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Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In 1977, the International Conference on Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations in the Americas, sponsored by the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a> in <a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, began to discuss replacing <a href="/facts/Columbus_Day/YoffhC5M">Columbus Day</a> in the Americas with a celebration to be known as Indigenous Peoples Day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Similarly, Native American groups staged a sort of protest in <a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a> instead of <a href="/facts/Thanksgiving_(United_States)/flAvuflj">Thanksgiving</a>, which has been celebrated there to mark collaboration between <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a> colonists and Native Americans.[<i>when?</i>] In July 1990, at the First Continental Conference on 500 Years of Indian Resistance in <a href="/facts/Quito/M6UU8dgA">Quito</a>, Ecuador, representatives of Indigenous peoples throughout the Americas agreed that they would mark 1992, the 500th anniversary of the first of the <a href="/facts/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus/aaGJJPbG">voyages of Christopher Columbus</a>, as a year to promote "continental unity" and "liberation".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>After the conference, attendees from <a href="/facts/Northern_California/bje9e8ou">Northern California</a> organized protests against the "<a href="/facts/Quincentennial/dXsq9vHt">Quincentennial</a> Jubilee" that had been organized by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">United States Congress</a> for the <a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Bay_Area/MG53NJ36">San Francisco Bay Area</a> on Columbus Day in 1992. It was to include replicas of Columbus's ships sailing under the <a href="/facts/Golden_Gate_Bridge/vGk0GVg1">Golden Gate Bridge</a> and reenacting their "discovery" of America. The delegates formed the Bay Area Indian Alliance and in turn, the "Resistance 500" task force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> It promoted the idea that Columbus's "discovery" of inhabited lands and the subsequent European colonization of them had resulted in the <a href="/facts/Genocide/IjkNvg7y">genocide</a> of thousands of Indigenous peoples because of the decisions which were made by colonial and national governments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>In 1992, the group convinced the city council of <a href="/facts/Berkeley%2c_California/WBVjzd5l">Berkeley</a>, California, to declare October 12 as a "Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People" and 1992 as the "Year of Indigenous People." The city implemented related programs in schools, libraries, and museums. The city symbolically renamed Columbus Day as "Indigenous Peoples Day" beginning in 1992 to protest the historical conquest of <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a> by Europeans, and to call attention to the losses suffered by the <a href="/facts/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas/LG2r6wXm">Native American</a> peoples and their cultures through diseases, warfare, massacres, and <a href="/facts/Forced_assimilation/fe733tm3">forced assimilation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> <i>Get Lost (Again) Columbus,</i> an opera by a Native American composer, White Cloud Wolfhawk, was produced that day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Berkeley has celebrated Indigenous Peoples Day ever since.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Beginning in 1993, Berkeley has also held an annual <a href="/facts/Pow_wow/vRC6g9et">powwow</a> and festival on Indigenous Peoples Day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> In the years following Berkeley's action, other local governments and institutions have either renamed or canceled Columbus Day, either to celebrate Native American history and cultures, to avoid celebrating Columbus and the European colonization of the Americas, or due to raised controversy over the legacy of Columbus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Several other California cities, including <a href="/facts/Richmond%2c_California/F2cTQI7q">Richmond</a>, <a href="/facts/Santa_Cruz%2c_California/mEkaYJrC">Santa Cruz</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sebastopol%2c_California/8W0CufFm">Sebastopol</a>, now celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day and encourage people to donate to a neighboring tribe and recognize the trauma and pain Indigenous peoples have been subjected to by colonizers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> This shift from Columbus Day to Indigenous Peoples Day can also be seen more recently. For example, the City of <a href="/facts/Newton%2c_Massachusetts/tIcfpWwT">Newton, Massachusetts</a> voted to change the name of the holiday in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Since then, Indigenous residents of Newton have banded together to host an annual Indigenous Peoples Day Ceremonial Celebration to commemorate the day. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>At least 14 states do not celebrate Columbus Day (Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin), as well as Washington, DC; <a href="/facts/South_Dakota/R51Fbf1t">South Dakota</a> officially celebrates Native American Day instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Various <a href="/facts/Tribe_(Native_American)/j4bFt4zA">tribal governments</a> in <a href="/facts/Oklahoma/fK28L1a4">Oklahoma</a> designate the day as "Native American Day", or have renamed the day after their own tribes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> In 2013, the California state legislature considered a bill, AB55, to formally replace Columbus Day with Native American Day but did not pass it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> While the California governor has recognized Indigenous Peoples Day, the holiday was eliminated by Governor <a href="/facts/Arnold_Schwarzenegger/VwLVtykG">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> in the <a href="/facts/2008%25E2%2580%25932012_California_budget_crisis/M7uJmjc5">2008-12 California budget crisis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> On August 30, 2017, following similar affirmative votes in <a href="/facts/Oberlin%2c_Ohio/WxJzq4pr">Oberlin, Ohio</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> followed later by <a href="/facts/Bangor%2c_Maine/gFC4q7q4">Bangor, Maine</a>, in the earlier weeks of the same month,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> the Los Angeles City Council voted in favor of replacing Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples Day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> On October 10, 2019, just a few days before Columbus Day would be celebrated in Washington, D.C., the D.C. Council voted to temporarily replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples Day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> This bill was led by Councilmember <a href="/facts/David_Grosso/3bFMLa6Q">David Grosso</a> (I-At Large) and must undergo congressional approval to become permanent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Washington D.C., as of May 2023, has yet to have given the permanent legislation to this renaming. </p><p>Although it is not a federal holiday under US law, the <a href="/facts/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden/BnAbRfA6">Biden Administration</a> has formally recognized Indigenous Peoples Day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> The first White House proclamation on the holiday was released in 2021, written with input from Indigenous activists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="other-celebrations">Other celebrations</h2> <p>Numerous efforts in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a> have honored Native American people as part of Columbus Day, or by designating two holidays for the same date.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Especially since Native American activism has increased since the 1960s and 1970s, a variety of protests have been staged against celebrating Columbus Day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> These have included <a href="/facts/Mock_trial/6IqQ4SIb">mock trials</a> of <a href="/facts/Christopher_Columbus/8hLAb46S">Christopher Columbus</a> in St. Paul, Minnesota,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> and protests and disruptions of Columbus Day <a href="/facts/Parade/LJcdoTKb">parades</a> in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>Indigenous peoples in other nations have also lobbied to have holidays established to recognize their contributions and history. In <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a>, for instance, <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a> celebrates "National Indigenous Peoples Day" on April 19.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p>In Asia, <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a> designated August 1 as Indigenous Peoples Day in 2016 under the administration of President <a href="/facts/Tsai_Ing-wen/UtGmPq3I">Tsai Ing-wen</a>, who announced that the government is committed to promoting the rights of Taiwan's <a href="/facts/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples/Fx946mFm">Indigenous peoples</a> and enhancing public awareness of their culture and history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/facts/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples/5mTfV2mT">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a>, as well as various local Indigenous towns, designated October 29, 1987, as Indigenous Peoples Day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h3>Native American Day</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Native_American_Day/Vf9e1tU7">Native American Day</a></p> <p>Some states celebrate a separate but similar Native American Day; however, this is observed not on Columbus Day but in September. Those who observe include the states of California and Tennessee. However, as of 2021, the State of California does not actually observe this holiday by closing its government offices, giving its employees paid time off, or encouraging private businesses to do the same in observance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> In Washington state it is celebrated the Friday immediately following the fourth Thursday in November. </p> <h3>International Day of the World's Indigenous People</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/International_Day_of_the_World%2527s_Indigenous_Peoples/6P13CYC3">International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples</a></p> <p>In 2003, the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a> declared an International Day of the World's Indigenous People, establishing it on August 9.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> This international holiday has been celebrated also in various nations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="observance-by-jurisdiction">Observance by jurisdiction</h2> <p>The following U.S. states and federal district have established Indigenous Peoples' Day as a state holiday on the second Monday in October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alabama/1Xk8EveN">Alabama</a> (Called American Indian Heritage Day and co-celebrated with Columbus Day and <a href="/facts/Fraternal_Day/unn1b72X">Fraternal Day</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maine/7ww4UY8B">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minnesota/ncgVuC4Q">Minnesota</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nebraska/g9hHfRFU">Nebraska</a> (Co-celebrated with Columbus Day)</li> <li><a href="/facts/New_Mexico/wosJCGaW">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rhode_Island/WgrYmlzj">Rhode Island</a> (Co-celebrated with Columbus Day)</li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Dakota/R51Fbf1t">South Dakota</a> (Called Native Americans' Day)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vermont/dcj3usCm">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> <p>Additionally, the following states have a holiday celebrating Native Americans on some other day or have recognized Indigenous Peoples' Day but not as an official holiday. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alaska/LlDNr2uR">Alaska</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a> (September 22)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a> (Called Discoverers' Day)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maryland/tVy9fC1n">Maryland</a> (American Indian Heritage Day)</li> <li><a href="/facts/North_Dakota/9aNh8gAf">North Dakota</a> (First Nations Day)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oklahoma/fK28L1a4">Oklahoma</a> (Governor is required to issue a proclamation for a day celebrating each of the 39 Native American tribes of Oklahoma, on a date of the tribe's choosing)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oregon/4Uq446Ko">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a> (Observes Indigenous Peoples' Week)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Washington_(state)/7tCrTFnN">Washington</a> (<a href="/facts/Native_American_Heritage_Day/SshdmBWC">Native American Heritage Day</a>, held the day after <a href="/facts/Thanksgiving_(United_States)/flAvuflj">Thanksgiving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wisconsin/XvyqH6vN">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> <p>In February 2025, <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a> announced that Indigenous Peoples' Month would no longer be highlighted by default on <a href="/facts/Google_Calendar/tgbSTAux">Google Calendar</a>, arguing that it was no longer "scalable or sustainable" to continue adding the growing number of national and international "cultural moments" manually to its calendars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticism-and-controversy">Criticism and controversy</h2> <p>Indigenous Peoples' Day has been criticized by some <a href="/facts/Conservatism_in_the_United_States/ye90yMMJ">American conservative</a> communities and public figures. In 2020, President <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> criticized Indigenous Peoples' Day at a campaign rally in Michigan, calling it an example of how "the radical left is eradicating our history".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> In 2022, the <i><a href="/facts/Washington_Examiner/wDb43SP5">Washington Examiner</a></i> published a column calling for the holiday's end, saying that Indigenous peoples attacked and conquered each other's land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Holidays portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Columbus_Day/YoffhC5M">Columbus Day</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indigenous_Peoples_Day_(Brazil)/owVLLhwf">Indigenous Peoples Day</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Italian_Americans_for_Indigenous_Peoples_Day/Bt56VQa9">Italian Americans for Indigenous Peoples Day</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_American_Indian_Heritage_Month/2lx675kx">National American Indian Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Indigenous_Peoples_Day/2DMGBkgY">National Indigenous Peoples Day</a> (<a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Native_American_Day/Vf9e1tU7">Native American Day</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_support_for_Indigenous_Peoples%2527_Day/cDpPuHJY">Timeline of support for Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>Indigenous Peoples' Day</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="http://ipdpowwow.org/Archives.html">Archives of Indigenous Peoples Day</a> – Historical archives of the origins and development of Indigenous Peoples Day</li> <li><a href="http://ipdpowwow.org">Berkeley's Indigenous Peoples Day</a> – History of the annual celebration, pow wow and Native American market</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009180858/http://www.columbusday2014quotesholiday.com/2014/09/IndigenousPeoplesDay2014.html">Indigenous Peoples Day 2014</a> – A short documentary on Indigenous Peoples Day 2014</li> <li><a href="http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2012-09-28/article/40260?headline=20-Years-Later--The-Origins-of-Indigenous-Peoples-Day-br-Excerpts-of-a-Conversation-between-Dennis-Jennings-and-John-Curl--From-John-Curl">Article</a> – 20 Years Later – The Origins of Indigenous Peoples Day</li> <li><a href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/999770980/">Indigenous Peoples Day - Documentary History and Handbook For Activists, by John Curl</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sometimes unpunctuated Indigenous "Peoples" or incorrectly punctuated "People's" Day <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Delkic, Melina; Betts, Anna (October 8, 2023). "Indigenous Peoples' Day, Explained". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/indigenous-peoples-day.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/article/indigenous-peoples-day.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Goodbye, Columbus. Hello, Indigenous Peoples Day". HISTORY. Retrieved October 4, 2018. <a href="https://www.history.com/news/goodbye-columbus-hello-indigenous-peoples-day" target="_blank">https://www.history.com/news/goodbye-columbus-hello-indigenous-peoples-day</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Indigenous Peoples Day". ipdpowwow.org. <a href="https://ipdpowwow.org/Archives_1.html" target="_blank">https://ipdpowwow.org/Archives_1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Delkic, Melina; Betts, Anna (October 8, 2023). "Indigenous Peoples' Day, Explained". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2023. Two years after President Biden became the first U.S. president to formally commemorate Indigenous Peoples' Day, more than a dozen states recognize some version of the holiday in lieu of Columbus Day. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/indigenous-peoples-day.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/article/indigenous-peoples-day.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"A Proclamation on Indigenous Peoples' Day, 2021". The White House. October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2023. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/10/08/a-proclamation-indigenous-peoples-day-2021/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/10/08/a-proclamation-indigenous-peoples-day-2021/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"A Proclamation on Indigenous Peoples' Day, 2022". The White House. October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2023. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/10/07/a-proclamation-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2022/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/10/07/a-proclamation-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2022/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"A Proclamation on Indigenous Peoples' Day, 2023". The White House. October 6, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/06/a-proclamation-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2023/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/06/a-proclamation-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2023/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"A Proclamation on Indigenous Peoples' Day, 2024". The White House. October 11, 2024. Retrieved November 18, 2024. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/10/11/a-proclamation-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2024/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/10/11/a-proclamation-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Indigenous Peoples Day". ipdpowwow.org. <a href="https://ipdpowwow.org/Archives_1.html" target="_blank">https://ipdpowwow.org/Archives_1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>R.S. Sriyananda (August 7, 2009). "Celebrating peoples of Yore". Daily News (Sri Lanka). Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012063250/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/08/07/fea15.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121012063250/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/08/07/fea15.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Declaration of Quito, Ecuador". Indigenous Alliance of the Americas on 500 Years of Resistance. July 1990. <a href="http://www.cumbrecontinentalindigena.org/quito90.php" target="_blank">http://www.cumbrecontinentalindigena.org/quito90.php</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Carter, Katlyn (January 10, 2005). "Berkeley Celebrates Indigenous Peoples Day". Daily Californian. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205034408/http://www.dailycal.org/article/19890/berkeley_celebrates_indigenous_peoples_day" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110205034408/http://www.dailycal.org/article/19890/berkeley_celebrates_indigenous_peoples_day</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"'Indigenous Peoples Day' to Replace Columbus Celebration". Los Angeles Times. January 11, 1992.[dead link] <a href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61556036.html?dids=61556036:61556036&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+11%2C+1992&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=%60Indigenous+Peoples+Day%27+to+Replace+Columbus+Celebration&pqatl=google" target="_blank">https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61556036.html?dids=61556036:61556036&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+11%2C+1992&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=%60Indigenous+Peoples+Day%27+to+Replace+Columbus+Celebration&pqatl=google</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Arnold, Michael S. (October 12, 1992). "Protesters Stop Mock Landing of Columbus". 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Retrieved October 15, 2024. <a href="https://alaskapublic.org/2017/06/28/governor-walker-signs-law-recognizing-indigenous-peoples-day-in-alaska/" target="_blank">https://alaskapublic.org/2017/06/28/governor-walker-signs-law-recognizing-indigenous-peoples-day-in-alaska/</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Johnson, Erik (October 27, 2021). "Alaska and Indigenous Peoples Day". National Park Service. Retrieved October 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/dena-history-indigenous-peoples-day.htm" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/dena-history-indigenous-peoples-day.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Peters, Jay (February 11, 2025). "Google Calendar removed events like Pride and BHM because its holiday list wasn't 'sustainable'". The Verge. Retrieved February 11, 2025. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/news/608858/google-calendar-missing-events-holidays" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/news/608858/google-calendar-missing-events-holidays</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>"'Indigenous Peoples Day' Booed at Michigan Rally for Donald Trump". Newsweek. October 17, 2020. <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/indigenous-peoples-day-booed-michigan-rally-donald-trump-1540069" target="_blank">https://www.newsweek.com/indigenous-peoples-day-booed-michigan-rally-donald-trump-1540069</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Given their history of slavery and conquest, we should end Indigenous Peoples Day". October 10, 2022. <a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/restoring-america/patriotism-unity/we-should-end-indigenous-peoples-day" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/restoring-america/patriotism-unity/we-should-end-indigenous-peoples-day</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>