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Robert Kagan
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<h2 id="personal-life-and-education">Personal life and education</h2> <p>Kagan was born in <a href="/facts/Athens/mBxlp8X1">Athens</a>, Greece. His father, historian <a href="/facts/Donald_Kagan/ep886SgD">Donald Kagan</a>, was the <a href="/facts/Sterling_Professor/BvmALg83">Sterling Professor</a> of Classics and History Emeritus at <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a> and a specialist in the history of the <a href="/facts/Peloponnesian_War/Dgbc4cCE">Peloponnesian War</a>, was of <a href="/facts/Litvaks/r642x1K3">Lithuanian Jewish</a> descent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> His brother <a href="/facts/Frederick_Kagan/G2k6slLE">Frederick</a> is a military historian and author. Kagan has a B.A. in history (1980) from <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale</a>, where in 1979 he was editor-in-chief of the <i><a href="/facts/The_Politic/yre9Bg5D">Yale Political Monthly</a></i>, a periodical <a href="/facts/The_Politic/yre9Bg5D">he is credited with reviving</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> He later earned a <a href="/facts/Master_of_Public_Policy/vjd6TQgo">Master of Public Policy</a> from <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard's</a> <a href="/facts/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government/XEPQ3ftw">Kennedy School of Government</a> and a <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Philosophy/paJumdN8">Ph.D.</a> in American history from <a href="/facts/American_University/8eytegop">American University</a> in Washington, D.C. </p><p>Kagan is married to American diplomat <a href="/facts/Victoria_Nuland/rhwfvtAo">Victoria Nuland</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> who previously served as deputy national security advisor to Vice President Dick Cheney and <a href="/facts/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_European_and_Eurasian_Affairs/bhTwskFU">assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian affairs</a> in the <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Obama</a> administration. </p> <h2 id="career">Career</h2> <p>In 1983, Kagan was foreign policy advisor to <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a> <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a> <a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">Representative</a> <a href="/facts/Jack_Kemp/HtSf1NF4">Jack Kemp</a>. From 1984 to 1986, under the administration of <a href="/facts/Ronald_Reagan/z6AaKAad">Ronald Reagan</a>, he was a speechwriter for Secretary of State <a href="/facts/George_P._Shultz/0e2LyVxh">George P. Shultz</a> and a member of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">United States Department of State</a> Policy Planning Staff. From 1986 to 1988, he served in the State Department Bureau of Inter-American Affairs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>In 1997, Kagan co-founded the now-defunct neoconservative think tank <a href="/facts/Project_for_the_New_American_Century/bnS4enog">Project for the New American Century</a> with <a href="/facts/William_Kristol/VAph4NbR">William Kristol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Through the work of the PNAC, from 1998, Kagan was an early and strong advocate of military action in Syria, Iran, Afghanistan as well as to "remove Mr. Hussein and his regime from power."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> After the <a href="/facts/1998_bombing_of_Iraq/ad7Ie7mL">1998 bombing of Iraq</a> was announced Kagan said "bombing Iraq isn't enough" and called on Clinton to send ground troops to Iraq.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>From 1998 until August 2010, Kagan was a Senior Associate with the <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace/LwJPhLCj">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. He was appointed senior fellow in the Center on United States and Europe at the <a href="/facts/Brookings_Institution/RYVlAU9y">Brookings Institution</a> in September 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>During the 2008 presidential campaign he served as foreign policy advisor to <a href="/facts/John_McCain/faE5g7r7">John McCain</a>, the Republican Party's nominee for <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">President of the United States</a> in the <a href="/facts/2008_United_States_presidential_election/GEIXYxXu">2008 election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Since 2011, Kagan has also served on the 25-member State Department's <a href="/facts/Foreign_Affairs_Policy_Board/3dCNsRa8">Foreign Affairs Policy Board</a> under Secretaries of State <a href="/facts/Hillary_Clinton/dPzm9ru4">Hillary Clinton</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/John_Kerry/K1HWRIMo">John Kerry</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Andrew_Bacevich/zd7orfqd">Andrew Bacevich</a> referred to Kagan as "the chief neoconservative foreign-policy theorist" in reviewing Kagan's book <i>The Return of History and the End of Dreams</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>A profile in <i><a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a></i> described Kagan as being "uncomfortable" with the 'neocon' title, and stated that "he insists he is 'liberal' and 'progressive' in a distinctly American tradition."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>In 2008, Kagan wrote an article titled "Neocon Nation: Neoconservatism, c. 1776" for <i><a href="/facts/World_Affairs/vxkrQ8BQ">World Affairs</a></i>, describing the main components of American neoconservatism as a belief in the rectitude of applying US moralism to the world stage, support for the US to act alone, the promotion of American-style liberty and democracy in other countries, the belief in American hegemony,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> the confidence in US military power, and a distrust of international institutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> According to Kagan, his foreign-policy views are "deeply rooted in American history and widely shared by Americans".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>In 2006, Kagan wrote that <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> and <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> are the greatest "challenge liberalism faces today": "Nor do Russia and China welcome the liberal West's efforts to promote liberal politics around the globe, least of all in regions of strategic importance to them. ... Unfortunately, al-Qaeda may not be the only challenge liberalism faces today, or even the greatest."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> In a February 2017 essay for <a href="/facts/Foreign_Policy/s74b9Fh9">Foreign Policy</a>, Kagan argued that U.S. post-<a href="/facts/Cold_War/spJdJQ3q">Cold War</a> retrenchment in global affairs has emboldened Russia and China, "the two great revisionist powers," and will eventually lead to instability and conflict.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>In October 2018, Kagan said, "Unless are you willing to punish" <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a> for the <a href="/facts/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi/fDy86av6">assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a>, "then they own you."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="writings">Writings</h2><p> Kagan was a columnist for <i><a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a>.</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> He has also written for <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Foreign_Affairs/vLy5YFTq">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Commentary_(magazine)/QRL9pSbV">Commentary</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/World_Affairs/vxkrQ8BQ">World Affairs</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Policy_Review/Tk9kGR9q">Policy Review</a></i>.</p> <p>In 2003, Kagan's book <i>Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order</i>, published on the eve of the <a href="/facts/Iraq_War/dlAgf8at">US invasion of Iraq</a>, created something of a sensation through its assertions that Europeans tended to favor peaceful resolutions of international disputes while the United States takes a more "Hobbesian" view in which certain kinds of disagreement can only be settled by force, or, as he put it: "Americans are from Mars and Europe is from Venus." A <i>New York Times</i> book reviewer, <a href="/facts/Ivo_Daalder/jG5e4AYo">Ivo H. Daalder</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>When it comes to setting national priorities, determining threats, defining challenges, and fashioning and implementing foreign and defense policies, the United States and Europe have parted ways, writes Mr. Kagan, concluding, in words already famous in another context, 'Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus.'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>In <i>Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century</i> (2006) Kagan argued forcefully against what he considers the widespread misconception that the United States had been isolationist since its inception. <i>Dangerous Nation</i> was awarded the 2007 Lepgold Prize by Georgetown University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>Kagan's essay "Not Fade Away: The Myth of American Decline" (<i><a href="/facts/The_New_Republic/Ff6tcskp">The New Republic</a></i>, February 2, 2012)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> was very positively received by President Obama. Josh Rogin reported in <i><a href="/facts/Foreign_Policy/s74b9Fh9">Foreign Policy</a></i> that the president "spent more than 10 minutes talking about it...going over its arguments paragraph by paragraph."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> The essay was excerpted from Kagan's book, <i>The World America Made</i> (2012). </p><p>John Bew and Kagan lectured on March 27, 2014, on <a href="/facts/Realpolitik/TBEJ4tTk">Realpolitik</a> and <a href="/facts/American_exceptionalism/tcu0Idno">American exceptionalism</a> at the <a href="/facts/Library_of_Congress/TfB6dEN5">Library of Congress</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticism-of-donald-trump">Criticism of Donald Trump</h2> <p>In February 2016, Kagan publicly left the Republican party (referring to himself as a "former Republican"), endorsing Democrat <a href="/facts/Hillary_Clinton/dPzm9ru4">Hillary Clinton</a> for president. He argued that the Republican Party's "wild <a href="/facts/Obstructionism/LCF6pV5b">obstructionism</a>" and an insistence that "government, institutions, political traditions, party leadership and even parties themselves" were things meant to be "overthrown, evaded, ignored, insulted, laughed at" set the stage for the rise of <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a>. Kagan called Trump a "<a href="/facts/Frankenstein_monster/Jab37LIV">Frankenstein monster</a>" and compared him to <a href="/facts/Napoleon/8TKBIjPM">Napoleon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> In May 2016, Kagan wrote an opinion piece in <i><a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a></i> regarding Trump's campaign entitled "This is how fascism comes to America".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Kagan has said that "all Republican foreign policy professionals are anti-Trump."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> In September 2021, Kagan wrote a related opinion essay published in <i>The Washington Post</i> by the title "Our <a href="/facts/Constitutional_crisis/ofxBSWAl">constitutional crisis</a> is already here".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> He continued his criticism of Trump in November 2023 with another essay in <i>The Washington Post</i> entitled "A Trump dictatorship is increasingly inevitable. We should stop pretending."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>In October of 2024, he resigned as <a href="/facts/Editor-at-large/2WvrT13F">editor-at-large</a> from the <i>Post</i> due to its decision not to endorse a candidate in the <a href="/facts/2024_United_States_presidential_election/g70dUqvC">2024 United States presidential election</a> between Trump and <a href="/facts/Kamala_Harris/hqeaVyFQ">Kamala Harris</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="select-bibliography">Select bibliography</h2> <ul><li><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/twilightstruggle00kaga">A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990.</a></i> (1996) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-028-74057-7</li> <li><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/presentdangers00robe">Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in America's Foreign and Defense Policy</a></i>, with William Kristol (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Of_Paradise_and_Power%3a_America_and_Europe_in_the_New_World_Order/S79tHF13">Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order</a>.</i> (2003) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-4000-4093-0</li> <li><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/dangerousnation00kaga">Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century.</a></i> (2006) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-375-41105-4</li> <li><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/returnofhistorye00kaga">The Return of History and the End of Dreams.</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> (2008) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-307-26923-2</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/The_World_America_Made/g4g0X1bK">The World America Made</a>.</i> (2012) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-307-96131-0</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/The_Jungle_Grows_Back%3a_America_and_Our_Imperiled_World/z7u39XyE">The Jungle Grows Back: America and Our Imperiled World</a>.