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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Nicknames_of_New_York_City/RyDWRx5B">Nicknames of New York City</a></p> <p>In 1664, New York was named in honor of the <a href="/facts/Duke_of_York/Qczcejhz">Duke of York</a> (later King <a href="/facts/James_II_of_England/1hWxE4WL">James II of England</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> James's elder brother, King <a href="/facts/Charles_II_of_England/Acc7cFtF">Charles II</a>, appointed him <a href="/facts/Proprietary_colony/LDxjtcyk">proprietor</a> of the former territory of <a href="/facts/New_Netherland/2S44xW81">New Netherland</a>, including the city of <a href="/facts/New_Amsterdam/9uPT8dpj">New Amsterdam</a>, when the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_England/1VqdIuFc">Kingdom of England</a> seized it from <a href="/facts/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas/08md1zY0">Dutch control</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_New_York_City/jG3AWT88">History of New York City</a> and <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_New_York_City/kwThQoeA">Timeline of New York City</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/History_of_Manhattan/6j7FBcJ8">History of Manhattan</a>, <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Brooklyn/MB69HhQx">Timeline of Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Queens/Pzfj0TR5">Timeline of Queens</a>, <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Bronx/KxUVXm0U">Timeline of the Bronx</a>, and <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Staten_Island/wnnD3Qux">Timeline of Staten Island</a></p> <h3>Early history</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_New_York_City_(prehistory%25E2%2580%25931664)/Ez6mfPwp">History of New York City (prehistory–1664)</a></p> <p>In the <a href="/facts/Pre-Columbian_era/0Ntjleee">pre-Columbian era</a>, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by <a href="/facts/Algonquian_peoples/zXDb2kwD">Algonquians</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Lenape/nPwqEfld">Lenape</a>. Their homeland, known as <a href="/facts/Lenapehoking/gGM1ymn1">Lenapehoking</a>, included the present-day areas of <a href="/facts/Staten_Island/28I6brk8">Staten Island</a>, <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Bronx/yVMesM0v">the Bronx</a>, the western portion of <a href="/facts/Long_Island/u42NF647">Long Island</a> (including <a href="/facts/Brooklyn/UnUzxCFe">Brooklyn</a> and <a href="/facts/Queens/PbwLQxFH">Queens</a>), and the <a href="/facts/Lower_Hudson_Valley/RTEkfwek">Lower Hudson Valley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>The first documented visit into <a href="/facts/New_York_Harbor/SHoEC86U">New York Harbor</a> by a European was in 1524 by explorer <a href="/facts/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano/tzzdTjMJ">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> He claimed the area for <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_France/Ul6rT7cQ">France</a> and named it <i>Nouvelle Angoulême</i> (New <a href="/facts/Angoul%25C3%25AAme/JbrXhaxV">Angoulême</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain <a href="/facts/Est%25C3%25AAv%25C3%25A3o_Gomes/Cs8yW6W1">Estêvão Gomes</a> sailing for <a href="/facts/Charles_V%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/QdqkWAeq">Emperor Charles V</a>, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the <a href="/facts/Hudson_River/dGgu7VFE">Hudson River</a>, which he named <i>Río de San Antonio</i> ('Saint Anthony's River').<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>In 1609, the English explorer <a href="/facts/Henry_Hudson/6XxATEzh">Henry Hudson</a> rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the <a href="/facts/Northwest_Passage/Y0CrHCfL">Northwest Passage</a> to the <a href="/facts/Orient/uPK9os02">Orient</a> for the <a href="/facts/Dutch_East_India_Company/0pvAaGFP">Dutch East India Company</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> He sailed up what the Dutch called <a href="/facts/North_River_(Hudson_River)/1lBJSch3">North River</a> (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the <i>Mauritius</i> after <a href="/facts/Maurice%2c_Prince_of_Orange/bT4ayhVB">Maurice, Prince of Orange</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Hudson claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between <a href="/facts/Cape_Cod/dcEnVrMs">Cape Cod</a> and <a href="/facts/Delaware_Bay/mbQIQruo">Delaware Bay</a> was claimed by the Netherlands and called <i>Nieuw-Nederland</i> ('<a href="/facts/New_Netherland/2S44xW81">New Netherland</a>'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what became New York City was <a href="/facts/Juan_(Jan)_Rodriguez/zgN4PKKM">Juan Rodriguez</a>, a merchant from <a href="/facts/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo/8w4QJqHm">Santo Domingo</a> who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for <a href="/facts/Fur/4hVxpDQ0">pelts</a> and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h3>Dutch rule</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/New_Amsterdam/9uPT8dpj">New Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/facts/Fort_Amsterdam/sgK9s47y">Fort Amsterdam</a>, and <a href="/facts/New_Netherland/2S44xW81">New Netherland</a></p> <p>A permanent European presence near <a href="/facts/New_York_Harbor/SHoEC86U">New York Harbor</a> was established in 1624, making New York the <a href="/facts/List_of_North_American_settlements_by_year_of_foundation/9KyonG45">12th-oldest continuously occupied</a> European-established settlement in the <a href="/facts/Continental_United_States/yx414G7a">continental United States</a>, with the founding of a Dutch <a href="/facts/Fur_trade/VlU2wVoG">fur trading</a> settlement on <a href="/facts/Governors_Island/tHHL1d8b">Governors Island</a>. In 1625, construction was started on a <a href="/facts/Citadel/zQV4oHLm">citadel</a> and <a href="/facts/Fort_Amsterdam/sgK9s47y">Fort Amsterdam</a>, later called <i>Nieuw Amsterdam</i> (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>The colony of New Amsterdam extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day <a href="/facts/Wall_Street/Xt5SxcCN">Wall Street</a>, where a 12-foot (3.7 m) wooden <a href="/facts/Stockade/s4Tyy4hM">stockade</a> was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and English raids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General <a href="/facts/Peter_Minuit/mmFNM6oN">Peter Minuit</a>, as charged by the <a href="/facts/Dutch_West_India_Company/Gk3E90uM">Dutch West India Company</a>, purchased the island of Manhattan from the <i>Canarsie</i>, a small Lenape band,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> for "the value of 60 <a href="/facts/Dutch_guilder/DxolGfFz">guilders</a>"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> (about $900 in 2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p>Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the <a href="/facts/Patroon/7odxe1Ws">patroon system</a> in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (<i>patroons</i>, or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded land, local political autonomy, and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p><p>Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a <a href="/facts/Monopoly/BXIQWUmR">monopoly</a> in New Netherland, on authority granted by the <a href="/facts/States_General_of_the_Netherlands/ekUD6R8K">Dutch States General</a>. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the <a href="/facts/Netherlands_Antilles/5bmWIKqe">Dutch West Indies</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>In 1647, <a href="/facts/Peter_Stuyvesant/qlTc5NJL">Peter Stuyvesant</a> began his tenure as the last <a href="/facts/Director-General_of_New_Amsterdam/sC2pV25D">Director-General</a> of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order; however, he earned a reputation as a <a href="/facts/Despotism/atI1mtcJ">despotic</a> leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the <a href="/facts/Dutch_Reformed_Church/1WuSqgbw">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, and blocked other religious groups from establishing houses of worship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h3>English rule</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Province_of_New_York/5utR29GL">Province of New York</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_New_York_City_(1665%25E2%2580%25931783)/No4aYWcd">History of New York City (1665–1783)</a></p> <p>In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel <a href="/facts/Richard_Nicolls/LXTIgclg">Richard Nicolls</a>, without bloodshed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>In 1667, during negotiations leading to the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)/lUSHqyoA">Treaty of Breda</a> after the <a href="/facts/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War/BFWzfDXt">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>, the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now <a href="/facts/Suriname/zjwRFBPL">Suriname</a>, which they had gained from the English,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> and in return the English kept New Amsterdam. The settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> The duke gave part of the colony to proprietors <a href="/facts/George_Carteret/ItPrat2A">George Carteret</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Berkeley%2c_1st_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton/DGRuTQpS">John Berkeley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p><p>On August 24, 1673, during the <a href="/facts/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War/QeyQUT2M">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>, <a href="/facts/Anthony_Colve/QMt5QBM6">Anthony Colve</a> of the Dutch navy <a href="/facts/Dutch_Raid_on_North_America/rancsIcF">seized New York</a> at the behest of <a href="/facts/Cornelis_Evertsen_the_Youngest/v48099m2">Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest</a> and rechristened it "New Orange" after <a href="/facts/William_III_of_England/x72cM4jw">William III</a>, the <a href="/facts/Prince_of_Orange/Esh1vtpI">Prince of Orange</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> The Dutch soon returned the island to England under the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)/mpIMVW0q">Treaty of Westminster</a> of November 1674.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p><p>Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and <a href="/facts/Epidemic/N7fM3HYd">epidemics</a> brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between 1660 and 1670.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> New York experienced several <a href="/facts/Yellow_fever/feT3DIKu">yellow fever</a> epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p><p>In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a <a href="/facts/Port/2gfwh4g7">trading port</a> while as a part of the <a href="/facts/Province_of_New_York/5utR29GL">colony of New York</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> It became a center of <a href="/facts/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States/9Iqt7cUL">slavery</a>, with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Most were <a href="/facts/House_slave/Y117m84X">domestic slaves</a>; others were hired out as labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the <a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">American South</a>. During construction in <a href="/facts/Foley_Square/V0gVB9dW">Foley Square</a> in the 1990s, the <a href="/facts/African_Burying_Ground/2WkwmuBd">African Burying Ground</a> was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p><p>The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of <a href="/facts/John_Peter_Zenger/7cFVvtAb">John Peter Zenger</a>, who had been accused of <a href="/facts/Seditious_libel/UpkJra1y">seditious libel</a> after criticizing <a href="/facts/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_York/w1BYqVP4">colonial governor</a> <a href="/facts/William_Cosby/PBlGNH6h">William Cosby</a>, helped to establish <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_the_press/9RLTKfod">freedom of the press</a> in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> In 1754, <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a> was founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p> <h3>American Revolution</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">American Revolution</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Stamp_Act_Congress/BKu3xG8U">Stamp Act Congress</a> met in New York in October 1765, as the <a href="/facts/Sons_of_Liberty/WG83nkU9">Sons of Liberty</a> organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Long_Island/J2ScUPsm">Battle of Long Island</a>, the largest battle of the <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">American Revolutionary War</a>, was fought in August 1776 within modern-day Brooklyn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> A British rout of the Continental Army at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Fort_Washington/3VRJjjJj">Battle of Fort Washington</a> in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, causing <a href="/facts/George_Washington/ucb7mE4Q">George Washington</a> and his forces to retreat across the Hudson River to <a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">New Jersey</a>, pursued by British forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p><p>After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made New York their military and political base of operations in North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> The city was a haven for <a href="/facts/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)/vAXhGx6N">Loyalist</a> refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom promised by the <a href="/facts/British_Crown/ILkl7GNU">Crown</a>, with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, the largest such community on the continent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> When the British forces <a href="/facts/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)/CPrkNPNb">evacuated</a> New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands of <a href="/facts/Freedmen/12NuMqwR">freedmen</a> for resettlement in <a href="/facts/Nova_Scotia/RcmIvd1A">Nova Scotia</a>, England, and the <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p><p>The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the <a href="/facts/Conference_House/UCVgrqes">Conference House</a> on Staten Island between American delegates, including <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin/Dmfv5URr">Benjamin Franklin</a>, and British general <a href="/facts/Richard_Howe%2c_1st_Earl_Howe/yFBUTj8e">Lord Howe</a> on September 11, 1776.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> Shortly after the British occupation began, the <a href="/facts/Great_Fire_of_New_York_(1776)/8N8fw4WL">Great Fire of New York</a> destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, including <a href="/facts/Trinity_Church_(New_York_City)/h9qBGVGg">Trinity Church</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post-revolutionary period and early 19th century</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_New_York_City_(1784%25E2%2580%25931854)/BYQDls1n">History of New York City (1784–1854)</a></p> <p>In January 1785, the assembly of the <a href="/facts/Congress_of_the_Confederation/5KqK6FAR">Congress of the Confederation</a> made New York City the national capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> New York was the last capital of the United States under the <a href="/facts/Articles_of_Confederation/moLUKdUP">Articles of Confederation</a> and the first under the <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_the_United_States/AJlEWNR3">Constitution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> As the capital, New York City hosted the inauguration of the first President, <a href="/facts/George_Washington/ucb7mE4Q">George Washington</a>, and the first <a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">Congress</a>, at <a href="/facts/Federal_Hall/NhhpA0F3">Federal Hall</a> on <a href="/facts/Wall_Street/Xt5SxcCN">Wall Street</a>. Congress drafted the <a href="/facts/United_States_Bill_of_Rights/jXGXawXU">Bill of Rights</a> there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States/rJHothwW">Supreme Court</a> held its first organizational sessions in New York in 1790. </p><p>In 1790, for the first time, New York City surpassed <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital was <a href="/facts/Residence_Act/vRHdwyTk">moved to Philadelphia</a>, where it remained while the new capital in <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> was being constructed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> </p><p>During the 19th century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> Under New York State's <a href="/facts/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)/9Iy8hgvm">gradual emancipation</a> act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in <a href="/facts/Indentured_servitude/M6Xac7fV">indentured servitude</a> until their mid-to-late twenties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> A significant free Black population gradually developed in Manhattan, made up of former slaves who had been freed by their masters after the <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">American Revolutionary War</a>, as well as escaped slaves. The <a href="/facts/New_York_Manumission_Society/UWlrESxF">New York Manumission Society</a> worked for abolition and established the <a href="/facts/African_Free_School/KmcvmQjB">African Free School</a> to educate Black children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> It was not until 1827 that <a href="/facts/History_of_slavery_in_New_York_(state)/gl2WDD9m">slavery was completely abolished in the state</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> Free Blacks struggled with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York City's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> </p> <p>Also in the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and <a href="/facts/International_trade/jB2m5TGX">international trading center</a>, as well as by European immigration, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> The city adopted the <a href="/facts/Commissioners%2527_Plan_of_1811/nk2P507R">Commissioners' Plan of 1811</a>, which expanded the city <a href="/facts/Grid_plan/uuQv1xdM">street grid</a> to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the <a href="/facts/Erie_Canal/NBrheTH9">Erie Canal</a> through <a href="/facts/Central_New_York/wPhPptDn">central New York</a> connected the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Ocean/EI4uChIb">Atlantic</a> port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the <a href="/facts/Great_Lakes/Fd7pDkPX">Great Lakes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> Local politics became dominated by <a href="/facts/Tammany_Hall/jgMccJsu">Tammany Hall</a>, a <a href="/facts/Political_machine/nAJGtEjX">political machine</a> supported by <a href="/facts/Irish_diaspora/srMnk6fn">Irish</a> and <a href="/facts/German_diaspora/5o71h9xS">German immigrants</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> In 1831, <a href="/facts/New_York_University/4UnIkThy">New York University</a> was founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> </p><p>Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including <a href="/facts/William_Cullen_Bryant/HySpfSVc">William Cullen Bryant</a>, <a href="/facts/Washington_Irving/ctt1oTXR">Washington Irving</a>, <a href="/facts/Herman_Melville/Jdu6YsGY">Herman Melville</a>, <a href="/facts/Rufus_Wilmot_Griswold/3LeLVtCd">Rufus Wilmot Griswold</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Keese/aBzInLPh">John Keese</a>, <a href="/facts/Nathaniel_Parker_Willis/amoflay3">Nathaniel Parker Willis</a>, and <a href="/facts/Edgar_Allan_Poe/BwBzd1sG">Edgar Allan Poe</a>. Members of the business elite lobbied for the establishment of <a href="/facts/Central_Park/QgR0k7Hl">Central Park</a>, which in 1857 became the first <a href="/facts/Landscape_design/AsBtWMG7">landscaped park</a> in an American city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Great_Famine_(Ireland)/pn4ByRj8">Great Irish Famine</a> brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing over a quarter of the city's population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> Extensive immigration from the German provinces meant that Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> </p> <h3>American Civil War</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/New_York_City_in_the_American_Civil_War/IjSwaLGe">New York City in the American Civil War</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%25E2%2580%25931897)/1d9MXbAC">History of New York City (1855–1897)</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic Party</a> candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor <a href="/facts/Fernando_Wood/qIe7uwqC">Fernando Wood</a> called on the <a href="/facts/Alderman/reknorsr">aldermen</a> to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> Anger at new <a href="/facts/Military_conscription/SstkxdBk">military conscription</a> laws during the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_draft_riots/11ILcBM1">Draft Riots of 1863</a>, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> </p><p>The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> At least 120 people were killed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> It was one of the worst incidents of <a href="/facts/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States/DFLpMxA5">civil unrest in American history</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> </p> <h3>Late 19th and early 20th century</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_New_York_City_(1898%25E2%2580%25931945)/lAF5CErc">History of New York City (1898–1945)</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_New_York_City_(1946%25E2%2580%25931977)/VfbEYPuW">History of New York City (1946–1977)</a></p> <p>In 1886, the <a href="/facts/Statue_of_Liberty/TlymQ7JI">Statue of Liberty</a>, a gift from <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they arrived via <a href="/facts/Ellis_Island/1VF2tBgc">Ellis Island</a> by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> </p><p>In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the <a href="/facts/City_of_Greater_New_York/cAI6PCJK">consolidation</a> of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> The opening of the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Subway/1NKtIgLr">New York City Subway</a> in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> </p><p>In 1904, the <a href="/facts/Steamship/Ay0fhKBW">steamship</a> <i><a href="/facts/PS_General_Slocum/zzH39Pn5">General Slocum</a></i> caught fire in the <a href="/facts/East_River/PAGLJyLX">East River</a>, killing 1,021 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> In 1911, the <a href="/facts/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire/xpLoewyE">Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire</a>, the city's worst industrial disaster, killed 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the <a href="/facts/International_Ladies%2527_Garment_Workers%2527_Union/4DK7uopz">International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union</a> and major improvements in factory safety standards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> </p> <p>New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> New York City was a prime destination in the early 20th century for Blacks during the <a href="/facts/Great_Migration_(African_American)/q5Cvobkb">Great Migration</a> from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had the largest urban <a href="/facts/African_diaspora/AlohHjs5">African diaspora</a> in North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Harlem_Renaissance/VmsKpm8Y">Harlem Renaissance</a> of literary and <a href="/facts/Culture_of_New_York_City/xSxGxGe8">cultural life</a> flourished during the era of <a href="/facts/Prohibition_in_the_United_States/53aVxXXb">Prohibition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> </p><p>New York City became the most populous <a href="/facts/Urban_area/fu9v8h5P">urbanized area</a> in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>. The metropolitan area surpassed 10 million in the early 1930s, becoming the first <a href="/facts/Megacity/8GFoJVeL">megacity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a> saw the election of reformer <a href="/facts/Fiorello_La_Guardia/zpBtxNX1">Fiorello La Guardia</a> as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> </p><p>Returning <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> veterans created a post-war <a href="/facts/Business_cycle/etH0t44s">economic boom</a> and the development of large <a href="/facts/Housing_tract/JNEW9FLX">housing tracts</a> in eastern Queens and <a href="/facts/Nassau_County%2c_New_York/QcU1enqJ">Nassau County</a>, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The <a href="/facts/United_Nations_headquarters/4pof9vnU">United Nations headquarters</a> was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global <a href="/facts/Geopolitical/4bmB8oCM">geopolitical</a> influence, and the rise of <a href="/facts/Abstract_expressionism/MWmgFNSr">abstract expressionism</a> in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> </p> <h3>Late 20th and early 21st centuries</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_New_York_City_(1978%25E2%2580%2593present)/DmtlwTQb">History of New York City (1978–present)</a> and <a href="/facts/September_11_attacks/PfWQcQNx">September 11 attacks</a></p> <p>In 1969, the <a href="/facts/Stonewall_riots/LztlzRQ6">Stonewall riots</a> were a series of violent protests by members of the <a href="/facts/LGBT_community/LpXxRsVU">gay community</a> against a <a href="/facts/Police_raid/rRwlj1Wa">police raid</a> that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the <a href="/facts/Stonewall_Inn/MYj68qPV">Stonewall Inn</a> in <a href="/facts/Greenwich_Village/yqbBHchP">Greenwich Village</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the <a href="/facts/Gay_liberation/8jUVl396">gay liberation</a> movement<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> and the modern fight for <a href="/facts/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory/UpImJVJQ">LGBT rights</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Wayne_R._Dynes/8vC8aW5M">Wayne R. Dynes</a>, author of the <i><a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_of_Homosexuality/nBDkVb1Q">Encyclopedia of Homosexuality</a></i>, wrote that <a href="/facts/Drag_queen/MsDbP6FC">drag queens</a> were the only "<a href="/facts/Transgender/LuADj6gz">transgender</a> folks around" during the Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> </p> <p>In the 1970s, job losses due to <a href="/facts/Deindustrialization/DCGYhT1B">industrial restructuring</a> caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; President <a href="/facts/Gerald_Ford/AdMS7jGW">Gerald Ford</a> gave a speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of the <i><a href="/facts/New_York_Daily_News/3QE3DzVE">New York Daily News</a></i> as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Municipal_Assistance_Corporation/23LWVAYn">Municipal Assistance Corporation</a> was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> </p><p>New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the <a href="/facts/2000_United_States_census/oFBpAEqK">2000 census</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> further records were set in the <a href="/facts/2010_United_States_census/RoYVI17A">2010</a> and <a href="/facts/2020_United_States_census/dTEm5TRr">2020</a> censuses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> Important new economic sectors, such as <a href="/facts/Silicon_Alley/At04yIcB">Silicon Alley</a>, emerged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a> </p> <p>The year <a href="/facts/2000/UbBNQdMl">2000</a> was celebrated with fanfare in <a href="/facts/Times_Square/MB9V2j7y">Times Square</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> </p><p>New York City suffered the bulk of the <a href="/facts/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks/oQ0Pnf5y">economic damage</a> and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the <a href="/facts/September_11_attacks/PfWQcQNx">September 11, 2001, attacks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a> Two of the four hijacked airliners were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Fire_Department/cyAjE4NA">New York City Fire Department</a> and 71 law enforcement officers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/World_Trade_Center_site/c9xgaWJH">The area was rebuilt</a> with a <a href="/facts/World_Trade_Center_(2001%25E2%2580%2593present)/fEFWPGkg">new World Trade Center</a>, the <a href="/facts/National_September_11_Memorial_and_Museum/g0lKrXlD">National September 11 Memorial and Museum</a>, and other new buildings and infrastructure,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> including the <a href="/facts/World_Trade_Center_Transportation_Hub/SBXaR7xX">World Trade Center Transportation Hub</a>, the city's third-largest hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world/wkeLK00x">world's seventh-tallest building</a> by <a href="/facts/Pinnacle/I9ENstxQ">pinnacle</a> height, with its <a href="/facts/Spire/Xw9su71N">spire</a> reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m), a reference to the year of <a href="/facts/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence/UyTgzfpx">American independence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Occupy_Wall_Street/tLzF5G12">Occupy Wall Street</a> protests in <a href="/facts/Zuccotti_Park/CrJDt2o5">Zuccotti Park</a> in the <a href="/facts/Financial_District%2c_Manhattan/bfINlsva">Financial District</a> of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the <a href="/facts/Occupy_movement/30bf9GGh">Occupy movement</a> against <a href="/facts/Social_inequality/mSlMBETI">social</a> and <a href="/facts/Economic_inequality/2Kb0kBH5">economic inequality</a> worldwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> </p><p>New York City was <a href="/facts/Effects_of_Hurricane_Sandy_in_New_York/RbUedfd2">heavily impacted</a> by <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Sandy/8TdgDGtR">Hurricane Sandy</a> in October 2012, including flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> and flooding of all <a href="/facts/East_River/PAGLJyLX">East River</a> subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the <a href="/facts/Lincoln_Tunnel/b3hcj1lj">Lincoln Tunnel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> The New York Stock Exchange closed for two days due to weather for the first time since the <a href="/facts/Great_Blizzard_of_1888/I8vEcJ4v">Great Blizzard of 1888</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter <a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">climate change</a> and rising seas, with $15 billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> </p><p>In March 2020, the first case of <a href="/facts/Coronavirus_disease_2019/YsUgvsaX">COVID-19</a> in the city was confirmed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> With its population density and extensive exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replaced <a href="/facts/Wuhan/AGKKmphL">Wuhan</a>, China as the global epicenter of <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">the pandemic</a> during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> Through March 2023, New York City recorded <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City/KPoRfSNV">more than 80,000 deaths</a> from COVID-19-related complications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Geography_of_New_York_City/3fjnvxUb">Geography of New York City</a> and <a href="/facts/Geography_of_New_York%25E2%2580%2593New_Jersey_Harbor_Estuary/LFDeFmEm">Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary</a></p> <p>New York City lies in the <a href="/facts/Northeastern_United_States/Xa8zQlkM">northeastern United States</a>, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> and <a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a>. Its location at the mouth of the <a href="/facts/Hudson_River/dGgu7VFE">Hudson River</a>, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Ocean/EI4uChIb">Atlantic Ocean</a>, has helped the city become a significant trading port. Most of the city is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Wisconsin_glaciation/PJMWjkBh">Wisconsin glaciation</a>, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large <a href="/facts/Ice_sheet/j3QpYSeK">ice sheet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> The erosive forward movement of the ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action left <a href="/facts/Bedrock/mn9WCgtX">bedrock</a> at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid <a href="/facts/Foundation_(engineering)/ACVkQsDy">foundation</a> for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> </p><p>The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into <a href="/facts/New_York_Bay/d7tBuTgx">New York Bay</a>. Between New York City and <a href="/facts/Troy%2c_New_York/n0UNNjWY">Troy, New York</a>, the river is an <a href="/facts/Estuary/WmkSInmK">estuary</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> The Hudson River separates the city from New Jersey. The East River—a <a href="/facts/Tidal_strait/PA0bAl4b">tidal strait</a>—flows from <a href="/facts/Long_Island_Sound/9nqbXkUX">Long Island Sound</a> and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The <a href="/facts/Harlem_River/MlHvH3qT">Harlem River</a>, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The <a href="/facts/Bronx_River/GsWh9GYv">Bronx River</a>, which flows through the Bronx and <a href="/facts/Westchester_County/8NjUafq0">Westchester County</a>, is the only entirely <a href="/facts/Fresh_water/xMP2TxwI">freshwater</a> river in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a>[<i>importance?</i>] </p><p>The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable <a href="/facts/Land_reclamation/taYL4BjI">land reclamation</a> along the <a href="/facts/Waterfront_(area)/gGrk2rQD">waterfronts</a> since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as <a href="/facts/Battery_Park_City/Wco7NpsU">Battery Park City</a> in the 1970s and 1980s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a> </p><p>The city's total area is 468.484 square miles (1,213.37 km2). 302.643 sq mi (783.84 km2) of the city is land and 165.841 sq mi (429.53 km2) of it is water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> The highest point in the city is <a href="/facts/Todt_Hill/20Sl7Fwz">Todt Hill</a> on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) <a href="/facts/Above_mean_sea_level/Aqv1HLP2">above sea level</a>, is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of <a href="/facts/Maine/7ww4UY8B">Maine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a> The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in <a href="/facts/Woodland/BcnoNfmp">woodlands</a> as part of the <a href="/facts/Staten_Island_Greenbelt/EReFljH0">Staten Island Greenbelt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> </p> <h3>Boroughs</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Boroughs_of_New_York_City/D1m6uCGd">Boroughs of New York City</a> and <a href="/facts/Neighborhoods_in_New_York_City/ANFfl566">Neighborhoods in New York City</a></p> <p>New York City is sometimes referred to collectively as the <i>Five Boroughs</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> Each borough is coextensive with a respective <a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)/YBKkD8Jp">county</a> of New York State, making New York City one of the <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._municipalities_in_multiple_counties/V3whhhDo">U.S. municipalities in multiple counties</a>. </p><p>Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's <a href="/facts/Skyscraper/5nM0naVB">skyscrapers</a>, and is sometimes locally known as <i>The City</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a> Manhattan's population density of 70,450.8 inhabitants per square mile (27,201.2/km2) in 2022 makes it the <a href="/facts/County_statistics_of_the_United_States/jRvC8n2W">highest of any county in the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density/MvSaX0oX">higher than the density of any individual American city</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a> Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and <a href="/facts/Financial_center/aGWvLxWC">financial center</a> of New York City and contains the <a href="/facts/Headquarters/5rUlMcoP">headquarters</a> of many major <a href="/facts/Multinational_corporation/qrMQSMTb">multinational corporations</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_headquarters/4pof9vnU">United Nations headquarters</a>, Wall Street, and a number of important universities. The borough is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Brooklyn/UnUzxCFe">Brooklyn</a> (Kings County), on the western tip of <a href="/facts/Long_Island/u42NF647">Long Island</a>, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, <a href="/facts/List_of_Brooklyn_neighborhoods/cD52CH5N">distinct neighborhoods</a>, and a distinctive architectural heritage. <a href="/facts/Downtown_Brooklyn/K58PaHsn">Downtown Brooklyn</a> is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including <a href="/facts/Coney_Island/HcbIjeuF">Coney Island</a>, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the United States<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Marine_Park_(Brooklyn_park)/ME3BJdLg">Marine Park</a> and <a href="/facts/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)/Bwm0c3Es">Prospect Park</a> are the two largest parks in Brooklyn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of <a href="/facts/Entrepreneurship/gr8E0Su2">entrepreneurship</a> and <a href="/facts/High_tech/td2FYKeX">high technology</a> <a href="/facts/Startup_company/9lsjFELt">startup firms</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a> and of <a href="/facts/Postmodern_art/faBPaCTR">postmodern art</a> and design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a> Brooklyn is also home to <a href="/facts/Fort_Hamilton/r1lgYHTC">Fort Hamilton</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Armed_Forces/NHVsU9Id">U.S. military's</a> only active duty installation within New York City,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a> aside from <a href="/facts/U.S._Coast_Guard/6d7SWTP9">Coast Guard</a> operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of a <a href="/facts/Artillery_battery/lf2pfXQv">battery</a> used during the <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">American Revolution</a>, and it is one of America's longest-serving military forts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Queens/PbwLQxFH">Queens</a> (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most <a href="/facts/Ethnic_diversity/jDbm9eo5">ethnically diverse</a> county in the United States,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a> and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> Queens is the site of the <a href="/facts/Citi_Field/z2gB3os4">Citi Field</a>, home of the <a href="/facts/New_York_Mets/hYIMH7kG">New York Mets</a>, and hosts the annual <a href="/facts/US_Open_(tennis)/1EKXXJ1o">US Open tennis tournament</a> at the <a href="/facts/USTA_Billie_Jean_King_National_Tennis_Center/RHH9qEcW">USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center</a> in <a href="/facts/Flushing_Meadows%25E2%2580%2593Corona_Park/v67fT5K3">Flushing Meadows–Corona Park</a>, with plans to build <a href="/facts/Etihad_Park_(New_York_City)/dXfq6gPP">Etihad Park</a>, a soccer-specific stadium for <a href="/facts/New_York_City_FC/qSKPnauH">New York City FC</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, <a href="/facts/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport/UcNGmMFm">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> and <a href="/facts/LaGuardia_Airport/M8TFJbam">LaGuardia Airport</a>, are in Queens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/The_Bronx/yVMesM0v">The Bronx</a> (Bronx County) is both New York City's northernmost borough and the only one that is mostly on the <a href="/facts/U.S._mainland/yx414G7a">U.S. mainland</a>. It is the location of <a href="/facts/Yankee_Stadium/xgjzRPDW">Yankee Stadium</a>, the baseball park of the <a href="/facts/New_York_Yankees/FFNE7F0J">New York Yankees</a>, and home to the largest <a href="/facts/Housing_cooperative/tQcXEHqL">cooperatively-owned housing</a> complex in the United States, <a href="/facts/Co-op_City%2c_Bronx/N444Sz95">Co-op City</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a> It is home to the <a href="/facts/Bronx_Zoo/DLgRpQUs">Bronx Zoo</a>, the world's largest metropolitan zoo,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a> which spans 265 acres (1.07 km2) and houses more than 6,000 animals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a> The Bronx is the birthplace of <a href="/facts/Hip_hop_music/0lsHpwAD">hip hop music</a> and its associated <a href="/facts/Hip_hop_culture/7HjAPIEh">culture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Pelham_Bay_Park/GMfM02d5">Pelham Bay Park</a> is the largest park in New York City, at 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Staten_Island/28I6brk8">Staten Island</a> (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. It is connected to Brooklyn by the <a href="/facts/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge/Q6NEfEoP">Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge</a>, and to Manhattan by way of the free <a href="/facts/Staten_Island_Ferry/DrrES3HI">Staten Island Ferry</a>. In central Staten Island, the <a href="/facts/Staten_Island_Greenbelt/EReFljH0">Staten Island Greenbelt</a> spans approximately 2,500 acres (10 km2), including 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a> Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks. </p> <h3>Climate</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Climate_of_New_York_City/MmggtUIf">Climate of New York City</a></p> <p>Under the <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen climate classification</a>, New York City has a <a href="/facts/Humid_subtropical_climate/vr1kMhwS">humid subtropical climate</a> (Cfa), and is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west are in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and <a href="/facts/Humid_continental_climate/m5J175oK">humid continental climates</a> (Dfa).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a> The city receives an average of 49.5 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. New York averages <a href="/facts/Climate_of_New_York_City/MmggtUIf">over 2,500 hours of sunshine</a> annually.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a> </p><p>Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow <a href="/facts/Sea_breeze/NcJ6Px7R">sea breezes</a> offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the <a href="/facts/Appalachian_Mountains/f7X1GBDE">Appalachian Mountains</a> keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a> The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 33.3 °F (0.7 °C).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a> Temperatures usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per winter,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a> yet can also reach 60 °F (16 °C) for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 77.5 °F (25.3 °C) in July.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a> </p><p>Nighttime temperatures are 9.5 °F (5.3 °C) degrees higher for the average city resident due to the <a href="/facts/Urban_heat_island/eVlWllXo">urban heat island</a> effect, caused by paved streets and tall buildings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a> Daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °F (38 °C), although this is a rare occurrence, last noted on July 18, 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a> Similarly, readings of 0 °F (−18 °C) are extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a> Extreme temperatures have ranged from 106 °F (41 °C), recorded on July 9, 1936, down to −15 °F (−26 °C) on February 9, 1934;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a> the coldest recorded wind chill was −37 °F (−38 °C) on the same day as the all-time record low.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a> Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 was 29.8 inches (76 cm); this varies considerably between years. The record cold daily maximum was 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was 87 °F (31 °C), on July 2, 1903.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a> The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7 °F (4.3 °C) in February to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a> </p> <p><a href="/facts/Hurricane/FQzVXly7">Hurricanes</a> and <a href="/facts/Tropical_storm/FQzVXly7">tropical storms</a> are rare in the New York area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a> Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive <a href="/facts/Storm_surge/kByBlFz1">storm surge</a> to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a> The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing <a href="/facts/Seawall/mccVfcKm">seawalls</a> and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14"><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul>Climate data for New York (<a href="/facts/Belvedere_Castle/oo9yHT1g">Belvedere Castle</a>, <a href="/facts/Central_Park/QgR0k7Hl">Central Park</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a> extremes 1869–present<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record high °F (°C)</th><td>72(22)</td><td>78(26)</td><td>86(30)</td><td>96(36)</td><td>99(37)</td><td>101(38)</td><td>106(41)</td><td>104(40)</td><td>102(39)</td><td>94(34)</td><td>84(29)</td><td>75(24)</td><td>106(41)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean maximum °F (°C)</th><td>60.4(15.8)</td><td>60.7(15.9)</td><td>70.3(21.3)</td><td>82.9(28.3)</td><td>88.5(31.4)</td><td>92.1(33.4)</td><td>95.7(35.4)</td><td>93.4(34.1)</td><td>89.0(31.7)</td><td>79.7(26.5)</td><td>70.7(21.5)</td><td>62.9(17.2)</td><td>97.0(36.1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °F (°C)</th><td>39.5(4.2)</td><td>42.2(5.7)</td><td>49.9(9.9)</td><td>61.8(16.6)</td><td>71.4(21.9)</td><td>79.7(26.5)</td><td>84.9(29.4)</td><td>83.3(28.5)</td><td>76.2(24.6)</td><td>64.5(18.1)</td><td>54.0(12.2)</td><td>44.3(6.8)</td><td>62.6(17.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daily mean °F (°C)</th><td>33.7(0.9)</td><td>35.9(2.2)</td><td>42.8(6.0)</td><td>53.7(12.1)</td><td>63.2(17.3)</td><td>72.0(22.2)</td><td>77.5(25.3)</td><td>76.1(24.5)</td><td>69.2(20.7)</td><td>57.9(14.4)</td><td>48.0(8.9)</td><td>39.1(3.9)</td><td>55.8(13.2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °F (°C)</th><td>27.9(−2.3)</td><td>29.5(−1.4)</td><td>35.8(2.1)</td><td>45.5(7.5)</td><td>55.0(12.8)</td><td>64.4(18.0)</td><td>70.1(21.2)</td><td>68.9(20.5)</td><td>62.3(16.8)</td><td>51.4(10.8)</td><td>42.0(5.6)</td><td>33.8(1.0)</td><td>48.9(9.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean minimum °F (°C)</th><td>9.8(−12.3)</td><td>12.7(−10.7)</td><td>19.7(−6.8)</td><td>32.8(0.4)</td><td>43.9(6.6)</td><td>52.7(11.5)</td><td>61.8(16.6)</td><td>60.3(15.7)</td><td>50.2(10.1)</td><td>38.4(3.6)</td><td>27.7(−2.4)</td><td>18.0(−7.8)</td><td>7.7(−13.5)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record low °F (°C)</th><td>−6(−21)</td><td>−15(−26)</td><td>3(−16)</td><td>12(−11)</td><td>32(0)</td><td>44(7)</td><td>52(11)</td><td>50(10)</td><td>39(4)</td><td>28(−2)</td><td>5(−15)</td><td>−13(−25)</td><td>−15(−26)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> inches (mm)</th><td>3.64(92)</td><td>3.19(81)</td><td>4.29(109)</td><td>4.09(104)</td><td>3.96(101)</td><td>4.54(115)</td><td>4.60(117)</td><td>4.56(116)</td><td>4.31(109)</td><td>4.38(111)</td><td>3.58(91)</td><td>4.38(111)</td><td>49.52(1,258)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average snowfall inches (cm)</th><td>8.8(22)</td><td>10.1(26)</td><td>5.0(13)</td><td>0.4(1.0)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>0.1(0.25)</td><td>0.5(1.3)</td><td>4.9(12)</td><td>29.8(76)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)</th><td>10.8</td><td>10.0</td><td>11.1</td><td>11.4</td><td>11.5</td><td>11.2</td><td>10.5</td><td>10.0</td><td>8.8</td><td>9.5</td><td>9.2</td><td>11.4</td><td>125.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)</th><td>3.7</td><td>3.2</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>2.1</td><td>11.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Relative_humidity/Nwb28VlT">relative humidity</a> (%)</th><td>61.5</td><td>60.2</td><td>58.5</td><td>55.3</td><td>62.7</td><td>65.2</td><td>64.2</td><td>66.0</td><td>67.8</td><td>65.6</td><td>64.6</td><td>64.1</td><td>63.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Dew_point/PmBJqCTa">dew point</a> °F (°C)</th><td>18.0(−7.8)</td><td>19.0(−7.2)</td><td>25.9(−3.4)</td><td>34.0(1.1)</td><td>47.3(8.5)</td><td>57.4(14.1)</td><td>61.9(16.6)</td><td>62.1(16.7)</td><td>55.6(13.1)</td><td>44.1(6.7)</td><td>34.0(1.1)</td><td>24.6(−4.1)</td><td>40.3(4.6)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean monthly <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>162.7</td><td>163.1</td><td>212.5</td><td>225.6</td><td>256.6</td><td>257.3</td><td>268.2</td><td>268.2</td><td>219.3</td><td>211.2</td><td>151.0</td><td>139.0</td><td>2,534.7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Percentage <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">possible sunshine</a></th><td>54</td><td>55</td><td>57</td><td>57</td><td>57</td><td>57</td><td>59</td><td>63</td><td>59</td><td>61</td><td>51</td><td>48</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Ultraviolet_index/Q5Qg1IeV">ultraviolet index</a></th><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>8</td><td>8</td><td>6</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 1: <a href="/facts/NOAA/IvcuqNJg">NOAA</a> (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 2: Weather Atlas<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a><p>See <a href="/facts/Climate_of_New_York_City/MmggtUIf">Climate of New York City</a> for additional climate information from the outer boroughs.</p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Parks</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation/eAeIPCWH">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_New_York_City_parks/qoSKdN1o">List of New York City parks</a></p> <p>The city of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the <a href="/facts/National_Park_Service/KyR15FW6">National Park Service</a>, the <a href="/facts/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks%2c_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation/WfF4IwLR">New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation</a>, and the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation/eAeIPCWH">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a>. In its 2023 ParkScore ranking, the <a href="/facts/Trust_for_Public_Land/hN81w63K">Trust for Public Land</a> reported that the park system in New York City was the tenth-best park system among the most populous U.S. cities, citing the city's park acreage, investment in parks and that 99% of residents are within 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) of a park.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Gateway_National_Recreation_Area/A9EqYdtM">Gateway National Recreation Area</a> contains over 26,000 acres (110 km2), most of it in New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a> In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of <a href="/facts/Salt_marsh/yV4Afzoj">salt marsh</a>, <a href="/facts/Wetland/9abbP7CR">wetlands</a>, islands, and water, including most of <a href="/facts/Jamaica_Bay/plyHBMPp">Jamaica Bay</a> and the <a href="/facts/Jamaica_Bay_Wildlife_Refuge/4mV9NNqz">Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge</a>. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western <a href="/facts/Rockaway_Peninsula/4sBXgAsG">Rockaway Peninsula</a>, most notably <a href="/facts/Jacob_Riis_Park/5e4lJmsX">Jacob Riis Park</a> and <a href="/facts/Fort_Tilden/MWRoeG8B">Fort Tilden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a> In Staten Island, it includes <a href="/facts/Fort_Wadsworth/4UlwFAgQ">Fort Wadsworth</a>, with historic pre-Civil War era <a href="/facts/Battery_Weed/Q2nyd0TT">Battery Weed</a> and <a href="/facts/Fort_Tompkins_Quadrangle/AkQkEmzq">Fort Tompkins</a>, and <a href="/facts/Great_Kills_Park/sJL9Fz1x">Great Kills Park</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monument/9xbSStLo">Statue of Liberty National Monument</a> and <a href="/facts/Ellis_Island_Immigration_Museum/1VF2tBgc">Ellis Island Immigration Museum</a> are managed by the National Park Service and are in both New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by <a href="/facts/Governors_Island_National_Monument/8SjbAE16">Governors Island National Monument</a>. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include <a href="/facts/Stonewall_National_Monument/nkm5vmTX">Stonewall National Monument</a>; <a href="/facts/Castle_Clinton_National_Monument/vrnUrKpK">Castle Clinton National Monument</a>; Federal Hall National Memorial; <a href="/facts/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site/zabK85hA">Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site</a>; <a href="/facts/General_Grant_National_Memorial/dbNDUK1G">General Grant National Memorial</a> (Grant's Tomb); <a href="/facts/African_Burial_Ground_National_Monument/2WkwmuBd">African Burial Ground National Monument</a>; and <a href="/facts/Hamilton_Grange_National_Memorial/z5eyeg95">Hamilton Grange National Memorial</a>. <a href="/facts/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York_City/Ked8ccmJ">Hundreds of properties</a> are listed on the <a href="/facts/National_Register_of_Historic_Places/leUNvfW6">National Register of Historic Places</a> or as a <a href="/facts/National_Historic_Landmark/gSl4aEdv">National Historic Landmark</a>. </p><p>There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City. They include: the <a href="/facts/Clay_Pit_Ponds_State_Park_Preserve/tchRBnJ7">Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve</a>, a natural area that includes extensive <a href="/facts/Trail_riding/WqKtnmY6">riding trails</a>; the <a href="/facts/Riverbank_State_Park/c4T5RQMp">Riverbank State Park</a>, a 28-acre (11 ha) facility;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Marsha_P._Johnson_State_Park/svcKeU3C">Marsha P. Johnson State Park</a>, a state park in Brooklyn and Manhattan that borders the East River renamed in honor of <a href="/facts/Marsha_P._Johnson/wjDKsHTe">Marsha P. Johnson</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a> </p><p>New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of <a href="/facts/Urban_park/eXoHebeq">municipal parkland</a> and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a> The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with 2,772 acres (1,122 ha),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a> and the most visited urban park is the Central Park, and one of the most filmed and visited locations in the world, with 42 million visitors in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a> </p> <h3>Environment</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Environmental_issues_in_New_York_City/lv06XhLS">Environmental issues in New York City</a></p> <p>Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size, density, <a href="/facts/Transportation_in_New_York_City/JzWIHvso">abundant public transportation infrastructure</a>, and its location at the mouth of the Hudson River. For example, it is one of the country's biggest sources of pollution and has the lowest per-capita <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas_emissions/Cu9nXPHE">greenhouse gas emissions</a> rate and electricity usage. <a href="/facts/Governors_Island/tHHL1d8b">Governors Island</a> is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center to make New York City the global leader in addressing the <a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">climate crisis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a> </p><p>As an <a href="/facts/Port/2gfwh4g7">oceanic port</a> city, New York City is vulnerable to long-term manifestations of <a href="/facts/Global_warming/rEN4BDE7">global warming</a> like <a href="/facts/Sea_level_rise/Pb5MGJxb">sea level rise</a> exacerbated by <a href="/facts/Land_subsidence/EIwtz9w9">land subsidence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a> Climate change has spawned the development of a significant <a href="/facts/Green_economy/4gWa46jo">climate resiliency</a> and <a href="/facts/Environmental_sustainability/9oYH9mAs">environmental sustainability</a> economy in the city. New York City has focused on reducing its <a href="/facts/Human_impact_on_the_environment/vIAWqfPB">environmental impact</a> and <a href="/facts/Carbon_footprint/gRb1RaQl">carbon footprint</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Mass_transit/DXhqazz5">Mass transit</a> use is the highest in the country. </p><p>New York's <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._cities_with_high_transit_ridership/w8QID60E">high rate of public transit use</a>, more than 610,000 daily cycling trips as of 2022,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._cities_with_most_pedestrian_commuters/YFR7gBk8">many pedestrian commuters</a> make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a> Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally, the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a> In both 2011 and 2015, <a href="/facts/Walk_Score/Ya08PLNa">Walk Score</a> named New York City the most <a href="/facts/Walkability/mBdIJ42D">walkable</a> large city in the United States,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a> and in 2018, <i>Stacker</i> ranked New York the most walkable American city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Citibank/HmWIPpCk">Citibank</a> sponsored public bicycles for the city's <a href="/facts/Bike-share/3dywV13l">bike-share</a> project, which became known as <a href="/facts/Citi_Bike/bm8Gr0cc">Citi Bike</a>, in 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a> New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a> </p><p>The New York City drinking water supply is extracted from the protected <a href="/facts/Catskill_Mountains/qK5UqX2M">Catskill Mountains</a> watershed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a> As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural <a href="/facts/Water_filtration/1hGhkTKv">water filtration</a> system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require <a href="/facts/Water_treatment/nIstBCdG">water treatment</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a> The city's municipal water system is the nation's largest, moving more than 1 billion U.S. gallons (3.8 billion liters) of water daily from a watershed covering 1,900 square miles (4,900 km2)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a> </p><p>According to the 2016 <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization/YNN3bgug">World Health Organization</a> Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a> the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) was 7.0 micrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0 micrograms within the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Department_of_Health_and_Mental_Hygiene/2nC7M18r">New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene</a>, in partnership with <a href="/facts/Queens_College%2c_City_University_of_New_York/HArzyImw">Queens College</a>, conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_New_York_City/7opjapG1">Demographics of New York City</a> and <a href="/facts/Demographic_history_of_New_York_City/wySuI3Fw">Demographic history of New York City</a></p> Historical population<table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Pop.</th><th>±%</th></tr><tr><th> 1698</th><td>4,937</td><td>— </td></tr><tr><th> 1712</th><td>5,840</td><td>+18.3%</td></tr><tr><th> 1723</th><td>7,248</td><td>+24.1%</td></tr><tr><th> 1737</th><td>10,664</td><td>+47.1%</td></tr><tr><th> 1746</th><td>11,717</td><td>+9.9%</td></tr><tr><th> 1756</th><td>13,046</td><td>+11.3%</td></tr><tr><th> 1771</th><td>21,863</td><td>+67.6%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1790_United_States_census/yDzhBK5c"> 1790</a></th><td>33,131</td><td>+51.5%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1800_United_States_census/csGedvpF"> 1800</a></th><td>60,515</td><td>+82.7%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1810_United_States_census/wUUYwXMt"> 1810</a></th><td>96,373</td><td>+59.3%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1820_United_States_census/1KJ1g64w"> 1820</a></th><td>123,706</td><td>+28.4%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1830_United_States_census/5xDCq8CY"> 1830</a></th><td>202,589</td><td>+63.8%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1840_United_States_census/2Uf0Swfy"> 1840</a></th><td>312,710</td><td>+54.4%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1850_United_States_census/WTl410x7"> 1850</a></th><td>515,547</td><td>+64.9%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1860_United_States_census/E3jCbqK4"> 1860</a></th><td>813,669</td><td>+57.8%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1870_United_States_census/oTcEXqLs"> 1870</a></th><td>942,292</td><td>+15.8%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1880_United_States_census/b380C0t1"> 1880</a></th><td>1,206,299</td><td>+28.0%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1890_United_States_census/RWFwbtDd"> 1890</a></th><td>1,515,301</td><td>+25.6%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1900_United_States_census/P5KTGX4m"> 1900</a></th><td>3,437,202</td><td>+126.8%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1910_United_States_census/tx8Dybwo"> 1910</a></th><td>4,766,883</td><td>+38.7%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1920_United_States_census/qo2C2mIy"> 1920</a></th><td>5,620,048</td><td>+17.9%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1930_United_States_census/3WmH6q6D"> 1930</a></th><td>6,930,446</td><td>+23.3%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1940_United_States_census/CgDsD5ud"> 1940</a></th><td>7,454,995</td><td>+7.6%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1950_United_States_census/4dUrAXAY"> 1950</a></th><td>7,891,957</td><td>+5.9%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1960_United_States_census/W9P7TDzt"> 1960</a></th><td>7,781,984</td><td>−1.4%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1970_United_States_census/r1LsT35a"> 1970</a></th><td>7,894,862</td><td>+1.5%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1980_United_States_census/UjEXH7Ba"> 1980</a></th><td>7,071,639</td><td>−10.4%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1990_United_States_census/uPN5syw5"> 1990</a></th><td>7,322,564</td><td>+3.5%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/2000_United_States_census/oFBpAEqK"> 2000</a></th><td>8,008,288</td><td>+9.4%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/2010_United_States_census/RoYVI17A"> 2010</a></th><td>8,175,133</td><td>+2.1%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/2020_United_States_census/dTEm5TRr"> 2020</a></th><td>8,804,190</td><td>+7.7%</td></tr><tr><th> 2024 est.</th><td>8,478,072</td><td>−3.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>New York City is the most populous city in the US, with 8,804,190 residents as of the <a href="/facts/2020_United_States_census/dTEm5TRr">2020 census</a>, its highest decennial count ever, incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the <a href="/facts/2010_United_States_census/RoYVI17A">2010 census</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a> More than twice as many people live in New York City as in <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles</a>, the second-most populous American city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a> The city's population in 2020 was 35.9% <a href="/facts/White_Americans/H6ToYC5Q">White</a>, 22.7% <a href="/facts/African_Americans/pTgcAdo8">Black</a>, 14.6% <a href="/facts/Asian_Americans/LEbUc3Gb">Asian</a>, 10.5% <a href="/facts/Multiracial_Americans/vAdY6SRS">Mixed</a>, 0.7% <a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">Native American</a> and 0.1% <a href="/facts/Pacific_Islander_Americans/22BvCgE5">Pacific Islander</a>; 28.4% identified themselves as <a href="/facts/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans/rIBPIUd3">Hispanic or Latino</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a> </p><p>Between 2010 and 2020, New York City gained 629,000 residents, more than the total gains over the same decade of the next four largest American cities (Los Angeles, Chicago, <a href="/facts/Houston/1v8AwQUN">Houston</a>, and <a href="/facts/Phoenix%2c_Arizona/MFvp5Upw">Phoenix</a>) combined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a> The city's population density of 27,744.1 inhabitants per square mile (10,712.1/km2) makes it the densest of any American municipality with a population above 100,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a> Manhattan's population density is 70,450.8 inhabitants per square mile (27,201.2/km2), the highest of any county in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a> </p><p>Based on data from the 2020 census, New York City comprises about 43.6% of the state's population of 20,202,320,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a> and about 39% of the population of the <a href="/facts/New_York_metropolitan_area/vGvjnvyK">New York metropolitan area</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a> The majority of New York City residents in 2020 (5,141,539 or 58.4%) were living in Brooklyn or Queens, the two boroughs on Long Island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a> As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a> and the New York City metropolitan statistical area has the largest <a href="/facts/Foreign_born/m8e5arbg">foreign-born population of any metropolitan region</a> in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and <a href="/facts/Miami_metropolitan_area/9FfBJdrn">Miami</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a> Nearly seven times as many young professionals applied for jobs in New York City in 2023 as compared to 2019, making New York the most popular destination for recent college graduates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a> </p> <h3>Ethnicity and nationality</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Race_and_ethnicity_in_New_York_City/wXUVST5w">Race and ethnicity in New York City</a> and <a href="/facts/New_York_City_ethnic_enclaves/MRRqenDh">New York City ethnic enclaves</a></p> <p>According to 2022 estimates from the <a href="/facts/American_Community_Survey/vLQq3I5Q">American Community Survey</a>, the largest self-reported ancestries in New York City were <a href="/facts/Dominican_Americans/b7XQU26l">Dominican</a> (8.7%), <a href="/facts/Chinese_Americans/mjGFo4om">Chinese</a> (7.5%), <a href="/facts/Puerto_Ricans/zEvr37Sv">Puerto Rican</a> (6.9%), <a href="/facts/Italian_Americans/xrp3KgVX">Italian</a> (5.5%), <a href="/facts/Mexican_Americans/sw5sfgPF">Mexican</a> (4.4%), <a href="/facts/Irish_Americans/zs4XIVfN">Irish</a> (4.4%), <a href="/facts/Indian_Americans/7GkRE0Ps">Asian Indian</a> (3.1%), <a href="/facts/German_Americans/KoI8oW3Y">German</a> (2.9%), <a href="/facts/Jamaican_Americans/o7u5URvu">Jamaican</a> (2.4%), <a href="/facts/Ecuadorian_Americans/Jyes54Bt">Ecuadorian</a> (2.3%), <a href="/facts/English_Americans/8YY7vxwl">English</a> (2.1%), <a href="/facts/Polish_Americans/6Qm9BuPH">Polish</a> (1.9%), <a href="/facts/Russian_Americans/PHUDYhRP">Russian</a> (1.7%), <a href="/facts/Arab_Americans/zTJwNqlj">Arab</a> (1.4%), <a href="/facts/Haitian_Americans/S6rnHspt">Haitian</a> (1.4%), <a href="/facts/Guyanese_Americans/7I7gTDLN">Guyanese</a> (1.3%), <a href="/facts/Filipino_Americans/yfDR9lAm">Filipino</a> (1.1%), and <a href="/facts/Korean_Americans/enJdsk1A">Korean</a> (1.1%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Historical demographics</th><th>2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a></th><th>2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a></th><th>1990<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a></th><th>1970<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a></th><th>1940<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Non-Hispanic_whites/oBCzIsEn">White</a> (non-Hispanic)</td><td>30.9%</td><td>33.3%</td><td>43.4%</td><td>64.0%</td><td>92.1%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans/rIBPIUd3">Hispanic or Latino</a></td><td>28.3%</td><td>28.6%</td><td>23.7%</td><td>15.2%</td><td>1.6%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/African_Americans_in_New_York_City/Auf4rf5g">Black or African American</a> (non-Hispanic)</td><td>20.2%</td><td>22.8%</td><td>28.8%</td><td>21.1%</td><td>6.1%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Asians_in_New_York_City/zNG8XxqW">Asian</a> and <a href="/facts/Pacific_Islander_Americans/22BvCgE5">Pacific Islander</a> (non-Hispanic)</td><td>15.6%</td><td>12.6%</td><td>7.0%</td><td>1.2%</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">Native American</a> (non-Hispanic)</td><td>0.2%</td><td>0.2%</td><td>0.4%</td><td>0.1%</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Multiracial_Americans/vAdY6SRS">Two or more races</a> (non-Hispanic)</td><td>3.4%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Based on American Community Survey data from 2018 to 2022, approximately 36.3% of the city's population is <a href="/facts/Foreign_born/m8e5arbg">foreign born</a> (compared to 13.7% nationwide),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a> and 40% of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a> Throughout its history, New York has been a major <a href="/facts/Port_of_entry/npE1vGgd">port of entry</a> for immigrants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a> No single country or region of origin dominates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a> Queens has the largest <a href="/facts/Asian_American/LEbUc3Gb">Asian American</a> and <a href="/facts/Andean_civilizations/ze9mhVvV">Andean populations</a> in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a> </p> <p>The metropolitan area has the largest <a href="/facts/Asian_Indian/7GkRE0Ps">Asian Indian</a> population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest <a href="/facts/Russian_Americans/PHUDYhRP">Russian American</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Italian_American/xrp3KgVX">Italian American</a>, and <a href="/facts/African_American/pTgcAdo8">African American</a> populations; the largest <a href="/facts/Dominican_American/b7XQU26l">Dominican American</a>, <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rican_migration_to_New_York_City/BFBt6Enr">Puerto Rican American</a>, and <a href="/facts/South_American_Americans/2bA7CvQg">South American</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a> and second-largest overall <a href="/facts/Hispanic_and_Latino_American/rIBPIUd3">Hispanic</a> population in the United States, numbering over 5 million. <a href="/facts/Venezuelan_Americans/dzwjdpns">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/facts/Colombian_Americans/MRn1d2Jb">Colombia</a>, <a href="/facts/Guyanese_Americans/7I7gTDLN">Guyana</a>, <a href="/facts/Peruvian_Americans/Qy9jll40">Peru</a>, and <a href="/facts/Brazilian_Americans/xjEk08G5">Brazil</a>, are the top source countries from <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a> for immigrants to the New York City region; the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/facts/Jamaica/jeDulmwE">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/facts/Haiti/yjgyeK9w">Haiti</a>, and <a href="/facts/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans/ShfXeqxJ">Trinidad and Tobago</a> in the <a href="/facts/Caribbeans_in_New_York_City/pEdtxgty">Caribbean</a>; <a href="/facts/Nigerian_Americans/V4IqLtdQ">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Americans/DuSy42jN">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Ghanaian_Americans/R8X0qwh3">Ghana</a>, <a href="/facts/Tanzanian_Americans/A9FeuLtH">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/facts/Kenyan_Americans/AHLRG9zs">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/facts/South_African_Americans/Qobzsyma">South Africa</a> from <a href="/facts/African_immigration_to_the_United_States/XbXUDmK8">Africa</a>; and <a href="/facts/Salvadoran_Americans/C6QRK7Xb">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/facts/Honduran_Americans/a7N6d3IX">Honduras</a>, and <a href="/facts/Guatemalan_Americans/GvBsDAxD">Guatemala</a> in <a href="/facts/Central_America/CXKgTuxC">Central America</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a> </p><p>New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Asian_Americans_in_New_York_City/zNG8XxqW">Asian Americans in New York City</a>, according to the 2010 census, number more than 1.2 million,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a> greater than the combined totals of <a href="/facts/San_Francisco/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a> New York has the largest <a href="/facts/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City/B35aLec1">Chinese</a> population of any city outside Asia,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Chinatown%2c_Manhattan/PAApaK5L">Manhattan's Chinatown</a> is the highest concentration of Chinese people in the <a href="/facts/Western_Hemisphere/g8YNNRQG">Western Hemisphere</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a> and Queens is home to the largest <a href="/facts/Tibetan_people/Qz832p7E">Tibetan</a> population outside Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Arab_Americans/zTJwNqlj">Arab Americans</a> number over 160,000 in New York City,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a> with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. New York City has the highest <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Americans/HPXn82Gz">Palestinian</a> population in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_Central_Asia/uI7LP1Bb">Central Asians</a>, primarily <a href="/facts/Uzbek_American/4ggWonwS">Uzbek Americans</a>, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic White population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a> The metropolitan area is home to 20% of the nation's <a href="/facts/Indians_in_the_New_York_City_metropolitan_region/m7w5SP5f">Indian Americans</a> and at least twenty <a href="/facts/Little_India_(location)/dqgBwSgx">Little India</a> enclaves, and 15% of all <a href="/facts/Korean_Americans_in_New_York_City/CComCRq9">Korean Americans</a> and four <a href="/facts/Koreatown%2c_Manhattan/S7bh4I8o">Koreatowns</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a> </p><p>New York City has the largest <a href="/facts/European_American/yWvvpBhT">European</a> and <a href="/facts/Non-Hispanic_whites/oBCzIsEn">non-Hispanic white</a> population of any American city, numbering 2.7 million in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298"><sup>298</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/European_diaspora/yTNfW0Ut">European diaspora</a> residing in the city is very diverse and many <a href="/facts/New_York_City_ethnic_enclaves/MRRqenDh">European ethnic groups have formed enclaves</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299"><sup>299</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300"><sup>300</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301"><sup>301</sup></a> With 960,000 Jewish inhabitants as of 2023, New York City is home to the highest <a href="/facts/Jewish_population_by_city/pjjK3KRd">Jewish population</a> of any city in the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302"><sup>302</sup></a> and its metropolitan area concentrated over 2 million Jews as of 2021, the second largest Jewish population worldwide after the <a href="/facts/Tel_Aviv_metropolitan_area/oLqLgHQp">Tel Aviv metropolitan area</a> in Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303"><sup>303</sup></a> In the borough of Brooklyn, an estimated one in four residents was Jewish as of 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304"><sup>304</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sexual orientation and gender identity</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City/2bRN6MaL">LGBTQ culture in New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Transgender_culture_of_New_York_City/54ksDk7w">Transgender culture of New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York/tqvfkm12">Same-sex marriage in New York</a>, and <a href="/facts/NYC_Pride_March/4oh40fnX">NYC Pride March</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Drag_March/kPgnDkG1">New York City Drag March</a>, <a href="/facts/Queens_Pride_Parade/Fg8s5qxl">Queens Pride Parade</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City/bcdWaCFP">List of LGBT people from New York City</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_LGBT_events/bJIUA5CV">List of largest LGBT events</a></p> <p>New York City has been described as the <a href="/facts/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City/2bRN6MaL">gay capital</a> of the world and the central node of the <a href="/facts/LGBT/WhVPgNDn">lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender</a> (LGBT) <a href="/facts/Political_sociology/48UfHpGT">sociopolitical ecosystem</a>, and is home to one of the world's largest LGBT populations and the most prominent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305"><sup>305</sup></a> The New York metropolitan area is home to about 570,000 self-identifying <a href="/facts/Gays_in_New_York_City/2bRN6MaL">gay</a> and <a href="/facts/Bisexuality/An3RSnKG">bisexual</a> people, <a href="/facts/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States/yoeLotgN">the largest in the country</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306"><sup>306</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307"><sup>307</sup></a> Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults has been legal in New York since 1980's <i><a href="/facts/New_York_v._Onofre/4BpoJuPs">New York v. Onofre</a></i> case, which invalidated the state's <a href="/facts/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States/FRNTyt5P">sodomy law</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308"><sup>308</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York/tqvfkm12">Same-sex marriage in New York</a> was legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place on July 23, 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309"><sup>309</sup></a> </p> <p>The annual <a href="/facts/NYC_Pride_March/4oh40fnX">NYC Pride March</a> proceeds southward down <a href="/facts/Fifth_Avenue/wTMv028r">Fifth Avenue</a> and ends at <a href="/facts/Greenwich_Village%2c_Manhattan/yqbBHchP">Greenwich Village</a> in Lower Manhattan; the parade is the <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_LGBT_events/bJIUA5CV">largest pride parade in the world</a>, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310"><sup>310</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311"><sup>311</sup></a> The annual <a href="/facts/Queens_Pride_Parade/Fg8s5qxl">Queens Pride Parade</a> is held in <a href="/facts/Jackson_Heights%2c_Queens/nW8NJyAw">Jackson Heights</a> and is accompanied by the ensuing <i>Multicultural Parade</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312"><sup>312</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Stonewall_50_%25E2%2580%2593_WorldPride_NYC_2019/hY2EYgFR">Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019</a> was the <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_LGBT_events/bJIUA5CV">largest international Pride celebration</a> in history, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313"><sup>313</sup></a> New York City is home to the largest <a href="/facts/Transgender/LuADj6gz">transgender</a> population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314"><sup>314</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315"><sup>315</sup></a> Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest <a href="/facts/Transgender_rights/mIGBCwWB">transgender-rights</a> demonstration in LGBT history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from <a href="/facts/Grand_Army_Plaza/Ds383CLY">Grand Army Plaza</a> to <a href="/facts/Fort_Greene%2c_Brooklyn/ftBUxD8U">Fort Greene, Brooklyn</a>, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316"><sup>316</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317"><sup>317</sup></a> </p> <h3>Religion</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/St._Patrick%2527s_Cathedral_(Midtown_Manhattan)/nfzL2RI2">St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)</a>, <a href="/facts/Rockefeller_Center_Christmas_Tree/qxG2F1wj">Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_York_City/PMNK3rzv">History of the Jews in New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam/nAeDS58E">Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/facts/Islam_in_New_York_City/tEyX8tJc">Islam in New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Hindu_Temple_Society_of_North_America/PCEk1CF9">Hindu Temple Society of North America</a>, <a href="/facts/Mahayana_Buddhism_North_America/Y6rhDbuA">Mahayana Buddhism North America</a>, and <a href="/facts/Falun_Gong/felq7ITh">Falun Gong</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christianity</a> is the largest religion (59% adherent) in New York City,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318"><sup>318</sup></a> which is home to the highest number of <a href="/facts/Church_(building)/gtw3YSsd">churches</a> of any city in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319"><sup>319</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholicism</a> is the largest Christian denomination (33%), followed by <a href="/facts/Protestantism/NXja4K3g">Protestantism</a> (23%), and <a href="/facts/List_of_Christian_denominations/9aJlPD6P">other Christian denominations</a> (3%). The <a href="/facts/Latin_Church/PfAJxEDg">Latin Catholic</a> population is primarily served by the <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York/LUWru9og">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York</a> and <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brooklyn/g77Kl4XH">Diocese of Brooklyn</a>, while <a href="/facts/Eastern_Catholic_Churches/TEupXfEm">Eastern Catholics</a> are divided into numerous jurisdictions throughout the city. <a href="/facts/Evangelicalism/64I65VDK">Evangelical Protestantism</a> is the largest branch of Protestantism in the city (9%), followed by <a href="/facts/Mainline_Protestant/ALwjl2TM">Mainline Protestantism</a> (8%), while the converse is usually true for other cities and metropolitan areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320"><sup>320</sup></a> </p><p>With <a href="/facts/Jews_in_New_York_City/PMNK3rzv">960,000 Jewish inhabitants</a> as of 2023, <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Judaism</a> is the second-largest religion practiced in New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321"><sup>321</sup></a> Nearly half of the city's Jews live in Brooklyn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322"><sup>322</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323"><sup>323</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a> ranks as the third-largest religion in New York City, following Christianity and Judaism, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers of Islam, including 10% of the city's public school children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324"><sup>324</sup></a> 22.3% of <a href="/facts/Islam_in_the_United_States/FN9N54D3">American Muslims</a> live in New York City, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greater <a href="/facts/New_York_metropolitan_area/vGvjnvyK">New York metropolitan area</a>, the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the <a href="/facts/Western_Hemisphere/g8YNNRQG">Western Hemisphere</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325"><sup>325</sup></a>—and the most <a href="/facts/Ethnically_diverse/jDbm9eo5">ethnically diverse</a> Muslim population of any city in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326"><sup>326</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Powers_Street_Mosque/obH4S4aG">Powers Street Mosque</a> in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the United States, and represents the first Islamic organization in both the city and the state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327"><sup>327</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328"><sup>328</sup></a> </p><p>Following these three largest religious groups in New York City are <a href="/facts/Hinduism/oxV9YvQh">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/facts/Sikhism/obh7aQIr">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/facts/Zoroastrianism/rM0QUMtg">Zoroastrianism</a>, and others. As of 2023, 24% of Greater New Yorkers identified with no organized religious affiliation, and 4% were self-identified <a href="/facts/Atheist/patUWN1f">atheists</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329"><sup>329</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Economy_of_New_York_City/9nPAWrT4">Economy of New York City</a></p> <p>New York City is a global hub of business and commerce, sometimes called the "Capital of the World".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330"><sup>330</sup></a> Greater New York is the <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_by_GDP/tbUM46Nq">world's largest metropolitan economy</a>, with a <a href="/facts/Gross_metropolitan_product/CD6CqApG">gross metropolitan product</a> estimated at US$2.16 trillion in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331"><sup>331</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332"><sup>332</sup></a> New York is a center for worldwide banking and finance, <a href="/facts/Health_care/LPS1WKbI">health care</a>, and <a href="/facts/Life_sciences/9HYkCgqe">life sciences</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333"><sup>333</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Medical_technology/8kAt4ub0">medical technology</a> and <a href="/facts/Research/mo8joeTL">research</a>, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, <a href="/facts/New_media/AhuRPHpN">new media</a>, <a href="/facts/Traditional_media/hnq8yNRM">traditional media</a>, advertising, <a href="/facts/Legal_services/usFjsEAK">legal services</a>, <a href="/facts/Accountancy/sHznDY3V">accountancy</a>, insurance, and the arts in the United States; while <a href="/facts/Silicon_Alley/At04yIcB">Silicon Alley</a>, <a href="/facts/Metonymy/EdwzPEyE">metonymous</a> for New York's high technology sphere, continues to expand. The <a href="/facts/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey/97VVN5zC">Port of New York and New Jersey</a> is a major economic engine, benefitting <a href="/facts/Panamax/BLSK4Bok">post-Panamax</a> from the expansion of the <a href="/facts/Panama_Canal/Tau1ccDe">Panama Canal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334"><sup>334</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335"><sup>335</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336"><sup>336</sup></a> </p><p>Many <a href="/facts/Fortune_500/BLeHWymz">Fortune 500</a> corporations are headquartered in New York City,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337"><sup>337</sup></a> as are a large number of <a href="/facts/Multinational_corporation/qrMQSMTb">multinational corporations</a>. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting <a href="/facts/Capital_(economics)/lLkzDdoB">capital</a>, business, and tourists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338"><sup>338</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339"><sup>339</sup></a> New York City's role as the top global center for the <a href="/facts/Advertising/Hgz271hW">advertising industry</a> is metonymously reflected as <i><a href="/facts/Madison_Avenue/3qMdm75l">Madison Avenue</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340"><sup>340</sup></a> The city's <a href="/facts/Fashion_industry/WbR38tGI">fashion industry</a> provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341"><sup>341</sup></a> </p><p>Significant other economic sectors include universities and non-profit institutions. <a href="/facts/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States/aldDH3Jl">Manufacturing</a> declined over the 20th century but still accounts for significant employment. The city's apparel and <a href="/facts/Garment_industry/qqYdM2cv">garment industry</a>, historically centered on the <a href="/facts/Garment_District%2c_Manhattan/c6PgFclM">Garment District</a> in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the industry, although revival efforts were underway,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342"><sup>342</sup></a> and the American fashion industry continues to be metonymized as <i><a href="/facts/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)/rIHW9FzJ">Seventh Avenue</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343"><sup>343</sup></a> In 2017, the city had 205,592 employer firms, of which 22.0% were owned by women, 31.3% were minority-owned and 2.7% were owned by veterans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344"><sup>344</sup></a> </p><p>In 2022, the <a href="/facts/Gross_domestic_product/zQRgyFKc">gross domestic product</a> of New York City was US$1.053 trillion, of which $781 billion (74%) was produced by Manhattan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345"><sup>345</sup></a> Like other large cities, New York City has a degree of <a href="/facts/Income_disparity/2Kb0kBH5">income disparity</a>, as indicated by its <a href="/facts/Gini_coefficient/HledImpA">Gini coefficient</a> of 0.55 as of 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346"><sup>346</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347"><sup>347</sup></a> In November 2023, the city had total employment of over 4.75 million of which more than a quarter were in education and health services.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348"><sup>348</sup></a> Manhattan, which accounted for more than half of the city's jobs, had an average weekly wage of $2,590 in the second quarter of 2023, ranking fourth-highest among the nation's 360 largest counties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349"><sup>349</sup></a> New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an <a href="/facts/Income_tax/VVmmfxKU">income tax</a> (about 3%) on its residents;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350"><sup>350</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351"><sup>351</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352"><sup>352</sup></a> despite this tax levy, New York City in 2024 was home by a significant margin to the highest number of <a href="/facts/Billionaire/7goIqHHJ">billionaires</a> of any city in the world, with a total of 110.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353"><sup>353</sup></a> </p> <h3>Wall Street</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Wall_Street/Xt5SxcCN">Wall Street</a> and <a href="/facts/Financial_District%2c_Manhattan/bfINlsva">Financial District, Manhattan</a></p> <p>New York City's most important <a href="/facts/Economic_sector/BuYEmoDX">economic sector</a> lies in its role as a comprehensive <a href="/facts/Financial_center/aGWvLxWC">financial center</a>, metonymously known as <i>Wall Street</i>. <a href="/facts/Lower_Manhattan/bl6eMMHK">Lower Manhattan</a> is home to the <a href="/facts/New_York_Stock_Exchange/XgSV32lk">New York Stock Exchange</a> and the <a href="/facts/Nasdaq/C6GlcQcB">Nasdaq</a>, representing the world's largest and second largest <a href="/facts/Stock_exchange/lTJvjyVW">stock exchanges</a>, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total <a href="/facts/Market_capitalization/LhcMMLHs">market capitalization</a> of their listed companies in 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354"><sup>354</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355"><sup>355</sup></a> In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's <a href="/facts/Securities_industry/lJRYHKgD">securities industry</a> generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356"><sup>356</sup></a> </p><p>New York City remains the largest global center for trading in <a href="/facts/Public_equity/tnJQvSdR">public equity</a> and <a href="/facts/Security_(finance)/lJRYHKgD">debt</a> capital markets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357"><sup>357</sup></a>: 31–32 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358"><sup>358</sup></a> New York also leads in <a href="/facts/Hedge_fund/LYsk45YD">hedge fund</a> management; <a href="/facts/List_of_private_equity_firms/tNExM0RW">private equity</a>; and the monetary volume of <a href="/facts/Mergers_and_acquisitions/YfczSf3M">mergers and acquisitions</a>. Several <a href="/facts/Investment_Banking/WcxWICfI">investment banks</a> and <a href="/facts/Investment_management/DqdgDv2m">investment managers</a> headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359"><sup>359</sup></a>: 34–35 New York is the principal <a href="/facts/Commercial_bank/s7hDSmK4">commercial banking</a> center of the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360"><sup>360</sup></a> </p><p>Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361"><sup>361</sup></a> making New York City the largest office market in the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362"><sup>362</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363"><sup>363</sup></a> while <a href="/facts/Midtown_Manhattan/vc7r8h51">Midtown Manhattan</a>, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364"><sup>364</sup></a> is the largest <a href="/facts/Central_business_district/WSEMBY9I">central business district</a> in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365"><sup>365</sup></a> </p> <h3>Tech and biotech</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Tech%3aNYC/cn0CXyRR">Tech:NYC</a>, <a href="/facts/Tech_companies_in_New_York_City/oYskox3V">Tech companies in New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Biotech_companies_in_New_York_City/eynBP6LT">Biotech companies in New York City</a>, and <a href="/facts/Silicon_Alley/At04yIcB">Silicon Alley</a></p> <p>New York is a top-tier global technology hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366"><sup>366</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367"><sup>367</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Silicon_Alley/At04yIcB">Silicon Alley</a>, once a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region's <a href="/facts/High_tech/td2FYKeX">high technology</a> industries,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368"><sup>368</sup></a> is no longer a relevant moniker as the city's tech environment has expanded dramatically both in location and in scope since at least 2003, when tech business appeared in more places in Manhattan and in other boroughs, and not much <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> was involved.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369"><sup>369</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370"><sup>370</sup></a> New York City's current tech sphere encompasses the array of applications involving universal applications of <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> (AI),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371"><sup>371</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372"><sup>372</sup></a> broadband <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">internet</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373"><sup>373</sup></a> <a href="/facts/New_media/AhuRPHpN">new media</a>, <a href="/facts/Financial_technology/QuR3yrsn">financial technology</a> (<i>fintech</i>) and <a href="/facts/Cryptocurrency/Rg6JAS8y">cryptocurrency</a>, <a href="/facts/Biotechnology/8eFnI6FB">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/facts/Game_design/VayxBcbN">game design</a>, and other fields within <a href="/facts/Information_technology/glMzunwe">information technology</a> that are supported by its <a href="/facts/Entrepreneurship_ecosystem/oGxbE3e7">entrepreneurship ecosystem</a> and <a href="/facts/Venture_capital/yeH3m7zo">venture capital</a> investments. <a href="/facts/Technology/9Uav5WVR">Technology</a>-driven <a href="/facts/Startup_companies/9lsjFELt">startup companies</a> and <a href="/facts/Entrepreneur/gr8E0Su2">entrepreneurial</a> employment are growing in New York City and the region. The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374"><sup>374</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Tech%3aNYC/cn0CXyRR">Tech:NYC</a>, founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375"><sup>375</sup></a> </p><p>New York City's AI sector raised US$483.6 million in venture capital investment in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376"><sup>376</sup></a> In 2023, New York unveiled the first comprehensive initiative to create both a framework of rules and a <a href="/facts/Chatbot/kASkMjs7">chatbot</a> to regulate the use of AI within the sphere of city government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377"><sup>377</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Biotech_and_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_New_Jersey%2fNew_York_metropolitan_region/eynBP6LT">biotechnology</a> sector is growing in New York City, based on the city's strength in academic <a href="/facts/Scientific_research/182j8RWE">scientific research</a> and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of <a href="/facts/Cornell_University/FGyXuXeI">Cornell University</a> and <a href="/facts/Technion-Israel_Institute_of_Technology/BXIHd5sP">Technion-Israel Institute of Technology</a> to build a $2 billion <a href="/facts/Graduate_school/e19zs58x">graduate school</a> of <a href="/facts/Applied_science/13h5uYCH">applied sciences</a> called <a href="/facts/Cornell_Tech/PNbFl5hG">Cornell Tech</a> on <a href="/facts/Roosevelt_Island/VgUlQYX1">Roosevelt Island</a> with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378"><sup>378</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379"><sup>379</sup></a> </p> <h3>Real estate</h3> <p>New York City real estate is a safe haven for global investors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380"><sup>380</sup></a> The total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.479 trillion for the 2017 <a href="/facts/Fiscal_year/qcR3PIXe">fiscal year</a>, an increase of 6.1% from the previous year. Of the total market value, single family homes accounted for $765 billion (51.7%); <a href="/facts/Condominium/UN3Wapsv">condominiums</a>, <a href="/facts/Housing_cooperative/tQcXEHqL">co-ops</a>, and apartment buildings totaled $351 billion (23.7%); and commercial properties were valued at $317 billion (21.4%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381"><sup>381</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382"><sup>382</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Fifth_Avenue/wTMv028r">Fifth Avenue</a> in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at $2,000 per square foot ($22,000/m2) in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383"><sup>383</sup></a> </p><p>New York City has one of the highest <a href="/facts/Cost_of_living/DfExgSJp">costs of living</a> in the world, which is exacerbated by the city's housing shortage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384"><sup>384</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385"><sup>385</sup></a> In 2023, one-bedroom apartments in Manhattan rented at a median monthly price of US$4,443.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386"><sup>386</sup></a> The median house price city-wide is over $1 million as of 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387"><sup>387</sup></a> With 33,000 units available in 2023 among the city's 2.3 million rentable apartments, the vacancy rate was 1.4%, the lowest level since 1968 and a rate that is indicative of a shortage of available units, especially among those with rents below a monthly rental of $1,650, where less than 1% of units were available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388"><sup>388</sup></a> Perennially high demand has pushed median monthly one-bedroom apartment rents in New York City to over US$4,000 and two-bedroom rents to over $5,000, the highest in the United States by a significant margin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389"><sup>389</sup></a> </p> <h3>Tourism</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Tourism_in_New_York_City/IVHphqtC">Tourism in New York City</a></p> <p>Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, and <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Tourism_%252B_Conventions/M03GjMNg">New York City Tourism + Conventions</a> represents the city's official bureau of tourism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390"><sup>390</sup></a> New York has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, with as many as 66.6 million visitors to the city per year, including as many as 13.5 million international visitors, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391"><sup>391</sup></a> Multiple sources have called New York the most photographed city in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392"><sup>392</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393"><sup>393</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394"><sup>394</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/I_Love_New_York/ukFwH3Tu">I Love New York</a></i> (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a <a href="/facts/Logo/nUlH9REj">logo</a> and a song that are the basis of an <a href="/facts/Advertising_campaign/n2TK28lb">advertising campaign</a> and have been used since 1977 to promote <a href="/facts/Tourism_in_New_York_City/IVHphqtC">tourism in New York City</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395"><sup>395</sup></a> and later to promote New York State as well. The <a href="/facts/Trademark/B23H8IS0">trademarked</a> logo is owned by <a href="/facts/Empire_State_Development_Corporation/aP5qzsvq">New York State Empire State Development</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396"><sup>396</sup></a> </p><p>Many <a href="/facts/Lists_of_New_York_City_landmarks/dcInr3zj">districts and monuments</a> in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten-most-visited tourist attractions in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397"><sup>397</sup></a> A record 66.6 million tourists visited New York City in 2019, bringing in $47.4 billion in tourism revenue. Visitor numbers dropped by two-thirds in 2020 during the pandemic, rebounding to 63.3 million in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398"><sup>398</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399"><sup>399</sup></a> Major landmarks in New York City include the <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art/mLfcKgHF">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/facts/Statue_of_Liberty/TlymQ7JI">Statue of Liberty</a>, the <a href="/facts/Empire_State_Building/GgehSMmV">Empire State Building</a>, and Central Park.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400"><sup>400</sup></a> Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the <a href="/facts/Theater_District%2c_Manhattan/e2JtDrrY">Broadway Theater District</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401"><sup>401</sup></a> and a major center of the world's <a href="/facts/Entertainment_industry/XXRnLM62">entertainment industry</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402"><sup>402</sup></a> attracting 50 million visitors annually to one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403"><sup>403</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/The_Broadway_League/qUkhtWAD">The Broadway League</a>, shows on <a href="/facts/Broadway_theatre/6USkK8x9">Broadway</a> sold approximately US$1.54 billion worth of tickets in both the 2022–2023 and the 2023–2024 seasons. Both seasons featured theater attendance of approximately 12.3 million each.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404"><sup>404</sup></a> </p> <h3>Media and entertainment</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Media_in_New_York_City/fg5mnobM">Media in New York City</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/New_Yorkers_in_journalism/cwJnyjfk">New Yorkers in journalism</a></p> <p>New York City has been described as the <a href="/facts/Show_business/J053Qvxa">entertainment</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405"><sup>405</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406"><sup>406</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407"><sup>407</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Digital_media/QLXzDrhL">digital media</a> capital of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408"><sup>408</sup></a> It is a center for the <a href="/facts/Advertising/Hgz271hW">advertising</a>, <a href="/facts/Music_of_New_York_City/sw987egw">music</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_New_York_City_newspapers_and_magazines/Ro1CEc2q">newspaper</a>, digital media, and publishing industries and is the largest media market in North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409"><sup>409</sup></a> Many of the world's largest <a href="/facts/Media_conglomerate/D1JtWucb">media conglomerates</a> are based in the city, including <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros._Discovery/0rV6EadW">Warner Bros. Discovery</a>, the <a href="/facts/Thomson_Reuters_Corporation/GPIlfqa2">Thomson Reuters Corporation</a>, the <a href="/facts/Associated_Press/b4T5P1bT">Associated Press</a>, <a href="/facts/Bloomberg_L.P./2NCtubRH">Bloomberg L.P.</a>, the <a href="/facts/News_Corp/AWVbLHfF">News Corp</a>, <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times_Company/3VRy0GLt">The New York Times Company</a>, <a href="/facts/NBCUniversal/s4QPPX62">NBCUniversal</a>, the <a href="/facts/Hearst_Corporation/rgMl3gAP">Hearst Corporation</a>, <a href="/facts/AOL/MAbT38QS">AOL</a>, <a href="/facts/Fox_Corporation/QPIXjjbN">Fox Corporation</a>, and <a href="/facts/Paramount_Global/7xEPvbjU">Paramount Global</a>. Seven of the world's top eight global <a href="/facts/Advertising_agency/bx9RybxT">advertising agency</a> networks have their headquarters in New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410"><sup>410</sup></a> </p><p>More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411"><sup>411</sup></a> and the publishing industry employs about 11,500 people, with an economic impact of $9.2 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412"><sup>412</sup></a> The two national daily newspapers with the largest daily <a href="/facts/Circulation_(newspaper)/x4KR8wxG">circulations</a> in the United States are published in New York: <i><a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i> broadsheets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413"><sup>413</sup></a> With 132 awards through 2022, <i>The Times</i> has won the most <a href="/facts/Pulitzer_Prize/wD4PN6Xs">Pulitzer Prizes</a> for journalism<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414"><sup>414</sup></a> and is considered the U.S. media's <a href="/facts/Newspaper_of_record/ccA83WD6">newspaper of record</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415"><sup>415</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)/b0r92UUB">Tabloid</a> newspapers in the city include the <i><a href="/facts/New_York_Daily_News/3QE3DzVE">New York Daily News</a></i>, which was founded in 1919 by <a href="/facts/Joseph_Medill_Patterson/IFlg0fYD">Joseph Medill Patterson</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416"><sup>416</sup></a> and the <i><a href="/facts/New_York_Post/zl4I0L2U">New York Post</a></i>, founded in 1801 by <a href="/facts/Alexander_Hamilton/XcKMy8Ke">Alexander Hamilton</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417"><sup>417</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418"><sup>418</sup></a> </p><p>As of 2019, New York City was the second-largest center for <a href="/facts/Filmmaking/GL8DJm3W">filmmaking</a> and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually. The industry employed more than 100,000 people in 2019, generating $12.2 billion in wages and a total economic impact of $64.1 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419"><sup>419</sup></a> By volume, New York is the world leader in <a href="/facts/Independent_film/jrUBoAMB">independent film</a> production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420"><sup>420</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421"><sup>421</sup></a> </p><p>New York is a major center for <a href="/facts/Non-commercial_educational/PsI236yM">non-commercial educational</a> media. <a href="/facts/NYC_Media/WqnsMKSK">NYC Media</a> is the official public radio, television, and online media network and broadcasting service of New York City,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422"><sup>422</sup></a> and has produced several original <a href="/facts/Emmy_Award/M6GvMDJc">Emmy Award</a>-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. The oldest <a href="/facts/Public-access_television/C207SACa">public-access television</a> channel in the United States is the <a href="/facts/Manhattan_Neighborhood_Network/UeRnc0XS">Manhattan Neighborhood Network</a>, founded in 1971.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423"><sup>423</sup></a> <a href="/facts/WNET/44lEdvhn">WNET</a> is the city's major public television station and produces a third of national <a href="/facts/Public_Broadcasting_Service/E6q9udH8">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS) television programming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424"><sup>424</sup></a> <a href="/facts/WNYC/cwpK2Jkd">WNYC</a>, a <a href="/facts/Public_radio/Ez3ayURb">public radio</a> station owned by the city until 1997,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425"><sup>425</sup></a> has the largest public radio audience in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426"><sup>426</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Culture_of_New_York_City/xSxGxGe8">Culture of New York City</a></p> <p>New York City is frequently the <a href="/facts/List_of_films_set_in_New_York_City/y6hUtdkg">setting for novels, movies, and television programs</a> and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427"><sup>427</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428"><sup>428</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429"><sup>429</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430"><sup>430</sup></a> The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the <a href="/facts/Harlem_Renaissance/VmsKpm8Y">Harlem Renaissance</a> in literature and visual art;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431"><sup>431</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432"><sup>432</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Abstract_expressionism/MWmgFNSr">abstract expressionism</a> (known as the <a href="/facts/New_York_School_(art)/54DpvfHp">New York School</a>) in painting; and <a href="/facts/Hip_hop_music/0lsHpwAD">hip-hop</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433"><sup>433</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434"><sup>434</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Punk_rock/voBjpcpS">punk</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435"><sup>435</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Hardcore_punk/eonxzUyP">hardcore</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436"><sup>436</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Salsa_music/W8GjqDcU">salsa</a>, <a href="/facts/Freestyle_music/cCpUwTVj">freestyle</a>, <a href="/facts/Tin_Pan_Alley/QbltdLVz">Tin Pan Alley</a>, certain forms of <a href="/facts/Jazz/lmUzXGq8">jazz</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437"><sup>437</sup></a> and (along with Philadelphia) <a href="/facts/Disco/BQu4rHxV">disco</a> in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438"><sup>438</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439"><sup>439</sup></a> </p><p>One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440"><sup>440</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441"><sup>441</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442"><sup>442</sup></a> which spawned the term <i>New York minute</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443"><sup>443</sup></a> New York City's residents are prominently known for their resilience historically, and more recently related to their management of the impacts of the <a href="/facts/September_11_terrorist_attacks/PfWQcQNx">September 11 terrorist attacks</a> and the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City/KPoRfSNV">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444"><sup>444</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445"><sup>445</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446"><sup>446</sup></a> New York was voted the world's most resilient city in 2021 and 2022, per <a href="/facts/Time_Out_(magazine)/bfIH4JS1"><i>Time Out</i></a>'s global poll of urban residents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447"><sup>447</sup></a> </p> <h3>Theater</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Broadway_theatre/6USkK8x9">Broadway theatre</a> and <a href="/facts/Theater_District%2c_Manhattan/e2JtDrrY">Theater District, Manhattan</a></p> <p>The central <a href="/facts/Theater_District%2c_Manhattan/e2JtDrrY">hub of the American theater scene is Manhattan</a>, with its divisions of <a href="/facts/Broadway_theatre/6USkK8x9">Broadway</a>, <a href="/facts/Off-Broadway/hQbbror7">off-Broadway</a>, and <a href="/facts/Off-off-Broadway/LlyPHPX0">off-off-Broadway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448"><sup>448</sup></a> Many movie and television <a href="/facts/Celebrity/SALdkGV6">stars</a> have gotten their big break working in New York productions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449"><sup>449</sup></a> </p><p>Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after <a href="/facts/Broadway_(Manhattan)/9EqgXlp2">Broadway</a>, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450"><sup>450</sup></a> sometimes referred to as "<a href="/facts/The_Great_White_Way/9EqgXlp2">The Great White Way</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451"><sup>451</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452"><sup>452</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453"><sup>453</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/List_of_Broadway_theaters/Nl2he4f0">Forty-one venues</a> mostly in Midtown Manhattan's <a href="/facts/Theatre_District%2c_Manhattan/e2JtDrrY">Theatre District</a>, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454"><sup>454</sup></a> The 2018–19 Broadway theatre season set records with total attendance of 14.8 million and gross revenue of $1.83 billion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455"><sup>455</sup></a> Recovering from closures forced by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2022–23 revenues rebounded to $1.58 billion with total attendance of 12.3 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456"><sup>456</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457"><sup>457</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Tony_Awards/Md77rBE0">Tony Awards</a> recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458"><sup>458</sup></a> </p> <h3>Accent and dialect</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/New_York_City_English/yvsPeYpX">New York City English</a> and <a href="/facts/New_York_accent/u4ADoCmy">New York accent</a></p> <p>The New York area is home to a distinctive regional accent and speech pattern called the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_English/yvsPeYpX">New York dialect</a>, alternatively known as <i>Brooklynese</i> or <i>New Yorkese</i>. It has been considered one of the most recognizable accents within <a href="/facts/American_English/sdAfgPgM">American English</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459"><sup>459</sup></a> The traditional New York area speech pattern is known for its rapid delivery, and its accent is characterized as <a href="/facts/Rhoticity_in_English/suxS0lNt">non-rhotic</a> so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a <a href="/facts/Syllable/Ylt7pyJe">syllable</a> or immediately before a <a href="/facts/Consonant/81X2SGS6">consonant</a>, therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460"><sup>460</sup></a> The classic version of the New York City dialect is centered on <a href="/facts/Middle_class/6EUq9Mue">middle-</a> and <a href="/facts/Working-class/vX7fPNBo">working-class</a> New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461"><sup>461</sup></a> and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462"><sup>462</sup></a> </p> <h3>Architecture</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Architecture_of_New_York_City/30x4TVTR">Architecture of New York City</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_buildings%2c_sites%2c_and_monuments_in_New_York_City/XR6HzkrV">List of buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City/UdI6KCao">List of tallest buildings in New York City</a></p> <p>New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the Dutch Colonial <a href="/facts/Wyckoff_House/ysBN4K0w">Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House</a> in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern <a href="/facts/One_World_Trade_Center/o35h6ac9">One World Trade Center</a>, the skyscraper at <a href="/facts/World_Trade_Center_site/c9xgaWJH">Ground Zero</a> in Lower Manhattan and the <a href="/facts/List_of_most_expensive_buildings_in_the_world/RoSfrm69">most expensive office tower</a> in the world by construction cost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463"><sup>463</sup></a> </p><p>Manhattan's <a href="/facts/Skyline/8o5P8T13">skyline</a>, with its many skyscrapers, has been recognized as an iconic symbol of the city,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464"><sup>464</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465"><sup>465</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466"><sup>466</sup></a> and the city has been home to several of the <a href="/facts/Skyscraper/5nM0naVB">tallest buildings in the world</a>. As of 2019, New York City had 6,455 high-rise buildings, the third most in the world after <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/facts/Seoul/H0Xloz9o">Seoul</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467"><sup>467</sup></a> </p><p>The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant <a href="/facts/Brownstone/us9vUtP5">brownstone</a> rowhouses and <a href="/facts/Townhouse/c4PXgQky">townhouses</a> and shabby <a href="/facts/Tenement/SLLV7ABo">tenements</a> that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468"><sup>468</sup></a> Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the <a href="/facts/Great_Fire_of_New_York/ysLmNRTg">Great Fire of 1835</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469"><sup>469</sup></a> </p><p>In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as <a href="/facts/Riverdale%2c_Bronx/GhzjR1US">Riverdale</a> (in the Bronx), <a href="/facts/Ditmas_Park%2c_Brooklyn/vQfUnwQU">Ditmas Park</a> (in Brooklyn), and <a href="/facts/Douglaston%2c_Queens/KxtypxyK">Douglaston</a> (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as <a href="/facts/Tudor_Revival_architecture/MuPUfA2I">Tudor Revival</a> and <a href="/facts/Victorian_architecture/cbdUd65l">Victorian</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470"><sup>470</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471"><sup>471</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472"><sup>472</sup></a> </p> High-resolution panorama of <a href="/facts/Midtown_Manhattan/vc7r8h51">Midtown Manhattan</a>, taken from <a href="/facts/Weehawken%2c_New_Jersey/qWoaoGI7">Weehawken, New Jersey</a>, on September 2021. <h3>Arts</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City/xo6wWxKN">List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City</a> and <a href="/facts/Music_of_New_York_City/sw987egw">Music of New York City</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Lincoln_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts/6lPoJGXm">Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts</a>, anchoring <a href="/facts/Lincoln_Square%2c_Manhattan/5PIM6HwM">Lincoln Square</a> on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Opera/QVwYlBK9">Metropolitan Opera</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Opera/gc1ESwpL">New York City Opera</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_Philharmonic/wMG2etJQ">New York Philharmonic</a>, and <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Ballet/4yHCPYSs">New York City Ballet</a>, as well as the <a href="/facts/Vivian_Beaumont_Theater/2CIpNapq">Vivian Beaumont Theater</a>, the <a href="/facts/Juilliard_School/Ma7Fu5hQ">Juilliard School</a>, <a href="/facts/Jazz_at_Lincoln_Center/Uw9lqEEV">Jazz at Lincoln Center</a>, and <a href="/facts/Alice_Tully_Hall/NSy2pLm0">Alice Tully Hall</a>. The <a href="/facts/Lee_Strasberg_Theatre_and_Film_Institute/lw4emWmj">Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute</a> is in <a href="/facts/Union_Square_(New_York_City)/3qfw6tu0">Union Square</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts/fJ7SwTte">Tisch School of the Arts</a> is based at New York University, while <a href="/facts/Central_Park_SummerStage/BAM2DPtJ">Central Park SummerStage</a> presents free concerts in Central Park.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473"><sup>473</sup></a> </p><p>New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 <a href="/facts/Art_gallery/GskyzG3P">art galleries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474"><sup>474</sup></a> The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the <a href="/facts/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts/VMuTnxAq">National Endowment for the Arts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475"><sup>475</sup></a> The city is also home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites. <a href="/facts/Fifth_Avenue/wTMv028r">Museum Mile</a> is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the <a href="/facts/Upper_East_Side/Q1URV0Kv">Upper East Side</a> of Manhattan,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476"><sup>476</sup></a> in the upper portion of <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Hill/CVHT8cP8">Carnegie Hill</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477"><sup>477</sup></a> </p><p>Nine museums occupy this section of Fifth Avenue, including the <a href="/facts/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum/JnopJLkn">Guggenheim</a>, <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art/mLfcKgHF">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/facts/Neue_Galerie_New_York/Ydpwbd8w">Neue Galerie New York</a>, the <a href="/facts/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)/EUodA6CI">Jewish Museum</a>, and <a href="/facts/The_Africa_Center/xGr43392">The Africa Center</a>, making it one of the densest displays of <a href="/facts/High_culture/ckeCtLtk">high culture</a> in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478"><sup>478</sup></a> In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479"><sup>479</sup></a> Many of the world's most lucrative <a href="/facts/Art_auction/H4G5GNMc">art auctions</a> are held in New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480"><sup>480</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481"><sup>481</sup></a> </p><p>The Metropolitan Museum of Art is the <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_art_museums/hHVkB9eU">largest art museum</a> in the <a href="/facts/Americas/hEuUTL4K">Americas</a>. In 2022, it welcomed 3.2 million visitors, ranking it the <a href="/facts/List_of_most-visited_museums_in_the_United_States/KHneSPXN">third-most visited museum</a> in the country, and <a href="/facts/List_of_most-visited_art_museums/5BlhBxlT">eighth-most visited art museum</a> in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482"><sup>482</sup></a> Its permanent collection contains more than two million works across 17 curatorial departments,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483"><sup>483</sup></a> and includes works of art from <a href="/facts/Classical_antiquity/JBq8vEX9">classical antiquity</a> and <a href="/facts/Art_of_ancient_Egypt/Y9zGcIgc">ancient Egypt</a>; paintings and sculptures from nearly all the <a href="/facts/Western_painting/NLSrwJQL">European masters</a>; and an extensive collection of <a href="/facts/Visual_art_of_the_United_States/JJJVyeLV">American</a> and <a href="/facts/Modern_art/8JrMbrVA">modern art</a>. The Met maintains extensive holdings of <a href="/facts/African_art/FhTC0IaV">African</a>, <a href="/facts/Asian_art/9nRm4ypw">Asian</a>, <a href="/facts/Oceanian_art/gpTfMFXn">Oceanian</a>, <a href="/facts/Byzantine_art/AXpB5BUl">Byzantine</a>, and <a href="/facts/Islamic_art/DvrvCYuK">Islamic art</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484"><sup>484</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cuisine</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Cuisine_of_New_York_City/XJEFWP30">Cuisine of New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_restaurants_in_New_York_City/X5BRb9Wk">List of restaurants in New York City</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_Michelin_starred_restaurants_in_New_York_City/w1td4S3G">List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City</a></p> <p>New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's long <a href="/facts/Immigration/8vNxfBhT">immigrant</a> history. <a href="/facts/Central_Europe/VdxzSbJz">Central</a> and <a href="/facts/Eastern_Europe/f5CDGzNA">Eastern European</a> immigrants, especially <a href="/facts/Jewish_Americans/zXED0Gus">Jewish</a> immigrants from those regions, brought <a href="/facts/New_York-style_bagel/l7An97Pw">New York-style bagels</a>, <a href="/facts/Cheesecake/TY6T9JLj">cheesecake</a>, <a href="/facts/Hot_dog/kV8x4Ht0">hot dogs</a>, <a href="/facts/Knish/l4fyx56s">knishes</a>, and <a href="/facts/Delicatessen/JFh6MbNF">delicatessens</a> (delis) to the city. <a href="/facts/Italian_diaspora/Q4NPVo0G">Italian</a> immigrants brought <a href="/facts/New_York-style_pizza/jts5dbsB">New York-style pizza</a> and <a href="/facts/Italian_cuisine/cPxxBQj3">Italian cuisine</a> into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought <a href="/facts/Pastrami/CYTBUFex">pastrami</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485"><sup>485</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Corned_beef/ttv4CRfV">corned beef</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486"><sup>486</sup></a> respectively. <a href="/facts/Chinese_restaurant/gLm7oovb">Chinese</a> and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, <a href="/facts/Trattoria/xnJbQcpX">trattorias</a>, <a href="/facts/Diner/9BLklmk3">diners</a>, and <a href="/facts/Coffeehouse/rrEM3n9e">coffeehouses</a> are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as <a href="/facts/Falafel/zDjU4B2X">falafel</a> and <a href="/facts/Kebab/JYE6lamW">kebabs</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487"><sup>487</sup></a> examples of modern New York <a href="/facts/Street_food/BG01Mg3F">street food</a>. The city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse <a href="/facts/Haute_cuisine/TQSQVY68">haute cuisine</a> restaurants in the world", according to <a href="/facts/Michelin/4Sz59Lsj">Michelin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488"><sup>488</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Department_of_Health_and_Mental_Hygiene/2nC7M18r">New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene</a> assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based on inspection results.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489"><sup>489</sup></a> As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490"><sup>490</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Queens_Night_Market/Xca8Tck3">Queens Night Market</a> in <a href="/facts/Flushing_Meadows%25E2%2580%2593Corona_Park/v67fT5K3">Flushing Meadows–Corona Park</a> attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491"><sup>491</sup></a> </p> <h3>Fashion</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/New_York_Fashion_Week/ygBCHPRB">New York Fashion Week</a> and <a href="/facts/Met_Gala/UJVqn8xa">Met Gala</a></p> <p>New York City is a global <a href="/facts/Fashion_capital/U4jJx5L0">fashion capital</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Fashion/WbR38tGI">fashion industry</a> employs 4.6% of the city's private workforce.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492"><sup>492</sup></a> <a href="/facts/New_York_Fashion_Week/ygBCHPRB">New York Fashion Week</a> (NYFW) is a high-profile semiannual event featuring <a href="/facts/Fashion_model/MbCN8xJz">models</a> displaying the latest wardrobes created by <a href="/facts/Fashion_designer/7M4s70H5">fashion designers</a> worldwide in advance of these fashions proceeding to the marketplace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493"><sup>493</sup></a> </p><p>NYFW sets the tone for the global fashion industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494"><sup>494</sup></a> New York's fashion district encompasses roughly 30 city blocks in <a href="/facts/Midtown_Manhattan/vc7r8h51">Midtown Manhattan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495"><sup>495</sup></a> clustered around a stretch of <a href="/facts/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)/rIHW9FzJ">Seventh Avenue</a> nicknamed <i><a href="/facts/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)/rIHW9FzJ">Fashion Avenue</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496"><sup>496</sup></a> New York's fashion calendar also includes Couture Fashion Week to showcase <a href="/facts/Haute_couture/MDkf5hAR">haute couture</a> styles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497"><sup>497</sup></a> The Met Gala is often described as "Fashion's biggest night".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498"><sup>498</sup></a> </p> <h3>Parades</h3> <p class="note">Further information: List of parades in New York City</p> <p>New York City is well known for its street <a href="/facts/Parade/LJcdoTKb">parades</a>, the majority in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual <a href="/facts/Macy%2527s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade/HTPewGNy">Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade</a> is the world's largest parade,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499"><sup>499</sup></a> beginning alongside Central Park and proceeding southward to the flagship <a href="/facts/Macy%2527s_Herald_Square/W4bFtrJT">Macy's Herald Square</a> store;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500"><sup>500</sup></a> the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501"><sup>501</sup></a> Other notable parades including the annual <a href="/facts/New_York_City_St._Patrick%2527s_Day_Parade/7kxS5IEC">New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade</a> in March, the <a href="/facts/NYC_Pride_March/4oh40fnX">NYC LGBT Pride March</a> in June, the LGBT-inspired <a href="/facts/Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade/VznvMzTj">Greenwich Village Halloween Parade</a> in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. <a href="/facts/List_of_ticker-tape_parades_in_New_York_City/KntUbeQU">Ticker-tape parades</a> celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other accomplishments march northward along the <a href="/facts/Canyon_of_Heroes/9EqgXlp2">Canyon of Heroes</a> on <a href="/facts/Broadway_(Manhattan)/9EqgXlp2">Broadway</a> from <a href="/facts/Bowling_Green_(New_York_City)/pLBNx0lU">Bowling Green</a> to <a href="/facts/City_Hall_Park/FE2fu25l">City Hall Park</a> in Lower Manhattan. </p> <h3>Sports</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Sports_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area/d3strfR9">Sports in the New York metropolitan area</a> and <a href="/facts/Traditional_games_of_New_York_City/NoQW7ox4">Traditional games of New York City</a></p> <p>New York City is home to the headquarters of the <a href="/facts/National_Football_League/cBH0hxRV">National Football League</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502"><sup>502</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Major_League_Baseball/4WW9yef3">Major League Baseball</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503"><sup>503</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/National_Basketball_Association/Vd3EUFfa">National Basketball Association</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504"><sup>504</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/National_Hockey_League/sLo4QAS8">National Hockey League</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505"><sup>505</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Major_League_Soccer/LAwJ4VLr">Major League Soccer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506"><sup>506</sup></a> </p><p>New York City hosted the <a href="/facts/1984_Summer_Paralympics/egcEsqUt">1984 Summer Paralympics</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507"><sup>507</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/1998_Goodwill_Games/mfwY4eXF">1998 Goodwill Games</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508"><sup>508</sup></a> New York City's <a href="/facts/New_York_City_bid_for_the_2012_Summer_Olympics/lCAumokm">bid</a> to host the <a href="/facts/2012_Summer_Olympics/mF4apCwl">2012 Summer Olympics</a> was one of five finalists, but lost out to <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509"><sup>509</sup></a> </p><p>The city has played host to more than 40 major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (<a href="/facts/MetLife_Stadium/4JVDeqt9">MetLife Stadium</a>, the new <a href="/facts/Yankee_Stadium/xgjzRPDW">Yankee Stadium</a>, <a href="/facts/Madison_Square_Garden/l9uUocnH">Madison Square Garden</a>, and <a href="/facts/Citi_Field/z2gB3os4">Citi Field</a>) are in the New York metropolitan area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510"><sup>510</sup></a> </p><p>The city is represented in the National Football League by the <a href="/facts/New_York_Giants/PVYwWULp">New York Giants</a> and the <a href="/facts/New_York_Jets/rJq6jtCj">New York Jets</a>, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby <a href="/facts/East_Rutherford%2c_New_Jersey/wrMcjPmY">East Rutherford, New Jersey</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511"><sup>511</sup></a> which hosted <a href="/facts/Super_Bowl_XLVIII/X96Tdo6o">Super Bowl XLVIII</a> in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512"><sup>512</sup></a> </p><p>The city's two Major League Baseball teams are the <a href="/facts/New_York_Mets/hYIMH7kG">New York Mets</a>, who play at 41,800-seat Citi Field in Queens and the <a href="/facts/New_York_Yankees/FFNE7F0J">New York Yankees</a>, who play at 47,400-seat <a href="/facts/Yankee_Stadium/xgjzRPDW">Yankee Stadium</a> in the Bronx.