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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Names_of_the_United_States/bejbDXDo">Names of the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Demonyms_for_the_United_States/ofy0e8ow">Demonyms for the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Colonies/o8Ha7syR">United Colonies</a>, and <a href="/facts/Naming_of_the_Americas/hgjg4PYY">Naming of the Americas</a></p> <p>Documented use of the phrase "United States of America" dates back to January 2, 1776. On that day, <a href="/facts/Stephen_Moylan/UWMvHbIb">Stephen Moylan</a>, a <a href="/facts/Continental_Army/6t0ljw3z">Continental Army</a> aide to General <a href="/facts/George_Washington/ucb7mE4Q">George Washington</a>, wrote a letter to <a href="/facts/Joseph_Reed_(politician)/n39kCuzj">Joseph Reed</a>, Washington's <a href="/facts/Aide-de-camp/aUbn80hG">aide-de-camp</a>, seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">Revolutionary War</a> effort.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The first known public usage is an <a href="/facts/Anonymous_work/jofmDUBX">anonymous essay</a> published in the <a href="/facts/Williamsburg%2c_Virginia/QhWHpFB2">Williamsburg</a> newspaper <i><a href="/facts/The_Virginia_Gazette/E2UVntKW">The Virginia Gazette</a></i> on April 6, 1776.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Sometime on or after June 11, 1776, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Jefferson/8yxtcjKK">Thomas Jefferson</a> wrote "United States of America" in a rough draft of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence/UyTgzfpx">Declaration of Independence</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> which was adopted by the <a href="/facts/Second_Continental_Congress/576P61Ah">Second Continental Congress</a> on July 4, 1776.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">U.S. federal government</a>, with prescribed rules.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>"America" is the feminine form of the first word of <i>Americus Vesputius</i>, the Latinized name of Italian explorer <a href="/facts/Amerigo_Vespucci/fvoffufF">Amerigo Vespucci</a> (1454–1512); it was first used as a place name by the German cartographers <a href="/facts/Martin_Waldseem%25C3%25BCller/UsdwRKN8">Martin Waldseemüller</a> and <a href="/facts/Matthias_Ringmann/PqBvztfj">Matthias Ringmann</a> in 1507.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Vespucci first proposed that the <a href="/facts/West_Indies/PpnoN692">West Indies</a> discovered by <a href="/facts/Christopher_Columbus/8hLAb46S">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> In English, <a href="/facts/Americas_(terminology)/7D8A9UHl">the term "America"</a> rarely refers to topics unrelated to the United States, despite the usage of "the <a href="/facts/Americas/hEuUTL4K">Americas</a>" to describe the totality of the continents of <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North</a> and <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States/meTQsrYe">History of the United States</a></p> <p class="note">For a topical guide, see <a href="/facts/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States/j7HqdkDB">Outline of the history of the United States</a>.</p> <h3>Indigenous peoples</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/2eDnmWvl">History of Native Americans in the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Pre-Columbian_era/0Ntjleee">Pre-Columbian era</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Paleo-Indians/Cy2QSqUH">first inhabitants of North America</a> migrated from <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberia</a> over 12,000 years ago, either across the <a href="/facts/Bering_land_bridge/5AHokBkE">Bering land bridge</a> or along the <a href="/facts/Coastal_migration_(Americas)/M6c7b9EC">now-submerged Ice Age coastline</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Clovis_culture/5Mjh7XM0">Clovis culture</a>, which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Over time, Indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the <a href="/facts/Mississippian_culture/p7KW2KKG">Mississippian culture</a>, developed <a href="/facts/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex/bnVpJ5fF">agriculture</a>, <a href="/facts/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex/YFBGyXXB">architecture</a>, and <a href="/facts/Complex_societies/PFEIpwap">complex societies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/2eDnmWvl">post-archaic period</a>, the Mississippian cultures were located in the <a href="/facts/Midwestern_United_States/VanHjkw2">midwestern</a>, <a href="/facts/Eastern_United_States/VnPT6jFW">eastern</a>, and <a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">southern</a> regions, and the <a href="/facts/Algonquian_peoples/zXDb2kwD">Algonquian</a> in the <a href="/facts/Great_Lakes_region/TBaC5hc3">Great Lakes region</a> and along the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">Eastern Seaboard</a>, while the <a href="/facts/Hohokam_culture/v6vc3DBP">Hohokam culture</a> and <a href="/facts/Ancestral_Puebloans/KBn3XUVd">Ancestral Puebloans</a> inhabited the <a href="/facts/American_Southwest/LjLFs9fC">southwest</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas/gu8xwHyC">Native population estimates</a> of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> to nearly 10 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States/6fYe7RfF">Colonial history of the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Colonial_American_military_history/kqbRokWq">Colonial American military history</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Christopher_Columbus/8hLAb46S">Christopher Columbus</a> began exploring the <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a> for Spain in 1492, leading to <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish-speaking settlements and missions</a> from <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rico/jVStMyG4">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/facts/Spanish_Florida/DxLLoHzk">Florida</a> to <a href="/facts/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%25C3%25A9xico/JuDRvgl0">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/facts/Alta_California/lU4fwI8h">California</a>. The first Spanish colony in what is now the continental United States was <a href="/facts/Spanish_Florida/DxLLoHzk">Spanish Florida</a>, chartered in 1513.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> After several settlements failed there due to hunger and disease, Spain's first permanent town, <a href="/facts/Saint_Augustine%2c_Florida/P7zQfBjL">Saint Augustine</a>, was founded in 1565.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> France established its own settlements in <a href="/facts/French_Florida/sc4uzdhY">French Florida</a> in 1562, but they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or destroyed by Spanish raids (<a href="/facts/Fort_Caroline/SH2nNGl6">Fort Caroline</a>, 1565); <a href="/facts/New_France/zDK9hedl">permanent French settlements</a> would be founded much later along the <a href="/facts/Great_Lakes/Fd7pDkPX">Great Lakes</a> (<a href="/facts/Fort_Pontchartrain_du_D%25C3%25A9troit/h9IdGk9J">Fort Detroit</a>, 1701), the <a href="/facts/Mississippi_River/RduarPzj">Mississippi River</a> (Saint Louis, 1764) and especially the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Mexico/bGE5s57G">Gulf of Mexico</a> (<a href="/facts/New_Orleans/IgCn61KH">New Orleans</a>, 1718).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Early European colonies also included the thriving Dutch colony of <a href="/facts/New_Nederland/2S44xW81">New Nederland</a> (settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish colony of <a href="/facts/New_Sweden/TMvYRPne">New Sweden</a> (settled 1638 in what is now Delaware). <a href="/facts/British_colonization_of_the_Americas/lySSfBKw">British colonization</a> of the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">East Coast</a> began with the <a href="/facts/Colony_of_Virginia/l8uHy7Rc">Virginia Colony</a> (1607) and the <a href="/facts/Plymouth_Colony/GplACGet">Plymouth Colony</a> (Massachusetts, 1620).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Mayflower_Compact/QUqxkXDb">Mayflower Compact</a> in Massachusetts and the <a href="/facts/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut/kIIgsyDj">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> established precedents for representative <a href="/facts/Self-governance/1LzWPe7g">self-governance</a> and <a href="/facts/Constitutionalism/PKDbRQEz">constitutionalism</a> that would develop throughout the American colonies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> While European settlers in what is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Along the eastern seaboard, settlers <a href="/facts/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States/9Iqt7cUL">trafficked African slaves</a> through the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_slave_trade/No8T5Jhl">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>The original <a href="/facts/Thirteen_Colonies/H50dauTJ">Thirteen Colonies</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> that would later found the United States were administered as possessions of the <a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British Empire</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> and had <a href="/facts/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies/6dYxa84S">local governments with elections open to most white male property owners</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The colonial population grew rapidly from Maine to Georgia, eclipsing Native American populations;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for the development of self-governance,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/First_Great_Awakening/600CBaja">First Great Awakening</a>, a series of <a href="/facts/Christian_revival/p0UbXkK9">Christian revivals</a>, fueled colonial interest in guaranteed <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_religion/ERtoqLEE">religious liberty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h3>American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%25E2%2580%25931789)/Qj6Iwo2P">History of the United States (1776–1789)</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%25E2%2580%25931815)/LrjSNavr">History of the United States (1789–1815)</a>, and <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">American Revolution</a></p> <p>Following their victory in the <a href="/facts/French_and_Indian_War/K44TukVy">French and Indian War</a>, Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">colonial political resistance</a>; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of their <a href="/facts/Rights_of_Englishmen/NJJ0eRGz">rights as Englishmen</a>, particularly the right to <a href="/facts/No_taxation_without_representation/MEeK13Am">representation in the British government that taxed them</a>. To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the <a href="/facts/First_Continental_Congress/KIhAd2EN">First Continental Congress</a> met in 1774 and passed the <a href="/facts/Continental_Association/MJo0e5cq">Continental Association</a>, a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 <a href="/facts/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord/f7cbUFXP">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, igniting the <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">American Revolutionary War</a>. At the <a href="/facts/Second_Continental_Congress/576P61Ah">Second Continental Congress</a>, the colonies appointed <a href="/facts/George_Washington/ucb7mE4Q">George Washington</a> commander-in-chief of the <a href="/facts/Continental_Army/6t0ljw3z">Continental Army</a>, and created <a href="/facts/Committee_of_Five/4Ludrz0U">a committee</a> that named <a href="/facts/Thomas_Jefferson/8yxtcjKK">Thomas Jefferson</a> to draft the <a href="/facts/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence/UyTgzfpx">Declaration of Independence</a>. Two days after passing the <a href="/facts/Lee_Resolution/25bhsBmz">Lee Resolution</a> to create an independent nation the Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/American_Enlightenment/5dpAzcbL">political values of the American Revolution</a> included <a href="/facts/Liberty/fHvkBVSv">liberty</a>, <a href="/facts/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights/9TgjWASG">inalienable individual rights</a>; and the <a href="/facts/Popular_sovereignty/WKKaepkv">sovereignty of the people</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> supporting <a href="/facts/Republicanism_in_the_United_States/p6PKbIbW">republicanism</a> and rejecting <a href="/facts/Monarchy/Kg1vY7tt">monarchy</a>, <a href="/facts/Aristocracy/sohMnhq1">aristocracy</a>, and all hereditary political power; <a href="/facts/Civic_virtue/BwufBwns">civic virtue</a>; and vilification of <a href="/facts/Political_corruption/8BmgHbSL">political corruption</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States/2QxuFllb">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>, who included Washington, Jefferson, <a href="/facts/John_Adams/ULzkzFsY">John Adams</a>, <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin/Dmfv5URr">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/facts/Alexander_Hamilton/XcKMy8Ke">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Jay/YnszbqzQ">John Jay</a>, <a href="/facts/James_Madison/zIJlNhLd">James Madison</a>, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Paine/mxG3kEm9">Thomas Paine</a>, and many others, were inspired by <a href="/facts/Classical_republicanism/pIAzl9zQ">Classical</a>, <a href="/facts/Renaissance_philosophy/zjUkSXPs">Renaissance</a>, and <a href="/facts/Age_of_Enlightenment/Uj2Fa8Mk">Enlightenment</a> philosophies and ideas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>Though in practical effect since its drafting in 1777, the <a href="/facts/Articles_of_Confederation/moLUKdUP">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/facts/Perpetual_Union/d2CbaWx5">and Perpetual Union</a> was ratified in 1781 and formally established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> After the British surrender at the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Yorktown/R1qt5qzI">siege of Yorktown</a> in 1781, American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)/PRu5PJj4">Treaty of Paris</a> (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to <a href="/facts/Spanish_Florida/DxLLoHzk">Spanish Florida</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Northwest_Ordinance/f5FjlrGJ">Northwest Ordinance</a> (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with the <a href="/facts/Admission_to_the_Union/puyGUkAG">admission of new states</a>, rather than the expansion of existing states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_the_United_States/AJlEWNR3">U.S. Constitution</a> was drafted at the 1787 <a href="/facts/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)/uNI8Quky">Constitutional Convention</a> to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a <a href="/facts/Federal_republic/ImClIYsI">federal republic</a> governed by <a href="/facts/Separation_of_powers/erlL7IMq">three separate branches</a> that together ensured a system of <a href="/facts/Checks_and_balances/erlL7IMq">checks and balances</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> George Washington <a href="/facts/1788%25E2%2580%259389_United_States_presidential_election/zN4LM9lL">was elected</a> the country's first president under the Constitution, and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Bill_of_Rights/jXGXawXU">Bill of Rights</a> was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> <a href="/facts/George_Washington%2527s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief/CfoQjaSt">His resignation as commander-in-chief</a> after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the United States and the <a href="/facts/Peaceful_transition_of_power/uhRlNhQI">peaceful transfer of power</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h3>Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%25E2%2580%25931849)/V90DLdHa">History of the United States (1815–1849)</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%25E2%2580%25931865)/0u2Ce7Ao">History of the United States (1849–1865)</a></p> <p>In the late 18th century, American settlers began to <a href="/facts/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States/7NB9kvB5">expand westward</a> in larger numbers, many with a sense of <a href="/facts/Manifest_destiny/R02Youdx">manifest destiny</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Louisiana_Purchase/9uI6F0Uz">Louisiana Purchase</a> of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812/JrXY93xT">Lingering issues with Britain remained</a>, leading to the <a href="/facts/War_of_1812/D94xlnn8">War of 1812</a>, which was fought to a draw.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Adams%25E2%2580%2593On%25C3%25ADs_Treaty/BAmjFzeC">Spain ceded Florida</a> and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Missouri_Compromise/1tvICvFP">Missouri Compromise</a> of 1820, which admitted <a href="/facts/Missouri/wQ3VAb99">Missouri</a> as a <a href="/facts/Slave_states_and_free_states/rbILY8hr">slave state</a> and <a href="/facts/Maine/7ww4UY8B">Maine</a> as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there. Primarily, the compromise prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the <a href="/facts/Parallel_36%25C2%25B030%25E2%2580%25B2_north/r1CJeDhm">36°30′ parallel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p><p>As Americans expanded further into territory inhabited by Native Americans, the <a href="/facts/Federal_Indian_Policy/uwqG8FoU">federal government implemented policies</a> of <a href="/facts/Indian_removal/jV49qdPj">Indian removal</a> or <a href="/facts/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans/tfEQvpkH">assimilation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> The most significant such legislation was the <a href="/facts/Indian_Removal_Act/FIlg2fVT">Indian Removal Act of 1830</a>, a key policy of President <a href="/facts/Andrew_Jackson/MjlxPRzk">Andrew Jackson</a>. It resulted in the <a href="/facts/Trail_of_Tears/DargBK6c">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans living east of the <a href="/facts/Mississippi_River/RduarPzj">Mississippi River</a> were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, causing 13,200 to 16,700 deaths along the forced march.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Settler expansion as well as this influx of Indigenous peoples from the East resulted in the <a href="/facts/American_Indian_Wars/SfKx2Rtn">American Indian Wars</a> west of the Mississippi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>The United States <a href="/facts/Texas_annexation/fU8r8l6d">annexed the Republic of Texas</a> in 1845,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> and the 1846 <a href="/facts/Oregon_Treaty/k15wUh0d">Oregon Treaty</a> led to U.S. control of the present-day <a href="/facts/Northwestern_United_States/wymn1rdL">American Northwest</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> Dispute with Mexico over Texas led to the <a href="/facts/Mexican%25E2%2580%2593American_War/7ttRIwah">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848). After the victory of the U.S., Mexico recognized U.S sovereignty over Texas, <a href="/facts/New_Mexico/wosJCGaW">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a> in the 1848 <a href="/facts/Mexican_Cession/CfRUs8oX">Mexican Cession</a>; the cession's lands also included the future states of <a href="/facts/Nevada/HNWhCrQv">Nevada</a>, <a href="/facts/Colorado/IgIHrJI5">Colorado</a> and <a href="/facts/Utah/te7zUyBX">Utah</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/California_gold_rush/7avsegzA">California gold rush</a> of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, the <a href="/facts/California_genocide/p2lX4cfw">California genocide</a> of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the mid-1870s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> Additional western territories and states were created.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <p>During the colonial period, <a href="/facts/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States/9Iqt7cUL">slavery had been legal in the American colonies</a>, becoming the main labor force in the <a href="/facts/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States/Bl3bbAyX">large-scale</a>, <a href="/facts/Antebellum_South/F1Ctu5qX">agriculture-dependent economies</a> of the <a href="/facts/Southern_Colonies/4LE0FwbW">Southern Colonies</a> from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution, <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> and spurred by an active <a href="/facts/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States/GCRJLaJl">abolitionist movement</a> that had reemerged in the 1830s, states in <a href="/facts/Northern_United_States/rEDDwPGk">the North</a> enacted laws to prohibit slavery within their boundaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> At the same time, <a href="/facts/Pro-slavery_ideology_in_the_United_States/6W3CkFco">support for slavery had strengthened in Southern states</a>, with widespread use of inventions such as the <a href="/facts/Cotton_gin/hAYQ3NLV">cotton gin</a> (1793) having made slavery immensely profitable for <a href="/facts/Planter_class/YLk0tz4u">Southern elites</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> Throughout the 1850s, this <a href="/facts/Slave_states_and_free_states/rbILY8hr">sectional conflict regarding slavery</a> was further inflamed by national legislation in Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court: The <a href="/facts/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850/6kbrKdKd">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> mandated the forcible return to their owners in the South of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states. The <a href="/facts/Kansas%25E2%2580%2593Nebraska_Act/jemqDJk0">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the Missouri Compromise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> Finally, in its <a href="/facts/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford/xYAySdMv">Dred Scott decision</a> of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a slave brought into non-slave territory and declared the entire Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These <a href="/facts/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War/4cmEN1LF">events exacerbated tensions between North and South</a> that would culminate in the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p><p>Beginning with <a href="/facts/South_Carolina/lQQX84IS">South Carolina</a>, 11 slave-state governments voted to <a href="/facts/Secession_in_the_United_States/qVSHN6L4">secede from the United States</a> in 1861, joining to create the <a href="/facts/Confederate_States_of_America/jMSDM4q3">Confederate States of America</a>. All other states remained in <a href="/facts/Union_(American_Civil_War)/KW6wJt7J">the Union</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederacy <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter/hNp181Bo">bombarded Fort Sumter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> Following the January 1, 1863 <a href="/facts/Emancipation_Proclamation/Ng2vXzgd">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, many freed slaves joined the <a href="/facts/Union_army/WaDC9c06">Union army</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> The war <a href="/facts/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War/qGxwdefs">began to turn in the Union's favor</a> following the 1863 <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Vicksburg/sLlVbsbd">Siege of Vicksburg</a> and <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Gettysburg/wx9evLcK">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, and the Confederates surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House/8LLY01Rm">Battle of Appomattox Court House</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p> <h3>Reconstruction, Gilded Age, and Progressive Era (1863–1917)</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%25E2%2580%25931917)/G7YQpVW3">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></p> <p>Efforts toward <a href="/facts/Reconstruction_era/W6lgbxvn">reconstruction in the secessionist South</a> had begun as early as 1862,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> but it was only after <a href="/facts/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln/NeECoE1I">President Lincoln's assassination</a> that the three <a href="/facts/Reconstruction_Amendments/T9fxqaRL">Reconstruction Amendments</a> to the Constitution were ratified <a href="/facts/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%25E2%2580%25931896)/fj1n06FB">to protect civil rights</a>. The amendments codified nationally the abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crimes, promised equal protection under the law for all persons, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or previous enslavement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> As a result, African Americans took an active political role in ex-Confederate states in the decade following the Civil War.