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Gqeberha
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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>Gqeberha, the city's official name since 23 February 2021, is a <a href="/facts/Xhosa_language/5D8WmHT0">Xhosa</a> word for the <a href="/facts/Baakens_River/1r8nIVJE">Baakens river</a>, which flows through the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>In 1820, the rising seaport of <a href="/facts/Algoa_Bay/35xz81M0">Algoa Bay</a> was named "Port Elizabeth" in memory of Elizabeth Frances (<a href="/facts/Birth_name/FctFJcbg">née</a> Markham), the wife of Sir <a href="/facts/Rufane_Shaw_Donkin/guKP0kEk">Rufane Shaw Donkin</a>, acting Governor of the <a href="/facts/Cape_Colony/Pcov4AhT">Cape Colony</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The settlement is also known by <a href="/facts/Xhosa_language/5D8WmHT0">Xhosa</a> speakers as <i>iBhayi</i> or <i>eBhayi</i>, a Xhosa adaptation of the <a href="/facts/Afrikaans/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a> name <i>die Baai</i>, meaning "the Bay",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> which was also translated and adopted by English-speaking colonists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Port_Elizabeth/GBglrd4o">Timeline of Port Elizabeth</a></p> <h3>Prehistory</h3> <p>Cave sites in the area, such as Albany, Wilton and <a href="/facts/Howieson%2527s_Poort_Shelter/HyjhEohG">Howieson's Poort</a>, have given their names to various archaeological cultures. The Howieson's Poort site has been of particular interest to interpretations about the origins of fully modern human behaviour. Dating to 65,000 to 62,000 years ago, it has yielded extremely old evidence for bow-and-arrow hunting and shell-bead jewellery. Earlier and Middle Stone Age lithic material has been found in the Sundays River Valley, while at the important site of <a href="/facts/Amanzi_Springs_archaeological_site/yh4KM7HC">Amanzi Springs</a>, 40 km north of Gqeberha near Addo, Earlier Stone Age artefacts are found <i>in situ</i> with well-preserved plant and faunal remains within spring sediments (Deacon, 1970). There is Later Stone Age archaeological material preserved in caves and rock shelters, such as <a href="/facts/Melkhoutboom_Cave/mF0yr2Nt">Melkhoutboom Cave</a>, in the Cape Fold Mountain Belt surrounding Gqeberha (see Deacon and Deacon, 1963; Deacon, 1976; Binneman, 1997) and large numbers of coastal shell middens have been reported at Humewood, <a href="/facts/St_Georges_Strand/L6TV0add">St Georges Strand</a> and the Coega River Mouth (Rudner, 1968). Most recently, Binneman and Webley (1997) reported thirteen shell middens and stone tool scatters about 500 m east of the Coega River mouth in the archaeological assessment carried out for the development of maritime infrastructure for the <a href="/facts/Port_of_Ngqura/2DYb2CyN">Port of Ngqura</a>. Importantly, some of this archaeological material was recorded in secondary context in the gravels from older river terraces along the banks of the Coega River. </p> <h3>Early history</h3> <p>Hunters and gatherers ancestral to the <a href="/facts/Bushmen/9PBJCTgb">San</a> first settled the area around what is now called Algoa Bay at least 10,000 years ago. Around 2,000 years ago, they were gradually assimilated by agriculturalist populations ancestral to the <a href="/facts/Xhosa_people/QzUmjyyV">Xhosa people</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>British settlement</h3> <p>The first Europeans to visit the area sailed with the Portuguese explorers <a href="/facts/Bartholomeu_Dias/cYLPrrXy">Bartholomeu Dias</a>, who landed on St Croix Island in Algoa Bay in 1488,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Vasco_da_Gama/9lw5lIza">Vasco da Gama</a>, who noted the nearby <a href="/facts/Bird_Island%2c_Algoa_Bay/35xz81M0">Bird Island</a> in 1497. For centuries, the area appeared on European navigation charts marked simply as "a landing place with fresh water".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>The area later became part of the <a href="/facts/Cape_Colony/Pcov4AhT">Cape Colony</a>. This area had a turbulent <a href="/facts/History_of_Cape_Colony/Pcov4AhT">history</a> between the settlement by the <a href="/facts/Dutch_East_India_Company/0pvAaGFP">Dutch East India Company</a> in 1652 and the formation of the <a href="/facts/Union_of_South_Africa/bwmp5mXt">Union of South Africa</a> in 1910.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <p>In 1799, at the time of the first British <a href="/facts/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony_(1795)/fAdVTrUW">occupation of the Colony</a> during the <a href="/facts/Napoleonic_Wars/jo0MdaTD">Napoleonic Wars</a>, British troops built a stone fort named <a href="/facts/Fort_Frederick%2c_Eastern_Cape/sfNhEJq1">Fort Frederick</a> after the <a href="/facts/Prince_Frederick%2c_Duke_of_York_and_Albany/rYL6FrVp">Duke of York</a>. This fort, aiming to deter a possible landing of French troops, was constructed to oversee the site of what later became Port Elizabeth. The fort is now preserved as a monument.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>From 1814 to 1821, the Strandfontein farm to the south of the Gqeberha River was owned by <a href="/facts/Piet_Retief/YB3okrbe">Piet Retief</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> He later became a <a href="/facts/Voortrekker/aNbfT3W4">Voortrekker</a> leader and was killed in 1837 by Zulu king <a href="/facts/Dingane/SVknAJLd">Dingane</a> during negotiations about land. An estimated 500 men, woman and children of his party were killed. Frederik Korsten, after whom the suburb of Korsten is named, owned the Strandfontein farm after Retief. This area was later developed as Summerstrand, a beachfront suburb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>In 1820, a party of 4,000 <a href="/facts/1820_Settlers/WLC4qKU9">British settlers</a> arrived by sea, encouraged by the government of the Cape Colony to form a settlement to strengthen the border region between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa people. At this time the seaport town was founded by Sir <a href="/facts/Rufane_Shaw_Donkin/guKP0kEk">Rufane Shaw Donkin</a>, the Acting <a href="/facts/Governor_of_the_Cape_Colony/f1kfL2vk">Governor of the Cape Colony</a> (in office from 1820 to 1821). Diplomat <a href="/facts/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)/NWSd5fmQ">Edmund Roberts</a> visited Gqeberha in the early 1830s. Roberts noted that Gqeberha in the 1820s had "contained four houses, and now it has upward of one hundred houses, and its residents are rated at above twelve hundred persons".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>The British garrison of Gqeberha saw the arrival of a further 500 settlers in 1825, one of whom was Rev Francis McClelland, who in the same year was appointed Colonial Chaplain. The Roman Catholic Church established the <a href="/facts/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Cape_of_Good_Hope%2c_Eastern_District/brdIJd1x">Apostolic Vicariate of the Cape of Good Hope, Eastern District</a> in the city in 1847. </p><p>Gqeberha, then named Port Elizabeth, was granted the status of an autonomous municipality in 1861. </p><p>Cape Colony Prime Minister <a href="/facts/John_Molteno/Qzgwe3Kd">John Molteno</a> had formed the <a href="/facts/Cape_Government_Railways/8fM2Kk4H">Cape Government Railways</a> in 1872. Completion of the railway to <a href="/facts/Kimberley%2c_Northern_Cape/YMyrwKlV">Kimberley</a> in 1873 was a major stimulus to trade and a rapid increase in population in the town. With the massive expansion of the Cape Colony's railway network to the interior over the following years, the harbour of Gqeberha became the focus for serving import and export needs of a large area of the Cape's hinterland. The rapid economic development around the port, which followed the railway construction, caused Gqeberha to be nicknamed "the <a href="/facts/Liverpool/kTqATlxg">Liverpool</a> of South Africa", after the major British port. The town expanded as a diverse community, comprising Xhosa as well as European, <a href="/facts/Cape_Malays/VzcHc8vy">Cape Malay</a>, and other immigrants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <p>During the <a href="/facts/Second_Boer_War/LSEc1IgQ">Second Boer War</a> of 1899–1902, the port served as an important transit-point for British soldiers, horses, and materials headed by railway to the front. No armed conflict took place within the city, but it felt the effects of the war with the arrival of many <a href="/facts/Refugee/VISfRRnT">refugees</a> who moved into the city. These included Boer women and children, whom the British <a href="/facts/Internment/fMT7HaTK">interned</a> in a <a href="/facts/Concentration_camp/fMT7HaTK">concentration camp</a>. </p><p>After the war, the British erected a monument to military horses that died during the war. "The unveiling of the monument commemorating the services of the <a href="/facts/Horse_Memorial/nVT7AusV">horses</a> which perished during the Anglo Boer War, 1899–1902, took place on Saturday afternoon, 11 February 1905, with the Mayor, Mr A Fettes, performing the ceremony."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Apartheid era</h3> <p>Under <a href="/facts/Apartheid/8x87W8ex">apartheid</a>, the South African government established legal <a href="/facts/Racial_segregation/c7QArpIR">racial segregation</a> and started programs to separate communities physically as well as by classification and custom. The forced relocation under the auspices of the <a href="/facts/Group_Areas_Act/xSfKK0t8">Group Areas Act</a> of the non-white population from mixed areas began in 1962, causing various <a href="/facts/Township_(South_Africa)/Moouvupy">townships</a> to be built for their use. Classification was sometimes arbitrary, and as in many other localities throughout the country, many citizens appearing to have mixed ancestry were at times subject to re-classification, which often had intrusive sociopolitical results. The non-white tenants of South End, and land owners in Fairview were forcibly relocated from 1965 through to 1975, as these areas were valued as prime real estate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> The city-planning was viewed as the prototypical apartheid city. </p><p>As <a href="/facts/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa/lQyuYqTu">black South Africans</a> organized to try to achieve civil rights and social justice, government repression increased. In 1977 <a href="/facts/Steve_Biko/kekyHotN">Steve Biko</a>, the black anti-apartheid activist, was interrogated and tortured by the security police in Gqeberha before being taken to <a href="/facts/Pretoria/lv4sXKKA">Pretoria</a>, where he died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Other notable deaths in the city during this time included those of the <a href="/facts/Cradock_Four/AsIRtrdE">Cradock Four</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> and of George Botha,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> a high-school teacher. </p> <h4>1952 Defiance Campaign</h4> <p>In 1952 the <a href="/facts/African_National_Congress/0WHYmTgy">African National Congress</a> and the <a href="/facts/South_African_Indian_Congress/Yt1EG4Ee">South African Indian Congress</a> (SAIC) called all South Africans to stand up against the apartheid government's unjust laws directed at the black African, Indian and <a href="/facts/Coloureds/In5w0T22">coloured</a> population. On 6 April, while most white <a href="/facts/South_African_people/9JokdkXV">South Africans</a> celebrated the tercentenary of <a href="/facts/Jan_van_Riebeeck/Lt8Feg8Q">Jan van Riebeeck</a>'s arrival at the Cape in 1652, the <a href="/facts/ANC/0WHYmTgy">ANC</a> and <a href="/facts/South_African_Indian_Congress/Yt1EG4Ee">SAIC</a> called on black <a href="/facts/South_African_people/9JokdkXV">South Africans</a> to observe the day as "A National Day of Pledge and Prayer". 15 000 people attended in <a href="/facts/Johannesburg/DQd9T8FY">Johannesburg</a>, 10 000 in <a href="/facts/Cape_Town/tFrIG1gz">Cape Town</a>, 10 000 in <a href="/facts/Durban/ADRqGHGy">Durban</a> and 20 000 in Gqeberha. The meeting in Gqeberha was led by Professor <a href="/facts/Z._K._Matthews/YC157SCG">Z. K. Matthews</a> and by <a href="/facts/Raymond_Mhlaba/FqY4LrVr">Raymond Mhlaba</a>. </p><p>On 25 July 1952, a day before the official start of the <a href="/facts/Defiance_Campaign/AGH6zqGP">Defiance Campaign</a>, 30 volunteers led by Raymond Mhlaba gathered at the New Brighton Civic Centre and prayed throughout the night. At 5 am on 26 July, they left the Civic Centre and walked towards the <a href="/facts/New_Brighton%2c_Eastern_Cape/SSkp5hyh">New Brighton</a> Railway Station. In <i>Raymond Mhlaba's Personal Memoirs: Reminiscing from Rwanda and Uganda</i>, Mhlaba recalled: </p> <blockquote> <p>"I led the very first group and we entered the '<a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europeans</a> Only' section of the <a href="/facts/New_Brighton%2c_Eastern_Cape/SSkp5hyh">New Brighton</a> station. By half past six we were already in police vans on our way to jail. It turned out that my party (group) was the very first to defy unjust laws in the whole of <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>. Little did we know that we were making history."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> </blockquote> <p>Mhlaba became the first man to be arrested during the campaign, while <a href="/facts/Florence_Matomela/mDaSJBbm">Florence Matomela</a> was the first woman. 2 007 people were arrested in Gqeberha during the <a href="/facts/Defiance_Campaign/AGH6zqGP">Defiance Campaign</a> included <a href="/facts/Govan_Mbeki/TFbATpNx">Oom Gov</a> (Govan Mbeki) and <a href="/facts/Vuyisile_Mini/wrQBm2vg">Vuyisile Mini</a>. Other volunteers who emerged as key role players during the campaign included <a href="/facts/Nosipho_Dastile/2gnhTYpy">Nosipho Dastile</a>, Nontuthuzelo Mabala, <a href="/facts/Lilian_Diedricks/VGWYwj1I">Lilian Diedricks</a> and <a href="/facts/Veronica_Sobukwe/gsF890x0">Veronica Sobukwe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h4>1985 Consumer Boycotts</h4> <p>After the formation of the <a href="/facts/ANC/0WHYmTgy">ANC</a>-affiliated <a href="/facts/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)/JyIr3W0f">United Democratic Front</a> in 1983, political consciousness in black townships grew. With numerous protests across the country and the massacre in <a href="/facts/Langa%2c_Cape_Town/o1WSWLJj">Langa</a> township near <a href="/facts/Uitenhage/9ya9nAjc">Uitenhage</a>, police presence had increased in South African townships. In the townships, black <a href="/facts/South_African_people/9JokdkXV">South Africans</a> demanded the integration of public institutions, the removal of troops from black townships, and the end of <a href="/facts/Workplace_discrimination/xknjr7IK">workplace discrimination</a>. To launch an effective campaign to cripple the white-owned institutions of Gqeberha and to undermine the legitimacy of apartheid, several women suggested the idea of a consumer boycott to the <a href="/facts/Pebco_Three/YdaVANrF">Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation</a> (PEBCO) in May 1985. The economic boycott began on 15 July 1985, and received massive support in townships around Gqeberha. By September 1985, white business-owners became desperate and called on the government to meet the demands of black <a href="/facts/South_African_people/9JokdkXV">South Africans</a>. In November the boycott was still hurting white businesses in Gqeberha greatly. The white <a href="/facts/South_African_people/9JokdkXV">South African</a> government reached an agreement with PEBCO which stated that the boycott would halt until March 1986 if business owners arranged for the release of black <a href="/facts/Leader/37hL95TH">leaders</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>In 1986, as the deal was approaching its end, the boycotters imposed a deadline of 31 March, stating that the boycott would resume if the initial demands were not met. On 11 March the government unexpectedly banned two leaders, one of whom was <a href="/facts/Mkhuseli_Jack/HkMen13F">Mkuseli Jack</a>. However, on 22 March the ban was lifted by the decision of a Supreme Court Justice on the grounds that the government had given insufficient reasons. Jack ripped up the ban papers, and used the celebration as a way to represent the solidarity that the campaign required. As the demands of the boycotters were not met by 31 March, the boycott was renewed on 1 April. The boycott continued for nine weeks, but on 12 June 1986 another state of emergency was imposed by the <a href="/facts/National_Party_(South_Africa)/eYc5s5ot">National Party</a> government. Security forces searched through the townships, arresting thousands and raiding the offices of black civics, trade unions, the <a href="/facts/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)/JyIr3W0f">UDF</a>, the South African Council, and churches and also confiscating documents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h3>Modern history</h3> <p>With the establishment of the <a href="/facts/Coega/1ToFbjqI"> Coega Industrial Development Zone</a> (CIDZ), foreign direct and also national-level investment has improved in the greater region of Nelson Mandela Bay. The IDZ, under the stewardship of the Coega Development Corporation (CDC), since inception has managed to attract to investment account in excess of R140-billion into the economy of the Eastern Cape and has enabled the <a href="/facts/Job_creation/qGzDQbWt">creation</a> of over 45,000 jobs. This is significant for the area and the economy of the Eastern Cape. </p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality/Vo0eLojN">Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality</a> was formed as an administrative area covering Gqeberha, the neighbouring towns of <a href="/facts/Uitenhage/9ya9nAjc">Uitenhage</a> and Despatch and the surrounding agricultural areas. The name honours former <a href="/facts/President_of_South_Africa/ntwQLU03">President</a> <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela/FeD1aGFC">Nelson Mandela</a>. The combined metropolitan area had a population estimated at around 1.3 million in 2006. </p> <h4>2010 FIFA World Cup</h4> <p>Overtaking its next door neighbouring city <a href="/facts/East_London%2c_Eastern_Cape/UMWfuDdV">East London</a>, it became a host city for the <a href="/facts/2010_FIFA_World_Cup/h5j3vuBh">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>. The <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Stadium/4CUYxurU">Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium</a> hosted eight World Cup games: <a href="/facts/South_Korea_national_football_team/C4UXedx8">South Korea</a> vs <a href="/facts/Greece_national_football_team/ohYs6QIn">Greece</a>, <a href="/facts/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team/rfIDwQYT">Ivory Coast</a> vs <a href="/facts/Portugal_national_football_team/npcIh0mR">Portugal</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany_national_football_team/uPrY0NUd">Germany</a> vs <a href="/facts/Serbia_national_football_team/0ULIz0rq">Serbia</a>; <a href="/facts/Chile_national_football_team/v6e530hk">Chile</a> vs <a href="/facts/Switzerland_national_football_team/57Ts2BzC">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/facts/Slovenia_national_football_team/FhYy6NLp">Slovenia</a> vs <a href="/facts/England_national_football_team/N71IuE3t">England</a> in the Group Stage, then <a href="/facts/Uruguay_national_football_team/lwIJV1eD">Uruguay</a>, South Korea in the Round of 16. A quarter-final between <a href="/facts/Netherlands_national_football_team/eqI4UYlE">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/facts/Brazil_national_football_team/2wJk8lUD">Brazil</a> was hosted, then for the Third Place playoff, Uruguay and Germany were hosted at the stadium. The World Cup was played between 11 June 2010 and 11 July 2010. <a href="/facts/Spain_national_football_team/YYgXHa7g">Spain</a> were the eventual champions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <h4>2013 Africa Cup of Nations</h4> <p>The city was also one of the five that hosted the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. The same stadium that was used in the 2010 World Cup hosted eight games: five matches in Group B—<a href="/facts/Ghana_national_football_team/6lpAdzmd">Ghana</a> vs <a href="/facts/DR_Congo_national_football_team/fPXo8cht">DR Congo</a>, <a href="/facts/Mali_national_football_team/k6J7thKz">Mali</a> vs <a href="/facts/Niger_national_football_team/tzltu9dL">Niger</a>, Ghana vs Mali; DR Congo vs Niger, and Ghana vs Niger; one match in Group A—<a href="/facts/Cape_Verde_national_football_team/RuLel1oK">Cape Verde</a> vs <a href="/facts/Angola_national_football_team/vCub1P4H">Angola</a>, the quarterfinal—Ghana vs Cape Verde, and the third place playoff—Ghana vs Mali. The Africa Cup of Nations took place between 19 January and 10 February 2013. <a href="/facts/Nigeria_national_football_team/xfSn5XGT">Nigeria</a> were eventual champions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <h3>Topography</h3> <h3>Climate</h3> <p>Under the <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen climate classification</a>, the city has an <a href="/facts/Oceanic_climate/xUD1y78o">oceanic climate</a> (<i>Cfb</i>), and under the <a href="/facts/Trewartha_climate_classification/nCe54UfQ">Trewartha climate classification</a>, the city has a <a href="/facts/Subtropical_climate/gK0KyFUD">subtropical climate</a> (<i>Cfbl</i>). The area lies between the winter rainfall, Mediterranean climate zones of the Western Cape and the summer rainfall regions of eastern South Africa. Winters are cool but mild and summers are warm but considerably less humid and hot than more northerly parts of South Africa's east coast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The climate is very even throughout the year with <a href="/facts/Heat_wave/33bJ5jh9">extreme heat</a> or moderate cold rare. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Gqeberha (1991–2020, extremes 1936–1990)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record high °C (°F)</th><td>39.0(102.2)</td><td>40.0(104.0)</td><td>40.7(105.3)</td><td>39.0(102.2)</td><td>35.4(95.7)</td><td>32.4(90.3)</td><td>33.1(91.6)</td><td>36.8(98.2)</td><td>39.7(103.5)</td><td>39.8(103.6)</td><td>40.2(104.4)</td><td>36.0(96.8)</td><td>40.7(105.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>25.7(78.3)</td><td>26.1(79.0)</td><td>25.0(77.0)</td><td>23.3(73.9)</td><td>22.1(71.8)</td><td>20.6(69.1)</td><td>20.2(68.4)</td><td>20.0(68.0)</td><td>20.4(68.7)</td><td>21.4(70.5)</td><td>22.7(72.9)</td><td>24.4(75.9)</td><td>22.6(72.7)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daily mean °C (°F)</th><td>21.6(70.9)</td><td>21.9(71.4)</td><td>20.6(69.1)</td><td>18.5(65.3)</td><td>16.6(61.9)</td><td>14.5(58.1)</td><td>14.1(57.4)</td><td>14.6(58.3)</td><td>15.6(60.1)</td><td>17.1(62.8)</td><td>18.5(65.3)</td><td>20.2(68.4)</td><td>17.8(64.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>17.4(63.3)</td><td>17.6(63.7)</td><td>16.2(61.2)</td><td>13.6(56.5)</td><td>11.0(51.8)</td><td>8.3(46.9)</td><td>7.9(46.2)</td><td>9.1(48.4)</td><td>10.7(51.3)</td><td>12.8(55.0)</td><td>14.2(57.6)</td><td>16.0(60.8)</td><td>12.9(55.2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record low °C (°F)</th><td>7.4(45.3)</td><td>7.9(46.2)</td><td>7.0(44.6)</td><td>4.4(39.9)</td><td>−0.3(31.5)</td><td>−0.5(31.1)</td><td>−0.5(31.1)</td><td>−0.2(31.6)</td><td>1.5(34.7)</td><td>3.0(37.4)</td><td>5.6(42.1)</td><td>6.5(43.7)</td><td>−0.5(31.1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>33.0(1.30)</td><td>39.3(1.55)</td><td>46.2(1.82)</td><td>48.5(1.91)</td><td>46.9(1.85)</td><td>51.7(2.04)</td><td>51.4(2.02)</td><td>72.1(2.84)</td><td>47.3(1.86)</td><td>56.2(2.21)</td><td>56.6(2.23)</td><td>42.2(1.66)</td><td>591.5(23.29)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)</th><td>5.4</td><td>5.3</td><td>6.2</td><td>5.5</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.4</td><td>5.7</td><td>6.6</td><td>6.6</td><td>6.4</td><td>6.8</td><td>6.0</td><td>71.1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Relative_humidity/Nwb28VlT">relative humidity</a> (%)</th><td>77</td><td>80</td><td>81</td><td>80</td><td>76</td><td>73</td><td>74</td><td>76</td><td>77</td><td>78</td><td>78</td><td>77</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean monthly <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>259.3</td><td>221.2</td><td>231.4</td><td>216.9</td><td>215.9</td><td>208.4</td><td>224.4</td><td>234.4</td><td>228.9</td><td>231.4</td><td>242.4</td><td>257.7</td><td>2,772.1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 1: NOAA (temperature, precipitation/precipitation days and sunshine 1991–2020, humidity 1961–1990<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Deutscher_Wetterdienst/MzGAKxKR">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (extremes)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 2: South African Weather Service<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Biodiversity</h3> <p>The city represents a large percentage of South Africa's biological diversity is a confluence point five of the seven South African biomes, namely the Thicket, Grassland, Nama-Karoo, Fynbos and Forest Biomes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> A number of municipal nature reserves have been included in, and can be visited along the "Outward Bound Route" of the city. A mosaic of these 5 Biomes could be experienced in these reserves. The outward bound route is an eco-outdoor adventure and sports route incorporating walking and wildlife experiences. The aim of this route is to spread tourism to similar attractions along the route, leading to increased foot traffic and related benefits to these sites. </p> <h3>Architecture</h3> <p>As a British colonial town, it had a strongly British character, and the central area retains that to this day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> The colonial City Hall is a national monument. The main public library is an excellent example of <a href="/facts/Gothic_Revival_architecture/gWJmqCH1">Victorian Gothic architecture</a>. Various memorials are situated throughout the city environs, and there are many tours available to familiarise visitors with especially the apartheid era. The city could be considered to be the country's leading centre of <a href="/facts/Art_Deco/y1xFeh9t">Art Deco</a> style architecture due to its European heritage. Many buildings display the intricate stonework, wrought iron and stained glass of that era which are prominently visible in the Central Historical areas of the city. Combinations of Art Nouveau and Colonial styles are seen in residences along Cape Road. The area also boasts a collection of <a href="/facts/Cape_Dutch_architecture/m07LDV8y">Cape Dutch</a> style architecture as well as the Victorian and <a href="/facts/Edwardian_architecture/1NqysVw7">Edwardian</a> styles, resulting from the arrival of the 1820 British settlers. Although influenced by Dutch architecture, the Cape Dutch style is unique to South Africa and examples can be seen all over the Eastern and Western Cape. </p> <h3>Hydrology</h3> <p>The city has a long marine coastline on its outskirts, particularly southwards. Beaches like Kings Beach, Hobie Beach, <a href="/facts/Bluewater_Bay%2c_Eastern_Cape/b8TIjAqt">Bluewater Bay</a>, Sardinia Bay (just outside the city near <a href="/facts/Schoenmakerskop/3006qGTw">Schoenmakerskop</a>), and the beaches along Marine Drive are abundant. Kings Beach is adjacent to the harbour, and the <a href="/facts/Longshore_drift/osjCDGTH">longshore drift</a> from Cape Recife provides a plentiful supply of sea sand. On the north westerly coastline, the contours tends to be rockier than the area between Cape Recife, and the <a href="/facts/Port_of_Ngqura/2DYb2CyN">Port of Ngqura</a>. There are a few rivers, of which the Baakens River is the most prominent. This river usually floods when a reasonable amount precipitation is observed, especially at low level crossings. North End Lake in North End is the largest natural <a href="/facts/Freshwater/xMP2TxwI">freshwater</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> body in the city, but has experienced a form of <a href="/facts/Contamination/RC0L7KRy">contamination</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> from industry. (It is not recommended to <a href="/facts/Ingest/VIsgnlnA">ingest</a> anything from this lake) Also, numerous smaller "lakes" are in the surrounding area, namely Lake Farm. </p><p>The Eastern Cape has been experiencing <a href="/facts/Eastern_Cape_drought/8xfANaWW">a devastating drought since 2015</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> and a disaster was declared in the region in October 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> On 14 June 2022, a virtual special council meeting of <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality/Vo0eLojN">Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Council</a> approved an emergency intervention plan by the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation/Rwt9fGyE">National Department of Water and Sanitation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> The plan includes: drilling more boreholes, pumping water from the east of the metropolitan area to the west of the area, and using floatation pumps to extract more water from some reservoirs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> The meeting approved the appointment of Tlhologelo Mogoatlhe (a water and sanitation production engineer) as the interim infrastructure and engineering executive director.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> City officials asked residents to consume no more than 50 litres (11 imp gal) of water per person per day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> In mid-June 2022, Luvuyo Bangazi (spokesperson for the municipality's joint operations crisis committee) said that the city was losing about a third of its water because of leaks in pipes, and had a backlog of 3,000 leaks to fix.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Joseph Tsatsire (Bay Water Distribution Director) said that Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality repaired 9,719 leaks over a three week period ending in mid-July 2022, leaving a backlog of 712 leaks reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> Though some residents claimed that the taps only work a few hours a day, Bangazi said that water was only shut off when maintenance was being done.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> Water consumption for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality was as follows: </p> <ul><li>Target: 230 megalitres per day</li> <li>Measured on 17 June 2022: 292 megalitres per day</li> <li>Measured on 19 July 2022: 261 megalitres per day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> <p>In the 2011 census, Gqeberha, then named Port Elizabeth, was the most populous city in the Eastern Cape. In 2011:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Area: 251.03 square kilometres (96.92 sq mi)</li> <li>Population: 312,392: 1,244.44 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,223.1/sq mi)</li> <li>Households: 99,794: 397.54 per square kilometre (1,029.6/sq mi)</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Gender</th><th>Population</th><th>%</th></tr><tr><td>Female</td><td>162,255</td><td>51.94</td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>150,137</td><td>48.06</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Race</th><th>Population</th><th>%</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/White_South_African/CorGUe6B">White</a></td><td>118,220</td><td>37.4</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Black_people/khyfdI6h">Black</a></td><td>95,589</td><td>30.60</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Coloured/In5w0T22">Coloured</a></td><td>84,419</td><td>27.02</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Asian_South_African/XLHjCutU">Asian</a></td><td>9,847</td><td>3.15</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>4,317</td><td>1.38</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/First_language/1yK3tnLb">First language</a></th><th>Population</th><th>%</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zulu_language/qzd3p6Yr">IsiZulu</a></td><td>1,541</td><td>0.51</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xhosa_language/5D8WmHT0">IsiXhosa</a></td><td>67,154</td><td>22.24</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Afrikaans/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a></td><td>121,344</td><td>40.19</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Sotho_language/lxdQTaVg">Sepedi</a></td><td>472</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tswana_language/W0bTgqBl">Setswana</a></td><td>1,312</td><td>0.43</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>100,375</td><td>33.25</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sotho_language/v4nqXojT">Sesotho</a></td><td>1,469</td><td>0.49</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tsonga_language/VRVNFCnU">Xitsonga</a></td><td>291</td><td>0.10</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swazi_language/e6aSR2L9">SiSwati</a></td><td>171</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Venda_language/WVACctUJ">Tshivenda</a></td><td>390</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Ndebele_language/frlT0tAM">IsiNdebele</a></td><td>1,183</td><td>0.39</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Languages_of_South_Africa/UyAauxup">Other</a></td><td>10,469</td><td>3.35</td></tr></tbody></table> Historical population<table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Pop.</th><th>±%</th></tr><tr><th>1985</th><td>272,844</td><td>— </td></tr><tr><th>1991</th><td>303,353</td><td>+11.2%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/South_African_National_Census_of_2001/TrVkYrkD">2001</a></th><td>237,503</td><td>−21.7%</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/South_African_National_Census_of_2011/EQKsMhmI">2011</a></th><td>312,392</td><td>+31.5%</td></tr><tr><th>2020</th><td>967,767</td><td>+209.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p>The economy is primarily oriented towards automotive assembly, manufacturing and export industries, and the city is also a major South African and sub-Saharan African destination for investment. Foreign direct investments of $19,8 billion has been secured over the past decade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> Several <a href="/facts/Fortune_500/BLeHWymz">Fortune 500</a> companies are present or have their African operations headquartered in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <h3>Trade and industry</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Port_of_Gqeberha/6e8mvvgC">Port of Gqeberha</a> and <a href="/facts/Port_of_Ngqura/2DYb2CyN">Port of Ngqura</a></p> <p>Historically, the majority of trade in the region came through Gqeberha. In the 1830s, at least five ships regularly transported goods to Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> It became a <a href="/facts/Free_port/4DRyR0Mu">free port</a> in 1832.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> In 1833, about 50 vessels had moved through the port. In 1828, 55,201 pounds, (25038 kg), of goods were imported through the port, increasing by 1832 to 112,845 pounds, (51185 kg), imported in that year. Gqeberha exported 41,290 lbs, (18738 kg), in 1828, with a large increase to 86,931 lbs, (39431 kg), goods exported in 1829. Exports included <a href="/facts/Wine/przCrC98">wine</a>, <a href="/facts/Brandy/8MIwYLH2">brandy</a>, <a href="/facts/Vinegar/yC27CDkw">vinegar</a>, <a href="/facts/Ivory/pERH5AX6">ivory</a>, <a href="/facts/Hide_(skin)/qqvr1cCz">hides</a> and <a href="/facts/Hide_(skin)/qqvr1cCz">skins</a>, <a href="/facts/Leather/kvQtwHPH">leather</a>, <a href="/facts/Tallow/JNWsebPc">tallow</a>, <a href="/facts/Butter/FqydR0dC">butter</a>, <a href="/facts/Soap/S3nJa1oY">soap</a>, <a href="/facts/Wool/AENKRTYl">wool</a>, <a href="/facts/Ostrich/yNg0BwDf">ostrich</a> <a href="/facts/Feather/sxbf96nF">feathers</a>, <a href="/facts/Salted_beef/ttv4CRfV">salted beef</a>, <a href="/facts/Wheat/lrk6HdV3">wheat</a>, <a href="/facts/Candle/3d0EwvR6">candles</a>, <a href="/facts/Aloe/7k4rU0EP">aloe</a>, <a href="/facts/Barley/GH7X2qtG">barley</a>, and more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p><p>Home of South Africa's <a href="/facts/Car/I1IsH8IK">motor vehicle</a> industry, the city boasts most vehicle assembly plants, <a href="/facts/General_Motors_Corporation/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a>, <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford</a>, <a href="/facts/Volkswagen/LDkDEfDu">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_Tire_Companies/W5hVjzgx">Continental Tyres</a> and many other automotive companies. As of 2018, after GM's exit from South Africa, <a href="/facts/Isuzu/79gwg3TQ">Isuzu</a> took over their production plant in Struandale. In 2016, Chinese state-owned automotive manufacturer <a href="/facts/BAIC_Group/jSKarbzp">BAIC</a> and South Africa's Industrial Development Corporation announced a R11 billion joint venture for the establishment of a semi knock down vehicle assembly plant in <a href="/facts/Coega/1ToFbjqI">Coega</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> It is anticipated that the plant will go online in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/FAW_Group/u9xwvPcW">FAW</a> also have built a multi-billion rand plant in the region. Most other industries are geared towards the motor vehicle industry, providing parts such as <a href="/facts/Wiring/Ibfa7Eq7">wiring harnesses</a>, <a href="/facts/Catalytic_converter/KsP1ecPY">catalytic converters</a>, <a href="/facts/Battery_(electricity)/bqEpm4ue">batteries</a> and <a href="/facts/Tire/TUgHKMQb">tyres</a> to the <a href="/facts/Automaker/fGFKUIlA">vehicle manufacturers</a>. </p><p>The largest economic sectors in Nelson Mandela Bay Metro are manufacturing, finance, community services and transport. Community services, trade and manufacturing sectors are the sectors that create the most employment in the Metro. The city offers a wealth of tourism and recreation opportunity due to its biodiversity, beaches and open spaces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> Further still, Nelson Mandela Bay is a preferred region for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, flour, meat, frozen vegetables, soft drinks, chocolates, cheese, yoghurt, ice cream, paper and leather products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p><p>The city is also <a href="/facts/Port_of_Port_Elizabeth/6e8mvvgC">a major seaport</a>, with the most significant car loading facilities in the southern hemisphere. As part of the ongoing development, a new Industrial Development Zone with expanded port facilities has been built at <a href="/facts/Coega/1ToFbjqI">Coega</a>. </p> <h3>Tourism</h3> <p>Located at the end of the picturesque <a href="/facts/Garden_Route/roXK5uhj">Garden Route</a> along the Cape coast, the city has beaches in and near it. The most popular swimming beaches include King's Beach and Hobie Beach. </p><p>Many local historic attractions are linked by the <i>Donkin Heritage Trail</i>. These include the Campanile (bell tower), built in 1923 to commemorate the arrival of the <a href="/facts/1820_Settlers/WLC4qKU9">1820 Settlers</a> and offering a viewpoint over the city; the city hall (1862); the <i>Donkin Reserve</i> park and monument; and the old stone <i><a href="/facts/Fort_Frederick%2c_Eastern_Cape/sfNhEJq1">Fort Frederick</a></i> itself (1799). The CBD also boasts the towering Eastern Cape post office headquarters. </p><p>Route 67 is a walking trail consisting of 67 public artworks, symbolising 67 years which Nelson Mandela dedicated to the freedom of South Africa. The artwork is a celebration of South African culture and history and is scattered along the route as it starts from the Campanile, up the stairs to the Vuysile Mini Market Square and to the large South African flag at the Donkin Reserve. The artworks were created by local Eastern Cape artists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> </p><p>Other attractions include the gardens at <a href="/facts/St_George%2527s_Park%2c_Port_Elizabeth/YskCKgDF">St George's Park</a>, the <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela_Metropolitan_Art_Museum/5uj9u8gC">Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum</a> (formerly known as the <i>King George VI Art Gallery</i>), the museum and oceanography room at Humewood, and the new <i>Boardwalk</i> waterfront complex. </p><p>The wider area surrounding PE also features game viewing opportunities, including the <a href="/facts/Addo_Elephant_National_Park/VKz5BknB">Addo Elephant National Park</a>, 72 kilometres (45 mi) to the north near the Zuurberg mountain range. </p><p>It is also a destination for <a href="/facts/Whale_watching/vrhsbFkr">whale watching</a> with <a href="/facts/Humpback_whales/UJb1KpJb">humpback whales</a> sighted between June and August, and again between November and January, <a href="/facts/Southern_right_whale/UBothUdF">southern right whales</a> sighted between July and November, and <a href="/facts/Bryde%2527s_whale/cAV8HGDW">Bryde's whales</a> sighted all year round. </p> <h3>Property development</h3> <p>Nelson Mandela Bay has experienced a construction boom led by the Baywest Mall and Coega Development Corporation (CDC). </p><p>Baywest Mall which opened in May 2015 is the largest shopping centre in the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Cape/E998K71Y">Eastern Cape</a> located on the western outskirts of the city and forms part of the Baywest City. Baywest City is a planned <a href="/facts/Mixed-use_development/6SLcHdmJ">mixed-use development area</a> and is striving to become a major development hub in the city's western suburbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Coega/1ToFbjqI">Coega</a> located just outside of the city once an industrial development zone (IDZ) has now deemed the status of a <a href="/facts/Special_economic_zone/Nbv654VX">special economic zone</a> (SEZ). It also houses the second and the newest port of <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality/Vo0eLojN">Nelson Mandela Bay</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>, <a href="/facts/Port_of_Ngqura/2DYb2CyN">Port of Ngqura</a>. This multi-billion rand project aims to drive local and foreign direct investments in export-oriented industries and position South Africa as the hub for <a href="/facts/Southern_Africa/Ak6C1vgf">Southern African</a> trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <p>There is only one foreign cultural centre, the <a href="/facts/Alliance_Fran%25C3%25A7aise_of_Port_Elizabeth/Usc8WvW9">Alliance Française of Port Elizabeth</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> a French language school and a francophone cultural centre. </p> <h3>Sports</h3> <p>It is the location of the <a href="/facts/St_George%2527s_Oval/dI8b9Moz">St George's Park</a> cricket ground, which holds <a href="/facts/Test_cricket/m6LrScYJ">test cricket</a> matches. St George's Park is the oldest cricket ground in South Africa, and was the venue for the first Test match played outside of <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> or <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>, between <a href="/facts/South_Africa_national_cricket_team/V0M79Mrp">South Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/England_national_cricket_team/NaPsyaFD">England</a> on 12 and 13 March 1889. The <a href="/facts/Warriors_cricket_team/pUR9bJJT">Warriors</a>, a franchise cricket team in <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>, is based in Port Elizabeth, as is the <a href="/facts/SA20/Xf3JN4Td">SA20</a> franchise <a href="/facts/Sunrisers_Eastern_Cape/LpQ3v0UF">Sunrisers Eastern Cape</a>. The stadium is also known for its band that entertains fans at the Proteas games. </p><p>In December 2011, Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium became the new home of the <a href="/facts/South_Africa_Sevens/axbet4fM">South Africa Sevens</a>, the country's leg of the annual <a href="/facts/IRB_Sevens_World_Series/skC6FdnF">IRB Sevens World Series</a> in <a href="/facts/Rugby_sevens/3LPjqA4X">rugby sevens</a>. The event had previously been held in three other cities, most recently in <a href="/facts/George%2c_Western_Cape/3NeHx1JH">George</a> in the <a href="/facts/Western_Cape/oGNVWQn5">Western Cape</a> from 2002 to 2010. As of 2015, is hosted annually in <a href="/facts/Cape_Town/tFrIG1gz">Cape Town</a>, in the Western Cape. </p><p>The headquarters of the <a href="/facts/Southern_Spears/x8r706N1">Southern Spears</a> rugby franchise was in Gqeberha. The long-standing <a href="/facts/Eastern_Cape/E998K71Y">Eastern Province</a> Rugby Union, now commonly known as the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Province_Elephants/NnGCS7pm">Eastern Province Elephants</a>, formed the basis of the Spears franchise together with <a href="/facts/East_London%2c_Eastern_Cape/UMWfuDdV">East London</a>'s <a href="/facts/Border_Bulldogs/nGlt8RpC">Border Bulldogs</a>. The remnants of the Spears were later reconstituted into the <a href="/facts/Southern_Kings/MD2FX4nq">Southern Kings</a>, also based in Gqeberha, which joined <a href="/facts/Super_Rugby/nGcH6Gnu">Super Rugby</a> in 2013. The Southern Kings did not participate in Super Rugby in 2014 or 2015, and returned to Super Rugby in 2016, 2017, but were dropped for economical reasons by <a href="/facts/SARU/5c0prxE9">SARU</a>. The team now competes in the Guinness <a href="/facts/Pro14/ojfxqKd9">Pro14</a>. The Eastern Province Rugby Union play their home matches at <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Stadium/4CUYxurU">Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium</a>, built for the <a href="/facts/2010_FIFA_World_Cup/h5j3vuBh">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p><p>The biggest sporting events in the city, is the annual <a href="/facts/Ironman_triathlon/4lVbKje0">Ironman triathlon</a> and the Herald Cycle tour. The Tuna classic deep-sea fishing competition attracts anglers from all over the world. </p><p>There are <a href="/facts/Cricket/tjuTASkU">cricket</a>, <a href="/facts/Rugby_union/AJSbnB89">rugby union</a>, <a href="/facts/Sport_of_athletics/PgtG8PY9">athletics</a>, <a href="/facts/Association_football/yttjeD0D">association football</a>, <a href="/facts/Field_hockey/FjV4r6FH">field hockey</a> and many other sports facilities. Its coastal location also makes it a base for some watersports. </p><p>The city's main <a href="/facts/Association_football/yttjeD0D">football</a> club is <a href="/facts/Chippa_United_F.C./HRp7qQkB">Chippa United</a>, they currently use the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium as their home ground. Previous clubs to play in the country's top tier were <a href="/facts/Bay_United_F.C./5X5sF1pT">Bay United</a>, <a href="/facts/Michau_Warriors/4euGztY1">Michau Warriors</a>, <a href="/facts/Port_Elizabeth_Blackpool/I5QT2B9K">Port Elizabeth Blackpool</a>, Hotspur F.C., <a href="/facts/Port_Elizabeth_City_F.C./pfeIBAw4">Port Elizabeth City</a> and Westview Apollon. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Algoa_Bay_Yacht_Club/PUS7dSSj">Algoa Bay Yacht Club</a> operates out of the port. </p> <h2 id="government">Government</h2> <p>Gqeberha had its own municipality from 1843 to 2000. Since then, it has formed part of the <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality/Vo0eLojN">Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality</a>, and also serves as the seat for the surrounding <a href="/facts/Cacadu_District_Municipality/0qGrJM3K">Cacadu District Municipality</a>. It has a <a href="/facts/Magistrates%2527_Courts_of_South_Africa/o60ECcX9">Magistrate's Court</a>, a local seat of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Cape_Division/IWlDsRC5">Eastern Cape Division</a> of the <a href="/facts/High_Court_of_South_Africa/G88aRQDu">High Court</a>, and a branch of the <a href="/facts/Labour_Court_of_South_Africa/F9umamoM">Labour Court</a>. As a result of the presence of a High Court, several other related organs of state such as a Masters Office and a Director of Public Prosecutions are present in the city. All Government (mostly provincial) departments maintain branches or other offices in the city. </p> <h3>Coat of arms</h3> <p>The Gqeberha municipality assumed a coat of arms on 9 January 1878.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> The design, prepared by <a href="/facts/Bradbury_Wilkinson_and_Company/oRHUQ5md">Bradbury Wilkinson and Company</a> (of London), was a simplified version of the arms of Sir Rufane Donkin: <i>Gules, on a chevron Argent between two cinquefoils in chief and a bugle horn stringed in base Or, three buckles Sable; a chief embattled Argent thereon an elephant statant proper.</i> The crest was a sailing ship, and the motto <i>In meliora spera</i>. </p><p>(In layman's terms: a red shield displaying, from top to bottom, an elephant on a silver horizontal strip whose lower edge is embattled, two gold cinquefoils, a silver chevron bearing three black buckles, and a gold bugle horn.) </p><p>Eighty years later, in 1958, the council made slight changes to the arms, and had them granted by the <a href="/facts/College_of_Arms/Sa7ultEv">College of Arms</a>. The changes consisted of adding two anchors to the chief of the shield, placing a red mural crown bearing three golden rings below the ship in the crest, and changing the motto to <i>Tu meliora spera</i>. The arms were registered with the Cape Provincial Administration in 1959,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> and at the Bureau of Heraldry in 1986.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <h3>Tertiary education</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela_University/3KCsQDJ9">Nelson Mandela University</a> was formed by the amalgamation of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Port_Elizabeth/abxpmxEB">University of Port Elizabeth</a>, Port Elizabeth Technikon, and the Port Elizabeth campus of <a href="/facts/Vista_University/TY0rUDIp">Vista University</a>. It is the largest university in the Eastern and Southern Cape, with around 29,000 students in seven faculties spread over seven campuses. </p> <h3>Secondary education</h3> <p>The city has a number of top government-funded and private schools, including Alexander Road High School,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> Collegiate Girls' High School, <a href="/facts/Grey_High_School/6m2gaRj7">Grey High School</a>, Otto du Plessis High School,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> Pearson High School,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Victoria_Park_High_School/LB5uYTb8">Victoria Park High School</a>, Westering High School, Woodridge College, Linkside High School, Andrew Rabie High School, <a href="/facts/Lawson_Brown_High_School/gBFlDUGY">Lawson Brown High School</a>, and Morningside High School. <a href="/facts/Substance_use_disorder/pSbdzb6a">Substance abuse</a> appears to be a prevailing problem in some schools due to <a href="/facts/Substance_abuse_prevention/6W0lrIlx">a lack of drug prevention training</a> on <a href="/facts/Education_sector_responses_to_substance_abuse/rU2TXB7r">the part of the educational system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="transport">Transport</h2> <h3>Roads</h3> <p>Gqeberha lies on the <a href="/facts/N2_(South_Africa)/bznklHrJ">N2 road</a>. To the west the road travels the <a href="/facts/Garden_Route/roXK5uhj">Garden Route</a> to <a href="/facts/George%2c_South_Africa/3NeHx1JH">George</a> and <a href="/facts/Cape_Town/tFrIG1gz">Cape Town</a>; to the east, the road runs through the Border Country through <a href="/facts/Makhanda%2c_Eastern_Cape/RoHuAgCn">Grahamstown</a>, to <a href="/facts/East_London%2c_South_Africa/UMWfuDdV">East London</a> then on to <a href="/facts/Durban/ADRqGHGy">Durban</a>, terminating in <a href="/facts/Ermelo%2c_Mpumalanga/zQCp5FMr">Ermelo</a> in <a href="/facts/Mpumalanga/6kWl3YP8">Mpumalanga</a>. The <a href="/facts/R75_(South_Africa)/GV4L2Lrk">R75</a> connects the city to <a href="/facts/Despatch%2c_Eastern_Cape/6X65qzwt">Despatch</a>, <a href="/facts/Uitenhage/9ya9nAjc">Uitenhage</a> and the <a href="/facts/Karoo/ANscNmls">Karoo</a>. The major routes within the city are numbered as <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Routes_in_Port_Elizabeth/0Jo7a5QV">metropolitan or M routes</a>. </p><p>The city's main bus station is in Market Square. The public bus service is run by the Algoa Bus Company. Between 1881 and 1948, there was a <a href="/facts/Trams_in_Port_Elizabeth/SotAQp6s">Port Elizabeth tramway network</a>, powered initially by horses, and later by electricity. </p><p>The city is in the process of building a <a href="/facts/Bus_rapid_transit/XUbtfJld">bus rapid transit</a> system which was intended for the <a href="/facts/2010_FIFA_World_Cup/h5j3vuBh">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>. This has been a massive failure as local taxi associations have prevented the implementation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> The city lacks a proper public transport system which has had a negative impact on the poorer residents of the city who are dependent on public transport.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> Construction of the bus rapid transit network has been suspended due to mismanagement which led to the project missing its May 2010 deadline. Calls for the project, which has left many parts of the city in a permanent state of construction, have been made recently, and it is expected that the government will make a decision on the matter soon.[<i>when?</i>] </p> <h3>Railway</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Port_Elizabeth_railway_station/FKohksH0">Port Elizabeth railway station</a> is served by South Africa's rail network. Local commuter services are operated by <a href="/facts/Metrorail_Eastern_Cape/PWfcFgua">Metrorail</a>, while the <a href="/facts/Shosholoza_Meyl/PvYBKPVQ">Shosholoza Meyl</a> long-distance passenger service links PE with <a href="/facts/Johannesburg/DQd9T8FY">Johannesburg</a> via <a href="/facts/Bloemfontein/lJFp8hhL">Bloemfontein</a> where it is possible to connect with other long-distance routes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> </p> <h3>Air</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Chief_Dawid_Stuurman_International_Airport/x6b7xYEr">Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport</a> (<a href="/facts/IATA_airport_code/ogq7w5UQ">IATA airport code</a> PLZ, <a href="/facts/ICAO_airport_code/KAU1V4MX">ICAO airport code</a> FAPE) serves the city for both passenger and cargo traffic. It is the fourth busiest airport in South Africa after <a href="/facts/O.R._Tambo_International_Airport/aNpvMSQW">O.R. Tambo International Airport</a>, <a href="/facts/King_Shaka_International_Airport/VPrRCFp2">King Shaka International Airport</a> in Durban, and <a href="/facts/Cape_Town_International_Airport/yNlFQ5fe">Cape Town International Airport</a>. </p><p>International visitors to the city must currently fly to either <a href="/facts/Johannesburg/DQd9T8FY">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/facts/Cape_Town/tFrIG1gz">Cape Town</a> or <a href="/facts/Durban/ADRqGHGy">Durban</a>, and then take a domestic flight to Gqeberha. An upgrade to the terminal building, completed in 2004, created the necessary facilities to handle international flights<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> although none are scheduled as yet. </p> <h3>Sea</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Algoa_Bay/35xz81M0">Algoa Bay</a></p> <p>The city has a harbour in Algoa Bay, and the construction of an additional international harbour at <a href="/facts/Coega/1ToFbjqI">Coega</a> has supported an increase in the size of the city's industries and the addition of new industries. </p> <h2 id="municipal">Municipal</h2> <h3>Water sources</h3> <p>One of the water sources from which the city gets its water is via a series of canals, tunnels and rain basin transfer schemas that starts in the <a href="/facts/Free_State_(province)/vnKmcuBA">Free State</a> at <a href="/facts/Gariep_Dam/KjwGdkyb">Gariep Dam – Transfer Scheme</a> (<a href="/facts/Gariep_Dam/KjwGdkyb">Additional Documentaries Resource</a>), about 5 hours away at 462 km. The water from <a href="/facts/Gariep_Dam/KjwGdkyb">Gariep Dam</a> is transferred via the <a href="/facts/Orange%25E2%2580%2593Fish_River_Tunnel/s4I2pwSJ">Orange-Fish River Project (Tunnel)</a> into the Great Fish River Valley, then again into the <a href="/facts/Sundays_River/buaDU46r">Sundays River Valley</a> (<a href="/facts/Sundays_River/buaDU46r">Canals and Tunnels Scheme</a>) North-West of the city. Since 1992 the water from the <a href="/facts/Sundays_River/buaDU46r">Sundays River Valley</a> has been supplied to the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Gariep_Dam/KjwGdkyb">Gariep Dam</a> water is also used for electricity generation by <a href="/facts/Eskom/QSyJ94Dm">Eskom</a> <a href="/facts/Eskom/QSyJ94Dm">hydro-electric power station</a>, remotely controlled from <a href="/facts/Gauteng/JAFKXYut">Gauteng</a>. Therefore, it must be managed carefully by balancing the supply-and-demand of this water resource usage for its derivatives of electricity generation, irrigation, and municipal drinking water. Other nearby dams include <a href="/facts/Kouga_Dam/YAj1zy8L">Kouga Dam</a>, <a href="/facts/Kromme_Dam/NpscnHtr">Kromme Dam</a>, <a href="/facts/Groendal_Dam/YR9jNbgH">Groendal Dam</a>, <a href="/facts/Impofu_Dam/vh4JL4EK">Impofu Dam</a>, and Lourie Dam. </p> <h2 id="health-care">Health care</h2> <p>The city has government-funded and private hospitals,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> including: </p> <ul><li>Aurora Rehabilitation Hospital</li> <li>Dora Nginza Hospital</li> <li>Elizabeth Donkin Hospital, (<a href="/facts/Psychiatric_hospitals/d6BxCD3e">State Mental Asylum</a>)</li> <li>Empilweni Hospital</li> <li>Hunterscraig Private Hospital (<a href="/facts/Psychiatric_hospitals/d6BxCD3e">Private Mental Asylum</a>)</li> <li>Jose Pearson TB Hospital</li> <li>Livingstone Hospital</li> <li>Mercantile Private Hospital</li> <li>Netcare Greenacres Hospital</li> <li>Nightingale Subacute Hospital</li> <li>Oasim Private Hospital</li> <li>Port Elizabeth Provincial Hospital</li> <li>St George's Hospital</li> <li>Westways Private Hospital</li></ul> <h2 id="media">Media</h2> <h3>Radio</h3> <p>The city is served by a few <a href="/facts/Radio/XFr909M2">radio</a> stations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> namely <a href="/facts/Algoa_FM/URAMeeHk">Algoa FM</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> (regional radio broadcasting to the entire Eastern Cape, Garden Route, and globally via internet) and <a href="/facts/Umhlobo_Wenene_FM/bdKsF5L0">Umhlobo Wenene FM</a>. </p> <h3>Newspapers</h3> <p><i><a href="/facts/The_Herald_(South_Africa)/xFQeLXMq">The Herald</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> serves English readers in terms of <a href="/facts/Newspapers/q4waJGVL">newspapers</a>, on a daily basis. <i><a href="/facts/Die_Burger/hX1zz0Nm">Die Burger</a></i> serves the <a href="/facts/Afrikaans/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a>-speaking communities with a well established readership base. </p> <h3>Television</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/SABC/wf1MUglu">SABC</a> has a regional office in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> Bay TV is a free-to-air station established by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality that broadcasts 24-hours a day, seven-days a week.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> The station focusses on African story-telling and creating platforms for local content creators, and receives funding from local government and corporate donors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="international-relations">International relations</h2> <h3>Twin towns and sister cities</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT"></a> <a href="/facts/Beira%2c_Mozambique/0TcIqxat">Beira</a>, Mozambique</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj"></a> <a href="/facts/Gothenburg/oj5t3USI">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Jacksonville/u6syYft2">Jacksonville</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p"></a> <a href="/facts/Ningbo/mgWo1yKG">Ningbo</a>, China</li></ul> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_people_from_Gqeberha/nXrdAUnU">List of people from Gqeberha</a></p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Anglican_Diocese_of_Port_Elizabeth/bcgADIJs">Anglican Diocese of Port Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bloemendal/JpYFQlNa">Bloemendal</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Donkin_Heritage_Trail/153UsfF7">Donkin Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Gqeberha/EI78nvrE">List of heritage sites in Gqeberha</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Monument/5MkT7vdv">National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Red_Location_Museum/fJvK8EfR">Red Location Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Victorian_era/HQxGp7wh">Victorian era</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port Elizabeth. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i>Port Elizabeth</i>. <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "Port Elizabeth". <ul><li><a href="http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/">Official website</a></li> <li><a href="http://thecasualobserver.co.za/port-elizabeth-yore-defiance-campaign-1952/">Port Elizabeth of Yore: The Defiance Campaign of 1952</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Gqeberha". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. 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