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513"><sup>513</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Mets%25E2%2580%2593Yankees_rivalry/4lHGRrEp">two rivals compete</a> in six games of <a href="/facts/Interleague_play/WhR2ULEp">interleague play</a> every regular season, called the <a href="/facts/Subway_Series/13UqYfEB">Subway Series</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514"><sup>514</sup></a> The Yankees have won an MLB-record 27 championships,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515"><sup>515</sup></a> while the Mets have won the <a href="/facts/World_Series/l50eYfN3">World Series</a> twice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516"><sup>516</sup></a> The city was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles_Dodgers/ax1YjEKT">Los Angeles Dodgers</a>), who won the World Series once,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517"><sup>517</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/New_York_Giants_(NL)/kDlC0KXl">New York Giants</a> (now the <a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Giants/kClzp1nU">San Francisco Giants</a>), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518"><sup>518</sup></a> There is one <a href="/facts/Minor_League_Baseball/7vFxYneR">Minor League Baseball</a> team in the city, the Mets-affiliated <a href="/facts/Brooklyn_Cyclones/gKt8JUrk">Brooklyn Cyclones</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519"><sup>519</sup></a> and the city gained a club in the independent <a href="/facts/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball/4TQHlJBS">Atlantic League</a> when the <a href="/facts/Staten_Island_FerryHawks/RF4fp6tT">Staten Island FerryHawks</a> began play in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520"><sup>520</sup></a> </p><p>The city's National Basketball Association teams are the <a href="/facts/New_York_Knicks/U9lJFI6g">New York Knicks</a>, who play at <a href="/facts/Madison_Square_Garden/l9uUocnH">Madison Square Garden</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Brooklyn_Nets/5tL057Rj">Brooklyn Nets</a>, who play at the <a href="/facts/Barclays_Center/9eHKwTLD">Barclays Center</a>. The <a href="/facts/New_York_Liberty/UmRGvfAf">New York Liberty</a> is the city's <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_National_Basketball_Association/XsNIrXRF">Women's National Basketball Association</a> team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the <a href="/facts/National_Invitation_Tournament/E2qPR1U1">National Invitation Tournament</a>, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521"><sup>521</sup></a> </p><p>The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The <a href="/facts/New_York_Rangers/TvXNe8Gh">New York Rangers</a>, one of the league's <a href="/facts/Original_Six/NIh4R8kM">Original Six</a>, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The <a href="/facts/New_York_Islanders/e19j7neY">New York Islanders</a>, traditionally representing <a href="/facts/Long_Island/u42NF647">Long Island</a>, play in <a href="/facts/UBS_Arena/3HDWFaUk">UBS Arena</a> in <a href="/facts/Elmont%2c_New_York/Mr0xHr2f">Elmont, New York</a>, but played in Brooklyn's Barclays Center from 2015 to 2020. The <a href="/facts/New_Jersey_Devils/D0ID0KT2">New Jersey Devils</a> play at <a href="/facts/Prudential_Center/YgwEaVDm">Prudential Center</a> in nearby <a href="/facts/Newark%2c_New_Jersey/7EDymxTt">Newark, New Jersey</a>. </p><p>New York City is represented by <a href="/facts/New_York_City_FC/qSKPnauH">New York City FC</a> of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522"><sup>522</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/New_York_Red_Bulls/Nt6FKudb">New York Red Bulls</a>, who play their home games at <a href="/facts/Sports_Illustrated_Stadium/6N5omEzx">Sports Illustrated Stadium</a> in nearby <a href="/facts/Harrison%2c_New_Jersey/QhVw8owD">Harrison, New Jersey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523"><sup>523</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Gotham_FC/JaVnJNXb">Gotham FC</a> in the <a href="/facts/National_Women%2527s_Soccer_League/Ytc4Esmz">National Women's Soccer League</a> plays their home games in Sports Illustrated Stadium. <a href="/facts/Brooklyn_FC_(USL)/hxQbAKKh">Brooklyn FC</a> is a professional soccer club based in that borough, fielding a women's team in the first-division <a href="/facts/USL_Super_League/2s0oXBX5">USL Super League</a> starting in 2024 and a men's team in the second-division <a href="/facts/USL_Championship/rf9RwjvY">USL Championship</a> in 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524"><sup>524</sup></a> New York was a host city for the <a href="/facts/1994_FIFA_World_Cup/17zzH74g">1994 FIFA World Cup</a>, with matches being played at <a href="/facts/Giants_Stadium/JcVxW7hk">Giants Stadium</a> in neighboring <a href="/facts/East_Rutherford%2c_New_Jersey/wrMcjPmY">East Rutherford, New Jersey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525"><sup>525</sup></a> New York City will be one of eleven host cities for the <a href="/facts/2026_FIFA_World_Cup/3n9w4U81">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>, with the <a href="/facts/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_final/qeohUwoX">final</a> set to be played at MetLife Stadium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526"><sup>526</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527"><sup>527</sup></a> </p><p>The annual <a href="/facts/US_Open_(tennis)/1EKXXJ1o">US Open</a> is one of four <a href="/facts/Grand_Slam_(tennis)/ByjyRGUW">Grand Slam</a> tennis tournaments and is held at the <a href="/facts/USTA_National_Tennis_Center/RHH9qEcW">National Tennis Center</a> in <a href="/facts/Flushing_Meadows%25E2%2580%2593Corona_Park/v67fT5K3">Flushing Meadows–Corona Park</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528"><sup>528</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Marathon/LYW1yenj">New York City Marathon</a>, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,402 finishers in 2023, who came from all 50 states and 148 nations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529"><sup>529</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Millrose_Games/0Tw183tG">Millrose Games</a> is an annual <a href="/facts/Track_and_field/UNg97aPX">track and field</a> meet held at the <a href="/facts/Fort_Washington_Avenue_Armory/MJBBu1LD">Fort Washington Avenue Armory</a>, whose featured event is the <a href="/facts/Wanamaker_Mile/bqpL1IyX">Wanamaker Mile</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530"><sup>530</sup></a> Boxing is a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the <a href="/facts/New_York_Golden_Gloves/LU9N30zJ">New York Golden Gloves</a> held at Madison Square Garden each year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531"><sup>531</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="human-resources">Human resources</h2> <h3>Education</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Education_in_New_York_City/GwhW9C0t">Education in New York City</a></p> <p>New York City has the largest educational system of any city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532"><sup>532</sup></a> The city's educational infrastructure spans <a href="/facts/Primary_education/FnXkdxDW">primary education</a>, <a href="/facts/Secondary_education/Cpsxkx3v">secondary education</a>, <a href="/facts/Higher_education/6GjdtJap">higher education</a>, and <a href="/facts/Research/mo8joeTL">research</a>. The <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Public_Schools/xYV0mn1l">New York City Public Schools</a> system, managed by the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Department_of_Education/xYV0mn1l">New York City Department of Education</a>, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in approximately 1,800 separate primary and secondary schools, including <a href="/facts/Charter_schools/mvttNkwB">charter schools</a>, as of 2017–2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533"><sup>533</sup></a> There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534"><sup>534</sup></a> </p> <p>The <a href="/facts/New_York_Public_Library/2BfpGN3P">New York Public Library</a> (NYPL) has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535"><sup>535</sup></a> Queens is served by the <a href="/facts/Queens_Borough_Public_Library/o5PzaNCz">Queens Borough Public Library</a> (QPL), the nation's second-largest public library system, while the <a href="/facts/Brooklyn_Public_Library/EmJKKhLN">Brooklyn Public Library</a> (BPL) serves Brooklyn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536"><sup>536</sup></a> </p><p>More than a million students, the highest number of any city in the United States,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537"><sup>537</sup></a> are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, with more than half a million in the <a href="/facts/City_University_of_New_York/tSvG2Sgp">City University of New York</a> (CUNY) system alone as of 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538"><sup>538</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities/Bko6kc5H">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any <a href="/facts/Global_city/Lqv5NqA5">global city</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539"><sup>539</sup></a> </p><p>The public CUNY system comprises 25 institutions across all five boroughs. The public <a href="/facts/State_University_of_New_York/EuEWW1KJ">State University of New York</a> (SUNY) system's campuses in New York City include <a href="/facts/SUNY_Downstate_Health_Sciences_University/60SjA8Q6">SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University</a>, <a href="/facts/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology/2SYRmkby">Fashion Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/facts/SUNY_Maritime_College/B5sg1XDB">SUNY Maritime College</a>, and <a href="/facts/SUNY_College_of_Optometry/j9vNXJmC">SUNY College of Optometry</a>. New York City is home to such notable private universities as <a href="/facts/Adelphi_University/xtN4jDUV">Adelphi University</a>, <a href="/facts/Barnard_College/wuo1dlWK">Barnard College</a>, <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/facts/Cooper_Union/jqbmQ9eV">Cooper Union</a>, <a href="/facts/Fordham_University/LX3CbuzH">Fordham University</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_University/4UnIkThy">New York University</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_Institute_of_Technology/aaDvUB2C">New York Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/facts/Rockefeller_University/aKJwezNa">Rockefeller University</a>, <a href="/facts/Mercy_University/epgNphQA">Mercy University</a>, <a href="/facts/Cornell_Tech/PNbFl5hG">Cornell Tech</a> and <a href="/facts/Yeshiva_University/bHXF72Dr">Yeshiva University</a>; several of these are ranked among the top universities in the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540"><sup>540</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:541" href="#fn:541"><sup>541</sup></a> while some of the world's most prestigious institutions like <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton University</a> and <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a> remain in the <a href="/facts/New_York_metropolitan_area/vGvjnvyK">New York metropolitan area</a>. </p><p>Much of the <a href="/facts/Scientific_research/182j8RWE">scientific research</a> in the city is done in medicine and the <a href="/facts/Life_sciences/9HYkCgqe">life sciences</a>. In 2019, the New York metropolitan area ranked first <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_by_scientific_output/xlaUsYTp">by share of published articles in life sciences</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:542" href="#fn:542"><sup>542</sup></a> New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, and in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:543" href="#fn:543"><sup>543</sup></a> There are 127 <a href="/facts/Nobel_laureate/3vGWzdwa">Nobel laureates</a> with roots in local institutions as of 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:544" href="#fn:544"><sup>544</sup></a> </p> <h3>Health</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Healthcare_in_New_York_City/JEdrM76a">Healthcare in New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/NYC_Health_%252B_Hospitals/fplrW6up">NYC Health + Hospitals</a>, and <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Department_of_Health_and_Mental_Hygiene/2nC7M18r">New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene</a></p> <p>New York City is a center for healthcare and medical training, with employment of over 750,000 in the city's health care sector.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:545" href="#fn:545"><sup>545</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:546" href="#fn:546"><sup>546</sup></a> Private hospitals in New York City include the <a href="/facts/Hospital_for_Special_Surgery/g4J176dr">Hospital for Special Surgery</a>, <a href="/facts/Lenox_Hill_Hospital/tmwx1Af0">Lenox Hill Hospital</a>, <a href="/facts/Long_Island_Jewish_Medical_Center/RUoagIJV">Long Island Jewish Medical Center</a>, <a href="/facts/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering_Cancer_Center/M9BVl8tB">Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center</a>, <a href="/facts/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Manhattan)/BjyqHqPD">Mount Sinai Hospital</a>, <a href="/facts/NewYork-Presbyterian_Hospital/uXQALLlQ">NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital</a>, and <a href="/facts/NYU_Langone_Health/XpjRS9Wb">NYU Langone Health</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:547" href="#fn:547"><sup>547</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Medical_school/Iqjoctde">Medical schools</a> include <a href="/facts/SUNY_Downstate_College_of_Medicine/60SjA8Q6">SUNY Downstate College of Medicine</a> in Brooklyn, <a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine/nKkhGyRw">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</a> in the Bronx, and <a href="/facts/CUNY_School_of_Medicine/aKFg3snP">CUNY School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/facts/Touro_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine/V0Jjtqxe">Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine</a>, <a href="/facts/Columbia_University_Vagelos_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons/V3H2XKGE">Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons</a>, <a href="/facts/Weill_Cornell_Medicine/nDrSYTTS">Weill Cornell Medicine</a>, <a href="/facts/Icahn_School_of_Medicine_at_Mount_Sinai/LAoj53uk">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</a>, and <a href="/facts/New_York_University_School_of_Medicine/nGCxkgn7">New York University School of Medicine</a> in Manhattan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:548" href="#fn:548"><sup>548</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/NYC_Health_%252B_Hospitals/fplrW6up">NYC Health + Hospitals</a> (HHC) is a <a href="/facts/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations/jVlRV1zy">public-benefit corporation</a> established in 1969 which operates the city's <a href="/facts/Public_hospital/htrSvVII">public hospitals</a> and a network of <a href="/facts/Outpatient_care/AXaQLHqJ">outpatient</a> clinics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:549" href="#fn:549"><sup>549</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:550" href="#fn:550"><sup>550</sup></a> As of 2021, HHC is the largest American municipal healthcare system with $10.9 billion in annual revenues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:551" href="#fn:551"><sup>551</sup></a> HHC serves 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:552" href="#fn:552"><sup>552</sup></a> HHC operates eleven <a href="/facts/Acute_care/ombH1WMt">acute-care</a> hospitals, four <a href="/facts/Skilled_nursing_facilities/mdB3nWJ4">skilled nursing facilities</a>, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based <a href="/facts/Primary_care/7oDNVSE0">primary care</a> sites, serving primarily the city's poor and working-class residents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:553" href="#fn:553"><sup>553</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:554" href="#fn:554"><sup>554</sup></a> HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of New York City's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance, enrolling 670,000 city residents as of June 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:555" href="#fn:555"><sup>555</sup></a> </p><p>HHC's facilities annually provides service to millions of New Yorkers, interpreted in more than 190 languages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:556" href="#fn:556"><sup>556</sup></a> The best-known hospital in the HHC system is <a href="/facts/Bellevue_Hospital/lR5GwzBG">Bellevue Hospital</a>, the oldest public hospital in the United States, established in 1736.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:557" href="#fn:557"><sup>557</sup></a> Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president and other <a href="/facts/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government/gqDv626f">world leaders</a> should they require care while in New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:558" href="#fn:558"><sup>558</sup></a> </p><p>The city banned smoking in most parts of restaurants in 1995 and prohibited smoking in bars, restaurants and places of public employment in 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:559" href="#fn:559"><sup>559</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Pharmacies/P2KTFVdW">Pharmacies</a> are banned from selling smoked and vaped products in New York State.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:560" href="#fn:560"><sup>560</sup></a> </p><p>New York City enforces a <a href="/facts/Right_to_housing/SVGv5mMQ">right-to-shelter</a> law guaranteeing shelter to anyone who needs it, regardless of their immigration, socioeconomic, or housing status, which entails providing adequate shelter and food.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:561" href="#fn:561"><sup>561</sup></a> As a result, while New York has the highest total homeless population of American cities, only 5% were unsheltered by the city, representing a significantly lower percentage of outdoor homelessness than in other cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:562" href="#fn:562"><sup>562</sup></a> As of 2023, there were 92,824 <a href="/facts/Homelessness_in_the_United_States/hRfLr66k">homeless people</a> sleeping nightly in the shelter system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:563" href="#fn:563"><sup>563</sup></a> </p> <h3>Public safety</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Police_Department/hKR106kT">New York City Police Department</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Fire_Department/cyAjE4NA">New York City Fire Department</a>, <a href="/facts/Crime_in_New_York_City/qGftehXW">Crime in New York City</a>, and <a href="/facts/Law_enforcement_in_New_York_City/Ndj6CAmC">Law enforcement in New York City</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Police_Department/hKR106kT">New York Police Department</a> (NYPD) is the largest police force in the United States, with more than 36,000 sworn officers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:564" href="#fn:564"><sup>564</sup></a> Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, <i>New York's Finest</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:565" href="#fn:565"><sup>565</sup></a> </p><p>The city saw a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:566" href="#fn:566"><sup>566</sup></a> Crime overall has trended downward in New York City since the 1990s;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:567" href="#fn:567"><sup>567</sup></a> violent crime decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:568" href="#fn:568"><sup>568</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Stop-and-frisk_in_New_York_City/fyfB4De4">NYPD's stop-and-frisk</a> program was declared unconstitutional in 2013 as a "policy of indirect <a href="/facts/Racial_profiling/ubS94PW6">racial profiling</a>" of Black and Mixed residents,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:569" href="#fn:569"><sup>569</sup></a> although claims of disparate impact continued in subsequent years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:570" href="#fn:570"><sup>570</sup></a> The stop-and-frisk program had been widely credited as being behind the decline in crime, though rates continued dropping in the years after the program ended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:571" href="#fn:571"><sup>571</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:572" href="#fn:572"><sup>572</sup></a> </p><p>The city set a record high of 2,245 murders in 1990 and hit a near-70-year record low of 289 in 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:573" href="#fn:573"><sup>573</sup></a> The number of murders and the rate of 3.3 per 100,000 residents in 2017 was the lowest since 1951.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:574" href="#fn:574"><sup>574</sup></a> New York City recorded 386 murders in 2023, a decline of 12% from the previous year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:575" href="#fn:575"><sup>575</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:576" href="#fn:576"><sup>576</sup></a> New York City had <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_by_homicide_rate/uCIcKpjU">one of the lowest homicide rates among the ten largest U.S. cities</a> at 5.5 per 100,000 residents in 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:577" href="#fn:577"><sup>577</sup></a> </p><p>New York City <a href="/facts/Gun_Laws_in_New_York_City/XxXeNbpN">has stricter gun laws</a> than most <a href="/facts/Gun_law_in_the_United_States/R4BPlJRX">other cities in the United States</a>—a license to own any firearm is required, and the <a href="/facts/NY_SAFE_Act/blWTJadP">NY SAFE Act</a> of 2013 <a href="/facts/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States/gMAqU0Wb">banned assault weapons</a>. New York State had the fifth-lowest gun death rate of the states in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:578" href="#fn:578"><sup>578</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Organized_crime/m2eEga1z">Organized crime</a> has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the <a href="/facts/Forty_Thieves_(New_York_gang)/uHz5LxBk">Forty Thieves</a> and the <a href="/facts/Roach_Guards/stR0X37H">Roach Guards</a> in the <a href="/facts/Five_Points%2c_Manhattan/6Tn0T0wr">Five Points</a> neighborhood in the 1820s, followed by the <a href="/facts/Tong_(organization)/EAHU17Gt">Tongs</a> in the same neighborhood, which ultimately evolved into Chinatown, Manhattan. The 20th century saw a rise in the <a href="/facts/American_Mafia/TsLbHSdA">Mafia</a>, dominated by the <a href="/facts/Five_Families/dT7EBPEu">Five Families</a>, as well as in <a href="/facts/Gang/Wj4omovT">gangs</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Black_Spades/o9QoYqdV">Black Spades</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:579" href="#fn:579"><sup>579</sup></a> The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:580" href="#fn:580"><sup>580</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:581" href="#fn:581"><sup>581</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Fire_Department/cyAjE4NA">Fire Department of New York</a> (FDNY) provides <a href="/facts/Fire_protection/D0sYanS9">fire protection</a>, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and <a href="/facts/Emergency_medical_services/K1uGpEH0">emergency medical services</a>. FDNY faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to <a href="/facts/List_of_building_types/pMLx7UEx">building types</a> that range from wood-frame single family homes to <a href="/facts/High-rise/dfTrBY0s">high-rise structures</a>, the FDNY responds to fires that occur in the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Subway/1NKtIgLr">New York City Subway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:582" href="#fn:582"><sup>582</sup></a> Secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires, also present challenges. The FDNY is headquartered at <a href="/facts/9_MetroTech_Center/f3txyyMe">9 MetroTech Center</a> in <a href="/facts/Downtown_Brooklyn/K58PaHsn">Downtown Brooklyn</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:583" href="#fn:583"><sup>583</sup></a> and the FDNY Fire Academy is on <a href="/facts/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands/ageY316R">Randalls Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:584" href="#fn:584"><sup>584</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="transportation">Transportation</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Transportation_in_New_York_City/JzWIHvso">Transportation in New York City</a></p> <h3>Rapid transit</h3> <p>Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the country, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:585" href="#fn:585"><sup>585</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:586" href="#fn:586"><sup>586</sup></a> </p> <h4>Buses</h4> <p>New York City's public <a href="/facts/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations/hPV3dfcK">bus fleet</a> runs <a href="/facts/24%2f7_service/rz7EnUGz">24/7</a> and is the largest in North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:587" href="#fn:587"><sup>587</sup></a> The New York City bus system serves the most passengers of any city in the nation: In 2022, <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Transit_Authority/Pjz6LVgV">MTA New York City Transit</a>'s buses served 483.5 million trips, while <a href="/facts/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations/hPV3dfcK">MTA Regional Bus Operations</a> handled 100.3 million trips.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:588" href="#fn:588"><sup>588</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal/5R1Xwhn7">Port Authority Bus Terminal</a> is the city's main <a href="/facts/Intercity_bus/QqajQmfr">intercity bus</a> terminal and the world's busiest bus station, serving 250,000 passengers on 7,000 buses each workday in a building opened in 1950 that was designed to accommodate 60,000 daily passengers. A 2021 plan announced by the Port Authority would spend $10 billion to expand capacity and modernize the facility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:589" href="#fn:589"><sup>589</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:590" href="#fn:590"><sup>590</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:591" href="#fn:591"><sup>591</sup></a> In 2024, the Port Authority announced plans for a new terminal that would feature a glass atrium at a new main entrance on 41st Street.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:592" href="#fn:592"><sup>592</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:593" href="#fn:593"><sup>593</sup></a> </p> <h4>Rail</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Subway/1NKtIgLr">New York City Subway</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Subway/1NKtIgLr">New York City Subway</a> system is the largest <a href="/facts/Rapid_transit/bbhkQbAW">rapid transit</a> system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to most subway systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:594" href="#fn:594"><sup>594</sup></a> The New York City Subway is <a href="/facts/Metro_systems_by_annual_passenger_rides/GtsDDIYJ">the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:595" href="#fn:595"><sup>595</sup></a> with 1.70 billion passenger rides in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:596" href="#fn:596"><sup>596</sup></a> </p><p>Public transport is widely used in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using <a href="/facts/Public_transport/DXhqazz5">mass transit</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:597" href="#fn:597"><sup>597</sup></a> This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:598" href="#fn:598"><sup>598</sup></a> According to the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Comptroller/81BxzlEG">New York City Comptroller</a>, workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:599" href="#fn:599"><sup>599</sup></a> New York is the only American city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:600" href="#fn:600"><sup>600</sup></a> Due to their <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._cities_with_high_transit_ridership/w8QID60E">high usage of mass transit</a>, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:601" href="#fn:601"><sup>601</sup></a> </p><p>New York City's <a href="/facts/Commuter_rail/5AzytgF3">commuter rail</a> network is the largest in North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:602" href="#fn:602"><sup>602</sup></a> The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the <a href="/facts/Long_Island_Rail_Road/NvtkcfWk">Long Island Rail Road</a>, <a href="/facts/Metro-North_Railroad/gdP6NoLA">Metro-North Railroad</a>, and <a href="/facts/New_Jersey_Transit_rail_operations/L3UfagqA">New Jersey Transit</a>. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and <a href="/facts/New_York_Penn_Station/YLWCKJkW">New York Penn Station</a> and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:603" href="#fn:603"><sup>603</sup></a> The elevated <a href="/facts/AirTrain_JFK/wemu0Epj">AirTrain JFK</a> in Queens connects <a href="/facts/JFK_International_Airport/UcNGmMFm">JFK International Airport</a> to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:604" href="#fn:604"><sup>604</sup></a> For <a href="/facts/Inter-city_rail/1KGsHKVC">inter-city rail</a>, New York City is served by <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3">Amtrak</a>, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Penn Station on the <a href="/facts/West_Side_(Manhattan)/yXubBc0L">West Side</a> of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the <a href="/facts/Northeast_Corridor/9XXxRFh2">Northeast Corridor</a>, and long-distance train service to other North American cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:605" href="#fn:605"><sup>605</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Staten_Island_Railway/qd4SCsFs">Staten Island Railway</a> rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day, with access to Manhattan from the <a href="/facts/St._George_Terminal/eyWGf23A">St. George Terminal</a> via the <a href="/facts/Staten_Island_Ferry/DrrES3HI">Staten Island Ferry</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:606" href="#fn:606"><sup>606</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/PATH_(rail_system)/E4r9chQc">PATH</a> train links Midtown and Lower Manhattan with <a href="/facts/Hoboken_Terminal/21dHD3Jk">Hoboken Terminal</a> and <a href="/facts/Newark_Penn_Station/XfQPkU0D">Newark Penn Station</a> in New Jersey, and then those stations with the <a href="/facts/World_Trade_Center_station_(PATH)/SBXaR7xX">World Trade Center Oculus</a> across the Hudson River.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:607" href="#fn:607"><sup>607</sup></a> Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day, meaning three of the five American rapid transit systems which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:608" href="#fn:608"><sup>608</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Grand_Central_Terminal/sR09Dj8Q">Grand Central Terminal</a> is the world's largest train station by number of <a href="/facts/Rail_platform/vdMzCmJ3">rail platforms</a> and acres occupied.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:609" href="#fn:609"><sup>609</sup></a> </p><p>Multibillion-dollar <a href="/facts/Heavy_rail/q7x1LfcN">heavy rail</a> transit projects under construction in New York City include the <a href="/facts/Second_Avenue_Subway/xLHupyJf">Second Avenue Subway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:610" href="#fn:610"><sup>610</sup></a> </p> <h3>Air</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Aviation_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area/eLj7nSDs">Aviation in the New York metropolitan area</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Aviation_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area/eLj7nSDs">New York's airspace</a> is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area are <a href="/facts/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport/UcNGmMFm">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> (with 55.3 million passengers), <a href="/facts/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport/hTLe2U2N">Newark Liberty International Airport</a> (43.6 million) and <a href="/facts/LaGuardia_Airport/M8TFJbam">LaGuardia Airport</a> (29.0 million); 127.9 million travelers used these three airports in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:611" href="#fn:611"><sup>611</sup></a> JFK and Newark Liberty were the <a href="/facts/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_United_States/z5jkIAJ6">busiest and fourth-busiest U.S. gateways</a> for international air passengers, respectively, in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:612" href="#fn:612"><sup>612</sup></a> As of 2011, JFK was the <a href="/facts/World%2527s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic/8SbzzTgH">busiest airport for international passengers</a> in North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:613" href="#fn:613"><sup>613</sup></a> </p><p>Described in 2014 by then-<a href="/facts/Vice_President_of_the_United_States/tYWUGv0A">Vice President</a> <a href="/facts/Joe_Biden/fe2ThfUp">Joe Biden</a> as the kind of airport travelers would see in "some third world country", LaGuardia Airport has undergone an $8 billion project with federal and state support that has replaced its aging facilities with modern terminals and roadways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:614" href="#fn:614"><sup>614</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:615" href="#fn:615"><sup>615</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:616" href="#fn:616"><sup>616</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:617" href="#fn:617"><sup>617</sup></a> Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, <a href="/facts/Stewart_International_Airport/xkfUH4RS">Stewart International Airport</a>, near <a href="/facts/Newburgh%2c_New_York/lAK8WJLE">Newburgh, New York</a>, by the <a href="/facts/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey/KjQdrqjD">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:618" href="#fn:618"><sup>618</sup></a> Other commercial airports in or serving the <a href="/facts/New_York_metropolitan_area/vGvjnvyK">New York metropolitan area</a> include <a href="/facts/Long_Island_MacArthur_Airport/RQInSct5">Long Island MacArthur Airport</a>, <a href="/facts/Trenton%25E2%2580%2593Mercer_Airport/7w0NJeE7">Trenton–Mercer Airport</a> and <a href="/facts/Westchester_County_Airport/sdjTTveL">Westchester County Airport</a>. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is <a href="/facts/Teterboro_Airport/0L7QJEVm">Teterboro Airport</a>. </p> <h3>Ferries, taxis and trams</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Staten_Island_Ferry/DrrES3HI">Staten Island Ferry</a>, <a href="/facts/NYC_Ferry/9yGJahFj">NYC Ferry</a>, <a href="/facts/Taxis_of_New_York_City/6R2rnGAh">Taxis of New York City</a>, and <a href="/facts/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway/bxXDHurs">Roosevelt Island Tramway</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Staten_Island_Ferry/DrrES3HI">Staten Island Ferry</a> is the world's busiest <a href="/facts/Ferry/5ysqHULA">ferry</a>, carrying more than 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on a 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24/7.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:619" href="#fn:619"><sup>619</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:620" href="#fn:620"><sup>620</sup></a> Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area. <a href="/facts/NYC_Ferry/9yGJahFj">NYC Ferry</a>, a <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Economic_Development_Corporation/0sh1Y7h1">NYCEDC</a> initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:621" href="#fn:621"><sup>621</sup></a> </p><p>Identified by their color and <a href="/facts/Taxi_medallion/zGTHFN9E">taxi medallion</a>, the city's 13,587 <a href="/facts/Taxis_of_New_York_City/6R2rnGAh">yellow taxicabs</a> are the only vehicles allowed to pick up riders making street hails throughout the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:622" href="#fn:622"><sup>622</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Apple_green/plsaB0Iq">Apple green</a>-colored <a href="/facts/Boro_taxi/YkEPRXID">boro taxis</a> can pick up street hails in <a href="/facts/Upper_Manhattan/3041Hb4h">Upper Manhattan</a> and the four outer boroughs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:623" href="#fn:623"><sup>623</sup></a> Long dominated by yellow taxis, <a href="/facts/Vehicle_for_hire/IIT8UILq">high-volume for-hire vehicles</a> from <a href="/facts/Uber/rHcJcp6S">Uber</a> and <a href="/facts/Lyft/3h6tPhMs">Lyft</a> have provided the most trips in the city since December 2016, when the for-hire vehicles and cabs each had about 10.5 million trips. By October 2023, the 78,000 vehicles-for-hire combined for 20.3 million trips, while 3.5 million trips were in yellow taxis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:624" href="#fn:624"><sup>624</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:625" href="#fn:625"><sup>625</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway/bxXDHurs">Roosevelt Island Tramway</a>, an <a href="/facts/Aerial_tramway/TUrkyYGc">aerial tramway</a> that began operation in 1976,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:626" href="#fn:626"><sup>626</sup></a> transports 2 million passengers per year the 3,140 feet (960 m) between Roosevelt Island and <a href="/facts/59th_Street_(Manhattan)/gGKQEtmc">59th Street</a> and <a href="/facts/Second_Avenue_(Manhattan)/d9Ha6oyY">Second Avenue</a> on Manhattan Island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:627" href="#fn:627"><sup>627</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cycling network</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Cycling_in_New_York_City/4kpC67Y6">Cycling in New York City</a></p> <p>New York City has mixed cycling conditions which include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includes <a href="/facts/Utility_cycling/QgFAsjAG">utility cyclists</a>, such as delivery and messenger services; recreational <a href="/facts/Cycling_club/xgc8KKro">cycling clubs</a>; and an increasing number of <a href="/facts/Bicycle_commuting/Aaw033Cm">commuters</a>. Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2022 there were approximately 61,200 people who commuted daily using a bicycle and 610,000 daily bike trips, both nearly doubling over the previous decade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:628" href="#fn:628"><sup>628</sup></a> As of 2022, New York City had 1,525 miles (2,454 km) of <a href="/facts/Bike_lane/pImINmyx">bike lanes</a>, including 644 miles (1,036 km) of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:629" href="#fn:629"><sup>629</sup></a> </p> <h3>Streets and highways</h3> <p>Streets are also a defining feature of the city. New York has been found to lead the world in urban automobile <a href="/facts/Traffic_congestion/CTl1sfGX">traffic congestion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:630" href="#fn:630"><sup>630</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Commissioners%2527_Plan_of_1811/nk2P507R">Commissioners' Plan of 1811</a> greatly influenced its physical development. New York City has an extensive web of <a href="/facts/Freeway/gaKATAGS">freeways</a> and <a href="/facts/Parkway/uejggH7Q">parkways</a>, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to <a href="/facts/North_Jersey/fzvDGScg">North Jersey</a>, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern <a href="/facts/Connecticut/LeDhYdJG">Connecticut</a> through <a href="/facts/Bridges_and_tunnels_in_New_York_City/t5uRppmM">bridges and tunnels</a>. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who <a href="/facts/Commuting/TSqWntrF">commute</a> into Manhattan, it is common for motorists to be stranded for hours in dense traffic congestion that is a daily occurrence, particularly during <a href="/facts/Rush_hour/c2mG9cPQ">rush hour</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:631" href="#fn:631"><sup>631</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:632" href="#fn:632"><sup>632</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Congestion_pricing_in_New_York_City/l1zgxwxE">Congestion pricing in New York City</a>, first such program in the nation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:633" href="#fn:633"><sup>633</sup></a> was activated in January 2025, applying to most motor vehicular traffic using the area of Manhattan south of <a href="/facts/60th_Street_(Manhattan)/WWgX9moD">60th Street</a>, in an effort to encourage commuters to use <a href="/facts/Rapid_transit/bbhkQbAW">rapid transit</a> instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:634" href="#fn:634"><sup>634</sup></a> Unlike the rest of the country, New York State prohibits <a href="/facts/Turn_on_red/3g8dMtHT">turns on red lights</a> in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns on red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:635" href="#fn:635"><sup>635</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bridges and tunnels</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_in_New_York_City/t5uRppmM">List of bridges and tunnels in New York City</a> and <a href="/facts/Commissioners%2527_Plan_of_1811/nk2P507R">Commissioners' Plan of 1811</a></p> <p>The boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are located on islands with the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is on New York State's mainland. Manhattan Island is linked to the outer boroughs and to New Jersey by an extensive network of bridges and tunnels. The 14-lane <a href="/facts/George_Washington_Bridge/9VUscRSK">George Washington Bridge</a>, connecting Manhattan to New Jersey across the Hudson River, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:636" href="#fn:636"><sup>636</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:637" href="#fn:637"><sup>637</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge/Q6NEfEoP">Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge</a>, spanning <a href="/facts/The_Narrows/huUjBEx2">the Narrows</a> between Brooklyn and Staten Island, is the longest <a href="/facts/Suspension_bridge/FoDavMf8">suspension bridge</a> in the Americas and one of the world's longest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:638" href="#fn:638"><sup>638</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:639" href="#fn:639"><sup>639</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Brooklyn_Bridge/gp0U8Pwg">Brooklyn Bridge</a>, with its stone neo-Gothic suspension towers, is an icon of the city; opened in 1883, it was the first steel-wire suspension bridge and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until 1903.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:640" href="#fn:640"><sup>640</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:641" href="#fn:641"><sup>641</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Queensboro_Bridge/GeaVwA0j">Queensboro Bridge</a> "was the longest <a href="/facts/Cantilever_bridge/uIfXhSBW">cantilever span</a> in North America" from 1909 to 1917.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:642" href="#fn:642"><sup>642</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Manhattan_Bridge/FGA0lLCt">Manhattan Bridge</a>, opened in 1909, "is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges", and its design "served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges" of the early 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:643" href="#fn:643"><sup>643</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Throgs_Neck_Bridge/HoaFyccx">Throgs Neck Bridge</a> and <a href="/facts/Whitestone_Bridge/VdFdjEk8">Whitestone Bridge</a> connect Queens and the Bronx, while the <a href="/facts/Triborough_Bridge/Wayf6uKc">Triborough Bridge</a> connects Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx. </p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Lincoln_Tunnel/b3hcj1lj">Lincoln Tunnel</a>, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:644" href="#fn:644"><sup>644</sup></a> The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and <a href="/facts/Cargo_ship/G7JSpeMc">cargo ships</a> that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The <a href="/facts/Holland_Tunnel/s70stwqx">Holland Tunnel</a>, connecting Lower Manhattan to <a href="/facts/Jersey_City%2c_New_Jersey/AvSVfx19">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>, was the first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:645" href="#fn:645"><sup>645</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:646" href="#fn:646"><sup>646</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Queens%25E2%2580%2593Midtown_Tunnel/NWYnoNEo">Queens–Midtown Tunnel</a>, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:647" href="#fn:647"><sup>647</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Brooklyn%25E2%2580%2593Battery_Tunnel/qTAz3RUE">Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel</a> (officially the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) is the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America and runs underneath <a href="/facts/Battery_Park/HQPgvotz">Battery Park</a>, connecting the <a href="/facts/Financial_District%2c_Manhattan/bfINlsva">Financial District, Manhattan</a>, to <a href="/facts/Red_Hook%2c_Brooklyn/ju9L4AxL">Red Hook, Brooklyn</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:648" href="#fn:648"><sup>648</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="government-and-politics">Government and politics</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Government_of_New_York_City/CxLzJgYJ">Government of New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Politics_of_New_York_City/l8YHEFEV">Politics of New York City</a>, and <a href="/facts/Elections_in_New_York_City/JPxs9eTf">Elections in New York City</a></p> <h3>Government</h3> <p>New York City is a <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_municipality/YYyJ2KlD">metropolitan municipality</a> with a <a href="/facts/Strong_Mayor/YwbCV8cJ">strong mayor–council form of government</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:649" href="#fn:649"><sup>649</sup></a> The city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Council/uomSbqdD">City Council</a> is a <a href="/facts/Unicameral/Uv6VUhG4">unicameral</a> body of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:650" href="#fn:650"><sup>650</sup></a> Each term for the <a href="/facts/Mayor_of_New_York_City/fa8jCVfM">mayor</a> and council members lasts four years and has a two <a href="/facts/Term_limit/PTy9KLlz">consecutive-term limit</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:651" href="#fn:651"><sup>651</sup></a> (reset after a four-year break). The <i><a href="/facts/New_York_City_Administrative_Code/q4ETThVs">New York City Administrative Code</a></i>, the <i><a href="/facts/New_York_City_Rules/HdgCaDdD">New York City Rules</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/The_City_Record/S6UNcLeN">The City Record</a></i> are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:652" href="#fn:652"><sup>652</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:653" href="#fn:653"><sup>653</sup></a> </p><p>Each borough is coextensive with a <a href="/facts/Judicial_district/3cQwg04m">judicial district</a> of the state <a href="/facts/New_York_State_Unified_Court_System/eCNGQYyB">Unified Court System</a>, of which the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Criminal_Court/FAIKKEmz">Criminal Court</a> and the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Civil_Court/sLktNwsF">Civil Court</a> are the local courts, while the <a href="/facts/New_York_Supreme_Court/sCheMPMY">New York Supreme Court</a> conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the <a href="/facts/New_York_Supreme_Court%2c_Appellate_Division/QsbQG5w1">Supreme Court, Appellate Division</a>, while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are several extrajudicial <a href="/facts/Administrative_court/JoEDUFRt">administrative courts</a>, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System. </p><p>New York City is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different <a href="/facts/U.S._district_courts/xBcpTCp0">U.S. district courts</a>: the <a href="/facts/District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York/EvChnafU">District Court for the Southern District of New York</a>, whose main courthouse is on <a href="/facts/Foley_Square/V0gVB9dW">Foley Square</a> in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:654" href="#fn:654"><sup>654</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York/4QEhw1tL">District Court for the Eastern District of New York</a>, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:655" href="#fn:655"><sup>655</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit/wgLacmcA">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a> and <a href="/facts/U.S._Court_of_International_Trade/ncrp7A8r">U.S. Court of International Trade</a> are also based on Foley Square.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:656" href="#fn:656"><sup>656</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:657" href="#fn:657"><sup>657</sup></a> </p> <h3>Politics</h3> <p>The city's mayor is <a href="/facts/Eric_Adams/pfn4tDCc">Eric Adams</a>, a Democrat who was <a href="/facts/2021_New_York_City_mayoral_election/uqSBKoQt">elected in 2021</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:658" href="#fn:658"><sup>658</sup></a> The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2023, 67% of active registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10.2% are <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republicans</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:659" href="#fn:659"><sup>659</sup></a> New York City has not been carried by a Republican presidential candidate since <a href="/facts/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York%2c_1924/gSdYzmrr">1924</a>, and no Republican candidate for statewide office has won all five boroughs since the city was incorporated in 1898. In redistricting following the 2020 census, 14 of <a href="/facts/New_York%2527s_congressional_districts/MIf3uJ1p">New York's 26 congressional districts</a> include portions of New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:660" href="#fn:660"><sup>660</sup></a> </p><p>New York City is a significant source of <a href="/facts/Political_fundraising/5JW8hvrT">political fundraising</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:661" href="#fn:661"><sup>661</sup></a> The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in <a href="/facts/Taxation_in_the_United_States/Ym3wD9w1">taxes</a> (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 <a href="/facts/Fiscal_year/qcR3PIXe">fiscal year</a> to the state than the city received in return.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:662" href="#fn:662"><sup>662</sup></a> </p> <h3>International relations</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_sister_cities_of_New_York_City/hjoAqXmQ">List of sister cities of New York City</a></p> <p>In 2006, the <a href="/facts/Sister_city/NVzDyA7v">sister city</a> program<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:663" href="#fn:663"><sup>663</sup></a> was restructured as <i>New York City Global Partners</i>. New York's <i>historic sister cities</i> are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:664" href="#fn:664"><sup>664</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>New York City Global Partners network</th></tr><tr><td>Africa<ul><li><a href="/facts/Accra/wm954H5w">Accra</a>, Ghana</li><li><a href="/facts/Addis_Ababa/8TmdnlmM">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia</li><li><a href="/facts/Cairo/dXjj60ar">Cairo</a>, Egypt (1982)</li><li><a href="/facts/Cape_Town/tFrIG1gz">Cape Town</a>, South Africa</li><li><a href="/facts/Lagos/sujDJmtW">Lagos</a>, Nigeria</li><li><a href="/facts/Libreville/X8KMs4zQ">Libreville</a>, Gabon</li><li><a href="/facts/Johannesburg/DQd9T8FY">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa (2003)</li><li><a href="/facts/Nairobi/AykVFgL3">Nairobi</a>, Kenya</li></ul>Asia(<i>East</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a>, China (1980)</li><li><a href="/facts/Changwon/GINjaxsa">Changwon</a>, South Korea</li><li><a href="/facts/Chongqing/TdWVCCKY">Chongqing</a>, China<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:665" href="#fn:665"><sup>665</sup></a></li><li><a href="/facts/Guangzhou/9hxfmEjq">Guangzhou</a>, China</li><li><a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a>, China</li><li><a href="/facts/Seoul/H0Xloz9o">Seoul</a>, South Korea</li><li><a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, China</li><li><a href="/facts/Shenyang/dNJnIBc3">Shenyang</a>, China</li><li><a href="/facts/Taipei/uxB89v54">Taipei</a>, Taiwan</li><li><a href="/facts/Tokyo/LttKYU40">Tokyo</a>, Japan (1960)</li></ul>(<i>South</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bangalore/LoufLHv4">Bangalore</a>, India</li><li><a href="/facts/Delhi/Xa6CKgnf">Delhi</a>, India</li><li><a href="/facts/Dhaka/8IYAkBh9">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh</li><li><a href="/facts/Karachi/pz65ABkw">Karachi</a>, Pakistan</li><li><a href="/facts/Mumbai/BdoEc10R">Mumbai</a>, India</li></ul>(<i>Southeast</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bangkok/WRxftcFz">Bangkok</a>, Thailand</li><li><a href="/facts/Bi%25C3%25AAn_H%25C3%25B2a_City/lFWeyd2u">Biên Hòa</a>, Vietnam</li><li><a href="/facts/Ho_Chi_Minh_City/TyQxqTmQ">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam</li><li><a href="/facts/Jakarta/HwQk9xHT">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</li><li><a href="/facts/Kuala_Lumpur/2dCzRWjL">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:666" href="#fn:666"><sup>666</sup></a></li><li><a href="/facts/Manila/1jLySodG">Manila</a>, Philippines</li><li><a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a></li></ul>(<i>West</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Dubai/v44jdkJK">Dubai</a>, United Arab Emirates</li><li><a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (<a href="/facts/List_of_transcontinental_countries/qtdBHpUb">transcontinental</a>)</li><li><a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a>, Israel (1993)</li><li><a href="/facts/Tel_Aviv/cQ8X3WVd">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:667" href="#fn:667"><sup>667</sup></a></li></ul>Australia<ul><li><a href="/facts/Melbourne/EHY9YxI0">Melbourne</a>, Australia</li><li><a href="/facts/Sydney/8TegRcwB">Sydney</a>, Australia</li></ul>Europe(<i>Central</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a>, Germany</li><li><a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Budapest</a>, Hungary (1992)</li><li><a href="/facts/D%25C3%25BCsseldorf/twteRHCh">Düsseldorf</a>, Germany</li><li><a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a>, Switzerland</li><li><a href="/facts/Hamburg/kmAAsYtT">Hamburg</a>, Germany</li><li><a href="/facts/Heidelberg/jfbzRTo0">Heidelberg</a>, Germany</li><li><a href="/facts/Munich/Pr6zw2ev">Munich</a>, Germany</li><li><a href="/facts/Prague/txpRNTUE">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</li><li><a href="/facts/Vienna/NSpIURsA">Vienna</a>, Austria</li><li><a href="/facts/Warsaw/0cRqN3pw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li></ul>(<i>East</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Kyiv/uVAMxK8R">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li><li><a href="/facts/Moscow/AcFYpQUR">Moscow</a>, Russia</li><li><a href="/facts/St._Petersburg/pNuCBxaM">St. Petersburg</a>, Russia</li></ul>(<i>North</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Copenhagen/58Tl28IX">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</li><li><a href="/facts/Helsinki/9za9r3jS">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li><li><a href="/facts/Oslo/PRJtFYUl">Oslo</a>, Norway</li><li><a href="/facts/Stockholm/sD74W4Pm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</li></ul>(<i>South</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Barcelona/8PWLdRbW">Barcelona</a>, Spain</li><li><a href="/facts/Bucharest/4xQnsGwM">Bucharest</a>, Romania</li><li><a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (<a href="/facts/List_of_transcontinental_countries/qtdBHpUb">transcontinental</a>)</li><li><a href="/facts/Lisbon/zFTcC99e">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</li><li><a href="/facts/Madrid/B63nL2DB">Madrid</a>, Spain (1982)</li><li><a href="/facts/Milan/0xrtbPdt">Milan</a>, Italy</li><li><a href="/facts/Pristina/k6djc2Xm">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</li><li><a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a>, Italy (1992)</li></ul>(<i>West</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Amsterdam/Xdd393bz">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands</li><li><a href="/facts/Antwerp/v3Rwa1Mu">Antwerp</a>, Belgium</li><li><a href="/facts/Belfast/GIhSKnIv">Belfast</a>, United Kingdom</li><li><a href="/facts/Brussels/tNzHrQYP">Brussels</a>, Belgium</li><li><a href="/facts/Dublin/Fv8ezm8a">Dublin</a>, Ireland</li><li><a href="/facts/Edinburgh/PcsoaK9h">Edinburgh</a>, United Kingdom</li><li><a href="/facts/Glasgow/hHUX44Ra">Glasgow</a>, United Kingdom</li><li><a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>, United Kingdom (2001)</li><li><a href="/facts/Luxembourg_City/ksMl7vlK">Luxembourg City</a>, Luxembourg</li><li><a href="/facts/Lyon/hKh6EX67">Lyon</a>, France</li><li><a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a>, France</li><li><a href="/facts/Rotterdam/p8LbhGmE">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands</li><li><a href="/facts/The_Hague/NRtu1Qqk">The Hague</a>, Netherlands</li></ul>North America(<i>Canada</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Calgary/DrFtRbEH">Calgary</a>, Alberta, Canada</li><li><a href="/facts/Edmonton/ePFNJlBN">Edmonton</a>, Alberta, Canada</li><li><a href="/facts/Montreal/uQQaWd1b">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada</li><li><a href="/facts/Ottawa/x5FkqX7F">Ottawa</a>, Ontario, Canada</li><li><a href="/facts/Quebec_City/l8pftRQK">Quebec City</a>, Quebec, Canada</li><li><a href="/facts/Toronto/cnXH7881">Toronto</a>, Ontario, Canada</li><li><a href="/facts/Vancouver/rn2AKA1n">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, Canada</li><li><a href="/facts/Victoria%2c_British_Columbia/5bKrLfN2">Victoria</a>, British Columbia, Canada</li><li><a href="/facts/Winnipeg/zvwJ8fBz">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba, Canada</li></ul>(<i>Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Cuernavaca/Kx2ftv6r">Cuernavaca</a>, Morales, Mexico</li><li><a href="/facts/Mexico_City/gEnGxDEd">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</li><li><a href="/facts/Monterrey/06nTIxDw">Monterrey</a>, Nuevo León, Mexico</li><li><a href="/facts/Panama_City/fKk6qAkE">Panama City</a>, Panama</li><li><a href="/facts/Santo_Domingo/WN8h3hcs">Santo Domingo</a>, Dominican Republic (1983)</li></ul>(<i>United States</i>)<ul><li><a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, United States</li><li><a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, United States</li><li><a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a>, Illinois, United States</li><li><a href="/facts/Los_Angeles/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles</a>, California, United States</li><li><a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, United States</li></ul>South America<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bogot%25C3%25A1/d0u4M1AR">Bogotá</a>, Colombia</li><li><a href="/facts/Bras%25C3%25ADlia/Jxk9MCNu">Brasília</a>, Brazil (2004)</li><li><a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires/9lUVmS7f">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</li><li><a href="/facts/Caracas/5MSJo2SQ">Caracas</a>, Venezuela</li><li><a href="/facts/C%25C3%25B3rdoba%2c_Argentina/L6QDdxt7">Córdoba</a>, Argentina</li><li><a href="/facts/Curitiba/Boxa666p">Curitiba</a>, Brazil</li><li><a href="/facts/Lima/YrHEnS3R">Lima</a>, Peru</li><li><a href="/facts/Medell%25C3%25ADn/wI0qGIve">Medellín</a>, Colombia</li><li><a href="/facts/Rio_de_Janeiro/AVPTJJ2C">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil</li><li><a href="/facts/Santiago/JfuaYt26">Santiago</a>, Chile</li><li><a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A3o_Paulo/pPqRTTR0">São Paulo</a>, Brazil</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_people_from_New_York_City/4Q9GNuP2">List of people from New York City</a></p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_New_York_City-related_articles/eQaQQBI2">Index of New York City-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_New_York_City/jfRzURhQ">Outline of New York City</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Belden, E. Porter (1849). <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Jv-nXd8W8b0C"><i>New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of Its Present Condition, and an Estimate of Its Future Increase</i></a>. G. P. Putnam.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anthony_Burgess/lX0YqMVA">Burgess, Anthony</a> (1976). <a href="/facts/New_York_(Anthony_Burgess_book)/LSdHbFzp"><i>New York</i></a>. Little, Brown & Co. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-6182-266-0.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edwin_G._Burrows/rI8AH7rT">Burrows, Edwin G.</a> and <a href="/facts/Mike_Wallace_(historian)/taHzxa46">Wallace, Mike</a> (1999). <i><a href="/facts/Gotham%3a_A_History_of_New_York_City_to_1898/x6EB1RWv">Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898</a></i>. New York: <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-195-11634-8.</li> <li>Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. <i>Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980</i> (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. <a href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1">online</a>; see index at p. 410 for list.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kenneth_T._Jackson/XHcx8KKv">Jackson, Kenneth T.</a>, ed. (1995). <i><a href="/facts/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City/jNB8cy9a">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a></i>. New Haven: <a href="/facts/Yale_University_Press/oavMPaT7">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0300055366.</li> <li>Jackson, Kenneth T.; Dunbar, David S., eds. (2005). <i>Empire City: New York Through the Centuries</i>. <a href="/facts/Columbia_University_Press/5dVrKLey">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-231-10909-3.</li> <li>Lankevich, George L. (1998). <a href="https://archive.org/details/americanmetropol00lank"><i>American Metropolis: A History of New York City</i></a>. <a href="/facts/NYU_Press/12gzb04e">NYU Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8147-5186-2.</li> <li><a href="/facts/E._B._White/UCKumnl6">White, E. B.</a> (1949). <i>Here is New York</i> (2000 reissue ed.). Little Bookroom.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norval_White/ltzu7yF2">White, Norval</a> & Willensky, Elliot (2000). <i><a href="/facts/AIA_Guide_to_New_York_City/fjhvBVxY">AIA Guide to New York City</a></i> (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8129-3107-5.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mike_Wallace_(historian)/taHzxa46">Wallace, Mike</a> (2017). <i>Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919</i>. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780195116359.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Colson_Whitehead/cRTkFYGC">Whitehead, Colson</a> (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/colossusofnewyor00whit"><i>The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-385-50794-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nyc.gov/">Official website</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.nycgo.com/">NYC Go</a> – official tourism website</li> <li> Geographic data related to <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/175905">New York City</a> at <a href="/facts/OpenStreetMap/Hd3yejum">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a href="http://collections.mcny.org/">Collections</a> – 145,000 NYC photographs at the <a href="/facts/Museum_of_the_City_of_New_York/DjdQffFw">Museum of the City of New York</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/new-york-city-skyline-tallest-midtown-manhattan/">"The New New York Skyline (interactive)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/National_Geographic/vnuhsmYg">National Geographic</a></i>. November 2015.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>To distinguish it from the state of New York <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" target="_blank">/wiki/New_York_(state)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Shanghai and New York--Similar, But Different". China.org. Retrieved February 10, 2024. <a href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm" target="_blank">http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Eisenpress, Cara (April 28, 2023). "New York is closer than ever to beating the Bay Area on tech". Crain Communications. Retrieved June 17, 2023. <a href="https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/new-york-closer-ever-beating-bay-area-tech" target="_blank">https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/new-york-closer-ever-beating-bay-area-tech</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities". nature.com. Retrieved April 24, 2024. <a href="https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"NYC Mayor's Office for International Affairs". The City of New York. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. 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"In 2021, 3,079,776 New Yorkers identified themselves as foreign-born, including 1,542,413 Latin American, 910,151 Asian, and 443,113 European immigrants.... The 2020 Census found that New York City was home to 8,804,190 people. Los Angeles, CA, was the nation's distant second most populous city with 3,898,747 residents." <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/homepage_archive/2023/january_2023.html" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/history/www/homepage_archive/2023/january_2023.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"More Foreign-Born Immigrants Live in NYC Than There Are People in Chicago". HuffPost. December 19, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2017. <a href="https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/new-york-city-immigrants_n_4475197.html" target="_blank">https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/new-york-city-immigrants_n_4475197.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Dutch Colonies". 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INRIX, a traffic-data firm, found that New York City leads the world in urban traffic congestion among the cities scored, with the average driver stationary for 101 hours a year. <a href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/11/21/congestion-pricing-in-new-york-gets-the-go-ahead-after-all-maybe" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/11/21/congestion-pricing-in-new-york-gets-the-go-ahead-after-all-maybe</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Marc Da Silva (January 3, 2017). "International investors eye New York as safe haven". Angelsmedia. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. 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"New York City Rent Hits All-Time High". Newsweek. Retrieved October 17, 2024. Residents are paying a median amount of $4,500 for a one-bedroom apartment in the city, up 12.8 percent compared to a year earlier and 3.4 percent compared to July. Those renting out two-bedroom apartments are not doing much better. According to Zumper, the median two-bedroom rent reached a record high of $5,100 in August, up 13.3 percent year-over-year and 3.7 percent month-over-month...These numbers make New York the most expensive city for people to rent either a one-bedroom or two-bedroom apartment in the entire country. The second-most expensive rental market, by comparison, was Jersey City (NJ), for a median rent of $3,400 for a one-bedroom and of $3,900 for a two-bedroom. <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-rent-hits-all-time-high-1945346" target="_blank">https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-rent-hits-all-time-high-1945346</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"New York's Fifth Avenue Retains its Top Ranking as the World's Most Expensive Retail Destination". Cushman & Wakefield. November 20, 2023. 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Hong Kong ranked second, with 12,546, followed by Los Angeles with 8,955 and Tokyo with 6,445. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/19/population-ultra-high-net-worth-wealth.html#:~:text=The%20global%20population%20of%20ultra,the%20year%2Dend%20stock%20rally." target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/19/population-ultra-high-net-worth-wealth.html#:~:text=The%20global%20population%20of%20ultra,the%20year%2Dend%20stock%20rally.</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"The New York Art Market Report". Arts Economics. Retrieved January 29, 2023. New York is the global headquarters of the art market, with the highest market share by value of art sales in the world. It is also a center of high net worth wealth, has the largest population of millionaires and billionaires globally, as well as being the key financial hub of the US. <a href="https://nyartmarket.independenthq.com/" target="_blank">https://nyartmarket.independenthq.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Badoe, Etta (November 11, 2015). "1664 New Amsterdam becomes New York Dutch rulers surrender to England". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. 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The city draws its water from reservoirs upstate, supplied by a 1,900-square mile watershed—that's about the size of Delaware." <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-02/documents/ws-ourwater-new-york-state-fact-sheet.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-02/documents/ws-ourwater-new-york-state-fact-sheet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:248"><p>"WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (update 2018)". World Health Organization. Retrieved January 16, 2022. <a href="https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/" target="_blank">https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:249"><p>"Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health". World Health Organization. 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Sources: 1698–1771,[241] 1790–1990,[98] 2000 and 2010 Censuses,[242] 2020 Census.[4][5] <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:252"><p>QuickFacts for New York city, New York; New York; United States, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/3651000,36,00" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/3651000,36,00</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:253"><p>Sherry, Virginia N. (March 27, 2014). "Staten Island population at all-time high of 473,000; NYC's soars to record 8.4 million". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved March 27, 2014. <a href="http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/staten_island_residents_number.html" target="_blank">http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/staten_island_residents_number.html</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:254"><p>Roberts, Sam (March 14, 2013). "Fewer People Are Abandoning the Bronx, Census Data Show". The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2014. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/nyregion/more-people-moving-to-bronx-census-shows.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/nyregion/more-people-moving-to-bronx-census-shows.html</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:255"><p>"Population Rebounds for Many Cities in Northeast and Midwest". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024/subcounty-population-estimates.html" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024/subcounty-population-estimates.html</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:256"><p>QuickFacts for New York city, New York; New York; United States, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/3651000,36,00" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/3651000,36,00</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:257"><p>Castronuovo, Celine (August 12, 2021). "All 10 largest cities grew, Phoenix supplants Philly as 5th largest in US". The Hill. Retrieved August 28, 2021. <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/567611-all-10-largest-cities-grew-phoenix-supplants-philly-as-5th-largest-in-us" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/567611-all-10-largest-cities-grew-phoenix-supplants-philly-as-5th-largest-in-us</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:258"><p>Dorman, John L. (August 16, 2021). "Census: The 10 most populous US cities are led by NYC, Los Angeles, and Chicago; Phoenix leapfrogs Philadelphia to claim the No. 5 spot". Business Insider. 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Accessed January 14, 2024. <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newyorkcitynewyork,bronxcountynewyork,kingscountynewyork,newyorkcountynewyork,queenscountynewyork,richmondcountynewyork/" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newyorkcitynewyork,bronxcountynewyork,kingscountynewyork,newyorkcountynewyork,queenscountynewyork,richmondcountynewyork/</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:264"><p>Gus Lubin. "Welcome to the language capital of the world: Queens, New York". World Economic Forum, in collaboration with Business Insider. Retrieved August 30, 2024. There are as many as 800 languages spoken in New York City, and nowhere in the world has more than Queens, according to the Endangered Language Alliance (ELA). <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/queens-in-new-york-has-more-languages-than-anywhere-in-the-world/#:~:text=There%20are%20as%20many%20as,Endangered%20Language%20Alliance%20(ELA)." target="_blank">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/queens-in-new-york-has-more-languages-than-anywhere-in-the-world/#:~:text=There%20are%20as%20many%20as,Endangered%20Language%20Alliance%20(ELA).</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:265"><p>"Endangered Language Alliance". 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2013. <a href="http://elalliance.org/" target="_blank">http://elalliance.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:266"><p>"Linguistics- Say what?". The Economist. September 10, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2013. <a href="http://www.economist.com/node/21528592" target="_blank">http://www.economist.com/node/21528592</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:267"><p>N. R. Kleinfield (January 15, 2016). "New Yorkers, Self-Assured and Opinionated, Defend Their Values". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118134043/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/new-yorkers-self-assured-and-opinionated-defend-their-values/ar-BBog5Ms?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160118134043/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/new-yorkers-self-assured-and-opinionated-defend-their-values/ar-BBog5Ms?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:268"><p>"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics LPRSupplemental Table 2d Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2022". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved May 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_lawful_permanent_residents_fy2022.xlsx" target="_blank">https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_lawful_permanent_residents_fy2022.xlsx</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:269"><p>Jennifer Liu (October 10, 2023). "This is the No. 1 city attracting young professionals—demand grew nearly 7 times since 2019". CNBC. Retrieved May 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2023/10/10/this-is-the-no-1-city-where-young-people-want-to-work-most.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2023/10/10/this-is-the-no-1-city-where-young-people-want-to-work-most.html</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:270"><p>"QuickFacts for New York City / New York State / United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2022. <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/3651000,36,00" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/3651000,36,00</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:271"><p>"NYC Mayor's Office for International Affairs". The City of New York. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616080757/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/html/home/home.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150616080757/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/html/home/home.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:272"><p>"DDC New York". Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018. Established in 2014, DDC New York has partnered with the United Nations, major tech and social media companies, multiple governments, and NGOs to bring unique programs to the area community. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727142713/http://www.digidiplomats.org/newyork/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180727142713/http://www.digidiplomats.org/newyork/</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:273"><p>"2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". US Census Bureau. <a href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3651000&y=2020" target="_blank">https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3651000&y=2020</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:274"><p>"QuickFacts for New York City / New York State / United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2022. <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/3651000,36,00" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/3651000,36,00</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:275"><p>"Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:276"><p>"Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:277"><p>"Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:278"><p>QuickFacts for New York city, New York; New York; United States, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/3651000,36,00" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/3651000,36,00</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:279"><p>Camarota, Steven A.; Zeigler, Karen; and Richwine, Jason. Births to Legal and Illegal Immigrants in the U.S; A look at health insurance coverage among new mothers by legal status at the state and local level, Center for Immigration Studies, October 9, 2018. Accessed January 14, 2024. <a href="https://cis.org/Report/Births-Legal-and-Illegal-Immigrants-US" target="_blank">https://cis.org/Report/Births-Legal-and-Illegal-Immigrants-US</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:280"><p>Semple, Kirk (June 8, 2013). "City's Newest Immigrant Enclaves, From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok it". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2013. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/09/nyregion/new-york-citys-newest-immigrant-enclaves.html?pagewanted=all" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/09/nyregion/new-york-citys-newest-immigrant-enclaves.html?pagewanted=all</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:281"><p>The Newest New Yorkers: 2013, New York City Department of City Planning, December 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965, to 37 percent. With foreign-born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births, approximately 6-in-10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants." <a href="https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf" target="_blank">https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:282"><p>Semple, Kirk (June 8, 2013). "City's Newest Immigrant Enclaves, From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok it". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2013. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/09/nyregion/new-york-citys-newest-immigrant-enclaves.html?pagewanted=all" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/09/nyregion/new-york-citys-newest-immigrant-enclaves.html?pagewanted=all</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:283"><p>Gus Lubin. "Welcome to the language capital of the world: Queens, New York". World Economic Forum, in collaboration with Business Insider. Retrieved August 31, 2024. There are as many as 800 languages spoken in New York City, and nowhere in the world has more than Queens, according to the Endangered Language Alliance (ELA). <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/queens-in-new-york-has-more-languages-than-anywhere-in-the-world/#:~:text=There%20are%20as%20many%20as,Endangered%20Language%20Alliance%20(ELA)." target="_blank">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/queens-in-new-york-has-more-languages-than-anywhere-in-the-world/#:~:text=There%20are%20as%20many%20as,Endangered%20Language%20Alliance%20(ELA).</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:284"><p>Weber, Andrew (April 30, 2013). "Queens". NewYork.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. 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This comprehensive initiative is the first for a major U.S. city...As part of the plan, the city has piloted the first citywide AI chatbot to help business owners navigate government. <a href="https://www.pymnts.com/artificial-intelligence-2/2023/new-york-city-unveils-ai-action-plan-that-develops-rules-framework/" target="_blank">https://www.pymnts.com/artificial-intelligence-2/2023/new-york-city-unveils-ai-action-plan-that-develops-rules-framework/</a> <a href="#fnref:377" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:378"><p>Pérez-Peña, Richard (December 19, 2011). "Cornell Alumnus Is Behind $350 Million Gift to Build Science School in City". The New York Times. Retrieved August 1, 2014. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/cornell-and-technion-israel-chosen-to-build-science-school-in-new-york-city.html?scp=3&sq=cornell&st=cse" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/cornell-and-technion-israel-chosen-to-build-science-school-in-new-york-city.html?scp=3&sq=cornell&st=cse</a> <a href="#fnref:378" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:379"><p>Ju, Anne (December 19, 2011). "'Game-changing' Tech Campus Goes to Cornell, Technion". Cornell University. Retrieved August 1, 2014. <a href="https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/12/nyc-chooses-cornell-technion-build-tech-campus" target="_blank">https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/12/nyc-chooses-cornell-technion-build-tech-campus</a> <a href="#fnref:379" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:380"><p>Marc Da Silva (January 3, 2017). "International investors eye New York as safe haven". Angelsmedia. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153122/https://www.propertyinvestortoday.co.uk/breaking-news/2016/12/international-investors-eye-new-york-as-safe-haven" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153122/https://www.propertyinvestortoday.co.uk/breaking-news/2016/12/international-investors-eye-new-york-as-safe-haven</a> <a href="#fnref:380" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:381"><p>Department Of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2024 Tentative Property Tax Assessment Roll, New York City Department of Finance, press release dated January 17, 2023. Accessed July 28, 2023. "The tentative assessment roll for FY24 shows the total market value of all New York City properties is $1.479 trillion, a 6.1 percent increase from Fiscal Year 2023. Property values for FY24 reflect real estate activity between January 6, 2022, to January 5, 2023, the taxable status date." <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/finance/about/press/press-release-fy24-tentative-assessment-roll.page" target="_blank">https://www.nyc.gov/site/finance/about/press/press-release-fy24-tentative-assessment-roll.page</a> <a href="#fnref:381" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:382"><p>"Department of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2017 Tentative Assessment Roll" (PDF). New York City Department of Finance. January 15, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2021. Today, Jacques Jiha, Commissioner for the Department of Finance, announced the publication of the Tentative Property Assessment Roll for fiscal year 2017, which shows the total Market Value for the upcoming year at about $1.072 trillion, an increase of $102.5 billion, or 10.6 percent from the 2016 Fiscal Year. <a href="https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/finance/downloads/pdf/press_release/fy2017_tentative_assessment_roll.pdf" target="_blank">https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/finance/downloads/pdf/press_release/fy2017_tentative_assessment_roll.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:382" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:383"><p>Boonshoft, Michael. "New York's Fifth Avenue Retains Its Top Ranking As The World's Most Expensive Retail Destination", Cushman & Wakefield, November 20, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York's Fifth Avenue retains its top ranking as the world's most expensive retail destination, despite recording flat rental growth year-over-year (YOY)." <a href="https://www.cushmanwakefield.com/en/news/2023/11/ny-fifth-avenue-retains-its-top-ranking-as-the-worlds-most-expensive-retail-destination" target="_blank">https://www.cushmanwakefield.com/en/news/2023/11/ny-fifth-avenue-retains-its-top-ranking-as-the-worlds-most-expensive-retail-destination</a> <a href="#fnref:383" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:384"><p>Horowitz, Alex; and Staveski, Adam. "New York's Housing Shortage Pushes Up Rents and Homelessness", The Pew Charitable Trusts, May 25, 2023. Accessed March 17, 2024. "Housing construction in New York City and its suburbs has lagged far behind that of other major cities and their suburbs, resulting in low housing availability and a vacancy rate of just 3%. New York City's housing stock has only increased 4% since 2010, not nearly enough to keep up with its 22% increase in jobs. And from 2017 to 2021, New York City permitted 13 homes for every 1,000 residents in 2017, while Boston added 28, Washington, D.C., added 43, and Seattle added 67." <a href="https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2023/05/25/new-yorks-housing-shortage-pushes-up-rents-and-homelessness" target="_blank">https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2023/05/25/new-yorks-housing-shortage-pushes-up-rents-and-homelessness</a> <a href="#fnref:384" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:385"><p>Morabito, Charlotte (June 24, 2024). How New York City's sky-high cost of living stacks up to London, CNBC. Retrieved January 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/24/how-new-york-citys-sky-high-cost-of-living-stacks-up-to-london.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/24/how-new-york-citys-sky-high-cost-of-living-stacks-up-to-london.html</a> <a href="#fnref:385" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:386"><p>Duddridge, Natalie (August 11, 2023). Manhattan's average rent soared to record $5,588 in July. CBS New York. Retrieved January 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/manhattans-average-rent-soared-to-record-5588-in-july/" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/manhattans-average-rent-soared-to-record-5588-in-july/</a> <a href="#fnref:386" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:387"><p>Barrett, George (August 2, 2023). Home Prices and Property Values in New York. NY Real Estate Trend. Retrieved January 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.nyrealestatetrend.com/home-prices-and-property-values-in-new-york/" target="_blank">https://www.nyrealestatetrend.com/home-prices-and-property-values-in-new-york/</a> <a href="#fnref:387" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:388"><p>Zaveri, Mihir. "New York City's Housing Crunch Is the Worst It Has Been in Over 50 Years Only 1.4 percent of the city's rentals were available in 2023, according to new data, the lowest portion since 1968. The market was even tighter for lower-cost apartments.", The New York Times, February 8, 2024. Accessed February 9, 2024. "The portion of rentals that were vacant and available dropped to a startling 1.4 percent in 2023, according to city data released on Thursday. It was the lowest vacancy rate since 1968 and shows just how drastically home construction lags behind the demand from people who want to live in the city.... Then, that number — about 33,210 units in 2023 — is divided by the roughly 2.3 million total rental homes in the city that are either available or occupied by tenants. The vacancy rate dropped to 1.4 percent even as the city added some 60,000 homes over the past two years, according to the city data." <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/nyregion/apartment-vacancy-rate-housing-crisis.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/nyregion/apartment-vacancy-rate-housing-crisis.html</a> <a href="#fnref:388" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:389"><p>Giulia Carbonaro (August 28, 2024). "New York City Rent Hits All-Time High". Newsweek. Retrieved October 17, 2024. Residents are paying a median amount of $4,500 for a one-bedroom apartment in the city, up 12.8 percent compared to a year earlier and 3.4 percent compared to July. Those renting out two-bedroom apartments are not doing much better. According to Zumper, the median two-bedroom rent reached a record high of $5,100 in August, up 13.3 percent year-over-year and 3.7 percent month-over-month...These numbers make New York the most expensive city for people to rent either a one-bedroom or two-bedroom apartment in the entire country. The second-most expensive rental market, by comparison, was Jersey City (NJ), for a median rent of $3,400 for a one-bedroom and of $3,900 for a two-bedroom. <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-rent-hits-all-time-high-1945346" target="_blank">https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-rent-hits-all-time-high-1945346</a> <a href="#fnref:389" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:390"><p>"NYC & Company is now New York City Tourism + Conventions", Travel Weekly, March 28, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City's official destination marketing organization has changed its name to New York City Tourism + Conventions, dropping the NYC & Company name it's held since 1999." <a href="https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Travel-Agent-Issues/NYC-and-Company-changes-its-name" target="_blank">https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Travel-Agent-Issues/NYC-and-Company-changes-its-name</a> <a href="#fnref:390" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:391"><p>The Tourism Industry in New York City Reigniting the Return, New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli, April 2021. Accessed December 29, 2023. "After reaching a record high of 66.6 million visitors in 2019 and generating $47.4 billion in spending, the number of visitors to New York City dropped by 67 percent and their spending declined by 73 percent in 2020.... New York City hosted 66.6 million visitors in 2019 (about 25 percent of the State's 265.5 million visitors that year), a tenth-consecutive annual record. In 2020, the pandemic and related behavioral and governmental restrictions caused the number to drop to 22.3 million, a 67 percent reduction (see Figure 1)." <a href="https://www.osc.ny.gov/reports/osdc/tourism-industry-new-york-city" target="_blank">https://www.osc.ny.gov/reports/osdc/tourism-industry-new-york-city</a> <a href="#fnref:391" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:392"><p>"History in Photos: New York is the Most Photographed City in the World". January 19, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022. Not eliminate how many photos you have done well with your digital cameras, cell phones, and smartphones. And also in the professional area, New York has a non-sealing charm for filmmakers and photographers..Every year, there are 40,000 shoots for advertising, cinema films, TV shows, series, music videos, documentation. New York is considered the most photographed city in the world. And yet photographers, again and again, manage to take a new perspective in the megacity, to avoid an unusual motif to create an optics that fascinates. <a href="https://nycity.media/history/history-in-photos-new-york-is-the-most-photographed-city-in-the-world.html" target="_blank">https://nycity.media/history/history-in-photos-new-york-is-the-most-photographed-city-in-the-world.html</a> <a href="#fnref:392" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:393"><p>"The Most Photographed Places In The World Based On Traveler Data". Expedia. Retrieved December 3, 2022. With visitors taking a slice of the Big Apple back home on their camera reel, it's hardly surprising that New York is the most photographed city in the world. <a href="https://www.expedia.com/stories/most-photographed-places-in-the-world/" target="_blank">https://www.expedia.com/stories/most-photographed-places-in-the-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:393" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:394"><p>Swanson, Ana (August 26, 2015). "The world's most photographed places". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 25, 2022. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/26/the-worlds-most-photographed-places/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/26/the-worlds-most-photographed-places/</a> <a href="#fnref:394" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:395"><p>"Chip Kidd talks with Milton Glaser". The Believer. September 2003. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204157/http://www.believermag.com/issues/200309/?read=interview_glaser" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204157/http://www.believermag.com/issues/200309/?read=interview_glaser</a> <a href="#fnref:395" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:396"><p>"I Love New York Logo". New York State Education Department. September 26, 2013. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906091226/http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/iluvny.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150906091226/http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/iluvny.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:396" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:397"><p>"World's Most Visited Tourist Attractions, Ranked". Farandwide.com. Retrieved April 22, 2023. <a href="https://www.farandwide.com/s/most-visited-tourist-destinations-bc849c0424864219" target="_blank">https://www.farandwide.com/s/most-visited-tourist-destinations-bc849c0424864219</a> <a href="#fnref:397" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:398"><p>The Tourism Industry in New York City Reigniting the Return, New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli, April 2021. Accessed December 29, 2023. "After reaching a record high of 66.6 million visitors in 2019 and generating $47.4 billion in spending, the number of visitors to New York City dropped by 67 percent and their spending declined by 73 percent in 2020.... New York City hosted 66.6 million visitors in 2019 (about 25 percent of the State's 265.5 million visitors that year), a tenth-consecutive annual record. In 2020, the pandemic and related behavioral and governmental restrictions caused the number to drop to 22.3 million, a 67 percent reduction (see Figure 1)." <a href="https://www.osc.ny.gov/reports/osdc/tourism-industry-new-york-city" target="_blank">https://www.osc.ny.gov/reports/osdc/tourism-industry-new-york-city</a> <a href="#fnref:398" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:399"><p>David, Greg. "Tourists Are Back to NYC in Big Numbers", The City, September 5, 2023. Accessed December 29, 2023. "But the city will not surpass its 2019 record of 66.6 million visitors because once-numerous travelers from China remain few and far between and Americans are flocking to Europe in unprecedented numbers.... Still, the numbers show a rebound with the official forecast from the tourism agency NYC & Co. still predicting 63.3 million visitors this year, up 12% from last year." <a href="https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/09/05/tourists-china-hotel-rates/" target="_blank">https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/09/05/tourists-china-hotel-rates/</a> <a href="#fnref:399" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:400"><p>Most Popular Landmarks in New York, LUXlife Magazine, November 5, 2021 <a href="https://www.lux-review.com/most-popular-landmarks-in-new-york/" target="_blank">https://www.lux-review.com/most-popular-landmarks-in-new-york/</a> <a href="#fnref:400" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:401"><p>"Times Square". Encyclopædia Britannica. 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At number one is Times Square, one of the most iconic locations in the world." <a href="https://en.as.com/latest_news/the-top-10-most-visited-tourist-attractions-in-the-usa-n/" target="_blank">https://en.as.com/latest_news/the-top-10-most-visited-tourist-attractions-in-the-usa-n/</a> <a href="#fnref:403" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:404"><p>"Broadway Season Statistics". The Broadway League. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.broadwayleague.com/research/statistics-broadway-nyc/" target="_blank">https://www.broadwayleague.com/research/statistics-broadway-nyc/</a> <a href="#fnref:404" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:405"><p>Edward Robb Ellis (December 21, 2004). The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History. Basic Books. p. 593. ISBN 9780786714360. 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Never before has any TV station in the entertainment and news media capital of the world carried what organizer boast is the world's largest Pride parade live on TV. <a href="https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/05/first-nyc-pridefest-will-televised/" target="_blank">https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/05/first-nyc-pridefest-will-televised/</a> <a href="#fnref:408" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:409"><p>"Tampa Bay 12th Largest Media Market Now" (Press release). Tampa Bay Partnership. August 26, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928205103/http://www.tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991&" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080928205103/http://www.tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991&</a> <a href="#fnref:409" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:410"><p>"Top 10 Consolidated Agency Networks: Ranked by 2006 Worldwide Network Revenue". Advertising Age. 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Accessed January 30, 2024. "According to the study, book publishers generated $9.2 billion of economic output in 2020, ahead of the other publishing sub-sectors: periodical publishers ($6.3 billion); internet publishers ($2.8 billion); and newspaper publishers (2.5 billion).... The number of people employed in New York publishing houses dipped by 1.7% between 2010 and 2020, falling to 11,500." <a href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/financial-reporting/article/91028-new-report-finds-nyc-publishing-bookselling-jobs-fell-between-2010-and-2020.html" target="_blank">https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/financial-reporting/article/91028-new-report-finds-nyc-publishing-bookselling-jobs-fell-between-2010-and-2020.html</a> <a href="#fnref:412" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:413"><p>Majid, Aisha. "Top 25 US newspaper circulations: Largest print titles fall 14% in year to March 2023", Press Gazette, June 26, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "News Corp's business-focused The Wall Street Journal (609,654) and The New York Times (296,329) remain the biggest dailies in the US."' <a href="https://pressgazette.co.uk/media-audience-and-business-data/media_metrics/top-25-us-newspaper-circulations-down-march-2023/" target="_blank">https://pressgazette.co.uk/media-audience-and-business-data/media_metrics/top-25-us-newspaper-circulations-down-march-2023/</a> <a href="#fnref:413" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:414"><p>Folkenflik, David. "The New York Times can't shake the cloud over a 90-year-old Pulitzer Prize", NPR, May 8, 2022. Accessed January 13, 2024. 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These facilities are within seven geographically based networks throughout the New York City metropolitan area." <a href="https://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/careers/frequently-asked-questions/" target="_blank">https://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/careers/frequently-asked-questions/</a> <a href="#fnref:553" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:554"><p>Miller, Kenneth. The Public Option, Columbia University School of Nursing, November 12, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "HHC is the largest municipal health system in the United States, serving 1.4 million patients—mostly low-income or working-class people on Medicaid or Medicare. About one-third are uninsured, and many are undocumented. A public benefit corporation, HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 primary care centers across New York's five boroughs." <a href="https://www.nursing.columbia.edu/news/public-option" target="_blank">https://www.nursing.columbia.edu/news/public-option</a> <a href="#fnref:554" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:555"><p>MetroPlus Health Plan: COVID-19 Enrollment Trends, New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli, September 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "MetroPlus Health Plan is a prepaid health services plan and a wholly owned subsidiary of NYC Health + Hospitals (H+H).... MetroPlus enrollment reached a record high of 670,915, an increase of 159,284 members (31 percent) between February 2020 and June 2022, the period impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 1)." <a href="https://www.osc.ny.gov/reports/osdc/metroplus-health-plan-covid-19-enrollment-trends" target="_blank">https://www.osc.ny.gov/reports/osdc/metroplus-health-plan-covid-19-enrollment-trends</a> <a href="#fnref:555" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:556"><p>"2014 HHC Report to the Community" (PDF). New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation. Retrieved March 10, 2017. <a href="http://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2014-hhc-report-to-the-community.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2014-hhc-report-to-the-community.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:556" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:557"><p>Fiani, Brian; Covarrubias, Claudia; Jarrah, Ryan; Kondilis, Athanasios; and Doan, Thao M. "Bellevue Hospital, the Oldest Public Health Center in the United States of America", World Neurosurgery, August 28, 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Bellevue Hospital is known as the oldest public hospital in the United States of America. Although its historical beginnings date back to the 1600s, it was officially founded on the second floor of the New York City Almshouse in 1736, 40 years before the American Revolution." <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36041717/" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36041717/</a> <a href="#fnref:557" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:558"><p>"New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation History". Funding Universe. Retrieved October 8, 2014. <a href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/New-York-City-Health-and-Hospitals-Corporation-Company-History.html" target="_blank">http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/New-York-City-Health-and-Hospitals-Corporation-Company-History.html</a> <a href="#fnref:558" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:559"><p>Roberts, Sam. "Colin McCord, Who Helped Impose a Smoking Ban, Dies at 94", The New York Times, April 7, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Dr. McCord successfully lobbied for a ban on smoking in workplaces, restaurants and bars while he was an assistant health commissioner in Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg's administration. The ban, which took effect in 2003, was later expanded and replicated in jurisdictions around the world. New York had banned smoking in most restaurants in 1995, but the city continued to allow smoking in bars and the bar areas of restaurants." <a href="/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:559" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:560"><p>"New York State Tobacco Control Laws". New York State Department of Health. Retrieved December 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/tobacco_control/current_policies.htm" target="_blank">https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/tobacco_control/current_policies.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:560" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:561"><p>Annie McDonough (August 15, 2023). "Could New York City's right to shelter apply statewide?". City & State New York. Retrieved September 9, 2023. <a href="https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2023/08/could-new-york-citys-right-shelter-apply-statewide/389450/" target="_blank">https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2023/08/could-new-york-citys-right-shelter-apply-statewide/389450/</a> <a href="#fnref:561" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:562"><p>Gwynn’s Hogan (June 13, 2024). "NYC's Unsheltered Homeless Population Reaches Highest Number in More Than a Decade. Volunteers and city staffers counted 4,140 people sleeping on the streets and subways during the overnight annual count on Jan. 23". The City. Retrieved June 15, 2024. Shelter Beacon. City officials also pointed out that compared to other major United States cities, a relatively low proportion of New York City's homeless population live outdoors. In Los Angeles last year 52,000 of 72,000 homeless people were living outdoors (72%), whereas the unsheltered homeless in New York City is around 5% of the 124,000 who are unhoused in total. <a href="https://www.thecity.nyc/2024/06/13/nycs-unsheltered-homeless-population-reaches-highest-number-in-more-than-a-decade/" target="_blank">https://www.thecity.nyc/2024/06/13/nycs-unsheltered-homeless-population-reaches-highest-number-in-more-than-a-decade/</a> <a href="#fnref:562" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:563"><p>Basic Facts About Homelessness: New York City, Coalition for the Homeless, updated December 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. 'In recent years, homelessness in New York City has reached the highest levels since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In November 2023, there were 92,824 homeless people, including 33,365 homeless children, sleeping each night in New York City's main municipal shelter system. A total of 23,945 single adults slept in shelters each night in November 2023." <a href="https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/basic-facts-about-homelessness-new-york-city/" target="_blank">https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/basic-facts-about-homelessness-new-york-city/</a> <a href="#fnref:563" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:564"><p>Kershner, Ellen. "The Largest Police Departments In The US", WorldAtlas, August 3, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "Established in 1845, The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is one of the most well-known law enforcement agencies in the world. As the largest in the United States, it currently has about 36,008 full-time active officers and 19,000 civilian employees. This is almost three times as many as the country's second-largest police department in Chicago." <a href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-police-departments-in-the-us.html" target="_blank">https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-police-departments-in-the-us.html</a> <a href="#fnref:564" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:565"><p>Williams, Keith. "We Know They're New York's Finest. But Why?", The New York Times, May 4, 2017. Accessed January 17, 2024. "The Police Department's slogan also came from a phrase with military origins: “the finest police force on the planet,” an adaptation of Gen. Joseph Hooker's 1863 claim that the Union forces were 'the finest army on the planet.' A similar phrase referring to police officers appeared in The Times in 1865. The police chief George Washington Matsell promoted the nickname in the early 1870s, Mr. Popik wrote; the 1882 play 'One of the Finest' cemented the label, which was condensed to 'New York's Finest' by 1889." <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/nyregion/origins-of-new-yorks-finest.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/nyregion/origins-of-new-yorks-finest.html</a> <a href="#fnref:565" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:566"><p>Prager, Arthur (February–March 2006). "Worst-Case Scenario". American Heritage. Vol. 57, no. 1. Retrieved July 23, 2019. <a href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/worst-case-scenario" target="_blank">http://www.americanheritage.com/content/worst-case-scenario</a> <a href="#fnref:566" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:567"><p>"Compstat" (PDF). City of New York Police Department. Retrieved July 6, 2017. <a href="http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-city.pdf" target="_blank">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-city.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:567" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:568"><p>"Don't Tell New York, But Crime Is Going Up". Lib.jjay.cuny.edu. 28 (589, 590). City University of New York. December 15–31, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023100612/https://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211023100612/https://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:568" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:569"><p>Goldstein, Joseph. 'Judge Rejects New York's Stop-and-Frisk Policy", The New York Times, August 12, 2013. Accessed January 17, 2024. "But the judge, Shira A. Scheindlin, found that the Police Department resorted to a 'policy of indirect racial profiling' as it increased the number of stops in minority communities. That has led to officers' routinely stopping 'blacks and Hispanics who would not have been stopped if they were white.'" <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/nyregion/stop-and-frisk-practice-violated-rights-judge-rules.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/nyregion/stop-and-frisk-practice-violated-rights-judge-rules.html</a> <a href="#fnref:569" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:570"><p>Katersky, Aaron; Grant, Teddy. "NYPD safety team making high number of unlawful stops, mostly people of color: Report", ABC News, June 5, 2023. January 17, 2024. "A decade after the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk tactic was deemed unconstitutional, the police are still unlawfully stopping and searching many people, particularly men of color, according to a new report issued Monday by a court-appointed monitor. The monitor, Mylan Denerstein, faulted certain units of the NYPD's Neighborhood Safety Teams (NST), which are meant to combat gun violence in high-crime areas.... Shortly after a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2013 the policy violated the Constitution, then-NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg, in an op-ed in the Washington Post, pushed back against claims that stop-and-frisk promoted racial profiling." <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/nypd-safety-team-making-high-number-unlawful-stops/story?id=99850699" target="_blank">https://abcnews.go.com/US/nypd-safety-team-making-high-number-unlawful-stops/story?id=99850699</a> <a href="#fnref:570" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:571"><p>Ehrenfreund, Max. "Donald Trump claims New York's stop-and-frisk policy reduced crime. The data disagree.", The Washington Post, September 22, 2016. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In 1990, there were nearly 31 homicides in the city for every 100,000 people — more than the average for other major American cities even in a year of frequent violence across the country. A decade later, that figure had declined by nearly 75 percent, to 8.4 homicides per 100,000 people. As New York police abruptly moved away from the practice of stop-and-frisk toward the end of Kelly's tenure in 2013, the rate of homicide continued to decline as it had previously." <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/22/donald-trump-claims-new-yorks-stop-and-frisk-policy-reduced-crime-the-data-disagree/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/22/donald-trump-claims-new-yorks-stop-and-frisk-policy-reduced-crime-the-data-disagree/</a> <a href="#fnref:571" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:572"><p>Badger, Emily. "The Lasting Effects of Stop-and-Frisk in Bloomberg's New York", The New York Times, March 2, 2020, updated November 30, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In the years since Michael Bloomberg left the mayor's office in New York, the legacy of stop-and-frisk policing widely used during his administration has become clearer. Crime in the city continued to decline, suggesting that the aggressive use of police stops wasn't so essential to New York's safety after all." <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/upshot/stop-and-frisk-bloomberg.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/upshot/stop-and-frisk-bloomberg.html</a> <a href="#fnref:572" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:573"><p>Kanno-Youngs, Zolan. "New York City's Murder Rate Hit New Low in 2018", The Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2019. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The New York Police Department recorded 289 murders in 2018, three fewer than the 292 recorded in 2017. Mayor Bill de Blasio said it was the fewest number of homicides in nearly 70 years. Overall, major crime in the city fell by 1.3% from 97,089 to 95,844, police said. There were 2,245 people murdered in New York City in 1990." <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-citys-murder-rate-hit-new-low-in-2018-11546559793" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-citys-murder-rate-hit-new-low-in-2018-11546559793</a> <a href="#fnref:573" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:574"><p>"Fewest Annual Murders and Shooting Incidents Ever Recorded in the Modern Era; Lowest per-capita murder rate since 1951", New York City Police Department, press release dated January 5, 2018. Accessed January 15, 2024. "With the close of 2017, New York City marks three new crime reduction benchmarks: the first time the total number of index crimes has fallen below 100,000; the first time the number of shooting incidents has fallen below 800; and the first time the total number of murders has fallen below 300. This reduction in murders has resulted in the lowest per-capita murder rate in nearly 70 years." <a href="https://a860-gpp.nyc.gov/concern/nyc_government_publications/05741v36b" target="_blank">https://a860-gpp.nyc.gov/concern/nyc_government_publications/05741v36b</a> <a href="#fnref:574" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:575"><p>Cramer, Maria; Meko, Hurubie; and Marcius, Chelsia Rose. "Homicides and Shootings Fell in New York City as Felony Assaults Rose", The New York Times, January 3, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "There were 386 homicides in 2023, a 12 percent drop from 2022." <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/03/nyregion/nyc-crime-2023.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/03/nyregion/nyc-crime-2023.html</a> <a href="#fnref:575" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:576"><p>"NYPD Announces December 2023, End-of-Year Citywide Crime Statistics", New York City Police Department, press release dated January 4, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Murders – which rose for four consecutive years before the current administration was installed – fell by 11.9% (386 vs. 438) in 2023 compared to 2022, and by 33.3% (24 vs. 36) in December 2023, compared to the same month a year prior." <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/p00098/nypd-december-2023-end-of-year-citywide-crime-statistics" target="_blank">https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/p00098/nypd-december-2023-end-of-year-citywide-crime-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:576" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:577"><p>"Gun Violence in New York City; The Data", Vital City. Accessed January 17, 2024. <a href="https://www.vitalcitynyc.org/vital_signs/gun-violence-in-new-york-city-the-data" target="_blank">https://www.vitalcitynyc.org/vital_signs/gun-violence-in-new-york-city-the-data</a> <a href="#fnref:577" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:578"><p>"States with the most gun violence share one trait". CNN. 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It includes 223 bus gates, retail and commercial space, and public parking for 1,250 vehicles." <a href="https://www.panynj.gov/port-authority/en/press-room/press-release-archives/2008_press_releases/architect_chosenforplannedofficetoweraboveportauthoritybustermin.html" target="_blank">https://www.panynj.gov/port-authority/en/press-room/press-release-archives/2008_press_releases/architect_chosenforplannedofficetoweraboveportauthoritybustermin.html</a> <a href="#fnref:589" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:590"><p>McGeehan, Patrick; and Hu, Winnie. "'Notorious' Port Authority Bus Terminal May Get a $10 Billion Overhaul", The New York Times, January 21, 2021, updated September 23, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The bus terminal plan, which has been in the works for more than seven contentious years, would cost as much as $10 billion and could take a decade to complete.... More than 250,000 people passed through it on a typical weekday before the pandemic, according to the Port Authority.... The bus terminal, a brick hulk perched at the mouth of the Lincoln Tunnel, has long exceeded its capacity — when it opened in late 1950, it was expected to handle 60,000 passengers a day." <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/nyregion/port-authority-bus-terminal.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/nyregion/port-authority-bus-terminal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:590" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:591"><p>Wilson, Colleen. "Port Authority Bus Terminal was once a marvel. Will the next one meet commuters' needs?", The Record, June 30, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Becoming the busiest bus terminal in the world doesn't happen without also bearing the brunt of blame every time a commute goes horribly wrong — deserved or otherwise.... The popularity of bus commuting over the Hudson River has steadily risen over the last seven decades, with some 260,000 people a day coming through the terminal pre-pandemic.... A more efficient terminal should improve some of the delays through the Lincoln Tunnel and exclusive bus lane (XBL), the dedicated lane in the morning that converges all buses into a single lane from I-495 into the Lincoln Tunnel from New Jersey." <a href="https://www.northjersey.com/in-depth/news/transportation/2021/06/30/port-authority-bus-terminal-replacement-meet-commuter-needs/7685645002/" target="_blank">https://www.northjersey.com/in-depth/news/transportation/2021/06/30/port-authority-bus-terminal-replacement-meet-commuter-needs/7685645002/</a> <a href="#fnref:591" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:592"><p>Hill, John. "Renderings of New Midtown Bus Terminal Revealed", World Architects, February 5, 2024. Accessed February 13, 2024. "Not surprisingly, the two renderings included in last week's announcement show the main terminal and are accompanied by photos of the existing to depict a dramatic departure from the current situation. Compare the existing intersection of 8th Avenue and 41st Street (below) with a rendering of the same (above), in which a portion of 41st Street would be closed to create an 'iconic' atrium entrance." <a href="https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/renderings-of-new-midtown-bus-terminal-revealed" target="_blank">https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/renderings-of-new-midtown-bus-terminal-revealed</a> <a href="#fnref:592" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:593"><p>McGeehan, Patrick. "A Look at the $10 Billion Design for a New Port Authority Bus Terminal The Port Authority unveiled a revised design for a replacement of the much-reviled transit hub, which opened in 1950.", The New York Times, February 1, 2024. Accessed February 9, 2024. "Instead of the dismal, brick hulk that has darkened two full blocks of Midtown Manhattan for more than 70 years, there would be a bright, modern transit hub topped by two office towers.... Construction is expected to take eight years, he said, meaning the project could be completed by 2032." <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/01/nyregion/port-authority-bus-terminal-replacement.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/01/nyregion/port-authority-bus-terminal-replacement.html</a> <a href="#fnref:593" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:594"><p>Hu, Winnie; Schweber, Nate; Piccoli, Sean (May 17, 2021). "New York City Subway Returns to 24-Hour Service". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/17/nyregion/nyc-subway-full-service-24-hours.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/17/nyregion/nyc-subway-full-service-24-hours.html</a> <a href="#fnref:594" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:595"><p>"The world's top 10 busiest metros". Railway Technology. November 12, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-top-10-busiest-metros-4433827/" target="_blank">https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-top-10-busiest-metros-4433827/</a> <a href="#fnref:595" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:596"><p>"Subway and bus ridership for 2021". MTA. Retrieved July 23, 2023. <a href="https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-ridership-2021" target="_blank">https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-ridership-2021</a> <a href="#fnref:596" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:597"><p>Christie, Les (June 29, 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users". CNNMoney.com. Retrieved January 2, 2008. <a href="https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm" target="_blank">https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:597" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:598"><p>"NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05" (PDF). Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050514220419/http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050514220419/http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:598" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:599"><p>The Hardest Working Cities (PDF) (Report). Office of the New York City Comptroller. March 2015. <a href="http://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/Longest_Work_Weeks_March_2015.pdf" target="_blank">http://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/Longest_Work_Weeks_March_2015.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:599" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:600"><p>Weinberger, Rachel; Kaehny, John; Rufo, Matthew (2010). "U.S. Parking Policies: An Overview of Management Strategies" (PDF). Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. p. 62. Retrieved June 11, 2011. New York City is the largest, densest and most transit- and pedestrian-oriented city in the United States. It is the only U.S. city in which a majority of households do not have a car. Despite this, New York City is very much an American city in the way it under prices and under uses curbside parking meters. Meter rates are far lower than in other leading world cities, and New York suffers from high levels of cruising and double parking (p. 62) ... Nationally 90% of households own automobiles. New Yorkers own fewer at 48% with only 22% of Manhattan residents owning automobiles (p. 78) <a href="http://www.infrastructureusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/itdp_parking_fullreport.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.infrastructureusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/itdp_parking_fullreport.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:600" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:601"><p>"New York City's Green Dividend". CEOs for Cities. April 21, 2010. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161101135006/http://www.streetsblog.org/2010/04/21/sustainable-transport-saves-new-yorkers-19-billion-per-year/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161101135006/http://www.streetsblog.org/2010/04/21/sustainable-transport-saves-new-yorkers-19-billion-per-year/</a> <a href="#fnref:601" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:602"><p>"The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 30, 2012. <a href="http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm" target="_blank">http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:602" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:603"><p>"The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 30, 2012. <a href="http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm" target="_blank">http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:603" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:604"><p>Public Transportation, John F. Kennedy International Airport. Accessed January 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.jfkairport.com/to-from-airport/public-transportation" target="_blank">https://www.jfkairport.com/to-from-airport/public-transportation</a> <a href="#fnref:604" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:605"><p>"National Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2013" (PDF). Amtrak. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410143624/http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/826/406/Amtrak-National-Fact-Sheet-FY2013-rev.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150410143624/http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/826/406/Amtrak-National-Fact-Sheet-FY2013-rev.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:605" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:606"><p>Staten Island Railway Timetable, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, effective January 2020. Accessed January 15, 2024. "MTA Staten Island Railway – service runs 24 hours a day between the St George and Tottenville terminals. At the St George terminal, customers can make connections with Staten Island Ferry service to Manhattan." <a href="https://new.mta.info/document/14061" target="_blank">https://new.mta.info/document/14061</a> <a href="#fnref:606" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:607"><p>PATH Schedules and Maps, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.panynj.gov/path/en/schedules-maps.html" target="_blank">https://www.panynj.gov/path/en/schedules-maps.html</a> <a href="#fnref:607" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:608"><p>Cohn, Emily. "Say what you want about the NYC subway — there's one thing that makes it much better than most other subways in the world", Business Insider, August 28, 2017. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Only five rapid transit systems in the country have 24-hour service, and three of them — the subway, the Staten Island Railway, and the PATH — all service New York City. Chicago's 'L' is only 24/7 on some of its lines." <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nyc-subway-runs-all-night-and-thats-why-its-great-2017-8" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/nyc-subway-runs-all-night-and-thats-why-its-great-2017-8</a> <a href="#fnref:608" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:609"><p>"10 things we bet you didn't know about Grand Central". Signum International AG. Grand Central Terminal is spread over 49 acres, has 44 platforms and 67 tracks on two levels. It is the world's largest train station by number of platforms and area occupied. <a href="https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/10-things-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-grand-central/" target="_blank">https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/10-things-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-grand-central/</a> <a href="#fnref:609" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:610"><p>Dobnik, Verena (February 7, 2013). "NYC Transit Projects: East Side Access, Second Avenue Subway, And 7 Train Extension (PHOTOS)". HuffPost. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208120505/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/nyc-subway-underground-rail-second-avenue-subway_n_2637601.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130208120505/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/nyc-subway-underground-rail-second-avenue-subway_n_2637601.html</a> <a href="#fnref:610" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:611"><p>2022 Air Traffic Report, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, April 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2022.pdf#page=39" target="_blank">https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2022.pdf#page=39</a> <a href="#fnref:611" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:612"><p>U.S. InternationalAir Passenger and Freight Statistics June 2023, United States Department of Transportation, released November 2023. Accessed January 14, 2024. "The top five domestic scheduled passenger gateway airports for the year-ended June 2023 were New York, NY (JFK), Miami, FL (MIA), Los Angeles, CA (LAX), New York, NY (EWR), and Chicago, IL (ORD)." <a href="https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2023-11/US%20International%20Air%20Passenger%20and%20Freight%20Statistics%20for%20June%202023.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2023-11/US%20International%20Air%20Passenger%20and%20Freight%20Statistics%20for%20June%202023.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:612" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:613"><p>"2011 Year-to-date International passenger Traffic (as of December 2011)". Airports Council International. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206022153/http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1376-1379_666_2__" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101206022153/http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1376-1379_666_2__</a> <a href="#fnref:613" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:614"><p>Reed, Ted. "In a Queens Miracle, New York LaGuardia Airport Goes From Loser to Winner", Airline Weekly, March 21, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2023. "Throughout a troubled 2022, the pandemic exposed many fragilities in a troubled United States airline industry, but it also enabled a widely recognized miracle in the $8 billion resurrection of New York LaGuardia Airport. Once widely viewed as a hellhole, LaGuardia was transformed.... Transformation involved rebuilding two terminals, each costing about $4 billion, as well as about five miles of roadway. Terminal B has 35 gates, occupied by American and four other airlines. Work began in 2016 and was completed on July 8, 2022, the exact day specified in a bond offering six years earlier. Terminal C, occupied and financed by Delta Air Lines, will have 37 gates. Work began in 2017 and is largely finished, with completion by the end of the year." <a href="https://airlineweekly.skift.com/2023/03/laguardia-airport-the-queens-miracle-from-loser-to-winner/" target="_blank">https://airlineweekly.skift.com/2023/03/laguardia-airport-the-queens-miracle-from-loser-to-winner/</a> <a href="#fnref:614" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:615"><p>McGeehan, Patrick. "La Guardia Airport to Be Overhauled by 2021, Cuomo and Biden Say", The New York Times, July 27, 2015. Accessed January 15, 2024. "He said he took it personally when, in February 2014, Mr. Biden likened La Guardia to something a traveler might find 'in a third world country.'" <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/nyregion/la-guardia-airport-to-be-rebuilt-by-2021-cuomo-and-biden-say.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/nyregion/la-guardia-airport-to-be-rebuilt-by-2021-cuomo-and-biden-say.html</a> <a href="#fnref:615" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:616"><p>via Associated Press. "Biden Compares La Guardia Airport to 'Third World'", The New York Times, February 6, 2014. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Vice President Joseph R. Biden says La Guardia Airport in New York could use some major improvements — and that is putting it mildly. Mr. Biden said that if he blindfolded someone and took him to La Guardia, the person would think he was in 'some third world country.'" <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Associated_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:616" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:617"><p>The Project, A Whole New LGA. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The $8 billion project, two-thirds of which is funded through private financing and existing passenger fees, broke ground in 2016." <a href="https://www.anewlga.com/about-the-project/" target="_blank">https://www.anewlga.com/about-the-project/</a> <a href="#fnref:617" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:618"><p>Strunsky, Steve (May 31, 2012). "Stewart International Airport upgrade approved as Port Authority aims to increase passenger traffic". NJ.com. New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved July 30, 2012. <a href="http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/stewart_international_airport.html" target="_blank">http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/stewart_international_airport.html</a> <a href="#fnref:618" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:619"><p>Sanders, Anna (September 20, 2016). "Staten Island Ferry ridershilip breaks record". SILive.com. Retrieved December 31, 2016. <a href="http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/09/staten_island_ferry_ridership.html" target="_blank">http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/09/staten_island_ferry_ridership.html</a> <a href="#fnref:619" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:620"><p>"Staten Island Ferry". nyc.gov. New York City Department of Transportation. September 18, 2017. <a href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ferrybus/staten-island-ferry.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ferrybus/staten-island-ferry.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:620" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:621"><p>Rosenberg, Zoe (April 17, 2017). "First of New York's citywide ferries arrives in Brooklyn Bridge Park". Curbed New York, Vox Media. Retrieved April 17, 2017. <a href="http://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/17/15326348/nyc-ferry-routes-times" target="_blank">http://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/17/15326348/nyc-ferry-routes-times</a> <a href="#fnref:621" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:622"><p>Yellow Cab, New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Taxicabs are the only vehicles that have the right to pick up street-hailing and prearranged passengers anywhere in New York City. By law, there are 13,587 taxis in New York City and each taxi must have a medallion affixed to it." <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/tlc/businesses/yellow-cab.page" target="_blank">https://www.nyc.gov/site/tlc/businesses/yellow-cab.page</a> <a href="#fnref:622" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:623"><p>Green Cab, New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Street-hail Liveries, also known as green cabs, are For-Hire Vehicles that are permitted to accept street-hails. In exchange, Street-Hail Liveries may not operate in the Hail Exclusionary Zone, south of West 110th St and East 96th St." <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/tlc/businesses/green-cab.page" target="_blank">https://www.nyc.gov/site/tlc/businesses/green-cab.page</a> <a href="#fnref:623" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:624"><p>TLC Factbook, New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission, updated December 18, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. <a href="https://tlcpolicy.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/portfolio/index.html?appid=be00fce0963540628e37fd7c75a6d386" target="_blank">https://tlcpolicy.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/portfolio/index.html?appid=be00fce0963540628e37fd7c75a6d386</a> <a href="#fnref:624" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:625"><p>"Mayor Adams, TLC Announce new Rules to Require City's Rideshare Vehicles to be Zero-Emission, Wheelchair Accessible by 2030", Mayor of New York City Eric Adams, August 16, 2023. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Both Uber and Lyft, which together comprise New York City's high-volume for-hire fleet of approximately 78,000 vehicles, have committed to transitioning to a greener fleet by 2030." <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/597-23/mayor-adams-tlc-new-rules-require-city-s-rideshare-vehicles-be-zero-emission-" target="_blank">https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/597-23/mayor-adams-tlc-new-rules-require-city-s-rideshare-vehicles-be-zero-emission-</a> <a href="#fnref:625" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:626"><p>History, Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The original Roosevelt Island aerial tramway - the first tram in the country to be used for urban transportation – was opened in May 1976." <a href="https://rioc.ny.gov/169/History" target="_blank">https://rioc.ny.gov/169/History</a> <a href="#fnref:626" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:627"><p>Aerial Tramway Vital Statistics, Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The Tram travels between the Manhattan station at 2nd Avenue between 59th and 60th streets and the Tram station on Roosevelt Island. It travels a distance of 3,140 feet at a speed of up to 17 miles per hour in less than three (3) minutes. It rises to a maximum height of 230 feet and can carry a maximum of 109 passengers plus an attendant per cabin. The system annually transports more than two million passengers." <a href="https://rioc.ny.gov/173/Aerial-Tramway-Vital-Statistics" target="_blank">https://rioc.ny.gov/173/Aerial-Tramway-Vital-Statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:627" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:628"><p>Cycling in the City, New York City Department of Transportation. Accessed January 14, 2024. "1,525 lane miles of bike lanes installed in New York City as of 2022; 644 lane miles of protected bike lanes installed in New York City as of 2022" <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/cyclinginthecity.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/cyclinginthecity.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:628" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:629"><p>Cycling in the City, New York City Department of Transportation. Accessed January 14, 2024. "1,525 lane miles of bike lanes installed in New York City as of 2022; 644 lane miles of protected bike lanes installed in New York City as of 2022" <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/cyclinginthecity.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/cyclinginthecity.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:629" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:630"><p>"Congestion pricing in New York gets the go-ahead after all. Maybe". The Economist. November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024. But traffic is bad most days, with more than 900,000 cars entering Manhattan's central business district. INRIX, a traffic-data firm, found that New York City leads the world in urban traffic congestion among the cities scored, with the average driver stationary for 101 hours a year. <a href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/11/21/congestion-pricing-in-new-york-gets-the-go-ahead-after-all-maybe" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/11/21/congestion-pricing-in-new-york-gets-the-go-ahead-after-all-maybe</a> <a href="#fnref:630" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:631"><p>Plitt, Amy; Ricciulli, Valeria (August 15, 2019). "New York City's streets are 'more congested than ever': report". Curbed. Retrieved January 16, 2022. <a href="https://ny.curbed.com/2019/8/15/20807470/nyc-streets-dot-mobility-report-congestion" target="_blank">https://ny.curbed.com/2019/8/15/20807470/nyc-streets-dot-mobility-report-congestion</a> <a href="#fnref:631" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:632"><p>Barr, Jason M. (September 5, 2019). 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When completed in 1883, the bridge, with its massive stone towers and a main span of 1,595.5 feet between them, was by far the longest suspension bridge in the world." <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-12/" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-12/</a> <a href="#fnref:640" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:641"><p>"Williamsburg Bridge", American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed July 30, 2023. 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The Manhattan end of the tunnel leads to the Wall Street area, the South Street Seaport, City Hall/Civic Center, Battery Park City, the World Trade Center site, and the World Financial Center." <a href="https://new.mta.info/bridges-and-tunnels/about/hugh-l-carey-tunnel" target="_blank">https://new.mta.info/bridges-and-tunnels/about/hugh-l-carey-tunnel</a> <a href="#fnref:648" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:649"><p>"Forms of Municipal Government". National League of Cities. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118035924/http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-networks/resources/cities-101/forms-of-municipal-government" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120118035924/http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-networks/resources/cities-101/forms-of-municipal-government</a> <a href="#fnref:649" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:650"><p>"About the Council". 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