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> The former Confederate states were readmitted to the Union, beginning with Tennessee in 1866 and ending with Georgia in 1870.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> </p><p>National infrastructure, including <a href="/facts/First_transcontinental_telegraph/mU3nm5C4">transcontinental telegraph</a> and <a href="/facts/First_transcontinental_railroad/A4H1losM">railroads</a>, spurred growth in the <a href="/facts/American_frontier/J1LYReBP">American frontier</a>. This was accelerated by the <a href="/facts/Homestead_Acts/1jpVyNz4">Homestead Acts</a>, through which nearly 10 percent of the total land area of the United States was given away free to some 1.6 million homesteaders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> From 1865 through 1917, an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> Most came through the <a href="/facts/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey/97VVN5zC">port of New York City</a>, and New York City and other large cities on the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">East Coast</a> became home to large <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States/LPUkRMkP">Jewish</a>, <a href="/facts/Irish_Americans/zs4XIVfN">Irish</a>, and <a href="/facts/Italian_Americans/xrp3KgVX">Italian</a> populations, while many <a href="/facts/German_Americans/KoI8oW3Y">Germans</a> and Central Europeans moved to the <a href="/facts/Midwestern_United_States/VanHjkw2">Midwest</a>. At the same time, about one million <a href="/facts/French-Canadian_Americans/HbSBMCAs">French Canadians</a> migrated from <a href="/facts/Quebec/4hhNvb4t">Quebec</a> to <a href="/facts/New_England/ufw2BmSl">New England</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> During the <a href="/facts/Great_Migration_(African_American)/q5Cvobkb">Great Migration</a>, millions of African Americans <a href="/facts/Jim_Crow_economy/PB9WxSYC">left the rural South</a> for urban areas in the North.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Alaska_Purchase/Acuv85W7">Alaska was purchased</a> from <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russia</a> in 1867.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Compromise_of_1877/ufj69fmM">Compromise of 1877</a> is generally considered the end of the Reconstruction era, as it resolved the electoral crisis following the <a href="/facts/1876_United_States_presidential_election/KGvo7Yw2">1876 presidential election</a> and led President <a href="/facts/Rutherford_B._Hayes/H3v1xDDx">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> to reduce the role of federal troops in the South.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> Immediately, the <a href="/facts/Redeemers/dxSqT2Bl">Redeemers</a> began evicting the <a href="/facts/Carpetbaggers/pecjH1U3">Carpetbaggers</a> and quickly regained local control of Southern politics in the name of <a href="/facts/White_supremacy/RBQEYS2y">white supremacy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the <a href="/facts/Nadir_of_American_race_relations/qKsQUgUf">nadir of American race relations</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> A series of Supreme Court decisions, including <i><a href="/facts/Plessy_v._Ferguson/xDBQvCbg">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i>, emptied the <a href="/facts/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/TXMVRymL">Fourteenth</a> and <a href="/facts/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/x1huEFNz">Fifteenth Amendments</a> of their force, allowing <a href="/facts/Jim_Crow_laws/uds2gQn8">Jim Crow laws</a> in the South to remain unchecked, <a href="/facts/Sundown_town/UmV4z856">sundown towns</a> in the Midwest, and <a href="/facts/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States/AHovv4q6">segregation in communities across the country</a>, which would be reinforced by the policy of <a href="/facts/Redlining/s0QJhLHI">redlining</a> later adopted by the federal <a href="/facts/Home_Owners%2527_Loan_Corporation/Hac5NKKz">Home Owners' Loan Corporation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Second_Industrial_Revolution/DVjt8p4f">An explosion of technological advancement</a> accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> led to <a href="/facts/Gilded_Age/DFnIodSc">rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries</a>, allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> This fostered the amassing of power by <a href="/facts/Robber_baron_(industrialist)/A7vFpU7Q">a few prominent industrialists</a>, largely by their formation of <a href="/facts/Trust_(business)/RcTxcTat">trusts</a> and <a href="/facts/Monopoly/BXIQWUmR">monopolies</a> to prevent competition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Tycoon/yqUeQzqW">Tycoons</a> led the nation's expansion in the <a href="/facts/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States/9hn9ywdj">railroad</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States/nyJFeRy1">petroleum</a>, and <a href="/facts/History_of_the_steel_industry_(1850%25E2%2580%25931970)/XPzljq0W">steel</a> industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States/lC2j5nzG">automotive industry</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> These changes were accompanied by significant increases in <a href="/facts/Economic_inequality/2Kb0kBH5">economic inequality</a>, <a href="/facts/How_the_Other_Half_Lives/QhllGGtp">slum conditions</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States/DFLpMxA5">social unrest</a>, creating the environment for <a href="/facts/Labor_history_of_the_United_States/BGkyASA5">labor unions</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States/UoMubcbl">socialist movements</a> to begin to flourish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> This period eventually ended with the advent of the <a href="/facts/Progressive_Era/VhKLrvcU">Progressive Era</a>, which was characterized by significant reforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> </p><p>Pro-American elements in Hawaii <a href="/facts/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom/Chl4bUJ9">overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy</a>; the islands <a href="/facts/Newlands_Resolution/UQxsP7vE">were annexed</a> in 1898. That same year, <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rico/jVStMyG4">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Philippines/ARpmxXQV">the Philippines</a>, and <a href="/facts/Guam/YIxcmN6A">Guam</a> were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the <a href="/facts/Spanish%25E2%2580%2593American_War/ScKbBPAv">Spanish–American War</a>. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> <a href="/facts/American_Samoa/mpcHoegY">American Samoa</a> was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the <a href="/facts/Second_Samoan_Civil_War/9oQzxTNN">Second Samoan Civil War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/United_States_Virgin_Islands/VwDBzBGT">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> were purchased from <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a> in 1917.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> </p> <h3>World War I, Great Depression, and World War II (1917–1945)</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%25E2%2580%25931945)/GCv4zlsX">History of the United States (1917–1945)</a></p> <p>The United States <a href="/facts/American_entry_into_World_War_I/jcf1VWyq">entered World War I</a> alongside the <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_I/HBo9sw1M">Allies</a> in 1917 helping to turn the tide against the <a href="/facts/Central_Powers/LokC2msm">Central Powers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> In 1920, <a href="/facts/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/Rbcf76sP">a constitutional amendment</a> granted nationwide <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_suffrage_in_the_United_States/6oGlXP7w">women's suffrage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> During the 1920s and 1930s, radio for <a href="/facts/Mass_communication/h8IIGLVK">mass communication</a> and early television transformed communications nationwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929/MS1LUgko">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> triggered the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States/WhukPD96">Great Depression</a>, to which President <a href="/facts/Franklin_D._Roosevelt/HtG9vMQv">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> responded with the <a href="/facts/New_Deal/R33TXQFB">New Deal</a> plan of "reform, recovery and relief", a series of unprecedented and sweeping <a href="/facts/Alphabet_agencies/t5QGmFDu">recovery programs</a> and <a href="/facts/Works_Progress_Administration/BTnBat98">employment relief projects</a> combined with <a href="/facts/Regulatory_economics/b7VNHeYN">financial reforms and regulations</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/United_States_non-interventionism_before_entering_World_War_II/QWQI2GvD">Initially neutral</a> during <a href="/facts/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II/BXusA2C4">World War II</a>, the U.S. began <a href="/facts/Lend-Lease/q15Vw9VI">supplying war materiel</a> to the <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_II/YzCdtjDY">Allies of World War II</a> in March 1941 and <a href="/facts/American_entry_into_World_War_II/7AhQ89VK">entered the war</a> in December after the <a href="/facts/Empire_of_Japan/gMpNKg2W">Empire of Japan</a>'s <a href="/facts/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor/CLBkUVjC">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> The U.S. <a href="/facts/Manhattan_Project/gtg8yRK2">developed the first nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/facts/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki/fRpj8aJA">used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> in August 1945, ending the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> The United States was one of the "<a href="/facts/Four_Policemen/9RtV2SzJ">Four Policemen</a>" who met to plan the <a href="/facts/Aftermath_of_World_War_II/htgyL1tJ">post-war world</a>, alongside the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/facts/Republic_of_China_(1912%25E2%2580%25931949)/NgEhkXWz">China</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater <a href="/facts/Economic_power/NC8dxKGJ">economic power</a> and <a href="/facts/Sphere_of_influence/vxSwzH8K">international political influence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cold War and social revolution (1945–1991)</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%25E2%2580%25931964)/cXTLIXvl">History of the United States (1945–1964)</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%25E2%2580%25931980)/u41PTcum">History of the United States (1964–1980)</a>, and <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%25E2%2580%25931991)/MDhys1gj">History of the United States (1980–1991)</a></p> <p>The end of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> in 1945 left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as <a href="/facts/Superpower/JNNkrRLt">superpowers</a>, each with its own political, military, and economic sphere of influence. Geopolitical tensions between the two superpowers soon led to the <a href="/facts/Cold_War/spJdJQ3q">Cold War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> The U.S. utilized the policy of <a href="/facts/Containment/Y6LEbRNS">containment</a> to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, engaged in <a href="/facts/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change/nJJ95XYS">regime change</a> against governments perceived to be aligned with Moscow, and prevailed in the <a href="/facts/Space_Race/9fPV4LUq">Space Race</a>, which culminated with the <a href="/facts/Apollo_11/BdUKVnQP">first crewed Moon landing</a> in 1969.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> </p><p>Domestically, the U.S. <a href="/facts/Post%25E2%2580%2593World_War_II_economic_expansion/kkDqElFP">experienced economic growth</a>, <a href="/facts/Urbanization_in_the_United_States/wxgW0g3Y">urbanization</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mid-20th_century_baby_boom/dD77Y6Y4">population growth following World War II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Civil_rights_movement/llwscvvR">civil rights movement</a> emerged, with <a href="/facts/Martin_Luther_King_Jr./dhWS0DP0">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Great_Society/w1zMdUsq">Great Society</a> plan of President <a href="/facts/Lyndon_B._Johnson/PKNthHX1">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and <a href="/facts/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/kXsTJSpq">a constitutional amendment</a> to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering <a href="/facts/Institutional_racism/k8pjbfYq">institutional racism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Counterculture_of_the_1960s/BjyVc83W">counterculture movement</a> in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward <a href="/facts/Recreational_drug_use/eoBD3vKn">recreational drug use</a> and <a href="/facts/Sexual_revolution/bvgA4CWk">sexuality</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> It also encouraged <a href="/facts/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War/dzVEDUll">open defiance of the military draft</a> (leading to the <a href="/facts/Conscription_in_the_United_States/gTDVEpRS">end of conscription</a> in 1973)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War/Cu2MJhrr">wide opposition</a> to <a href="/facts/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War/rr8sqUDg">U.S. intervention in Vietnam</a> (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_liberation_movement_in_the_United_States/AdozsA9o">A societal shift in the roles of women</a> was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Revolutions_of_1989/gLWM6JLk">Fall of Communism</a> and the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union/Fyn5jw3n">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> from 1989 to 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and <a href="/facts/Superpower/JNNkrRLt">left the United States as the world's sole superpower</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> This cemented the United States' global influence, reinforcing the concept of the "<a href="/facts/American_Century/VUl8w3vy">American Century</a>" as it dominated international political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> </p> <h3>Contemporary (1991–present)</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%25E2%2580%25932016)/fk8rkaB7">History of the United States (1991–2016)</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_(2016%25E2%2580%2593present)/RPCjrG9N">History of the United States (2016–present)</a></p> <p>The 1990s saw the <a href="/facts/1990s_United_States_boom/Wga1SmQW">longest recorded economic expansion in American history</a>, a dramatic <a href="/facts/Crime_in_the_United_States/QXcB7xhA">decline in U.S. crime rates</a>, and <a href="/facts/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States/sYsNXqSq">advances in technology</a>. Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the <a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a>, the evolution of the <a href="/facts/Pentium_(original)/dqChAmxz">Pentium</a> microprocessor in accordance with <a href="/facts/Moore%2527s_law/90CSekhl">Moore's law</a>, rechargeable <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion batteries</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Gene_therapy/CaxRLfKM">gene therapy</a> trial, and <a href="/facts/Cloning/Vb6SM4c7">cloning</a> either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The <a href="/facts/Human_Genome_Project/eQDHgHTP">Human Genome Project</a> was formally launched in 1990, while <a href="/facts/Nasdaq/C6GlcQcB">Nasdaq</a> became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> </p><p>In the <a href="/facts/Gulf_War/6LdLnGdo">Gulf War</a> of 1991, an <a href="/facts/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War/FMh4BxRH">American-led international coalition of states</a> expelled an <a href="/facts/Ba%2527athist_Iraq/lbHnSQBz">Iraqi</a> invasion force that had occupied neighboring <a href="/facts/Kuwait/HJLFQ59s">Kuwait</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/September_11_attacks/PfWQcQNx">September 11 attacks</a> on the United States in 2001 by the <a href="/facts/Pan-Islamism/DH7VURGL">pan-Islamist</a> militant organization <a href="/facts/Al-Qaeda/CIQSk3D7">al-Qaeda</a> led to the <a href="/facts/War_on_terror/CTGl4eto">war on terror</a>, and subsequent <a href="/facts/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%25E2%2580%25932021)/vKbbttLN">military interventions in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/facts/Iraq_War/dlAgf8at">Iraq</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble/rIYwTKts">U.S. housing bubble</a> culminated in 2007 with the <a href="/facts/Great_Recession/9LoVUhLf">Great Recession</a>, the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> Coming to a head in the 2010s, <a href="/facts/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States/udHt5K5N">political polarization in the country</a> increased between liberal and conservative factions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> This polarization was capitalized upon in the <a href="/facts/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack/hcF25Aqf">January 2021 Capitol attack</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a> when a mob of insurrectionists<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> entered the <a href="/facts/United_States_Capitol/UFAR0zx8">U.S. Capitol</a> and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> in an <a href="/facts/Self-coup/Hb6uVgMa">attempted self-coup d'état</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/2021_Taliban_offensive/Thl8kzfS">2021 Taliban offensive</a> (May–August) ended the <a href="/facts/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%25E2%2580%25932021)/vKbbttLN">War in Afghanistan</a> one year after the <a href="/facts/United_States%25E2%2580%2593Taliban_deal/BrWARLFq">U.S. signed a peace agreement</a> with the Taliban.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Geography_of_the_United_States/Cup8JWRG">Geography of the United States</a></p> <p>The United States is the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area/XQWaBfYo">third-largest country</a> by total area behind Russia and Canada.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> The 48 <a href="/facts/Contiguous_United_States/yx414G7a">contiguous states and the District of Columbia</a> have a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a> In 2021, the United States had 8% of the Earth's permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of its cropland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a> </p><p>Starting in the east, <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Plain/cK52gb0F">the coastal plain</a> of the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Ocean/EI4uChIb">Atlantic</a> seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the <a href="/facts/Piedmont_(United_States)/EoTcRzIL">Piedmont</a> plateau region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Appalachian_Mountains/f7X1GBDE">Appalachian Mountains</a> and the <a href="/facts/Adirondack_Mountains/1uh4fJ2s">Adirondack Massif</a> separate the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">East Coast</a> from the <a href="/facts/Great_Lakes/Fd7pDkPX">Great Lakes</a> and the grasslands of <a href="/facts/Midwestern_United_States/VanHjkw2">the Midwest</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Mississippi_River_System/F8cy5g25">Mississippi River System</a>, the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_rivers_by_length/AKm9qDyG">fourth-longest river system</a>, runs predominantly north–south through the center of the country. The flat and fertile <a href="/facts/Prairie/nJNHWdGs">prairie</a> of the <a href="/facts/Great_Plains/LWPW30WU">Great Plains</a> stretches to the west, interrupted by <a href="/facts/U.S._Interior_Highlands/juwjH9ID">a highland region</a> in the southeast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> </p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Rocky_Mountains/rDc3cU0E">Rocky Mountains</a>, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in <a href="/facts/Colorado/IgIHrJI5">Colorado</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Supervolcano/wTWrBEja">supervolcano</a> underlying <a href="/facts/Yellowstone_National_Park/NnavuSNu">Yellowstone National Park</a> in the Rocky Mountains, the <a href="/facts/Yellowstone_Caldera/adjfcgyN">Yellowstone Caldera</a>, is the continent's largest volcanic feature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a> Farther west are the rocky <a href="/facts/Great_Basin/w135lKBN">Great Basin</a> and the <a href="/facts/Chihuahuan_Desert/I4IcslAA">Chihuahuan</a>, <a href="/facts/Sonoran_Desert/RqlWcLnd">Sonoran</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mojave_Desert/qWmTVQLg">Mojave</a> deserts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a> In the northwest corner of <a href="/facts/Arizona/6ayM3swJ">Arizona</a>, carved by the <a href="/facts/Colorado_River/yGEJtRAJ">Colorado River</a>, is the <a href="/facts/Grand_Canyon/5jdvIay7">Grand Canyon</a>, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a> known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The <a href="/facts/Cascade_Range/v7n1chTV">Cascade</a> and <a href="/facts/Sierra_Nevada/tKcI8PeH">Sierra Nevada</a> mountain ranges run close to the <a href="/facts/West_Coast_of_the_United_States/I4cXGCq0">Pacific coast</a>. The <a href="/facts/Extreme_points_of_the_United_States/YYbLI6A8">lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States</a> are in the State of California,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a> about 84 miles (135 km) apart.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a> </p><p>At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's <a href="/facts/Denali/ud7RMYwY">Denali</a> (also called Mount McKinley) is the highest peak in the country and continent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a> Active <a href="/facts/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States/A8lWo83v">volcanoes in the U.S.</a> are common throughout Alaska's <a href="/facts/Alexander_Archipelago/bvryDvSn">Alexander</a> and <a href="/facts/Aleutian_Islands/HDnCEHMu">Aleutian Islands</a>. Located entirely outside North America, the archipelago of Hawaii consists of volcanic islands, <a href="/facts/Physical_geography/NByHKLCQ">physiographically</a> and <a href="/facts/Ethnology/MJQ2vC0K">ethnologically</a> part of the <a href="/facts/Polynesia/rVSckqmD">Polynesian</a> subregion of <a href="/facts/Oceania/vzTEvsfV">Oceania</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a> </p> <h3>Climate</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Climate_of_the_United_States/76R2muQK">Climate of the United States</a></p> <p>With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the <a href="/facts/100th_meridian_west/x3aBETEg">100th meridian</a>, the climate ranges from <a href="/facts/Humid_continental_climate/m5J175oK">humid continental</a> in the north to <a href="/facts/Humid_subtropical_climate/vr1kMhwS">humid subtropical</a> in the south.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> The western Great Plains are <a href="/facts/Semi-arid_climate/XnSYao1E">semi-arid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> Many mountainous areas of the American West have an <a href="/facts/Alpine_climate/wUdLLA3b">alpine climate</a>. The climate is <a href="/facts/Desert_climate/orfIQqrB">arid</a> in the Southwest, <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_climate/gGsJAKE5">Mediterranean</a> in <a href="/facts/Coastal_California/1PL9hdLJ">coastal California</a>, and <a href="/facts/Oceanic_climate/xUD1y78o">oceanic</a> in coastal <a href="/facts/Oregon/4Uq446Ko">Oregon</a>, <a href="/facts/Washington_(state)/7tCrTFnN">Washington</a>, and southern <a href="/facts/Alaska/LlDNr2uR">Alaska</a>. Most of Alaska is <a href="/facts/Subarctic_climate/xW83IXdL">subarctic</a> or <a href="/facts/Polar_climate/7UWhUQtR">polar</a>. <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a>, the <a href="/facts/South_Florida/9buquI9F">southern tip of Florida</a> and U.S. territories in the <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific</a> are <a href="/facts/Tropical_climate/LaAgIWtj">tropical</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a> </p><p>The United States receives more high-impact <a href="/facts/Extreme_weather/gzcNR4BC">extreme weather</a> incidents than any other country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a> States bordering the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Mexico/bGE5s57G">Gulf of Mexico</a> are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes <a href="/facts/Tornadoes_in_the_United_States/0366ep9n">occur in the country</a>, mainly in <a href="/facts/Tornado_Alley/EkFhh0fm">Tornado Alley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a> Due to <a href="/facts/Climate_change_in_the_United_States/UYznntMz">climate change in the country</a>, extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported <a href="/facts/Heat_waves/33bJ5jh9">heat waves</a> compared to the 1960s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a> Since the 1990s, droughts in the <a href="/facts/Southwestern_United_States/LjLFs9fC">American Southwest</a> have become more persistent and more severe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a> The regions considered as the most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a> </p> <h3>Biodiversity and conservation</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Fauna_of_the_United_States/PcFAVBbh">Fauna of the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Flora_of_the_United_States/SBQFg9gp">Flora of the United States</a></p> <p>The U.S. is one of 17 <a href="/facts/Megadiverse_countries/BE8PrlT7">megadiverse countries</a> containing large numbers of <a href="/facts/List_of_endangered_animals_of_North_America/ES4cAvwD">endemic species</a>: about 17,000 species of <a href="/facts/Vascular_plant/5nWI2huT">vascular plants</a> occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of <a href="/facts/Flowering_plant/E5eGYIvY">flowering plants</a> are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a> The United States is home to 428 <a href="/facts/Mammal/phSwTzBo">mammal</a> species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 <a href="/facts/Amphibian/r2BleD2W">amphibians</a>,[212] and around 91,000 insect species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a> </p><p>There are <a href="/facts/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States/uM29muQA">63 national parks</a>, and <a href="/facts/Federal_lands/8ghsUa4N">hundreds of other federally managed</a> parks, forests, and <a href="/facts/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System/4zYmYBLI">wilderness areas</a>, administered by the <a href="/facts/National_Park_Service/KyR15FW6">National Park Service</a> and other agencies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a> About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a> primarily in the <a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">Western States</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States/WBW4UxCQ">Most of this land is protected</a>, though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States/3nls5Ptf">Environmental issues in the United States</a> include debates on <a href="/facts/Non-renewable_resource/pTvw6edQ">non-renewable resources</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_debate/9y4s4GxC">nuclear energy</a>, <a href="/facts/Pollution_prevention_in_the_US/ErwpzcUD">air and water pollution</a>, <a href="/facts/Biodiversity/GruakEzs">biodiversity</a>, logging and <a href="/facts/Deforestation_in_the_United_States/S87Edh7p">deforestation</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Climate_change_in_the_United_States/UYznntMz">climate change</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency/ghI985SI">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) is the federal agency charged with <a href="/facts/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States/8X68CVuX">addressing most environmental-related issues</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System/4zYmYBLI">idea of wilderness</a> has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the <a href="/facts/Wilderness_Act/jsxHINHj">Wilderness Act</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973/voufDnBj">Endangered Species Act of 1973</a> provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The <a href="/facts/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service/kNLNl93B">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> implements and enforces the Act.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a> In 2024, the U.S. ranked 35th among 180 countries in the <a href="/facts/Environmental_Performance_Index/75gj41kn">Environmental Performance Index</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="government-and-politics">Government and politics</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Politics_of_the_United_States/huMQkzQD">Politics of the United States</a></p> <p>The United States is a <a href="/facts/Federal_republic/ImClIYsI">federal republic</a> of 50 <a href="/facts/U.S._state/PFwcRIYQ">states</a> and a federal capital district, <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> The U.S. asserts sovereignty over five <a href="/facts/Territories_of_the_United_States/NYfp1J30">unincorporated territories</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands/l6wulClL">several uninhabited island possessions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a> It is the world's oldest surviving federation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a> and its <a href="/facts/Presidential_system/lFFCrzpv">presidential system</a> of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their <a href="/facts/Decolonization/EkIM0zpj">decolonization</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_the_United_States/AJlEWNR3">Constitution of the United States</a> serves as <a href="/facts/Supremacy_Clause/LNNsPSHq">the country's supreme legal document</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a> Most scholars describe the United States as a <a href="/facts/Liberal_democracy/5blgnbkS">liberal democracy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a> </p> <h3>National government</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">Federal government of the United States</a></p> <p>Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of <a href="/facts/Checks_and_balances/erlL7IMq">checks and balances</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">U.S. Congress</a> is a <a href="/facts/Bicameral_legislature/qdbjFfpm">bicameral legislature</a> made up of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate/VyzXHE01">Senate</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">House of Representatives</a>. The Senate has 100 members—two from each state and elected by that state’s voters for a six-year term. The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected for a two-year term by the constituency of the <a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts/6X6wdm0r">congressional district</a> where they reside. A state’s legislature decides the district boundaries, which are contiguous within the state. Every U.S. congressional district is of equivalent population and sends one representative to Congress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a> The U.S. Congress makes <a href="/facts/Federal_law/9hhpwdNW">federal law</a>, <a href="/facts/Declaration_of_war/LSYtAgTS">declares war</a>, approves treaties, has the <a href="/facts/Power_of_the_purse/yt15FXTW">power of the purse</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a> and has <a href="/facts/Impeachment_in_the_United_States/6VrS0s6u">the power of impeachment</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a> One of its foremost non-legislative functions is <a href="/facts/Congressional_investigation/HBba29yQ">the power to investigate</a> and oversee the executive branch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Congressional_oversight/DHansyxJ">Congressional oversight</a> is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress’s subpoena power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a> Much of the work of Congress is performed by a <a href="/facts/United_States_congressional_committee/lQkeSNbD">collection of committees</a>, each appointed for a specific purpose or duty. Committee membership is by tradition and statute <a href="/facts/Bipartisan/U3k2xDP8">bipartisan</a>.</li> <li>The U.S. president is the <a href="/facts/Head_of_state/U2QzdE4a">head of state</a>, <a href="/facts/Commander-in-chief/pe6ojVyG">commander-in-chief</a> of the military, chief executive of the federal government, and has the ability to veto <a href="/facts/Bill_(law)/4l6xGHIh">legislative bills</a> from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However, <a href="/facts/Veto_power_in_the_United_States/tPW87njP">presidential vetoes</a> can be overridden by a two-thirds <a href="/facts/Supermajority/UrN29DaU">supermajority</a> vote in both chambers of Congress. The president appoints the <a href="/facts/Cabinet_of_the_United_States/2ouVJrjQ">members of the Cabinet</a>, subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal law and policy through <a href="/facts/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States/j052fc07">their respective agencies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a> The president also has clemency power for federal crimes and <a href="/facts/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States/2do2mtBA">can issue pardons</a>. Finally, the president has the right to issue expansive "<a href="/facts/Executive_orders/JwJJXBar">executive orders</a>", subject to <a href="/facts/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States/5KxpV8Rx">judicial review</a>, in a number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential <a href="/facts/Running_mate/TzjUBpGt">running mate</a>. Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically an <a href="/facts/Indirect_election/MQjdSerX">indirect election</a> in which the winner will be determined by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Electoral_College/Uyko6bfl">U.S. Electoral College</a>. There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by <a href="/facts/State_legislature_(United_States)/gUJDqWvh">their state legislature</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a> In practice, however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required by state law to confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. Each state is allocated two electors plus one additional elector for each congressional district in the state, which in effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to Congress. The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may be <a href="/facts/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/K1HWBTDT">reelected to the office only once</a>, for one additional four-year term.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States/RfX1mMs6">U.S. federal judiciary</a>, whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States/rJHothwW">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_courts_of_appeals/BffEuR1j">U.S. courts of appeals</a>, and the <a href="/facts/United_States_district_court/xBcpTCp0">U.S. district courts</a>. The lowest level in the federal judiciary is the <a href="/facts/Federal_district_court/xBcpTCp0">federal district court</a>, which decides all cases considered to be under "<a href="/facts/Original_jurisdiction/lcepVFAr">original jurisdiction</a>", such as federal statutes, constitutional law, or <a href="/facts/International_treaties/KCfhDfDV">international treaties</a>. After a federal district court has decided a case, its decision may be contested and sent to a higher court, <a href="/facts/Appellate_court/RxzQlBB2">a federal court of appeals</a>. The U.S. judicial system's 12 <a href="/facts/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals/BffEuR1j">federal circuits</a> divide the country into separate administrative regions for appeals decisions. The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a> The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and <a href="/facts/Judicial_review/uYAcGDsm">overturns those it finds unconstitutional</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a> On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000 appeals petitions for <a href="/facts/Writs_of_certiorari/wnK0Eeuf">writs of certiorari</a> each year, but only grants about 80.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a> Consisting of nine members led by the <a href="/facts/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States/nok98zla">Chief Justice of the United States</a>, the court judges each case before it by majority decision. As with all other federal judges, the members are appointed for life by the sitting president with Senate approval when a vacancy becomes available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a></li></ul> <p>The three-branch system is known as the <a href="/facts/Presidential_system/lFFCrzpv">presidential system</a>, in contrast to the <a href="/facts/Parliamentary_system/HAsnSsRz">parliamentary system</a> where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world adopted this aspect of the 1789 <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_the_United_States/AJlEWNR3">Constitution of the United States</a>, especially in the <a href="/facts/Postcolonialism/XqYab5pI">postcolonial</a> Americas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a> </p> <h3>Subdivisions</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/U.S._state/PFwcRIYQ">U.S. state</a>, <a href="/facts/County_(United_States)/DAjCz23J">County (United States)</a>, <a href="/facts/Indian_country/wYYxhawK">Indian country</a>, and <a href="/facts/Territories_of_the_United_States/NYfp1J30">Territories of the United States</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States/mWmHJNWv">List of states and territories of the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state/fa19J2x8">List of federally recognized tribes by state</a>, and <a href="/facts/Federally_recognized_tribe/loQDd5s0">Federally recognized tribe</a></p> <p>In the <a href="/facts/Federalism_in_the_United_States/QwuJfJQq">U.S. federal system</a>, sovereign powers are shared between three levels of government specified in the Constitution: the national government, the states, and Indian tribes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a> The U.S. also asserts sovereignty over five permanently inhabited territories: <a href="/facts/American_Samoa/mpcHoegY">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/facts/Guam/YIxcmN6A">Guam</a>, the <a href="/facts/Northern_Mariana_Islands/Tb6CPrao">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rico/jVStMyG4">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Virgin_Islands/VwDBzBGT">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a> </p><p>Residents of the 50 states are governed by their elected state governments, and by elected <a href="/facts/Local_government_in_the_United_States/CF1FFLM7">local governments</a> that are administrative divisions of the states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a> States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and (except for Hawaii) <a href="/facts/Local_government_in_the_United_States/CF1FFLM7">further divided into municipalities</a>, each administered by elected representatives. The District of Columbia is <a href="/facts/Federal_district_of_the_United_States/enXPK156">a federal district</a> containing the U.S. capital, <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a> The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a> </p><p>Indian country is made up of 574 <a href="/facts/Federally_recognized_tribe/loQDd5s0">federally recognized tribes</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States/a66ySA9J">326 Indian reservations</a>. They hold a government-to-government relationship with the U.S. federal government in Washington and are legally defined as <a href="/facts/Domestic_dependent_nations/ugLRc2pd">domestic dependent nations</a> with <a href="/facts/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States/EMzCGstk">inherent tribal sovereignty rights</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a> </p><p>In addition to the five major territories, the U.S. also asserts sovereignty over the <a href="/facts/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands/l6wulClL">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a> in the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a> and the <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a> The seven undisputed islands without permanent populations are <a href="/facts/Baker_Island/vCgl0oIR">Baker Island</a>, <a href="/facts/Howland_Island/jkW56QCj">Howland Island</a>, <a href="/facts/Jarvis_Island/VP0Qo6T1">Jarvis Island</a>, <a href="/facts/Johnston_Atoll/xAdQlUQR">Johnston Atoll</a>, <a href="/facts/Kingman_Reef/3cRyPlUa">Kingman Reef</a>, <a href="/facts/Midway_Atoll/mC01YlDL">Midway Atoll</a>, and <a href="/facts/Palmyra_Atoll/3D11PdQS">Palmyra Atoll</a>. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated <a href="/facts/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank/3u3o6WV9">Bajo Nuevo Bank</a>, <a href="/facts/Navassa_Island/zHawSoQM">Navassa Island</a>, <a href="/facts/Serranilla_Bank/J3m2GEex">Serranilla Bank</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wake_Island/wLdjtjCF">Wake Island</a> is disputed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a> </p> <h3>Political parties</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Political_parties_in_the_United_States/N0SBY8ux">Political parties in the United States</a></p><p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States/81hS6phN">List of political parties in the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Political_party_strength_in_U.S._states/lFyNwdAS">Political party strength in U.S. states</a></p> <p>The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the <a href="/facts/Federalist_Party/Q4P54s6j">Federalist</a> and <a href="/facts/Anti-Federalist_Party/L91rqJRW">Anti-Federalist</a> parties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a> Since then, the United States has operated as a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/facts/Two-party_system/qL4usvQF">two-party system</a>, though the parties in that system have been different at different times.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a> The two main national parties are presently the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a> and the <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a>. The former is perceived as <a href="/facts/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States/HGn9XCda">relatively liberal</a> in its <a href="/facts/Political_platform/51H5YYhp">political platform</a> while the latter is perceived as <a href="/facts/Conservatism_in_the_United_States/ye90yMMJ">relatively conservative</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a> </p> <h3>Foreign relations</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States/2rusceuf">Foreign relations of the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States/LqGcw96t">Foreign policy of the United States</a></p> <p>The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_number_of_diplomatic_missions/oFw4QbQm">second-largest diplomatic corps</a> as of 2024. It is a <a href="/facts/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council/4Vkl8rI0">permanent member of the United Nations Security Council</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a> and home to the <a href="/facts/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations/4pof9vnU">United Nations headquarters</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a> The United States is a member of the <a href="/facts/G7/P5xVoq5y">G7</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a> <a href="/facts/G20/pFut6kJQ">G20</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/OECD/CI9W2zGv">OECD</a> intergovernmental organizations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a> <a href="/facts/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_States/kyDQ6Tty">Almost all countries have embassies</a> and many have <a href="/facts/Consul_(representative)/KBH7xwYY">consulates</a> (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal <a href="/facts/Diplomatic_mission/1w9THR8P">diplomatic missions</a> with the United States, except <a href="/facts/Iran%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/59wJGvqg">Iran</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a> <a href="/facts/North_Korea%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/Nns58ejf">North Korea</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan/Iq3eNL3J">Bhutan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a> Though <a href="/facts/Taiwan%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/uvpCYF1P">Taiwan</a> does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a> The United States regularly <a href="/facts/Six_Assurances/I7dqkcdc">supplies Taiwan with military equipment</a> to deter potential Chinese aggression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a> Its geopolitical attention also turned to the <a href="/facts/Indo-Pacific/pVfP1gxV">Indo-Pacific</a> when the United States joined the <a href="/facts/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue/D4VXu85Q">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a> with Australia, India, and Japan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a> </p><p>The United States has a "<a href="/facts/Special_Relationship/xbKT1veR">Special Relationship</a>" <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/YGsSTeeo">with the United Kingdom</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a> and strong ties <a href="/facts/Canada%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/A91xrMup">with Canada</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Australia%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/Bhd9FP2o">Australia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/Pb8KXfLG">New Zealand</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Philippines%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/hEuPT0jV">the Philippines</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Japan%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/2WleM3h0">Japan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a> <a href="/facts/South_Korea%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/02qaCLKQ">South Korea</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Israel%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/959V0UC7">Israel</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a> and several <a href="/facts/Member_state_of_the_European_Union/hsFC1pJH">European Union countries</a> such as <a href="/facts/France%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/2AlPHlPz">France</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/SzsDJqIn">Italy</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/W1BbmNdJ">Germany</a>, <a href="/facts/Spain%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/BYE2kjuS">Spain</a>, and <a href="/facts/Poland%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/gBmq63fp">Poland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a> The U.S. works closely with its <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> allies on military and <a href="/facts/National_security/DlmpehRa">national security</a> issues, and with countries in the Americas through the <a href="/facts/Organization_of_American_States/bxrtCRTI">Organization of American States</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_States%25E2%2580%2593Mexico%25E2%2580%2593Canada_Agreement/qEPH1gYJ">United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement</a>. In South America, <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a> is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a> The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for <a href="/facts/Federated_States_of_Micronesia/U9VGo9fh">Micronesia</a>, the <a href="/facts/Marshall_Islands/rRV4U7oD">Marshall Islands</a>, and <a href="/facts/Palau/sYXMGPbX">Palau</a> through the <a href="/facts/Compact_of_Free_Association/AyCyg8WC">Compact of Free Association</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a> It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation <a href="/facts/India%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/YQuUxK4e">with India</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a> while <a href="/facts/China%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/wt6S375h">its ties with China</a> have steadily deteriorated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a> </p><p>Beginning in 2014, the U.S. had become <a href="/facts/Ukraine%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/KNeyaSUI">a key ally of Ukraine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a> After <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> was elected U.S. president in 2024, he sought to negotiate an end to the <a href="/facts/Russo-Ukrainian_War/kE7cHvoQ">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>. He paused all military aid to Ukraine in March 2025,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a> although the aid resumed later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a> Trump ended U.S. intelligence sharing with the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a> However, in June 2025, a majority of <a href="/facts/119th_United_States_Congress/HaY3MoJa">U.S. senators</a> supported <a href="/facts/Secondary_sanctions/9goJzbcA">secondary sanctions</a> against Russia to increase pressure on President Putin of Russia to negotiate a final settlement to the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a> </p> <h3>Military</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/United_States_Armed_Forces/NHVsU9Id">United States Armed Forces</a></p> <p>The president is the <a href="/facts/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_United_States/fMwJTHnI">commander-in-chief</a> of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense/K3ygWDbv">secretary of defense</a> and the <a href="/facts/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff/Uvqu4MJ1">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. The <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a>, which is headquartered at <a href="/facts/The_Pentagon/vkuy1sHT">the Pentagon</a> near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">U.S. Army</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Marine_Corps/J8JDlJG2">Marine Corps</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">Navy</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">Air Force</a>, and <a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Force/bWlsxC5D">Space Force</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/United_States_Coast_Guard/6d7SWTP9">Coast Guard</a> is administered by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security/jwz5gLfa">Department of Homeland Security</a> in peacetime and can be transferred to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy/bBdzKgXr">Department of the Navy</a> in wartime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a> </p><p>The United States <a href="/facts/Military_budget_of_the_United_States/AJq91bxq">spent $997 billion on its military</a> in 2024, which is by far the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures/QJemgRxr">largest amount of any country</a>, making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.<i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a> The U.S. <a href="/facts/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States/sBxLkstG">possesses 42% of the world's nuclear weapons</a>—the second-largest stockpile after <a href="/facts/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction/eXCHTUhg">that of Russia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a> </p><p>The United States has the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel/bTvFzuQI">third-largest combined armed forces</a> in the world, behind the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Liberation_Army/nr4YlS9J">Chinese People's Liberation Army</a> and <a href="/facts/Indian_Armed_Forces/B4go58SS">Indian Armed Forces</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a> The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a> and maintains <a href="/facts/United_States_military_deployments/LgLWlnTQ">deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel</a> in 25 foreign countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a> The United States has engaged in over 400 military interventions since its founding in 1776, with over half of these occurring between 1950 and 2019 and 25% occurring in the post-Cold War era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/State_defense_forces/STLGCsqL">State defense forces</a> (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of <a href="/facts/Governor_(United_States)/Mb01HzEt">the state's governor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a> They are distinct from the state's <a href="/facts/National_Guard_(United_States)/oMCltGFe">National Guard</a> units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the <a href="/facts/National_Defense_Act_of_1916/hBxb2Ioe">National Defense Act Amendments of 1933</a>, which created the Guard and provides for the integration of <a href="/facts/Army_National_Guard/2dVom5w2">Army National Guard</a> units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a> </p> <h3>Law enforcement and criminal justice</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Law_of_the_United_States/qVcQjGCe">Law of the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States/VH7e0Cdt">Law enforcement in the United States</a>, and <a href="/facts/Crime_in_the_United_States/QXcB7xhA">Crime in the United States</a></p> <p>There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a> Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and <a href="/facts/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States/x3HFxT0q">sheriff departments</a> in their municipal or county jurisdictions. <a href="/facts/State_police_(United_States)/M8V73vzE">The state police</a> departments <a href="/facts/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)/fqgdfK4m">have authority in their respective state</a>, and <a href="/facts/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States/UJvsMwEk">federal agencies</a> such as the <a href="/facts/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation/UY93jwX6">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Marshals_Service/S3VH9YYd">U.S. Marshals Service</a> have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting <a href="/facts/Civil_rights/DBK7m6s2">civil rights</a>, <a href="/facts/National_security_of_the_United_States/p27xGdWQ">national security</a>, enforcing <a href="/facts/U.S._federal_courts/RfX1mMs6">U.S. federal courts</a>' rulings and federal laws, and interstate criminal activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a> <a href="/facts/State_court_(United_States)/cjcdnRhU">State courts</a> conduct almost all civil and criminal trials,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a> while federal courts <a href="/facts/Subject-matter_jurisdiction/z66XvY2S">adjudicate the much smaller number of civil and criminal cases that relate to federal law</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a> </p><p>There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The <a href="/facts/Incarceration_in_the_United_States/4gKXnqqq">American prison system</a> is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2025, "these systems hold <a href="/facts/Incarceration_in_the_United_States/4gKXnqqq">nearly 2 million people</a> in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,277 juvenile correctional facilities, 133 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a> </p><p>Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: <a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_federal_prisons/bDBAh6Qf">federal prisons</a>, <a href="/facts/Lists_of_United_States_state_prisons/WgwoK6sr">state prisons</a>, local jails, and <a href="/facts/American_juvenile_justice_system/oxlW79Ml">juvenile correctional facilities</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298"><sup>298</sup></a> Federal prisons are run by the <a href="/facts/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons/fKVlmn6V">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a> and hold pretrial detainees as well as people who have been convicted of federal crimes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299"><sup>299</sup></a> State prisons, run by the department of corrections of each state, hold people sentenced and serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300"><sup>300</sup></a> Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301"><sup>301</sup></a> Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302"><sup>302</sup></a> </p><p>In January 2023, the United States had the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate/YwCwbT3N">sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate</a> in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9 million people incarcerated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303"><sup>303</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304"><sup>304</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305"><sup>305</sup></a> An analysis of the <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization/YNN3bgug">World Health Organization</a> Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by <a href="/facts/Gun_deaths_in_the_United_States/CXREXvhn">a gun homicide rate</a> that was 25 times higher".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306"><sup>306</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Economy_of_the_United_States/t6gWtMWv">Economy of the United States</a></p> <p>The U.S. has a highly developed <a href="/facts/Mixed_economy/M27dNu2U">mixed economy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307"><sup>307</sup></a> that has been the world's largest nominally <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_largest_historical_GDP/EWKqnBQ0">since about 1890</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308"><sup>308</sup></a> Its 2024 <a href="/facts/Gross_domestic_product/zQRgyFKc">gross domestic product</a> (GDP)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309"><sup>309</sup></a> of more than $29 trillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310"><sup>310</sup></a> constituted over 25% of nominal <a href="/facts/Gross_world_product/CTnFAJar">global economic output</a>, or 15% at <a href="/facts/Purchasing_power_parity/qpRMGaXG">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the <a href="/facts/G7/P5xVoq5y">G7</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311"><sup>311</sup></a> The country ranks <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)/k3Lf3RIL">first in the world by nominal GDP</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312"><sup>312</sup></a> <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)/fDw3Ibeo">second when adjusted for purchasing power parities</a> (PPP),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313"><sup>313</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita/EStd2aMH">ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314"><sup>314</sup></a> In February 2024, the total <a href="/facts/National_debt_of_the_United_States/0t5zSVGs">U.S. federal government debt</a> was $34.4 trillion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315"><sup>315</sup></a> </p> <p>Of the world's <a href="/facts/Fortune_Global_500/WxgLN2QM">500 largest companies by revenue</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue/x8cUIzzw">136 were headquartered in the U.S.</a> in 2023,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316"><sup>316</sup></a> which is the highest number of any country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317"><sup>317</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/United_States_dollar/naEEDUhC">U.S. dollar</a> is the currency most used <a href="/facts/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar/VyKB81FS">in international transactions</a> and the world's foremost <a href="/facts/Reserve_currency/TsQLVutH">reserve currency</a>, backed by the country's dominant economy, <a href="/facts/United_States_Armed_Forces/NHVsU9Id">its military</a>, the <a href="/facts/Petrodollar/40TtHLlH">petrodollar</a> system, its large <a href="/facts/U.S._Treasury/lDmua740">U.S. treasuries market</a>, and its linked <a href="/facts/Eurodollar/kt52SrmT">eurodollar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318"><sup>318</sup></a> <a href="/facts/United_States_dollar/naEEDUhC">Several countries use it as their official currency</a>, and in others it is the <a href="/facts/De_facto_currency/1q8kdMmA"><i>de facto</i> currency</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319"><sup>319</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320"><sup>320</sup></a> The U.S. has <a href="/facts/Free_trade_agreements/drQ3kco6">free trade agreements</a> with <a href="/facts/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_States/JqFvT0Bf">several countries</a>, including the <a href="/facts/United_States%25E2%2580%2593Mexico%25E2%2580%2593Canada_Agreement/qEPH1gYJ">USMCA</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321"><sup>321</sup></a> It ranked second in the <a href="/facts/Global_Competitiveness_Report/BgQl7FrD">Global Competitiveness Report</a> in 2019, after Singapore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322"><sup>322</sup></a> Although the United States has reached a <a href="/facts/Post-industrial_economy/AXEukEaz">post-industrial level of economic development</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323"><sup>323</sup></a> and is often described as having a <a href="/facts/Service_economy/QjJBuCbg">service economy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324"><sup>324</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325"><sup>325</sup></a> it remains a major industrial power;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326"><sup>326</sup></a> in 2021, the <a href="/facts/U.S._manufacturing_sector/aldDH3Jl">U.S. manufacturing sector</a> was the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output/3qW7bcdy">second-largest</a> after <a href="/facts/Manufacturing_in_China/1yfzCmRL">China's</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327"><sup>327</sup></a> </p> <p><a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a> is the world's principal <a href="/facts/Financial_center/aGWvLxWC">financial center</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328"><sup>328</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329"><sup>329</sup></a> and the epicenter of the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_by_GDP/tbUM46Nq">largest metropolitan economy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330"><sup>330</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/New_York_Stock_Exchange/XgSV32lk">New York Stock Exchange</a> and <a href="/facts/Nasdaq/C6GlcQcB">Nasdaq</a>, both located in New York City, are the world's two <a href="/facts/List_of_stock_exchanges/1B396LSe">largest stock exchanges</a> by <a href="/facts/Market_capitalization/LhcMMLHs">market capitalization</a> and <a href="/facts/Trade_volume/AQWm7jbz">trade volume</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331"><sup>331</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332"><sup>332</sup></a> The United States is at the forefront of <a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States/IKrN67hb">technological advancement</a> and <a href="/facts/Innovation/aa7hadLw">innovation</a> in many economic fields, especially in <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a>; <a href="/facts/Electronics/E4JhgISq">electronics</a> and <a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">computers</a>; <a href="/facts/Pharmaceuticals/h9mhwWP2">pharmaceuticals</a>; and medical, <a href="/facts/Aerospace/T6kTLUyV">aerospace</a> and <a href="/facts/Military_equipment/prfeC3v2">military equipment</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333"><sup>333</sup></a> The country's economy is fueled by abundant <a href="/facts/Natural_resource/w9WXxMx3">natural resources</a>, a well-developed <a href="/facts/Infrastructure_policy_of_the_United_States/mFbna73C">infrastructure</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_labour_productivity/fYsArgnR">high productivity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334"><sup>334</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_United_States/BwVkmLHE">largest trading partners of the United States</a> are the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a>, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335"><sup>335</sup></a> The United States is the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_imports/DFYUJAtG">largest importer</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_exports/M6KuE0Gu">second-largest exporter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336"><sup>336</sup></a> It is by far the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_service_exports/UgTb0uDg">largest exporter of services</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337"><sup>337</sup></a> </p><p>Americans have the highest average <a href="/facts/Household_income/1AKezCVS">household</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338"><sup>338</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_average_wage/CEEL6KpB">employee income</a> among OECD member states, and the fourth-highest <a href="/facts/Median_income/Jmc2UXTA">median household income</a> in 2023,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339"><sup>339</sup></a> up from sixth-highest in 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340"><sup>340</sup></a> With personal <a href="/facts/Consumer_spending/mf0XwErW">consumption expenditures</a> of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341"><sup>341</sup></a> the U.S. has a heavily <a href="/facts/Consumer_economy/8JDD1Brq">consumer-driven economy</a> and is the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_consumer_markets/IvPanaWA">largest consumer market</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342"><sup>342</sup></a> The U.S. <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires/Ksqny735">ranked first in the number of dollar billionaires</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_number_of_millionaires/rwLdDrM5">millionaires</a> in 2023, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343"><sup>343</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Wealth_in_the_United_States/sNSscDPU">Wealth in the United States</a> is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344"><sup>344</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States/RoolDyIL">U.S. wealth inequality</a> increased substantially since the late 1980s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345"><sup>345</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States/CFsMFVqs">income inequality in the U.S.</a> reached a record high in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346"><sup>346</sup></a> By 2024, the country had some of the highest wealth and income inequality levels among <a href="/facts/OECD/CI9W2zGv">OECD</a> countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347"><sup>347</sup></a> Since the 1970s, there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348"><sup>348</sup></a> In 2016, the top fifth of earners took home more than half of all income,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349"><sup>349</sup></a> giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350"><sup>350</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351"><sup>351</sup></a> There were about 771,480 <a href="/facts/Homelessness_in_the_United_States/hRfLr66k">homeless persons in the U.S.</a> in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352"><sup>352</sup></a> In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353"><sup>353</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Feeding_America/pvtFWqh8">Feeding America</a> estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, <a href="/facts/Hunger_in_the_United_States/AWDrhudM">children experience hunger in the U.S.</a> and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354"><sup>354</sup></a> Also in 2022, about 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were <a href="/facts/Poverty_in_the_United_States/mLk5oLmm">living in poverty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355"><sup>355</sup></a> </p><p>The United States has a smaller <a href="/facts/Welfare_state/JR15sKL1">welfare state</a> and redistributes less income through government action than most other <a href="/facts/World_Bank_high-income_economy/KTrB8swr">high-income countries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356"><sup>356</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357"><sup>357</sup></a> It is the only <a href="/facts/Advanced_economy/sqwTSDHm">advanced economy</a> that does not <a href="/facts/List_of_statutory_minimum_employment_leave_by_country/MszWAh6f">guarantee its workers paid vacation</a> nationally<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358"><sup>358</sup></a> and one of a few countries in the world without federal <a href="/facts/Parental_leave_in_the_United_States/SdpjkG4f">paid family leave</a> as a legal right.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359"><sup>359</sup></a> The United States has a higher percentage of low-income <a href="/facts/Working_class_in_the_United_States/jfjm1yUV">workers</a> than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak <a href="/facts/Collective_bargaining/7DzIwUzy">collective bargaining</a> system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360"><sup>360</sup></a> </p> <h3>Science and technology</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States/IKrN67hb">Science and technology in the United States</a></p> <p>The United States <a href="/facts/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States/sYsNXqSq">has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century</a> and scientific research since the mid-20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361"><sup>361</sup></a> Methods for producing <a href="/facts/Interchangeable_parts/wRgReIGV">interchangeable parts</a> and the establishment of a <a href="/facts/Machine_tool/XPHaqz0p">machine tool</a> industry enabled <a href="/facts/American_system_of_manufacturing/1SCymYCj">the large-scale manufacturing</a> of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362"><sup>362</sup></a> By the early 20th century, factory <a href="/facts/Electrification/QbQynVHW">electrification</a>, the introduction of the <a href="/facts/Assembly_line/uENUURd9">assembly line</a>, and other <a href="/facts/Automation/3YlF2K5q">labor-saving techniques</a> created the system of <a href="/facts/Mass_production/31Cmgjuc">mass production</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363"><sup>363</sup></a> </p><p>In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364"><sup>364</sup></a> though China has emerged as a major competitor in many fields.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365"><sup>365</sup></a> The U.S. has the <a href="/facts/List_of_sovereign_states_by_research_and_development_spending/FH9dHP6J">highest research and development expenditures of any country</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366"><sup>366</sup></a> and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367"><sup>367</sup></a> In 2022, the United States was (after China) the country with the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles/K35W08hT">second-highest number of published scientific papers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368"><sup>368</sup></a> In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications (after China and Germany), according to <a href="/facts/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators/htbtur3v">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369"><sup>369</sup></a> In 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370"><sup>370</sup></a> and 2024,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371"><sup>371</sup></a> the United States ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) in the <a href="/facts/Global_Innovation_Index/mIqcsoF4">Global Innovation Index</a>. The United States is considered to be the leading country in the development of <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372"><sup>372</sup></a> In 2023, the United States was ranked the second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea) by <i><a href="/facts/Global_Finance_(magazine)/wIBMRDfF">Global Finance</a></i> magazine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373"><sup>373</sup></a> </p> <h4>Spaceflight</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Space_policy_of_the_United_States/S9Lrs9LL">Space policy of the United States</a></p> <p>The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) in 1958.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374"><sup>374</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375"><sup>375</sup></a> NASA's <a href="/facts/Apollo_program/IC1Ek1Ao">Apollo program</a> (1961–1972) achieved the first crewed <a href="/facts/Moon_landing/RMXHoEpg">Moon landing</a> with the 1969 <a href="/facts/Apollo_11/BdUKVnQP">Apollo 11</a> mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376"><sup>376</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377"><sup>377</sup></a> Other major endeavors by NASA include the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_program/6Ikdvwsw">Space Shuttle program</a> (1981–2011),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378"><sup>378</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Voyager_program/cPm6qnNx">Voyager program</a> (1972–present), the <a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble</a> and <a href="/facts/James_Webb_Space_Telescope/w4GAWnWX">James Webb</a> <a href="/facts/Space_telescope/BtI46sDX">space telescopes</a> (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379"><sup>379</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380"><sup>380</sup></a> and the multi-mission <a href="/facts/Mars_Exploration_Program/yyjFYQFs">Mars Exploration Program</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Mars_Exploration_Rover/74WxIsHS">Spirit</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Opportunity_(rover)/MEC0VIuy">Opportunity</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Curiosity_(rover)/mVLawAfA">Curiosity</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Perseverance_(rover)/NFoubTKJ">Perseverance</a></i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381"><sup>381</sup></a> NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a> (ISS);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382"><sup>382</sup></a> U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including <i><a href="/facts/Destiny_(ISS_module)/faG9J4Aa">Destiny</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/facts/Harmony_(ISS_module)/RY1kewMY">Harmony</a></i> (2007), and <i><a href="/facts/Tranquility_(ISS_module)/BUrpTnUw">Tranquility</a></i> (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383"><sup>383</sup></a> </p><p>The United States <a href="/facts/Private_sector/fQudW9hp">private sector</a> dominates the global <a href="/facts/Private_spaceflight/9rSz8Lhh">commercial spaceflight industry</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384"><sup>384</sup></a> Prominent American spaceflight contractors include <a href="/facts/Blue_Origin/CxFvEmDr">Blue Origin</a>, <a href="/facts/Boeing/tF5sMe9F">Boeing</a>, <a href="/facts/Lockheed_Martin/URp9BQpA">Lockheed Martin</a>, <a href="/facts/Northrop_Grumman/M6keKE1A">Northrop Grumman</a>, and <a href="/facts/SpaceX/2tKHsVdJ">SpaceX</a>. NASA programs such as the <a href="/facts/Commercial_Crew_Program/4ygmongy">Commercial Crew Program</a>, <a href="/facts/Commercial_Resupply_Services/TahzTN1Y">Commercial Resupply Services</a>, <a href="/facts/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services/g5gL2TuH">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a>, and <a href="/facts/Next_Space_Technologies_for_Exploration_Partnerships/Jv8ogz6Q">NextSTEP</a> have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385"><sup>385</sup></a> </p> <h3>Energy</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Energy_in_the_United_States/E5qbVGlK">Energy in the United States</a></p> <p>In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and the largest source of the country's energy came from <a href="/facts/Petroleum_in_the_United_States/nbcdE000">petroleum</a> (38%), followed by <a href="/facts/Natural_gas_in_the_United_States/bUYWqApp">natural gas</a> (36%), <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States/aSrktBDY">renewable sources</a> (9%), <a href="/facts/Coal_in_the_United_States/RtDtgon3">coal</a> (9%), and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States/o4bALSwV">nuclear power</a> (9%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386"><sup>386</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387"><sup>387</sup></a> In 2022, the United States constituted only about 4% of the <a href="/facts/World_population/tzYcheuD">world's population</a>, but consumed around 16% of the <a href="/facts/World_energy_consumption/Yujj9NrF">world's energy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388"><sup>388</sup></a> The U.S. ranks as the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions/e3JEYMdw">second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases</a> behind China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389"><sup>389</sup></a> </p><p>The U.S. is the world's <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_by_country/lBFrqzNT">largest producer of nuclear power</a>, generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390"><sup>390</sup></a> It also has the highest number of nuclear power reactors of any country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391"><sup>391</sup></a> From 2024, the U.S. plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2050.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392"><sup>392</sup></a> </p> <h3>Transportation</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Transportation_in_the_United_States/mVKr5Dgo">Transportation in the United States</a></p> <p>The 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) road network, owned almost entirely by state and local governments, is the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size/a7WzRGU1">longest</a> in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393"><sup>393</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394"><sup>394</sup></a> The extensive <a href="/facts/Interstate_Highway_System/99o39I6K">Interstate Highway System</a> connects all major cities and is funded mostly by the federal government but maintained by <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._state_and_insular_area_departments_of_transportation/Myva0avG">state departments of transportation</a>, supplemented by state expressways and some private <a href="/facts/Toll_road/PjnS0xLa">toll roads</a>. </p><p>The U.S. is among the top ten countries with the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita/fKMwsN91">highest vehicle ownership per capita</a> (850 vehicles per 1,000 people) in 2022. A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users of <a href="/facts/Bike-sharing/3dywV13l">bike-sharing</a> networks. About 11% use some form of public transportation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395"><sup>395</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396"><sup>396</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States/BuN0r7KE">Public transportation in the United States</a> is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and Portland, Oregon; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most other developed countries. The U.S. also has many relatively <a href="/facts/Car-dependent/gJJl6p62">car-dependent</a> localities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397"><sup>397</sup></a> </p><p>Long-distance intercity travel is provided primarily by airlines, but travel by rail is more common along the <a href="/facts/Northeast_Corridor/9XXxRFh2">Northeast Corridor</a>, the only <a href="/facts/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States/PjTmXqzd">high-speed rail in the U.S.</a> that meets international standards. <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3">Amtrak</a>, the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries. Service is concentrated in the Northeast, Illinois, and the West Coast. </p> <p>The United States has an extensive air transportation network. <a href="/facts/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_States/91UYX4Yw">U.S. civilian airlines</a> are all privately owned. The three largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based; <a href="/facts/American_Airlines/lpwGQXER">American Airlines</a> became the global leader after its 2013 merger with <a href="/facts/US_Airways/qYtuF8Fe">US Airways</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398"><sup>398</sup></a> Among the busiest 50 airports in the world, 16 are in the United States, as well as five of the top 10.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399"><sup>399</sup></a> The world's busiest airport by passenger volume is <a href="/facts/Hartsfield%25E2%2580%2593Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport/ev2ekh61">Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International</a> in <a href="/facts/Atlanta/8hPVGb78">Atlanta, Georgia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400"><sup>400</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401"><sup>401</sup></a> In 2022, most of the <a href="/facts/List_of_airports_in_the_United_States/ykh0CTmW">19,969 U.S. airports</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402"><sup>402</sup></a> were owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. Some 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for <a href="/facts/General_aviation/gA0ozoWt">general aviation</a>. The <a href="/facts/Transportation_Security_Administration/rDmqjYcG">Transportation Security Administration</a> has provided security at most major airports since 2001. </p><p><a href="/facts/Rail_transport_in_the_United_States/TlQk8n85">The country's rail transport network</a>, the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size/LGvn3HzU">longest</a> in the world at 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2 km),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403"><sup>403</sup></a> handles mostly <a href="/facts/Freight_transport/0wYezNsU">freight</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404"><sup>404</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405"><sup>405</sup></a> (in contrast to more passenger-centered rail in Europe<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406"><sup>406</sup></a>). Because they are often privately owned operations as well, U.S. railroads lag behind those of the rest of the world in terms of electrification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407"><sup>407</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Inland_waterways_of_the_United_States/Kpm7gCd9">The country's inland waterways</a> are the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_waterways_length/SYlva790">fifth-longest</a>, totaling 41,009 km (25,482 mi).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408"><sup>408</sup></a> They are used extensively for freight, recreation, and a small amount of passenger traffic. Of the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_busiest_container_ports/9l9zxY7M">50 busiest container ports</a>, four are located in the United States, with the busiest in the U.S. being the <a href="/facts/Port_of_Los_Angeles/LpHPDdVE">Port of Los Angeles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409"><sup>409</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_the_United_States/6u0gImvp">Demographics of the United States</a></p> <h3>Population</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">Americans</a> and <a href="/facts/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States/z6SSUuvf">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._states_by_population/ytDJqMaH">List of U.S. states by population</a></p> The 10 most populous U.S. states (2024 estimates)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410"><sup>410</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">State</th><th scope="col">Population (millions)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a></th><td>39.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a></th><td>31.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a></th><td>23.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a></th><td>19.9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a></th><td>13.1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Illinois/MuPb1Ctn">Illinois</a></th><td>12.7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Ohio/YutCnTlh">Ohio</a></th><td>11.9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Georgia_(U.S._state)/KKnTDY6F">Georgia</a></th><td>11.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/North_Carolina/VhKNTULI">North Carolina</a></th><td>11.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Michigan/bCurmfT2">Michigan</a></th><td>10.1</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/facts/United_States_Census_Bureau/heKtzoXX">U.S. Census Bureau</a> reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411"><sup>411</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412"><sup>412</sup></a> making the United States the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population/N1Fq63C2">third-most-populous country</a> in the world, after China and India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413"><sup>413</sup></a> The Census Bureau's official 2024 population estimate was 340,110,988, an increase of 2.6% since the 2020 census.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414"><sup>414</sup></a> According to the Bureau's <a href="/facts/U.S._and_World_Population_Clock/yz9m5ahh">U.S. Population Clock</a>, on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415"><sup>415</sup></a> In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were <a href="/facts/Widowed/BnRePUKg">widowed</a>, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416"><sup>416</sup></a> In 2023, the <a href="/facts/Total_fertility_rate/ugganzwn">total fertility rate</a> for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417"><sup>417</sup></a> and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in <a href="/facts/Single_parents_in_the_United_States/kFHo8G3z">single-parent</a> households in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418"><sup>418</sup></a> </p><p>The United States has a diverse population; 37 <a href="/facts/American_ancestries/z6SSUuvf">ancestry groups</a> have more than one million members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419"><sup>419</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Non-Hispanic_whites/oBCzIsEn">White Americans</a> with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest <a href="/facts/Race_(human_classification)/cDPnrdXn">racial</a> and <a href="/facts/Ethnic_group/XSp5l24t">ethnic group</a> at 57.8% of the United States population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420"><sup>420</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421"><sup>421</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans/rIBPIUd3">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. <a href="/facts/African_Americans/pTgcAdo8">African Americans</a> constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422"><sup>422</sup></a> Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423"><sup>423</sup></a> and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424"><sup>424</sup></a> In 2022, the <a href="/facts/Median_age/cXHBer8k">median age</a> of the United States population was 38.9 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425"><sup>425</sup></a> </p> <h3>Language</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Languages_of_the_United_States/70wYjJIa">Languages of the United States</a></p> <p>While many languages are spoken in the United States, <a href="/facts/American_English/sdAfgPgM">English</a> is by far the most commonly spoken and written.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426"><sup>426</sup></a> English was made the <a href="/facts/Official_language/yCH2URym">official language</a> of the United States by <a href="/facts/Executive_Order_14224/v0YuxXC6">Executive Order 14224</a> in 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427"><sup>427</sup></a> However, Congress has never passed a bill to designate English as the official language of all three federal branches. Some laws, such as <a href="/facts/Naturalized_citizen_of_the_United_States/w7SyTv8P">U.S. naturalization requirements</a>, nonetheless standardize English. Twenty-eight states and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Virgin_Islands/VwDBzBGT">United States Virgin Islands</a> have declared English as the sole official language; 19 states and the <a href="/facts/District_of_Columbia/enXPK156">District of Columbia</a> have no official language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428"><sup>428</sup></a> Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English: Hawaii (<a href="/facts/Hawaiian_language/SsQuMKm9">Hawaiian</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429"><sup>429</sup></a> Alaska (<a href="/facts/Alaska_Native_languages/4lslvpz8">twenty Native languages</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430"><sup>430</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431"><sup>431</sup></a> South Dakota (<a href="/facts/Sioux_language/8zhm9aGB">Sioux</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432"><sup>432</sup></a> American Samoa (<a href="/facts/Samoan_language/mpCAULTg">Samoan</a>), Puerto Rico (<a href="/facts/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States/F9cJjdu3">Spanish</a>), Guam (<a href="/facts/Chamorro_language/VMD9JwSQ">Chamorro</a>), and the Northern Mariana Islands (<a href="/facts/Carolinian_language/2fPCL7Kn">Carolinian</a> and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433"><sup>433</sup></a> In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434"><sup>434</sup></a> </p><p>According to the <a href="/facts/American_Community_Survey/vLQq3I5Q">American Community Survey</a> (2020),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435"><sup>435</sup></a> some 245.4 million people in the U.S. age five and older spoke only English at home. About 41.2 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include <a href="/facts/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States/GUv9krwI">Chinese</a> (3.40 million), <a href="/facts/Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States/yfDR9lAm">Tagalog</a> (1.71 million), <a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States/WcHtaNUu">Vietnamese</a> (1.52 million), <a href="/facts/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States/F1E3KIRS">Arabic</a> (1.39 million), <a href="/facts/French_language_in_the_United_States/5C7ckP1t">French</a> (1.18 million), <a href="/facts/Korean_language_in_the_United_States/70wYjJIa">Korean</a> (1.07 million), and <a href="/facts/Russian_language_in_the_United_States/TekI8nJA">Russian</a> (1.04 million). <a href="/facts/German_language_in_the_United_States/qtYxmDKv">German</a>, spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436"><sup>436</sup></a> </p> <h3>Immigration</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Immigration_to_the_United_States/KT75X7Uc">Immigration to the United States</a></p> <p>America's immigrant population is by far the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population/B07LKtAm">largest in absolute terms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437"><sup>437</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438"><sup>438</sup></a> In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and <a href="/facts/Second-generation_immigrants_in_the_United_States/AWzGNRs8">U.S.-born children of immigrants</a> in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439"><sup>439</sup></a> In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were <a href="/facts/Undocumented_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States/shWfjJum">unauthorized immigrants</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440"><sup>440</sup></a> In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441"><sup>441</sup></a> In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through <a href="/facts/Chain_migration/huCktG1Y">family reunification</a>) were granted <a href="/facts/Permanent_residence_(United_States)/5TUuW0ju">legal residence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442"><sup>442</sup></a> In fiscal year 2024 alone, according to the <a href="/facts/Migration_Policy_Institute/zXUY7qKk">Migration Policy Institute</a>, the United States resettled 100,034 refugees, which "re-cements the United States' role as the top global resettlement destination, far surpassing other major resettlement countries in Europe and Canada".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443"><sup>443</sup></a> </p> <h3>Religion</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Religion_in_the_United_States/1ao8mExE">Religion in the United States</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/1hNSoIvG">First Amendment</a> guarantees the <a href="/facts/Free_Exercise_Clause/aAB1erTp">free exercise of religion in the country</a> and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting <a href="/facts/Establishment_Clause/47jj2jb4">its establishment</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444"><sup>444</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445"><sup>445</sup></a> Religious practice is widespread, among the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level/CqIw8W6f">most diverse</a> in the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446"><sup>446</sup></a> and profoundly vibrant. </p><p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447"><sup>447</sup></a> The country has the world's <a href="/facts/Christianity_by_country/DDuIgn8j">largest Christian population</a>, which includes the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church_by_country/jYJKKzGB">fourth-largest population of Roman Catholics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448"><sup>448</sup></a> Other notable faiths include <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Judaism</a>, <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/facts/Hinduism/oxV9YvQh">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Age/6cr8V2zG">New Age</a>, and <a href="/facts/Native_American_religions/ubw7jgFr">Native American religions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449"><sup>449</sup></a> Religious practice varies significantly by region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450"><sup>450</sup></a> "<a href="/facts/Ceremonial_deism/qjnjzVrY">Ceremonial deism</a>" is common in American culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451"><sup>451</sup></a> </p><p>The overwhelming majority of <a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">Americans</a> believe in a <a href="/facts/Higher_Power/JoCN1615">higher power</a> or spiritual force, engage in <a href="/facts/Spiritual_practice/WDwvN6f6">spiritual practices</a> such as prayer, and consider themselves religious or <a href="/facts/Spirituality/o2neYDkN">spiritual</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452"><sup>452</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453"><sup>453</sup></a> In the Southern United States' "<a href="/facts/Bible_Belt/2k9PVl3l">Bible Belt</a>", <a href="/facts/Evangelicalism/64I65VDK">evangelical Protestantism</a> plays a significant role culturally; <a href="/facts/New_England/ufw2BmSl">New England</a> and the Western United States <a href="/facts/Unchurched_Belt/Ww35d2Jm">tend to be more secular</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454"><sup>454</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455"><sup>455</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Mormonism/79tBTq3q">Mormonism</a>, a <a href="/facts/Restorationism/MzzIL3NH">Restorationist</a> movement founded in the U.S. in 1847,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456"><sup>456</sup></a> is the predominant religion in Utah and a major religion in Idaho. </p> <h3>Urbanization</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Urbanization_in_the_United_States/wxgW0g3Y">Urbanization in the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population/rcYY6hsJ">List of United States cities by population</a></p> <p>About 82% of Americans live in <a href="/facts/United_States_urban_area/hSS3KvcX">urban areas</a>, including suburbs;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457"><sup>457</sup></a> about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458"><sup>458</sup></a> In 2022, 333 <a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population/rcYY6hsJ">incorporated municipalities</a> had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—<a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/facts/Houston/1v8AwQUN">Houston</a>—had populations exceeding two million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459"><sup>459</sup></a> Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460"><sup>460</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="10"> <ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul> Largest metropolitan areas in the United States<a href="/facts/Metropolitan_statistical_area/Y2yX0KJg">2024 MSA population estimates</a> from the <a href="/facts/U.S._Census_Bureau/heKtzoXX">U.S. Census Bureau</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461"><sup>461</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population/rcYY6hsJ">Rank</a></th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States/JP0hYfrF">Name</a></th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States/nLSdMzpG">Region</a></th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population/rcYY6hsJ">Pop.</a></th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population/rcYY6hsJ">Rank</a></th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States/JP0hYfrF">Name</a></th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States/nLSdMzpG">Region</a></th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population/rcYY6hsJ">Pop.</a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/New_York_metropolitan_area/vGvjnvyK">New York</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Northeastern_United_States/Xa8zQlkM">Northeast</a></td><td>19,940,274</td><td>11</td><td><a href="/facts/Greater_Boston/cF49dxCK">Boston</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Northeastern_United_States/Xa8zQlkM">Northeast</a></td><td>5,025,517</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area/AcoFV9Jh">Los Angeles</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">West</a></td><td>12,927,614</td><td>12</td><td><a href="/facts/Inland_Empire/2vAsIN33">Riverside–San Bernardino</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">West</a></td><td>4,744,214</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Chicago_metropolitan_area/MHTUJeIy">Chicago</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Midwestern_United_States/VanHjkw2">Midwest</a></td><td>9,408,576</td><td>13</td><td><a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Bay_Area/MG53NJ36">San Francisco</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">West</a></td><td>4,648,486</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Dallas%25E2%2580%2593Fort_Worth_metroplex/dlmqt8MV">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">South</a></td><td>8,344,032</td><td>14</td><td><a href="/facts/Metro_Detroit/H1BScu8d">Detroit</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Midwestern_United_States/VanHjkw2">Midwest</a></td><td>4,400,578</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Greater_Houston/FTB8LWGo">Houston</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">South</a></td><td>7,796,182</td><td>15</td><td><a href="/facts/Seattle_metropolitan_area/0coLAYvA">Seattle</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">West</a></td><td>4,145,494</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Miami_metropolitan_area/9FfBJdrn">Miami</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">South</a></td><td>6,457,988</td><td>16</td><td><a href="/facts/Minneapolis%25E2%2580%2593Saint_Paul/jMN3SqzK">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Midwestern_United_States/VanHjkw2">Midwest</a></td><td>3,757,952</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Washington_metropolitan_area/tn4yeESo">Washington, D.C.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">South</a></td><td>6,436,489</td><td>17</td><td><a href="/facts/Tampa_Bay_area/9NpHl65F">Tampa–St. Petersburg</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">South</a></td><td>3,424,560</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/Atlanta_metropolitan_area/nRhByQhJ">Atlanta</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">South</a></td><td>6,411,149</td><td>18</td><td><a href="/facts/San_Diego_County%2c_California/xIFTfn92">San Diego</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">West</a></td><td>3,298,799</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Delaware_Valley/PsFAeSzu">Philadelphia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Northeastern_United_States/Xa8zQlkM">Northeast</a></td><td>6,330,422</td><td>19</td><td><a href="/facts/Denver_metropolitan_area/5MgLzWTY">Denver</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">West</a></td><td>3,052,498</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Phoenix_metropolitan_area/NusTFa0R">Phoenix</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Western_United_States/uY9UGAus">West</a></td><td>5,186,958</td><td>20</td><td><a href="/facts/Greater_Orlando/kM1BEbIL">Orlando</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">South</a></td><td>2,940,513</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Health</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Healthcare_in_the_United_States/8bHwL8CX">Healthcare in the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States/m10Nyg3K">Healthcare reform in the United States</a>, and <a href="/facts/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States/C0BsY022">Health insurance in the United States</a></p> <p>According to the <a href="/facts/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention/NmoJNDV5">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 78.4 years in 2023 (75.8 years for men and 81.1 years for women). This was a gain of 0.9 year from 77.5 years in 2022, and the CDC noted that the new average was largely driven by "decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart disease, unintentional injuries, cancer and diabetes".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462"><sup>462</sup></a> Starting in 1998, life expectancy in the U.S. fell <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy/qwatUAo1">behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries</a>, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463"><sup>463</sup></a> </p><p>The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate/53h6wHxF">highest suicide rate</a> among <a href="/facts/High-income_countries/KTrB8swr">high-income countries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464"><sup>464</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Obesity_in_the_United_States/I0Kkjajx">Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese</a> and another third is overweight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465"><sup>465</sup></a> The U.S. healthcare system far <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_(PPP)_per_capita/vuLR9Wqs">outspends that of any other country</a>, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466"><sup>466</sup></a> The United States is the only developed country <a href="/facts/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States/m10Nyg3K">without a system of universal healthcare</a>, and <a href="/facts/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States/hN9RhRP2">a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467"><sup>467</sup></a> Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor (<a href="/facts/Medicaid/ml1fNWjX">Medicaid</a>) and for those age 65 and older (<a href="/facts/Medicare_(United_States)/vLKMBktB">Medicare</a>) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the <a href="/facts/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act/5RW8EDo8">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468"><sup>468</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469"><sup>469</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Abortion_in_the_United_States/uttGzBIE">Abortion in the United States</a> is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470"><sup>470</sup></a> </p> <h3>Education</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Education_in_the_United_States/84lQqU0q">Education in the United States</a></p> <p>American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as <a href="/facts/K%25E2%2580%259312_education_in_the_United_States/E0aGwXdV">K–12</a>, "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Education/VuahmIvb">U.S. Department of Education</a>. In general, children are required to attend school or <a href="/facts/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States/eEkNtKWr">an approved homeschool</a> from the age of five or six (<a href="/facts/Kindergarten/pLuerM4c">kindergarten</a> or <a href="/facts/First_grade/DePs65DM">first grade</a>) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the <a href="/facts/Twelfth_grade/FuF1YjRP">12th grade</a>, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471"><sup>471</sup></a> The U.S. spends more on education per student than any other country,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472"><sup>472</sup></a> an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473"><sup>473</sup></a> Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a <a href="/facts/Bachelor%2527s_degree/s739u69z">bachelor's degree</a>, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474"><sup>474</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Literacy_in_the_United_States/DVs8KM1X">U.S. literacy rate</a> is near-universal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475"><sup>475</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476"><sup>476</sup></a> The country has the <a href="/facts/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country/1IEe598f">most Nobel Prize winners of any country</a>, with <a href="/facts/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates/77faFUQ5">411</a> (having won 413 awards).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477"><sup>477</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478"><sup>478</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Higher_education_in_the_United_States/X8LdW6KC">U.S. tertiary or higher education</a> has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479"><sup>479</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480"><sup>480</sup></a> American higher education is dominated by <a href="/facts/State_university_system/UAokD0jc">state university systems</a>, although <a href="/facts/Private_universities_in_the_United_States/KHHzGNID">the country's many private universities and colleges</a> enroll about 20% of all American students. Local <a href="/facts/Community_college/arNdYj7b">community colleges</a> generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481"><sup>481</sup></a> </p><p>As for <a href="/facts/Public_expenditure/3x42TKTD">public expenditures</a> on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the <a href="/facts/OECD/CI9W2zGv">OECD</a> average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482"><sup>482</sup></a> Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the <a href="/facts/United_States_service_academies/mQ6rGEP0">U.S. service academies</a>, the <a href="/facts/Naval_Postgraduate_School/K7CDD8XD">Naval Postgraduate School</a>, and <a href="/facts/US_military_staff_colleges/zHF24RlA">military staff colleges</a>. Despite some student <a href="/facts/Loan_forgiveness/FcwgWz2D">loan forgiveness</a> programs in place,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483"><sup>483</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Student_debt/KNMmv2IV">student loan debt</a> increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484"><sup>484</sup></a> and exceeded $1.7 trillion in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485"><sup>485</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="culture-and-society">Culture and society</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Culture_of_the_United_States/q6xq3kHG">Culture of the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Society_of_the_United_States/NPqgUMDr">Society of the United States</a></p><p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Human_rights_in_the_United_States/x83k6aQq">Human rights in the United States</a></p> <p>The United States is home to <a href="/facts/Multiculturalism_in_the_United_States/jDbm9eo5">a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486"><sup>486</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487"><sup>487</sup></a> The country has been described as having <a href="/facts/Americanism_(ideology)/RT0nkH4l">the values</a> of <a href="/facts/Individualism/PR1JLI7c">individualism</a> and <a href="/facts/Left-libertarianism/X97aVJ68">personal autonomy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488"><sup>488</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489"><sup>489</sup></a> as well as having a strong <a href="/facts/Work_ethic/Pu7AkCrE">work ethic</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490"><sup>490</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Competition/FpQaEhHv">competitiveness</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491"><sup>491</sup></a> Voluntary <a href="/facts/Altruism/ztvkVwW1">altruism</a> towards others also plays a major role;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492"><sup>492</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493"><sup>493</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494"><sup>494</sup></a> according to a 2016 study by the <a href="/facts/Charities_Aid_Foundation/dnQfuRJC">Charities Aid Foundation</a>, Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_charitable_donation/d2DLNkmL">highest rate</a> in the world by a large margin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495"><sup>495</sup></a> Americans have traditionally <a href="/facts/Stereotypes_of_Americans/6bNYupBN">been characterized</a> by a unifying political belief in an "<a href="/facts/American_Creed/WDSBjs03">American Creed</a>" emphasizing <a href="/facts/Consent_of_the_governed/JArycX9u">consent of the governed</a>, <a href="/facts/Liberty/fHvkBVSv">liberty</a>, <a href="/facts/Equality_under_the_law/cEe7W4rc">equality under the law</a>, <a href="/facts/Democracy/3tLdVS1C">democracy</a>, <a href="/facts/Social_equality/z9HzjDqI">social equality</a>, <a href="/facts/Property_rights/sF4Wc7g7">property rights</a>, and a preference for <a href="/facts/Limited_government/gLQLgYB3">limited government</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496"><sup>496</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497"><sup>497</sup></a> The U.S. has acquired significant <a href="/facts/Hard_power/zxlPkjgC">hard</a> and <a href="/facts/Soft_power/Sdt77tKX">soft power</a> through <a href="/facts/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States/2rusceuf">its diplomatic influence</a>, <a href="/facts/Economic_power/NC8dxKGJ">economic power</a>, <a href="/facts/Military_alliance/5yp5uf7W">military alliances</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cultural_exports/h77Ffef2">cultural exports</a> such as <a href="/facts/Cinema_of_the_United_States/1HpkUBfd">American movies</a>, <a href="/facts/Music_of_the_United_States/jEE0JFKm">music</a>, <a href="/facts/Video_games_in_the_United_States/KAklxlf4">video games</a>, <a href="/facts/Sports_in_the_United_States/eprDFfJo">sports</a>, and <a href="/facts/American_cuisine/TeUw69tN">food</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498"><sup>498</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499"><sup>499</sup></a> The influence that the United States exerts on other countries through soft power is referred to as <a href="/facts/Americanization/fANrKh8r">Americanization</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500"><sup>500</sup></a> </p><p>Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from <a href="/facts/Afro-Eurasia/ADb5HYnJ">Europe, Africa, or Asia</a> (the "<a href="/facts/Old_World/jt02swyQ">Old World</a>") within the past five centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501"><sup>501</sup></a> Mainstream American culture is a <a href="/facts/Western_culture/rPbgAhzI">Western culture</a> largely derived from the <a href="/facts/European_American/yWvvpBhT">traditions of European immigrants</a> with influences from many other sources, such as <a href="/facts/African-American_culture/anuqQ15t">traditions brought by slaves from Africa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502"><sup>502</sup></a> More recent immigration from <a href="/facts/Asian_American/LEbUc3Gb">Asia</a> and especially <a href="/facts/Latin_American_culture/e35tezWR">Latin America</a> has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing <a href="/facts/Melting_pot/Ao6n1rIB">melting pot</a>, and a heterogeneous <a href="/facts/Salad_bowl_(cultural_idea)/QdDsqqTU">salad bowl</a>, with immigrants contributing to, and often <a href="/facts/Assimilation_(phonology)/YxIy0MBv">assimilating</a> into, mainstream American culture. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/American_Dream/raYxW0tw">American Dream</a>, or the perception that Americans enjoy high <a href="/facts/Socio-economic_mobility_in_the_United_States/r8EB86sR">social mobility</a>, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503"><sup>503</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504"><sup>504</sup></a> Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505"><sup>505</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506"><sup>506</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507"><sup>507</sup></a> While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a <a href="/facts/Classless_society/egJyq0Yd">classless society</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508"><sup>508</sup></a> scholars identify significant differences between <a href="/facts/Social_class_in_the_United_States/9ckUTLk4">the country's social classes</a>, affecting <a href="/facts/Socialization/0vv1uDNr">socialization</a>, language, and values.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509"><sup>509</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510"><sup>510</sup></a> Americans tend to greatly value <a href="/facts/Socioeconomics/ywuuTTUN">socioeconomic</a> achievement, but <a href="/facts/Average_Joe/fNPPx09a">being ordinary or average</a> is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511"><sup>511</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/National_Foundation_on_the_Arts_and_the_Humanities/bT94MLT3">National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities</a> is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the cultural heritage of the United States."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512"><sup>512</sup></a> It is composed of four sub-agencies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts/VMuTnxAq">National Endowment for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities/JV09yPKC">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Institute_of_Museum_and_Library_Services/uTXas8he">Institute of Museum and Library Services</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Federal_Council_on_the_Arts_and_the_Humanities/bT94MLT3">Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities</a></li></ul> <p>Under the <a href="/facts/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/1hNSoIvG">First Amendment to the Constitution</a>, the United States is considered to have the <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States/8BlCxCRv">strongest protections of free speech of any country</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513"><sup>513</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Flag_desecration_in_the_United_States/8WlnL2hJ">Flag desecration</a>, <a href="/facts/Hate_speech_in_the_United_States/2UqyUBjy">hate speech</a>, <a href="/facts/Blasphemy_law_in_the_United_States/FrTuJuul">blasphemy</a>, and <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A8se-majest%25C3%25A9/q060bXlW">lese majesty</a> are all forms of protected expression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514"><sup>514</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515"><sup>515</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516"><sup>516</sup></a> A 2016 <a href="/facts/Pew_Research_Center/082PuVBq">Pew Research Center</a> poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517"><sup>517</sup></a> Additionally, they are the "most supportive of <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States/HD9KI85K">freedom of the press</a> and the <a href="/facts/Right_to_Internet_access/ItuskWE7">right to use the Internet</a> without government censorship".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518"><sup>518</sup></a> The U.S. is a <a href="/facts/Cultural_liberalism/0qn4Eped">socially progressive</a> country<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519"><sup>519</sup></a> with <a href="/facts/Permissive_society/oddw5w3j">permissive</a> attitudes surrounding <a href="/facts/Human_sexuality/fjnqcFxP">human sexuality</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520"><sup>520</sup></a> <a href="/facts/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States/CANcd6oJ">LGBT rights in the United States</a> are, by global standards, among the most advanced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521"><sup>521</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522"><sup>522</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523"><sup>523</sup></a> </p> <h3>Literature</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/American_literature/uFaeT5D6">American literature</a> and <a href="/facts/American_philosophy/Rsmphl1H">American philosophy</a></p> <p>Colonial American authors were influenced by <a href="/facts/John_Locke/NlpkCxcX">John Locke</a> and various other <a href="/facts/Age_of_Enlightenment/Uj2Fa8Mk">Enlightenment</a> philosophers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524"><sup>524</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525"><sup>525</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">American Revolutionary Period</a> (1765–1783) is notable for the political writings of <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin/Dmfv5URr">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/facts/Alexander_Hamilton/XcKMy8Ke">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Paine/mxG3kEm9">Thomas Paine</a>, and <a href="/facts/Thomas_Jefferson/8yxtcjKK">Thomas Jefferson</a>. Shortly before and after the <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">Revolutionary War</a>, the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526"><sup>526</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527"><sup>527</sup></a> An early novel is <a href="/facts/William_Hill_Brown/Y9E0wIcC">William Hill Brown</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/The_Power_of_Sympathy/nfnlaLRl">The Power of Sympathy</a></i>, published in 1791. Writer and critic <a href="/facts/John_Neal/W7jmXfmG">John Neal</a> in the early- to mid-nineteenth century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such as <a href="/facts/Washington_Irving/ctt1oTXR">Washington Irving</a> for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing writers such as <a href="/facts/Edgar_Allan_Poe/BwBzd1sG">Edgar Allan Poe</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528"><sup>528</sup></a> who took American poetry and short fiction in new directions. <a href="/facts/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson/PmnMgwd5">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and <a href="/facts/Margaret_Fuller/5xJfAt3k">Margaret Fuller</a> pioneered the influential <a href="/facts/Transcendentalism/wVGXKSI6">Transcendentalism</a> movement;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529"><sup>529</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530"><sup>530</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Henry_David_Thoreau/pVoPIsK3">Henry David Thoreau</a>, author of <i><a href="/facts/Walden/vNwKhtKs">Walden</a></i>, was influenced by this movement. </p><p>The conflict surrounding <a href="/facts/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States/GCRJLaJl">abolitionism</a> inspired writers, like <a href="/facts/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe/V0njHnsq">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>, and authors of slave narratives, such as <a href="/facts/Frederick_Douglass/mxnR4v2t">Frederick Douglass</a>. <a href="/facts/Nathaniel_Hawthorne/4VMKppE7">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/The_Scarlet_Letter/knauPb5L">The Scarlet Letter</a></i> (1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did <a href="/facts/Herman_Melville/Jdu6YsGY">Herman Melville</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Moby-Dick/lBQqePwN">Moby-Dick</a></i> (1851). Major American poets of the nineteenth century <a href="/facts/American_Renaissance_(literature)/V4LNDvIT">American Renaissance</a> include <a href="/facts/Walt_Whitman/dGugaxdb">Walt Whitman</a>, Melville, and <a href="/facts/Emily_Dickinson/fzcaosRM">Emily Dickinson</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531"><sup>531</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532"><sup>532</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Mark_Twain/W0Pezv3l">Mark Twain</a> was the first major American writer to be born in the West. <a href="/facts/Henry_James/ErzRte86">Henry James</a> achieved international recognition with novels like <i><a href="/facts/The_Portrait_of_a_Lady/wo720SkU">The Portrait of a Lady</a></i> (1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533"><sup>533</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534"><sup>534</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Naturalism_(literature)/ghVGkbND">Naturalism</a>, <a href="/facts/American_literary_regionalism/8BmdhUUe">regionalism</a>, and <a href="/facts/Literary_realism/v53ofWjM">realism</a> were the major literary movements of the period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535"><sup>535</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536"><sup>536</sup></a> </p><p>While <a href="/facts/Literary_modernism/LjKIS6jH">modernism</a> generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537"><sup>537</sup></a> Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black <a href="/facts/West_Indian_Americans/Q4K3KgfQ">West Indian</a> authors of the <a href="/facts/Harlem_Renaissance/VmsKpm8Y">Harlem Renaissance</a> developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the <a href="/facts/Jazz_Age/IXLjUxQ7">Jazz Age</a>, these writings were a key influence on <i><a href="/facts/N%25C3%25A9gritude/NFntEXNB">Négritude</a></i>, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the <a href="/facts/African_diaspora/AlohHjs5">African diaspora</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538"><sup>538</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539"><sup>539</sup></a> In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the <a href="/facts/Great_American_Novel/wwY2IxG6">Great American Novel</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540"><sup>540</sup></a> while the <a href="/facts/Beat_Generation/PCF9pM7N">Beat Generation</a> rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the <a href="/facts/Spoken_word/RKrKA1cq">spoken word</a> over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:541" href="#fn:541"><sup>541</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:542" href="#fn:542"><sup>542</sup></a> Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious <a href="/facts/Experimental_literature/EzmtIsjy">experiments with language</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:543" href="#fn:543"><sup>543</sup></a> Twelve American laureates have won the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature/wWVXbIbp">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:544" href="#fn:544"><sup>544</sup></a> </p> <h3>Mass media</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Mass_media_in_the_United_States/3sv5kXoy">Mass media in the United States</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Newspapers_in_the_United_States/V0ah91X4">Newspapers in the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Television_in_the_United_States/XrpLs8Nl">Television in the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Broadcasting_in_the_United_States/hv2jlaty">Broadcasting in the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Public_broadcasting_in_the_United_States/UVFwR3ol">Public broadcasting in the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Internet_in_the_United_States/ReNPqUK4">Internet in the United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Radio_in_the_United_States/m1ukK0Kr">Radio in the United States</a>, and <a href="/facts/Video_games_in_the_United_States/KAklxlf4">Video games in the United States</a></p> <p>Media in the United States is <a href="/facts/Censorship_in_the_United_States/8H4oqaJD">broadly uncensored</a>, with the <a href="/facts/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/1hNSoIvG">First Amendment</a> providing significant protections, as reiterated in <i><a href="/facts/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States/Lz1Nlo8f">New York Times Co. v. United States</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:545" href="#fn:545"><sup>545</sup></a> The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the <a href="/facts/National_Broadcasting_Company/zyfTYCvW">National Broadcasting Company</a> (NBC), <a href="/facts/Columbia_Broadcasting_System/BhMsVoej">Columbia Broadcasting System</a> (CBS), <a href="/facts/American_Broadcasting_Company/WGxg4vRX">American Broadcasting Company</a> (ABC), and <a href="/facts/Fox_Broadcasting_Company/yeFeCgGk">Fox Broadcasting Company</a> (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. <a href="/facts/Cable_television_in_the_United_States/6sIan8mS">Cable television</a> offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:546" href="#fn:546"><sup>546</sup></a> In 2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listened to <a href="/facts/Radio_broadcasting/FLJVq8Ec">broadcast radio</a>, while about 40% listened to <a href="/facts/Podcast/arkeh0YV">podcasts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:547" href="#fn:547"><sup>547</sup></a> In the prior year, there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the <a href="/facts/Federal_Communications_Commission/Ueghz8W0">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:548" href="#fn:548"><sup>548</sup></a> Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by <a href="/facts/NPR/BohIW9Xg">NPR</a>, incorporated in February 1970 under the <a href="/facts/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967/R3MsYown">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:549" href="#fn:549"><sup>549</sup></a> </p><p>U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include <i><a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/USA_Today/mMa7JSPN">USA Today</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:550" href="#fn:550"><sup>550</sup></a> <a href="/facts/List_of_Spanish-language_newspapers_published_in_the_United_States/4uyHz1XS">About 800 publications</a> are produced in Spanish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:551" href="#fn:551"><sup>551</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:552" href="#fn:552"><sup>552</sup></a> With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as <a href="/facts/Gannett_Company/CmTzA9FX">Gannett</a> or <a href="/facts/The_McClatchy_Company/FIfJdnQG">McClatchy</a>, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have <a href="/facts/Alternative_newspaper/TBYp0IdK">alternative newspapers</a> to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as <i><a href="/facts/The_Village_Voice/YM7tnkrN">The Village Voice</a></i> in New York City and <i><a href="/facts/LA_Weekly/hV6oULoH">LA Weekly</a></i> in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are <a href="/facts/Google_Search/LFnCogKt">Google</a>, <a href="/facts/YouTube/db276jst">YouTube</a>, <a href="/facts/Amazon_(website)/YzUTUVE8">Amazon</a>, <a href="/facts/Yahoo/nKhTaV3M">Yahoo</a>, and <a href="/facts/Facebook/0IhXFR6u">Facebook</a>—all of them American-owned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:553" href="#fn:553"><sup>553</sup></a> </p><p>In 2022, the video game market of the United States was the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_video_games_markets_by_country/URVtUsz6">largest by revenue</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:554" href="#fn:554"><sup>554</sup></a> There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:555" href="#fn:555"><sup>555</sup></a> </p> <h3>Theater</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Theater_in_the_United_States/PcbX1Pkj">Theater in the United States</a></p> <p>The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the <a href="/facts/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom/QI9ro26B">British theater</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:556" href="#fn:556"><sup>556</sup></a> By the middle of the 19th century America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the <a href="/facts/Tom_Shows/lXnB8WYS">Tom Shows</a>, the <a href="/facts/Showboat/2Ga3KMSI">showboat theater</a> and the <a href="/facts/Minstrel_show/rLU1FdhK">minstrel show</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:557" href="#fn:557"><sup>557</sup></a> The central hub of the American theater scene is the <a href="/facts/Theater_District%2c_Manhattan/e2JtDrrY">Theater District in Manhattan</a>, with its divisions of <a href="/facts/Broadway_theatre/6USkK8x9">Broadway</a>, <a href="/facts/Off-Broadway/hQbbror7">off-Broadway</a>, and <a href="/facts/Off-off-Broadway/LlyPHPX0">off-off-Broadway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:558" href="#fn:558"><sup>558</sup></a> </p><p>Many movie and television <a href="/facts/Celebrity/SALdkGV6">celebrities</a> have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional <a href="/facts/Regional_theater_in_the_United_States/ETlJSVn4">regional or resident theater companies</a> that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active <a href="/facts/Community_theater/wt1wADTP">community theater</a> culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:559" href="#fn:559"><sup>559</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Tony_Awards/Md77rBE0">Tony Awards</a> recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony in <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a>. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for <a href="/facts/Regional_theatre_in_the_United_States/ETlJSVn4">regional theater</a>. Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a <a href="/facts/Special_Tony_Award/YGuJKBmU">Special Tony Award</a>, the <a href="/facts/Tony_Honors_for_Excellence_in_Theatre/M3dBc4ng">Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Isabelle_Stevenson_Award/vCkRG4n6">Isabelle Stevenson Award</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:560" href="#fn:560"><sup>560</sup></a> </p> <h3>Visual arts</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Visual_art_of_the_United_States/JJJVyeLV">Visual art of the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Architecture_of_the_United_States/DsrDNu7L">Architecture of the United States</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Folk_art_of_the_United_States/BauCj3EN">Folk art</a> in <a href="/facts/Colonial_america/6fYe7RfF">colonial America</a> grew out of artisanal <a href="/facts/Workmanship/hVqK0Ryd">craftsmanship</a> in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of <a href="/facts/High_culture/ckeCtLtk">high art</a>, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:561" href="#fn:561"><sup>561</sup></a> Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of <a href="/facts/Woodworking/JSttCtkP">woodworking</a> and primitive <a href="/facts/Sculpture_of_the_United_States/MxGyoAmR">sculpture</a> became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of <a href="/facts/Renaissance_art/TKre6V5V">Renaissance styles</a> in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:562" href="#fn:562"><sup>562</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Hudson_River_School/1tj87aSd">Hudson River School</a> was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European <a href="/facts/Realism_(arts)/qn1xtzkf">naturalism</a>. The 1913 <a href="/facts/Armory_Show/3XT8XUHt">Armory Show</a> in New York City, an exhibition of European <a href="/facts/Modern_art/8JrMbrVA">modernist art</a>, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:563" href="#fn:563"><sup>563</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/American_Realism/GqSocb84">American Realism</a> and <a href="/facts/American_Regionalism/R68RIvsf">American Regionalism</a> sought to reflect and give America new ways of looking at itself. <a href="/facts/Georgia_O%2527Keeffe/oJTA9DDA">Georgia O'Keeffe</a>, <a href="/facts/Marsden_Hartley/ulMvhsy9">Marsden Hartley</a>, and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known as <a href="/facts/American_modernism/hmbSHrMk">American modernism</a>. Major artistic movements such as the <a href="/facts/Abstract_expressionism/MWmgFNSr">abstract expressionism</a> of <a href="/facts/Jackson_Pollock/WQ6WvcYX">Jackson Pollock</a> and <a href="/facts/Willem_de_Kooning/ywyI5RmJ">Willem de Kooning</a> and the <a href="/facts/Pop_art/qvc0UEb5">pop art</a> of <a href="/facts/Andy_Warhol/t1qqUP8K">Andy Warhol</a> and <a href="/facts/Roy_Lichtenstein/e3VNoPes">Roy Lichtenstein</a> developed largely in the United States. Major photographers include <a href="/facts/Alfred_Stieglitz/v2SVMIw2">Alfred Stieglitz</a>, <a href="/facts/Edward_Steichen/IttLnoya">Edward Steichen</a>, <a href="/facts/Dorothea_Lange/d2vszbAV">Dorothea Lange</a>, <a href="/facts/Edward_Weston/Dhkyzbwc">Edward Weston</a>, <a href="/facts/James_Van_Der_Zee/pnoMGooQ">James Van Der Zee</a>, <a href="/facts/Ansel_Adams/VIBXz5Ml">Ansel Adams</a>, and <a href="/facts/Gordon_Parks/8YL02EHd">Gordon Parks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:564" href="#fn:564"><sup>564</sup></a> </p><p>The tide of <a href="/facts/Modernism/AfPDL45X">modernism</a> and then <a href="/facts/Postmodernism/aBgbw8QJ">postmodernism</a> has brought global fame to American architects, including <a href="/facts/Frank_Lloyd_Wright/bdIS237F">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, <a href="/facts/Philip_Johnson/zW682weu">Philip Johnson</a>, and <a href="/facts/Frank_Gehry/tSunALsf">Frank Gehry</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:565" href="#fn:565"><sup>565</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art/mLfcKgHF">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a> is the largest <a href="/facts/Art_museum/ppyzn0WM">art museum</a> in the United States<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:566" href="#fn:566"><sup>566</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_art_museums/hHVkB9eU">fourth-largest</a> in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:567" href="#fn:567"><sup>567</sup></a> </p> <h3>Music</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Music_of_the_United_States/jEE0JFKm">Music of the United States</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/American_folk_music/LoMSowvH">American folk music</a> encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional <a href="/facts/Folk_music/yFHpeE7k">folk music</a>, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the <a href="/facts/British_Isles/4fBquvMU">British Isles</a>, <a href="/facts/Mainland_Europe/EXR4F23f">mainland Europe</a>, or <a href="/facts/African-American_music/phz7Pbkk">Africa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:568" href="#fn:568"><sup>568</sup></a> The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:569" href="#fn:569"><sup>569</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Banjo/6A5l5Bmd">Banjos</a> were brought to America through the slave trade. <a href="/facts/Minstrel_show/rLU1FdhK">Minstrel shows</a> incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:570" href="#fn:570"><sup>570</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:571" href="#fn:571"><sup>571</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Electric_guitar/yNL6qSw4">electric guitar</a>, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of <a href="/facts/Rock_and_roll/hNDC5KwW">rock and roll</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:572" href="#fn:572"><sup>572</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Synthesizer/NrmdVrPa">synthesizer</a>, <a href="/facts/Turntablism/4fboh9Hz">turntablism</a>, and <a href="/facts/Electronic_music/zfGNfUvR">electronic music</a> were also largely developed in the U.S. </p><p>Elements from folk idioms such as the <a href="/facts/Blues/f2WSr9QQ">blues</a> and <a href="/facts/Old-time_music/Jc6PNdPd">old-time music</a> were adopted and transformed into <a href="/facts/Popular_music/Q5yhxIwY">popular genres</a> with global audiences. <a href="/facts/Jazz/lmUzXGq8">Jazz</a> grew from blues and <a href="/facts/Ragtime/BNozfN8S">ragtime</a> in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as <a href="/facts/W.C._Handy/YAjQsfzz">W.C. Handy</a> and <a href="/facts/Jelly_Roll_Morton/umMhh9Mw">Jelly Roll Morton</a>. <a href="/facts/Louis_Armstrong/EcRpJ0gw">Louis Armstrong</a> and <a href="/facts/Duke_Ellington/CEVXATkB">Duke Ellington</a> increased its popularity early in the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:573" href="#fn:573"><sup>573</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Country_music/UJM3Un98">Country music</a> developed in the 1920s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:574" href="#fn:574"><sup>574</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Bluegrass_music/LxSySe6o">bluegrass</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:575" href="#fn:575"><sup>575</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Rhythm_and_blues/UT5v5rXb">rhythm and blues</a> in the 1940s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:576" href="#fn:576"><sup>576</sup></a> and rock and roll in the 1950s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:577" href="#fn:577"><sup>577</sup></a> In the 1960s, <a href="/facts/Bob_Dylan/WcaUqWBj">Bob Dylan</a> emerged from the <a href="/facts/American_folk_music_revival/nPSbY3Gp">folk revival</a> to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:578" href="#fn:578"><sup>578</sup></a> The musical forms of <a href="/facts/Punk_rock/voBjpcpS">punk</a> and <a href="/facts/Hip_hop/7HjAPIEh">hip hop</a> both originated in the United States in the 1970s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:579" href="#fn:579"><sup>579</sup></a> </p><p>The United States has the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets/aQazsdXv">largest music market</a>, with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:580" href="#fn:580"><sup>580</sup></a> Most of the world's <a href="/facts/Record_label/rcrpGvM4">major record companies</a> are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the <a href="/facts/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America/8a7K0Ubf">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:581" href="#fn:581"><sup>581</sup></a> Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as <a href="/facts/Frank_Sinatra/a0f0cEo3">Frank Sinatra</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:582" href="#fn:582"><sup>582</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Elvis_Presley/T0RDjznN">Elvis Presley</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:583" href="#fn:583"><sup>583</sup></a> became <a href="/facts/Superstar/ztHergXm">global celebrities</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_best-selling_music_artists/LnwvfKQU">best-selling music artists</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:584" href="#fn:584"><sup>584</sup></a> as have artists of the late 20th century, such as <a href="/facts/Michael_Jackson/LLa098zX">Michael Jackson</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:585" href="#fn:585"><sup>585</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Madonna/kHDBUtL7">Madonna</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:586" href="#fn:586"><sup>586</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Whitney_Houston/FUNyXLjm">Whitney Houston</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:587" href="#fn:587"><sup>587</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Mariah_Carey/DlaF3a03">Mariah Carey</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:588" href="#fn:588"><sup>588</sup></a> and the early 21st century, such as <a href="/facts/Eminem/zXSQb1nS">Eminem</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:589" href="#fn:589"><sup>589</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Britney_Spears/uVJDxNtm">Britney Spears</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:590" href="#fn:590"><sup>590</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Lady_Gaga/UfMIcHaV">Lady Gaga</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:591" href="#fn:591"><sup>591</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Katy_Perry/0lcTBtRT">Katy Perry</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:592" href="#fn:592"><sup>592</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Taylor_Swift/gdDeCTku">Taylor Swift</a> and <a href="/facts/Beyonc%25C3%25A9/7FhLdAaS">Beyoncé</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:593" href="#fn:593"><sup>593</sup></a> </p> <h3>Fashion</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Fashion_in_the_United_States/72fQpuAa">Fashion in the United States</a></p> <p>The United States has the world's largest <a href="/facts/Apparel/5J5RhkYY">apparel</a> market by revenue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:594" href="#fn:594"><sup>594</sup></a> Apart from professional <a href="/facts/Business_attire/Coj3tz2o">business attire</a>, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, <a href="/facts/Sneaker/dN8SwXyy">sneakers</a>, <a href="/facts/Jeans/RaMQVQ35">jeans</a>, <a href="/facts/T-shirts/qj59PYsF">T-shirts</a>, and <a href="/facts/Baseball_cap/EH2Mkgj8">baseball caps</a> are emblematic of American styles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:595" href="#fn:595"><sup>595</sup></a> New York, with <a href="/facts/New_York_Fashion_Week/ygBCHPRB">its Fashion Week</a>, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global <a href="/facts/Fashion_capital/U4jJx5L0">fashion capitals</a>, along with <a href="/facts/Paris_Fashion_Week/3hImwLlw">Paris</a>, <a href="/facts/Milan_Fashion_Week/dL1uIxnR">Milan</a>, and <a href="/facts/London_Fashion_Week/bRXCcBz1">London</a>. A study demonstrated that general proximity to <a href="/facts/Garment_District%2c_Manhattan/c6PgFclM">Manhattan's Garment District</a> has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:596" href="#fn:596"><sup>596</sup></a> </p><p>A number of well-known <a href="/facts/Designer_label/N1r1epeh">designer labels</a>, among them <a href="/facts/Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)/wbUem4zS">Tommy Hilfiger</a>, <a href="/facts/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation/rmIcjLgB">Ralph Lauren</a>, <a href="/facts/Tom_Ford_(brand)/S8uI2qGq">Tom Ford</a> and <a href="/facts/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)/B6xz7Qz1">Calvin Klein</a>, are headquartered in <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:597" href="#fn:597"><sup>597</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:598" href="#fn:598"><sup>598</sup></a> Labels cater to <a href="/facts/Niche_market/qEJCErW8">niche markets</a>, such as preteens. <a href="/facts/New_York_Fashion_Week/ygBCHPRB">New York Fashion Week</a> is one of the most influential fashion shows in the world, and is held twice each year in Manhattan;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:599" href="#fn:599"><sup>599</sup></a> the annual <a href="/facts/Met_Gala/UJVqn8xa">Met Gala</a>, also in Manhattan, has been called the fashion world's "biggest night".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:600" href="#fn:600"><sup>600</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:601" href="#fn:601"><sup>601</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cinema</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Cinema_of_the_United_States/1HpkUBfd">Cinema of the United States</a></p> <p>The U.S. film industry has <a href="/facts/Global_Hollywood/1HpkUBfd">a worldwide influence and following</a>. <a href="/facts/Hollywood%2c_Los_Angeles/hF4zF5n6">Hollywood</a>, a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also <a href="/facts/Metonymous/EdwzPEyE">metonymous</a> for the American filmmaking industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:602" href="#fn:602"><sup>602</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:603" href="#fn:603"><sup>603</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:604" href="#fn:604"><sup>604</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Major_film_studios/PzIn05EM">major film studios</a> of the United States are the primary source of the <a href="/facts/List_of_highest-grossing_films/64Qtvz8F">most commercially successful</a> movies selling the most tickets in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:605" href="#fn:605"><sup>605</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:606" href="#fn:606"><sup>606</sup></a> </p><p>Largely centered in the New York City region from its beginnings in the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:607" href="#fn:607"><sup>607</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:608" href="#fn:608"><sup>608</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:609" href="#fn:609"><sup>609</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:610" href="#fn:610"><sup>610</sup></a> the U.S. film industry has since been primarily based in and around Hollywood. Nonetheless, American film companies have been subject to the forces of <a href="/facts/Globalization/0locjSHH">globalization</a> in the 21st century, and an increasing number of films are made elsewhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:611" href="#fn:611"><sup>611</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Academy_Awards/CwTxYuNQ">Academy Awards</a>, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the <a href="/facts/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences/lnmVq6Uj">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> since 1929,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:612" href="#fn:612"><sup>612</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Golden_Globe_Award/1v50C2Tb">Golden Globe Awards</a> have been held annually since January 1944.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:613" href="#fn:613"><sup>613</sup></a> </p><p>The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "<a href="/facts/Classical_Hollywood_cinema/YNQn6lGH">Golden Age of Hollywood</a>", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:614" href="#fn:614"><sup>614</sup></a> with screen actors such as <a href="/facts/John_Wayne/9MIwKPdz">John Wayne</a> and <a href="/facts/Marilyn_Monroe/lExp0p6J">Marilyn Monroe</a> becoming iconic figures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:615" href="#fn:615"><sup>615</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:616" href="#fn:616"><sup>616</sup></a> In the 1970s, "<a href="/facts/New_Hollywood/1cMB3nCh">New Hollywood</a>", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:617" href="#fn:617"><sup>617</sup></a> was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the <a href="/facts/Aftermath_of_World_War_II/htgyL1tJ">post-war period</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:618" href="#fn:618"><sup>618</sup></a> The 21st century has been marked by the rise of American <a href="/facts/Streaming_platform/BCQ2rPle">streaming platforms</a>, which came to rival traditional cinema.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:619" href="#fn:619"><sup>619</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:620" href="#fn:620"><sup>620</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cuisine</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/American_cuisine/TeUw69tN">American cuisine</a></p> <p>Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as <a href="/facts/Turkey_as_food/oUkUuNEU">turkey</a>, <a href="/facts/Sweet_potato/CFN3IMdj">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/facts/Maize/lJ6c5xMH">corn</a>, <a href="/facts/Cucurbita/obYd9RFa">squash</a>, and <a href="/facts/Maple_syrup/wm7P1fFM">maple syrup</a>. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called <a href="/facts/Succotash/VN280Rgs">succotash</a>. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as <a href="/facts/Wheat_flour/AauucBTS">wheat flour</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:621" href="#fn:621"><sup>621</sup></a> beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:622" href="#fn:622"><sup>622</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:623" href="#fn:623"><sup>623</sup></a> <a href="/facts/New_World_crops/1zA9hcI4">New World crops</a>, especially <a href="/facts/Pumpkin/CwxGJmej">pumpkin</a>, corn, <a href="/facts/Potatoes/F8jRVExs">potatoes</a>, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on <a href="/facts/Thanksgiving_(United_States)/flAvuflj">Thanksgiving</a>, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:624" href="#fn:624"><sup>624</sup></a> </p><p>Characteristic American dishes such as <a href="/facts/Apple_pie/zADgzYpW">apple pie</a>, <a href="/facts/Fried_chicken/h3tl210e">fried chicken</a>, <a href="/facts/Doughnut/zVkVhznp">doughnuts</a>, <a href="/facts/French_fries/Cdaj6NAv">french fries</a>, <a href="/facts/Macaroni_and_cheese/kL2EeEjF">macaroni and cheese</a>, <a href="/facts/Ice_cream/jVhC4nwR">ice cream</a>, <a href="/facts/Hamburger/6TqC1AKy">hamburgers</a>, <a href="/facts/Hot_dog/kV8x4Ht0">hot dogs</a>, and <a href="/facts/Pizza_in_the_United_States/5uL8YdpP">American pizza</a> derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:625" href="#fn:625"><sup>625</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:626" href="#fn:626"><sup>626</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:627" href="#fn:627"><sup>627</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:628" href="#fn:628"><sup>628</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Mexican-American_cuisine/PvlUVlb0">Mexican dishes</a> such as <a href="/facts/Burritos/umJJDrYg">burritos</a> and <a href="/facts/Tacos/PXENLuVw">tacos</a> preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, and <a href="/facts/American_Chinese_cuisine/JHt8VPUg">adaptations of Chinese cuisine</a> as well as <a href="/facts/Italian-American_cuisine/TRQtHRrT">pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources</a> are all widely consumed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:629" href="#fn:629"><sup>629</sup></a> </p><p>American <a href="/facts/Chef/mojmkKEH">chefs</a> have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, the <a href="/facts/Culinary_Institute_of_America/Igxt0LdN">Culinary Institute of America</a> was founded by <a href="/facts/Katharine_Cramer_Angell/zyKw5uUg">Katharine Angell</a> and <a href="/facts/Frances_Roth/In5mAVfS">Frances Roth</a>. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:630" href="#fn:630"><sup>630</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:631" href="#fn:631"><sup>631</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/United_States_restaurant_industry/oCsXam9l">United States restaurant industry</a> was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:632" href="#fn:632"><sup>632</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:633" href="#fn:633"><sup>633</sup></a> and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:634" href="#fn:634"><sup>634</sup></a> It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:635" href="#fn:635"><sup>635</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:636" href="#fn:636"><sup>636</sup></a> The United States is home to over 220 <a href="/facts/Michelin_star/4WvTvc33">Michelin star</a>-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:637" href="#fn:637"><sup>637</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/American_wine/ETyajpdF">Wine</a> has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the <a href="/facts/New_Mexico_wine/dFFpTAeU">first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico</a> in 1628.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:638" href="#fn:638"><sup>638</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:639" href="#fn:639"><sup>639</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:640" href="#fn:640"><sup>640</sup></a> In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with <a href="/facts/California_wine/a5947h0M">California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine</a>. With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2) under vine, the United States is the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_wine_production/HPrsyhLB">fourth-largest wine-producing country</a> in the world, after <a href="/facts/Italian_wine/mAotmX0r">Italy</a>, <a href="/facts/Spanish_wine/XW0U2NCx">Spain</a>, and <a href="/facts/French_wine/aTuD2DJY">France</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:641" href="#fn:641"><sup>641</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:642" href="#fn:642"><sup>642</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Diner/9BLklmk3">classic American diner</a>, a casual restaurant originally intended for the working class, emerged during the 19th century from converted railroad <a href="/facts/Dining_car/zMwMCvQ8">dining cars</a> made stationary. The diner soon evolved into purpose-built structures whose number expanded greatly in the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:643" href="#fn:643"><sup>643</sup></a> The American <a href="/facts/Fast-food/LuzphkQW">fast-food</a> industry developed alongside the nation's <a href="/facts/Car_culture/M5gz0Tfa">car culture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:644" href="#fn:644"><sup>644</sup></a> American restaurants developed the <a href="/facts/Drive-in/Wwp79rfH">drive-in</a> format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the <a href="/facts/Drive-through/RCjvooCG">drive-through</a> format by the 1940s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:645" href="#fn:645"><sup>645</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:646" href="#fn:646"><sup>646</sup></a> American <a href="/facts/Fast-food_restaurant/Ib5RQzde">fast-food restaurant</a> chains, such as <a href="/facts/McDonald%2527s/Assda4qC">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/facts/Burger_King/Tg0ckgQd">Burger King</a>, <a href="/facts/Chick-fil-A/wnBIk15K">Chick-fil-A</a>, <a href="/facts/Kentucky_Fried_Chicken/7RazSJ4u">Kentucky Fried Chicken</a>, <a href="/facts/Dunkin%2527_Donuts/MsnNwgar">Dunkin' Donuts</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_fast_food_restaurant_chains/wbx0gUGW">many others</a>, have numerous outlets around the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:647" href="#fn:647"><sup>647</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sports</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Sports_in_the_United_States/eprDFfJo">Sports in the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_at_the_Olympics/0TzknXGt">United States at the Olympics</a></p> <p>The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are <a href="/facts/American_football_in_the_United_States/m3D0fDM4">American football</a>, <a href="/facts/Basketball_in_the_United_States/tH7zXkto">basketball</a>, <a href="/facts/Baseball_in_the_United_States/RwldaDf4">baseball</a>, <a href="/facts/Soccer_in_the_United_States/E2hmhk7v">soccer</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ice_hockey_in_the_United_States/5rrqphDp">ice hockey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:648" href="#fn:648"><sup>648</sup></a> While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, <a href="/facts/Volleyball_in_the_United_States/P8wPGprC">volleyball</a>, <a href="/facts/Skateboarding/V1BTmaIg">skateboarding</a>, and <a href="/facts/Snowboarding/sub2qDka">snowboarding</a> are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:649" href="#fn:649"><sup>649</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Lacrosse_in_the_United_States/TkTFQ91m">Lacrosse</a> and <a href="/facts/Surfing_in_the_United_States/fKcFVeCx">surfing</a> arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:650" href="#fn:650"><sup>650</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Professional_sports_market_in_the_United_States/g2TkE7QV">market for professional sports in the United States</a> was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:651" href="#fn:651"><sup>651</sup></a> </p><p>American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:652" href="#fn:652"><sup>652</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/National_Football_League/cBH0hxRV">National Football League</a> has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the <a href="/facts/Super_Bowl/W2dqzqY4">Super Bowl</a> is watched by tens of millions globally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:653" href="#fn:653"><sup>653</sup></a> However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "<a href="/facts/National_sport/B5lspnWQ">national sport</a>" since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the <a href="/facts/National_Basketball_Association/Vd3EUFfa">National Basketball Association</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:654" href="#fn:654"><sup>654</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Major_League_Baseball/4WW9yef3">Major League Baseball</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:655" href="#fn:655"><sup>655</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Major_League_Soccer/LAwJ4VLr">Major League Soccer</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:656" href="#fn:656"><sup>656</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/National_Hockey_League/sLo4QAS8">National Hockey League</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:657" href="#fn:657"><sup>657</sup></a> The most-watched <a href="/facts/Individual_sport/TAGb1pKj">individual sports</a> in the U.S. are <a href="/facts/Golf_in_the_United_States/4sWsCH4N">golf</a> and <a href="/facts/Auto_racing/0ErdCCV3">auto racing</a>, particularly <a href="/facts/NASCAR/k0C0366n">NASCAR</a> and <a href="/facts/IndyCar/RHY5RVHs">IndyCar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:658" href="#fn:658"><sup>658</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:659" href="#fn:659"><sup>659</sup></a> </p><p>On the <a href="/facts/College_athletics_in_the_United_States/462atoPe">collegiate level</a>, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:660" href="#fn:660"><sup>660</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/College_football/sQHYX0Ct">college football</a> and <a href="/facts/College_basketball/RKfLFya3">basketball</a> attract large audiences, as the <a href="/facts/NCAA_Division_I_men%2527s_basketball_tournament/2eVbMk4E">NCAA March Madness tournament</a> and the <a href="/facts/College_Football_Playoff/SMlf6BTR">College Football Playoff</a> are some of the most watched national sporting events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:661" href="#fn:661"><sup>661</sup></a> In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as the main feeder system for professional and Olympic sports, with significant exceptions such as <a href="/facts/Minor_League_Baseball/7vFxYneR">Minor League Baseball</a>. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:662" href="#fn:662"><sup>662</sup></a> </p><p>Eight <a href="/facts/Olympic_Games/TXbdPIVS">Olympic Games</a> have taken place in the United States. The <a href="/facts/1904_Summer_Olympics/Dq6wyYj2">1904 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/facts/St._Louis%2c_Missouri/22beLecX">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:663" href="#fn:663"><sup>663</sup></a> The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the <a href="/facts/2028_Summer_Olympics/E8bEgxpM">2028 Summer Olympics</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_at_the_Olympics/0TzknXGt">U.S. athletes</a> have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:664" href="#fn:664"><sup>664</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:665" href="#fn:665"><sup>665</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:666" href="#fn:666"><sup>666</sup></a> </p><p>In other international competition, the United States is the home of a number of prestigious events, including the <a href="/facts/Americas_Cup/DYpkBCmq">Americas Cup</a>, the <a href="/facts/U.S._Open_(tennis)/1EKXXJ1o">U.S. Open</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Masters_Tournament/UD0TYW1o">Masters Tournament</a>. The <a href="/facts/United_States_men%2527s_national_soccer_team/qzeWseWK">U.S. men's national soccer team</a> has qualified for <a href="/facts/United_States_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup/QEEDgNLm">eleven World Cups</a>, while the <a href="/facts/United_States_women%2527s_national_soccer_team/bkyaGGft">women's national team</a> has <a href="/facts/United_States_at_the_FIFA_Women%2527s_World_Cup/Y9EPTV3f">won</a> the <a href="/facts/FIFA_Women%2527s_World_Cup/38auvt8v">FIFA Women's World Cup</a> and <a href="/facts/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics/LnX2NLdz">Olympic soccer tournament</a> four times each.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:667" href="#fn:667"><sup>667</sup></a> The United States hosted the <a href="/facts/1994_FIFA_World_Cup/17zzH74g">1994 FIFA World Cup</a> and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the <a href="/facts/2026_FIFA_World_Cup/3n9w4U81">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:668" href="#fn:668"><sup>668</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/1999_FIFA_Women%2527s_World_Cup/btco1CYd">1999 FIFA Women's World Cup</a> was also hosted by the United States. <a href="/facts/1999_FIFA_Women%2527s_World_Cup_final/WNV5qWQD">Its final match</a> was attended by 90,185, setting the world record for largest women's sporting event crowd at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:669" href="#fn:669"><sup>669</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lists_of_U.S._state_topics/knUVm9NS">Lists of U.S. state topics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_the_United_States/zcnqpCgd">Outline of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_online_encyclopedias_of_U.S._states/pV3x3A32">List of online encyclopedias of U.S. states</a>, typically maintained by state historical societies, universities, or humanities councils</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li>Baym, Nina; Levine, Robert S., eds. (2013). <i>The Norton Anthology of American Literature</i> (Shorter eighth ed.). New York, New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-393-91885-4.</li> <li>Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". <i>Allergy and Asthma Proceedings</i>. 13 (5): 225–232. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2500%2F108854192778817040">10.2500/108854192778817040</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1483570">1483570</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ned_Blackhawk/ekxLf19N">Blackhawk, Ned</a> (2023). "'The Centrality of Dispossession': Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism". In Blackhawk, Ned; <a href="/facts/Ben_Kiernan/ow9yneBu">Kiernan, Ben</a>; Madley, Benjamin; <a href="/facts/Rebe_Taylor/kk1W7WjP">Taylor, Rebe</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge World History of Genocide</i>. Vol. 2: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One. <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 23–45. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108765480.002">10.1017/9781108765480.002</a>.</li> <li>Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a href="https://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/"><i>State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-68617-4.</li> <li>Boyer, Paul S.; Clark Jr., Clifford E.; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch, Nancy (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC"><i>The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cengage Learning. p. 588. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-618-80161-9.</li> <li>Calloway, Colin G. (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC"><i>New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press/Npd5lJTV">JHU Press</a>. p. 229. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8018-5959-5.</li> <li>Cohen, Eliot A. (July–August 2004). <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower">"History and the Hyperpower"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 14, 2006.</li> <li>Corbett, P. Scott; Janssen, Volker; Lund, John M.; Pfannestiel, Todd; Waskiewicz, Sylvie; Vickery, Paul (2014). <a href="https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/1-introduction"><i>U.S. History</i></a>. Houston, Texas: OpenStax at Rice University.</li> <li><a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm">"Country Profile: United States of America"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. London. April 22, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008.</li> <li>Davis, Kenneth C. (1996). <a href="https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518"><i>Don't know much about the Civil War</i></a>. New York: William Marrow and Company. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518">518</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-688-11814-3.</li> <li>Daynes, Byron W.; Sussman, Glen (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn"><i>White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Texas_A%2526M_University_Press/AJ8kFnSN">Texas A&M University Press</a>. p. 320. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-60344-254-1. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670419432">670419432</a>. Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009</li> <li>Dubois, W. E. B. (1935). <a href="https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruct00duborich"><i>Black Reconstruction: an essay toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in America, 1860-1880</i></a>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.</li> <li>Edmondson, Jacqueline (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA556"><i>Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture [4 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-313-39348-8.</li> <li>Erlandson, Jon M.; Rick, Torben C.; Vellanoweth, Rene L. (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&pg=PA19"><i>A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County</i></a>. California: University of Utah Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87480-879-7.</li> <li>Feldstein, Sylvan G.; Fabozzi, Frank J. (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC"><i>The Handbook of Municipal Bonds</i></a>. <a href="/facts/John_Wiley_%2526_Sons/53g3LqJc">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 1376. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-118-04494-0.</li> <li>Flannery, Tim (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkkyBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples</i></a>. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8021-9109-0.</li> <li>Foner, Eric (2020). <a href="https://archive.org/details/give-me-liberty-an-american-history-eric-foner-z-lib.org_20220819"><i>Give Me Liberty: An American History</i></a>. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). New York, New York; London, England: W.W. Norton. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-393-44123-9. