of molluscs
The origin and diversification of molluscs through geologic time
Evolution of reptiles
The origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time
Evolution of spiders
The origin from a chelicerate ancestor and diversification of spiders through geologic time
Evolution of tetrapods
The evolution of four legged vertebrates and their derivatives
Evolutionary biology
The study of the processes that produced the diversity of life
Evolutionary developmental biology
Field of research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer the ancestral relationships
Evolutionary history of plants
The origin and diversification of plants through geologic time
Fitness (biology)
Expected reproductive success
Founder effect
Loss of genetic variation resulting from a few individuals establishing a new population
Gene flow
The transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
Genetic admixture
Result of interbreeding between two or more previously isolated populations within a species
Genetic drift
The change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population
Haplogroup
Group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in all haplotypes
Hardy–Weinberg principle
Principle within genetics
Homology (biology)
Shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa
Macroevolution
Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
Natural selection
Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals
Population bottleneck
The effects of a sharp reduction in numbers on the diversity and robustness of a population
Population genetics
Study of genetic differences within and between populations including the study of adaptation, speciation, and population structure
Reproductive isolation
Evolutionary mechanism for speciation
Sociobiology
Subdiscipline of biology regarding social behavior
Speciation
Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species
Systematics
The study of the diversification and relationships among living things through time
Viral evolution
Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses