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Stripped Classicism
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<h2 id="description-and-history">Description and history</h2> <p>Though the term is usually reserved for the more thorough style that forms part of 20th-century <a href="/facts/Rational_architecture/1aFUJ6AY">rational architecture</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> characteristics of Stripped Classicism are embodied in works of some progressive late 18th- and early 19th-century <a href="/facts/Neoclassical_architecture/tKdIuJwx">neoclassical architects</a>, such as <a href="/facts/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e/1GR7Q2Br">Étienne-Louis Boullée</a>, <a href="/facts/Claude_Nicolas_Ledoux/pKSCdyF2">Claude Nicolas Ledoux</a>, <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Gilly/3hDrtBqr">Friedrich Gilly</a>, <a href="/facts/Peter_Speeth/e4qxX9C6">Peter Speeth</a>, Sir <a href="/facts/John_Soane/7WJm0vKk">John Soane</a> and <a href="/facts/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel/mRjnxWCH">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Between the World Wars, a stripped-down classicism became the <i>de facto</i> standard for many monumental and institutional governmental buildings all over the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Governments used this architectural <i>méthode</i> to straddle <a href="/facts/Modern_architecture/T3F1gFrv">modernism</a> and <a href="/facts/Classicism/U2IrVJ6P">classicism</a>, an ideal political response to a modernizing world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> In part, this movement was said to have origins in the need to save money in governmental <a href="/facts/Public_works/SXrgjojz">works</a> by eschewing the expense of hand-worked classical detail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <p>In Europe, examples as early as the <a href="/facts/Embassy_of_Germany,_Saint_Petersburg/nB101y1G">Embassy of Germany, Saint Petersburg</a>, designed by <a href="/facts/Peter_Behrens/KBsIcIJa">Peter Behrens</a> and completed in 1912, "established models for the classical purity aspired to by high modernists like <a href="/facts/Mies_van_der_Rohe/9vC2LK1S">Mies van der Rohe</a> but also for the oversized, Stripped Classicism of Hitler's, Stalin's and <a href="/facts/Walter_Ulbricht/cY7Mau3Y">Ulbricht</a>'s architects and perhaps of American, British and French official buildings in the 1930s as well".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The style later found adherents in the <a href="/facts/Fascist/EhQWcPsE">Fascist</a> regimes of Germany<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and Italy as well as in the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> during <a href="/facts/Josef_Stalin/SHtxGyQn">Stalin</a>'s regime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Albert_Speer/VMYu0WaU">Albert Speer</a>'s <a href="/facts/Nazi_party_rally_grounds/g6IcD0AK">Zeppelinfeld</a> and other parts of the <a href="/facts/Nazi_party_rally_grounds/g6IcD0AK">Nazi party rally grounds</a> complex outside <a href="/facts/Nuremberg/Bht6TsP4">Nuremberg</a> were perhaps the most famous examples in Germany, using classical elements such as columns and altars alongside modern technology such as <a href="/facts/Searchlight/Gprkyush">spotlights</a>. The <a href="/facts/Casa_del_Fascio_(Como)/bh32h1cU">Casa del Fascio</a> in <a href="/facts/Como/d5QHB9vT">Como</a> has also been aligned with the movement. In the USSR some of the proposals for the unbuilt <a href="/facts/Palace_of_the_Soviets/0cuz7suS">Palace of the Soviets</a> also had characteristics of the style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Among American architects, the work of <a href="/facts/Paul_Philippe_Cret/PIY3tyrT">Paul Philippe Cret</a> exemplifies the style. His <a href="/facts/Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_American_Monument/xJIJzbmb">Château-Thierry American Monument</a> built in 1928 has been identified as an early example.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Among his other works identified with the style are the exterior of the 1933 <a href="/facts/Folger_Shakespeare_Library/AnlwmXyx">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> in <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> (though not the <a href="/facts/Tudor_Revival_architecture/MuPUfA2I">Tudor Revival</a> library interior), the 1937 <a href="/facts/Main_Building_(University_of_Texas_at_Austin)/3J3XDEur">University of Texas at Austin's Main Tower</a>, the 1937 <a href="/facts/Eccles_Building/hr9Je3zv">Federal Reserve Building</a> in Washington, D.C., and the 1939 <a href="/facts/Bethesda_Naval_Hospital/16hLt4yk">Bethesda Naval Hospital</a> tower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>It is sometimes evident in buildings that were constructed by the <a href="/facts/Works_Projects_Administration/BTnBat98">Works Projects Administration</a> during the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a>, albeit with a mix of <a href="/facts/Art_Deco/y1xFeh9t">Art Deco architecture</a> or its elements. Related styles have been described as <a href="/facts/PWA_Moderne/WajVPwB2">PWA Moderne</a> and <a href="/facts/Greco_Deco/M2uYE02M">Greco Deco</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The movement was widespread, and transcended national boundaries. Architects who at least notably experimented in Stripped Classicism included <a href="/facts/John_James_Burnet/aScYQQcS">John James Burnet</a>, <a href="/facts/Giorgio_Grassi/nPoXEska">Giorgio Grassi</a>, <a href="/facts/L%C3%A9on_Krier/hlKhA961">Léon Krier</a>, <a href="/facts/Aldo_Rossi/WzKKPQ4J">Aldo Rossi</a>, <a href="/facts/Albert_Speer/VMYu0WaU">Albert Speer</a>, <a href="/facts/Robert_A._M._Stern/wGLeXe4c">Robert A. M. Stern</a> and <a href="/facts/Paul_Troost/Vb1cLB3J">Paul Troost</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Despite its popularity with <a href="/facts/Totalitarianism/Txc6sJvM">totalitarian</a> regimes, it has been adapted by many English-speaking <a href="/facts/Democracy/3tLdVS1C">democratic</a> governments, including during the <a href="/facts/New_Deal/R33TXQFB">New Deal</a> in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> In any event, presumed "fascist" underpinnings have hampered acceptance into mainstream architectural thought.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> There is no evidence that architects who favored this style had a particular <a href="/facts/Right-wing/CVoubHMm">right-wing</a> political disposition. Nevertheless, both <a href="/facts/Adolf_Hitler/3zyXG1L8">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/facts/Benito_Mussolini/q8UPaBlm">Benito Mussolini</a> were fans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> On the other hand, Stripped Classicism was favored by <a href="/facts/Joseph_Stalin/SHtxGyQn">Joseph Stalin</a> and various regional <a href="/facts/Communism/PkUwa9xK">Communist</a> regimes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>After the defeat of <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a> and end of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, the style fell out of favor. However, it was somewhat revived in designs in the 1960s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Included was <a href="/facts/Philip_Johnson/zW682weu">Philip Johnson</a>'s New York <a href="/facts/Lincoln_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts/6lPoJGXm">Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> evidencing "a revival in the Stripped Classical style". Likewise, <a href="/facts/Canberra,_Australia/V2PldFRs">Canberra, Australia</a> saw the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory/kVEzLAV6">Law Courts of the Australian Capital Territory</a> (1961) and the <a href="/facts/National_Library_of_Australia/I8kaalIX">National Library of Australia</a> (1968) resurrect grand Stripped Classical designs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles/JETDz9sm">Australian non-residential architectural styles</a>. </p> <h2 id="the-paradoxical-embrace-of-old-and-new">The paradoxical embrace of old and new</h2> <p>The use of culture and 'myth' was a shared peculiarity of totalitarian political programmes during the 1920–30s, including <a href="/facts/Nazism/JjsMI4lE">Nazism</a> in Germany and <a href="/facts/Soviet_Communism/D2SLaJGA">Soviet Communism</a> in Russia. Cultural incentives launched by these states, and all their various intricacies, evoked currents of modernist thought. </p><p>Through architecture, they strove to invoke the power of <a href="/facts/Modernity/kkpjFrpr">modernity</a> in their physical landscapes (especially in their capital cities) and, simultaneously, reinvent the past (as symbolised by Stripped Classicism's restrained classical features) by ransacking its archetypal 'healthy' elements to inaugurate a reforged, rejuvenated, futural, open-ended and monumental future. </p><p>It is this curious dichotomy between old and new, an inexorable feature of Stripped Classicism, which historian <a href="/facts/Roger_Griffin/8oCW3kPS">Roger Griffin</a> has encapsulated in his conceptual framework of 'rooted modernism' (which he discusses in relation to fascist buildings).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>The modernism in Stripped Classical buildings can be seen through their stylistic components (mute apertures, blank walls and the absence of ornament) and through their pure functionality. <a href="/facts/Adolf_Loos/BJTSWw3z">Adolf Loos</a>, an Austrian theorist of modern architecture, and his essay "<a href="/facts/Ornament_and_Crime/ELe06FHs">Ornament and Crime</a>" can be seen as just one of the many philosophers/theorists/architects who foreshadowed some of the stylistic elements of Stripped Classicism. </p><p>Avant-garde movements such as <a href="/facts/Futurism/B6eQPHN2">Futurism</a> also foreshadowed a form of building which is as much extravagant as it is streamlined, as much multi-functional as it is fit for the multi-faceted modern future vis-a-vis high-speed travel, technologically advanced means of communication, hydraulic engineering etc... "all in time for the most mechanised war in history", as Samuel Patterson writes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>The Stripped Classical style was also embraced by <a href="/facts/Franklin_D._Roosevelt/HtG9vMQv">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, who yearned for an architecture symbolising a 'new beginning' under <a href="/facts/New_Deal/R33TXQFB">New Dealism</a> (which was fighting to ameliorate the ramifications of the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a>), and concomitantly, archetypal American genius. A discussion of the Roosevelt administration, its reinvention of the past (centred on <a href="/facts/Jeffersonian_architecture/DY3EDXGm">Jeffersonianism</a>) and its uses of architecture in the 1930s can be found in Patterson's 'Problem-Solvers' thesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-examples">Notable examples</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Image</th><th>Location</th><th>Architect(s)</th><th>Year completed</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Embassy_of_Germany,_Saint_Petersburg/nB101y1G">Embassy of Germany, Saint Petersburg</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Saint_Petersburg/pNuCBxaM">Saint Petersburg, Russia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Peter_Behrens/KBsIcIJa">Peter Behrens</a></td><td>1913</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra/cQ6FhUWW">Provisional Parliament House</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Canberra/V2PldFRs">Canberra</a>, <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/John_Smith_Murdoch/cXYPl5Ks">John Smith Murdoch</a></td><td>1927</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology/zk8YzTmw">Valley Life Sciences Building at UC Berkeley</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Berkeley,_California/WBVjzd5l">Berkeley, California</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/George_W._Kelham/5QpvATsR">George W. Kelham</a></td><td>1930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polish_Ministry_of_Education/sGclG1PW">Polish Ministry of Education</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Warsaw/0cRqN3pw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></td><td>Zdzisław Mączeński</td><td>1930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Parliament_House,_Helsinki/Hb7n0aT0">Parliament House</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Helsinki/9za9r3jS">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a></td><td><a href="/facts/J._S._Sir%C3%A9n/11qGAmlc">J. S. Sirén</a></td><td>1931</td><td>Also a key example of <a href="/facts/Nordic_Classicism/kbbR5QkJ">Nordic Classicism</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_R._Cotter_Federal_Building/D5F3XoxB">William R. Cotter Federal Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Hartford,_Connecticut/F3D8LKMK">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Adams_%26_Prentice/AQ4DfKYC">Malmfeldt, Adams & Prentice</a></td><td>1931</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Frist_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts/Qo9vjUCW">Frist Center for the Visual Arts</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nashville,_Tennessee/KvWAcNtd">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Marr_%26_Holman/tjVoxYn3">Marr & Holman</a></td><td>1932</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Folger_Shakespeare_Library/AnlwmXyx">Folger Shakespeare Library</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Paul_Philippe_Cret/PIY3tyrT">Paul Philippe Cret</a></td><td>1933</td><td><a href="/facts/John_Gregory_(sculptor)/9Vga2nDw">John Gregory</a>, architectural sculpture; <a href="/facts/Brenda_Putnam/v89wmXg0">Brenda Putnam</a>, statue of <a href="/facts/Puck_(Shakespeare)/RJNXIFGu">Puck</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Federal_Building/IME8d3Rc">Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Atlanta/8hPVGb78">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/A._Ten_Eyck_Brown/zJJlfauT">A. Ten Eyck Brown</a></td><td>1933</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eccles_Building/hr9Je3zv">Eccles Building</a> (Federal Reserve) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td>Paul Philippe Cret</td><td>1937</td><td><a href="/facts/Sidney_Waugh/LJMaPpyj">Sidney Waugh</a>, <a href="/facts/Architectural_sculpture/rN70PAM2">architectural sculpture</a>; <a href="/facts/Samuel_Yellin/3PLQs4EX">Samuel Yellin</a>, wrought iron; <a href="/facts/Ezra_Winter/hC2ztHcQ">Ezra Winter</a>, <a href="/facts/Mural/NKJCN7zK">murals</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Mint/m6NjFuvE">San Francisco Mint</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/San_Francisco,_California/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco, California</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gilbert_Stanley_Underwood/f3FNeGXD">Gilbert Stanley Underwood</a></td><td>1937</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tennessee_Supreme_Court_Building_(Nashville)/A1fxppze">Tennessee Supreme Court Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nashville,_Tennessee/KvWAcNtd">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Marr_%26_Holman/tjVoxYn3">Marr & Holman</a></td><td>1937</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Victoria_Palace/zb0akLw8">Victoria Palace</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Bucharest/4xQnsGwM">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Duiliu_Marcu/AyYIX6mW">Duiliu Marcu</a></td><td>1937</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Virginia_Department_of_Highways_Building/m38CuL90">Virginia Department of Highways Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Richmond,_Virginia/RPT22L8B">Richmond, Virginia</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td>Carneal, Johnston & Wright</td><td>1937</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Pavilion/YM0wo2jD">Meštrović Pavilion</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Zagreb/KPf8bzLI">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87/LDV8lcNd">Ivan Meštrović</a></td><td>1938</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Oregon_State_Capitol/Kj2zSUpV">Oregon State Capitol</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Salem,_Oregon/k7zd3I1K">Salem, Oregon</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Francis_Keally/kDCauocV">Francis Keally</a> and <a href="/facts/Trowbridge_%26_Livingston/H5AhBpMC">Trowbridge & Livingston</a></td><td>1938</td><td><a href="/facts/Leo_Friedlander/yPBGrNoS">Leo Friedlander</a> and <a href="/facts/Ulric_Ellerhusen/K495jogs">Ulric Ellerhusen</a>, architectural sculpture; <a href="/facts/Frank_Henry_Schwarz/GdEdauMy">Frank Henry Schwarz</a> and <a href="/facts/Barry_Faulkner/sN06XT02">Barry Faulkner</a>, murals</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey/XMmKP5qd">Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM)</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Bakanl%C4%B1klar/xr00v4eK">Bakanlıklar</a>, <a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Clemens_Holzmeister/tYmGzWzP">Clemens Holzmeister</a></td><td>1938</td><td>The building was said to been commisioned in 1938, but wasn't built and made in use until 1960</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Patrick_Henry_Building/2UEkyB0F">Patrick Henry Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Richmond,_Virginia/RPT22L8B">Richmond, Virginia</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td>Carneal, Johnston and Wright</td><td>1938</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Palace_of_Nations/YvYFEVRa">Palace of Nations</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a>, <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td><td>Carlo Broggi, Julien Flegenheimer, Camille Lefèvre, <a href="/facts/Henri_Paul_N%C3%A9not/o7dljFI9">Henri Paul Nénot</a>, Joseph Vago</td><td>1938</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Banovina_Palace/uRxH0cmE">Banovina Palace</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Novi_Sad/g5F2natr">Novi Sad</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dragi%C5%A1a_Bra%C5%A1ovan/TefulR6y">Dragiša Brašovan</a></td><td>1939</td><td><a href="/facts/Relief/quWLJGKo">Reliefs</a> were done by Karlo Baranji. The reliefs showcase <a href="/facts/Peter_I_of_Serbia/Xyc5J5Vz">Peter I of Serbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia/3CpJj84Y">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/facts/Radomir_Putnik/wF1Lno2g">Radomir Putnik</a>, <a href="/facts/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87/q7JM2n62">Petar Bojović</a>, <a href="/facts/%C5%BDivojin_Mi%C5%A1i%C4%87/oC3NDV7y">Živojin Mišić</a>, and <a href="/facts/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87/UoTgmjFx">Stepa Stepanović</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PRIZAD_building/9Ug3u3Te">PRIZAD Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a></td><td>Bogdan Nestorović</td><td>1939</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Houston_City_Hall/4BuygVog">Houston City Hall</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Houston,_Texas/1v8AwQUN">Houston, Texas</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Joseph_Finger/lzYDgNah">Joseph Finger</a></td><td>1939</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Harry_S_Truman_Building/gUm70Xc6">Harry S Truman Building</a> (particularly the War Department Building) of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">United States Department of State</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td>Underwood & Foster</td><td>1939</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court/Gx9v5PTy">Justice Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Raleigh,_North_Carolina/6WznvprP">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Northrup_%26_O%27Brien/31dhfPyv">Northrup & O'Brien</a></td><td>1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Waltham_Forest_Town_Hall/0MTrsFAT">Waltham Forest Town Hall</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest/YVXAxYgy">London Borough of Waltham Forest</a>, <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Philip_Hepworth/HS9II6za">Philip Hepworth</a></td><td>1941</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/TCDD_General_Headquarters_Building/x20G8ylG">TCDD General Headquarters Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ulus,_Ankara/EAPKzPEq">Ulus</a>, <a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a></td><td>Bedri Uçar</td><td>1941</td><td>Only the central structure of the building was completed in 1941, the rest of the building wasn't completed until 1986.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dauphin_County_Courthouse/2RcLbGLg">Dauphin County Courthouse</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania/dLwCq0dz">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td>Lawrie and Green</td><td>1942</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/EUR,_Rome/up4eXQ8u">Esposizione Universale Roma</a> (EUR)(<a href="/facts/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana/N87R2FH4">Colosseo Quadrato</a> pictured)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Marcello_Piacentini/0IDMz2L8">Marcello Piacentini</a></td><td>1942</td><td>Planned for the world's fair 1942, but unfinished due to the war.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lisner_Auditorium/SW0pFUf2">Lisner Auditorium</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Faulkner_%26_Kingsbury/VHWxYHFc">Faulkner & Kingsbury</a></td><td>1943</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bernardo O'Higgins Military School</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Santiago_de_Chile/JfuaYt26">Santiago de Chile</a></td><td>Juan Martínez Gutiérrez</td><td>1943</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jamuna_Oil_Company/eEsmYvzP">Jamuna Bhaban</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Chittagong/sRgSHwPL">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a></td><td></td><td>1952</td><td>Headquarters of Jamuna Oil Company</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/An%C4%B1tkabir/Fo9SIBEa">Anıtkabir</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Emin_Halid_Onat/xvg8IbTe">Emin Halid Onat</a> and Ahmet Orhan Arda</td><td>1953</td><td>Mausoleum of <a href="/facts/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk/RYKRRRst">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lorenzo_de_Zavala_State_Archives_and_Library_Building/vRbrwldm">Lorenzo de Zavala State Archives and Library Building</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Austin,_Texas/xpVP4t98">Austin, Texas</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">U.S.</a></td><td>Adams and Adams</td><td>1959</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/%C3%87anakkale_Martyrs%27_Memorial/NdLz1svM">Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Gallipoli_Peninsula_Historical_National_Park/nm9vdlk1">Gallipoli</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a></td><td>Feridun Kip, Doğan Erginbaş and İsmail Utkular</td><td>1960</td><td>War memorial for the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Gallipoli/EDePckSo">Battle of Gallipoli</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/National_Library_of_Australia/I8kaalIX">National Library of Australia</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Canberra/V2PldFRs">Canberra,Australia</a></td><td>Walter Bunning, in association with T.E. O’Mahoney</td><td>1968</td><td>"... modern derivation in the spirit of ancient Greco-Roman architecture. It is unequivocally a twentieth century building, in the architectural style that is called Late Twentieth Century Stripped Classical".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum/ESAeuuLx">Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum/ESAeuuLx">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a></td><td>Garol Isakovich</td><td>1975</td><td>Mausoleum of Vietnamese revolutionary leader and President <a href="/facts/Ho_Chi_Minh/JLRhYPI7">Ho Chi Minh</a>, based in part on <a href="/facts/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum/bg6hurFR">Lenin's Mausoleum</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Boris_Iofan/LLycQaJb">Boris Iofan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Constructivist_architecture/uGW08yWy">Constructivist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dulwich_Picture_Gallery/FeGYK7aW">Dulwich Picture Gallery and Mausoleum</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Giuseppe_Terragni/ut4j2vI6">Giuseppe Terragni</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Monumentalism/Sep4W32M">Monumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nazi_architecture/vTfXn7dQ">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nordic_Classicism/kbbR5QkJ">Nordic Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stalinist_architecture/fP4k5sw9">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stile_Littorio/RsQTPnm4">Stile Littorio</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="citations">Citations</h2> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Bryant, Brittany Paige (June 2011). <a href="https://scad.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/SCAD~3~3~265~5814:Reassessing-Stripped-Classicism-wit?qvq=q:Reassessing%20Stripped%20Classicism%20within%20the%20Narrative%20of%20International%20Modernism%20in%20the%201920s-1930s;lc:SCAD~17~17,SCAD~9~9,SCAD~6~6,SCAD~8~8,SCAD~5~5,SCAD~4~4,SCAD~7~7,SCAD~2~2,SCAD~16~16,SCAD~3~3,SCAD~15~15,SCAD~12~12,SCAD~13~13,SCAD~11~11&mi=0&trs=1"><i>Reassessing Stripped Classicism within the Narrative of International Modernism in the 1920s–1930s</i></a> (<a href="/facts/PDF/C9Mn1vYL">PDF</a>) (MFA). <a href="/facts/Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design/fo3Efq6T">The Savannah College of Art and Design</a>. Retrieved January 4, 2024.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stripped Classical architecture. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Willingham, William F. (Spring 2013). "Architecture of the Oregon State Capitol". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 114 (1). Oregon Historical Society: 94–107. doi:10.5403/oregonhistq.114.1.0094. JSTOR 10.5403/oregonhistq.114.1.0094. S2CID 164151091. Jstor (subscription required) <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Quarterly" target="_blank">/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Quarterly</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Stripped Classicism was a widely popular, international style of architecture during the inter-war period. It is best defined as a pared down version of classicism that blended the classical vocabulary with the ever-growing desire for abstraction... Due to its strong associations with totalitarian governments, it is often excluded from the canonic historical narrative of the modern movement. Recently a growing number of scholars have begun to question the traditional definition of modern architecture. If the discussion on modernism is expanding beyond the traditional canonical definition, a greater understanding of Stripped Classicism's place amongst the modern movement can be achieved."[2] <a href="/wiki/Inter-war_period" target="_blank">/wiki/Inter-war_period</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Sennott, Stephen, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 269. ISBN 1579582435. <a href="1579582435" target="_blank">1579582435</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Stripped Classical 1900-1945". Essential Architecture. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014. <a href="https://archive.today/20141204234458/http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-M03B.htm" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20141204234458/http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-M03B.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Curl, James Stevens (2000). "Stripped Classicism". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 6, 2014. <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-strippedClassicism.html" target="_blank">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-strippedClassicism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Post War Stripped Classical". Archipaedia-archive. Archipaedia world architecture. November 23, 2009. Retrieved December 6, 2014. <a href="https://archipaedia.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/post-war-stripped-classical/" target="_blank">https://archipaedia.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/post-war-stripped-classical/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Thus, for example, cuts might be substituted for moldings.[5] <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" target="_blank">/wiki/Molding_(decorative)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Curl, James Stevens (2000). "Stripped Classicism". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 6, 2014. <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-strippedClassicism.html" target="_blank">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-strippedClassicism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cf, Curl, James Stevens (2000). "Starved Classicism". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 6, 2014. <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-starvedClassicism.html" target="_blank">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-starvedClassicism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Return To Classicism". chicagotribune.com. June 9, 1985. Retrieved April 18, 2018. <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/06/09/return-to-classicism/" target="_blank">https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/06/09/return-to-classicism/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Frist Center for the Arts, former US Post Office in Nashville". wordpress.com. October 4, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2018. <a href="https://suzassippi.wordpress.com/2015/10/04/frist-center-for-the-arts-former-us-post-office-in-nashville/" target="_blank">https://suzassippi.wordpress.com/2015/10/04/frist-center-for-the-arts-former-us-post-office-in-nashville/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Patterson, Samuel, "'Problem-Solvers': The Modernist Ethos Behind Architecture in Stalinist Russia and New Deal America"[1], 2019. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/41762469/Problem-Solvers_The_Modernist_Ethos_Behind_Architecture_in_Stalinist_Russia_and_New_Deal_America" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/41762469/Problem-Solvers_The_Modernist_Ethos_Behind_Architecture_in_Stalinist_Russia_and_New_Deal_America</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Patterson,"'Problem-Solvers'"[2], 2019. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/41762469/Problem-Solvers_The_Modernist_Ethos_Behind_Architecture_in_Stalinist_Russia_and_New_Deal_America" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/41762469/Problem-Solvers_The_Modernist_Ethos_Behind_Architecture_in_Stalinist_Russia_and_New_Deal_America</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Curl, James Stevens (2000). "Stripped Classicism". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 6, 2014. <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-strippedClassicism.html" target="_blank">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-strippedClassicism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Curl, James Stevens (2000). "Stripped Classicism". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 6, 2014. <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-strippedClassicism.html" target="_blank">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-strippedClassicism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Bryant 2011. - Bryant, Brittany Paige (June 2011). Reassessing Stripped Classicism within the Narrative of International Modernism in the 1920s–1930s (PDF) (MFA). The Savannah College of Art and Design. Retrieved January 4, 2024. <a href="https://scad.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/SCAD~3~3~265~5814:Reassessing-Stripped-Classicism-wit?qvq=q:Reassessing%20Stripped%20Classicism%20within%20the%20Narrative%20of%20International%20Modernism%20in%20the%201920s-1930s;lc:SCAD~17~17,SCAD~9~9,SCAD~6~6,SCAD~8~8,SCAD~5~5,SCAD~4~4,SCAD~7~7,SCAD~2~2,SCAD~16~16,SCAD~3~3,SCAD~15~15,SCAD~12~12,SCAD~13~13,SCAD~11~11&mi=0&trs=1" target="_blank">https://scad.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/SCAD~3~3~265~5814:Reassessing-Stripped-Classicism-wit?qvq=q:Reassessing%20Stripped%20Classicism%20within%20the%20Narrative%20of%20International%20Modernism%20in%20the%201920s-1930s;lc:SCAD~17~17,SCAD~9~9,SCAD~6~6,SCAD~8~8,SCAD~5~5,SCAD~4~4,SCAD~7~7,SCAD~2~2,SCAD~16~16,SCAD~3~3,SCAD~15~15,SCAD~12~12,SCAD~13~13,SCAD~11~11&mi=0&trs=1</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Bryant 2011, p. 5. - Bryant, Brittany Paige (June 2011). Reassessing Stripped Classicism within the Narrative of International Modernism in the 1920s–1930s (PDF) (MFA). The Savannah College of Art and Design. Retrieved January 4, 2024. <a href="https://scad.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/SCAD~3~3~265~5814:Reassessing-Stripped-Classicism-wit?qvq=q:Reassessing%20Stripped%20Classicism%20within%20the%20Narrative%20of%20International%20Modernism%20in%20the%201920s-1930s;lc:SCAD~17~17,SCAD~9~9,SCAD~6~6,SCAD~8~8,SCAD~5~5,SCAD~4~4,SCAD~7~7,SCAD~2~2,SCAD~16~16,SCAD~3~3,SCAD~15~15,SCAD~12~12,SCAD~13~13,SCAD~11~11&mi=0&trs=1" target="_blank">https://scad.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/SCAD~3~3~265~5814:Reassessing-Stripped-Classicism-wit?qvq=q:Reassessing%20Stripped%20Classicism%20within%20the%20Narrative%20of%20International%20Modernism%20in%20the%201920s-1930s;lc:SCAD~17~17,SCAD~9~9,SCAD~6~6,SCAD~8~8,SCAD~5~5,SCAD~4~4,SCAD~7~7,SCAD~2~2,SCAD~16~16,SCAD~3~3,SCAD~15~15,SCAD~12~12,SCAD~13~13,SCAD~11~11&mi=0&trs=1</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Post War Stripped Classical". Archipaedia-archive. Archipaedia world architecture. November 23, 2009. Retrieved December 6, 2014. <a href="https://archipaedia.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/post-war-stripped-classical/" target="_blank">https://archipaedia.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/post-war-stripped-classical/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Ladd, Brian (June 27, 2004). The Companion Guide to Berlin. Woodbridge Rochester, NY: Companion Guides. p. 205. ISBN 1900639289. Retrieved December 5, 2014. <a href="1900639289" target="_blank">1900639289</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Fascist Stripped Classical (German)". Essential Architecture. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014. <a href="https://archive.today/20141204234501/http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-Realist.htm" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20141204234501/http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-Realist.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>tjaaf (November 24, 2009). "Stalinist Architecture- Regional varieties". Archipaedia-archive. Archipaedia world architecture. Retrieved December 6, 2014. <a href="https://archipaedia.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/stalinist-architecture-regional-varieties/" target="_blank">https://archipaedia.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/stalinist-architecture-regional-varieties/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Bryant 2011. - Bryant, Brittany Paige (June 2011). Reassessing Stripped Classicism within the Narrative of International Modernism in the 1920s–1930s (PDF) (MFA). The Savannah College of Art and Design. Retrieved January 4, 2024. <a href="https://scad.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/SCAD~3~3~265~5814:Reassessing-Stripped-Classicism-wit?qvq=q:Reassessing%20Stripped%20Classicism%20within%20the%20Narrative%20of%20International%20Modernism%20in%20the%201920s-1930s;lc:SCAD~17~17,SCAD~9~9,SCAD~6~6,SCAD~8~8,SCAD~5~5,SCAD~4~4,SCAD~7~7,SCAD~2~2,SCAD~16~16,SCAD~3~3,SCAD~15~15,SCAD~12~12,SCAD~13~13,SCAD~11~11&mi=0&trs=1" target="_blank">https://scad.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/SCAD~3~3~265~5814:Reassessing-Stripped-Classicism-wit?qvq=q:Reassessing%20Stripped%20Classicism%20within%20the%20Narrative%20of%20International%20Modernism%20in%20the%201920s-1930s;lc:SCAD~17~17,SCAD~9~9,SCAD~6~6,SCAD~8~8,SCAD~5~5,SCAD~4~4,SCAD~7~7,SCAD~2~2,SCAD~16~16,SCAD~3~3,SCAD~15~15,SCAD~12~12,SCAD~13~13,SCAD~11~11&mi=0&trs=1</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Rybczynski, Witold (October 21, 2014). "The Late, Great Paul Cret". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2014. <a href="https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/21/paul-cret-architect-federal-reserve/" target="_blank">https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/21/paul-cret-architect-federal-reserve/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Rybczynski, Witold (October 21, 2014). "The Late, Great Paul Cret". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2014. <a href="https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/21/paul-cret-architect-federal-reserve/" target="_blank">https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/21/paul-cret-architect-federal-reserve/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Moeller Jr., G. Martin (May 2, 2012). AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington (Fifth ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 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