</i> (2018) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0525521655</li> <li><i>The Ghost at the Feast: America and the Collapse of World Order, 1900-1941</i> (2023) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0307262943</li> <li><i>Rebellion: How Antiliberalism Is Tearing America Apart - Again</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> (2024) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0593535783</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Stop_Trump_movement/HoGhMN8A">Stop Trump movement</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikiquote has quotations related to <i>Robert Kagan</i>. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Kagan. <ul><li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?43065">Appearances</a> on <a href="/facts/C-SPAN/MdgMU5eM">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123095003/http://online.sfsu.edu/mroozbeh/CLASS/h-607-pdfs/W.Kristol-Neo-Reaganite.pdf">"Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy"</a> by William Kristol and Robert Kagan</li> <li><a href="https://www.brookings.edu/experts/robert-kagan/">Articles at Brookings</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507004545/http://www.weeklystandard.com/author/robert-kagan">Articles at Weekly Standard</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190955/http://carnegieendowment.org/experts/16">Articles at Carnegie Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="https://reason.com/2001/06/01/foreign-policy-folly-2/">Foreign Policy Folly</a> by Willian Ruger</li> <li><a href="https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/superpowers-dont-retire-but-robert-kagan-should">Superpowers don't retire, but Robert Kagan should</a> by Tom Switzer</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410080100/http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2007/dangerous_history_6238">'Dangerous Nation' trilogy Book One Review</a> by Michael Lind</li> <li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/11/books/review/ghost-at-the-feast-robert-kagan.html">'Dangerous Nation' trilogy Book Two 'The Ghost at the Feast' Review</a> by Thomas Meaney</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Hudson, John (June 23, 2016). "Exclusive: Prominent GOP Neoconservative to Fundraise for Hillary Clinton". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2021. <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/23/exclusive-prominent-gop-neoconservative-to-fundraise-for-hillary-clinton/" target="_blank">https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/23/exclusive-prominent-gop-neoconservative-to-fundraise-for-hillary-clinton/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Horowitz, Jason (June 16, 2014). "Events in Iraq Open Door for Interventionist Revival, Historian Says (Published 2014)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/us/politics/historians-critique-of-obama-foreign-policy-is-brought-alive-by-events-in-iraq.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/us/politics/historians-critique-of-obama-foreign-policy-is-brought-alive-by-events-in-iraq.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Moyn, Samuel (February 14, 2023). "Robert Kagan and Interventionism's Big Reboot". New Republic. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/170213/robert-kagan-interventionisms-big-reboot" target="_blank">https://newrepublic.com/article/170213/robert-kagan-interventionisms-big-reboot</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Stelzer, Irwin (2004). The neocon reader. New York: Grove Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-8021-4193-4. Robert Kagan... Co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) <a href="978-0-8021-4193-4" target="_blank">978-0-8021-4193-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>[1][usurped] About PNAC <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010230757/http://www.newamericancentury.org/aboutpnac.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131010230757/http://www.newamericancentury.org/aboutpnac.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>PNAC. "Robert Kagan". Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2012. Robert Kagan is co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century. <a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" target="_blank">/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Foreign Affairs Policy Board - BIOGRAPHY: Robert Kagan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 14, 2022. <a href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/p/fapb/185587.htm" target="_blank">https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/p/fapb/185587.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Khalek, Rania (July 25, 2016). "Robert Kagan and Other Neocons Are Backing Hillary Clinton". The Intercept. Retrieved August 22, 2023. <a href="https://theintercept.com/2016/07/25/robert-kagan-and-other-neocons-back-hillary-clinton/" target="_blank">https://theintercept.com/2016/07/25/robert-kagan-and-other-neocons-back-hillary-clinton/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Moyn, Samuel (February 14, 2023). "Robert Kagan and Interventionism's Big Reboot". New Republic. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/170213/robert-kagan-interventionisms-big-reboot" target="_blank">https://newrepublic.com/article/170213/robert-kagan-interventionisms-big-reboot</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Lion in Winter". yalealumnimagazine.com. April 2002. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809010253/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_04/kagan.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070809010253/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_04/kagan.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Robert Kagan '80 follows father but forges own path". Yale Daily News. October 27, 2005. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119073509/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/oct/27/robert-kagan-80-follows-father-but-forges-own-path/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101119073509/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/oct/27/robert-kagan-80-follows-father-but-forges-own-path/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Washington Talk: Briefing; Departing Official (Published 1988)". The New York Times. March 18, 1988. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/18/us/washington-talk-briefing-departing-official.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/18/us/washington-talk-briefing-departing-official.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Steinhauer, Jason (February 21, 2014). "Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik". Library of Congress. 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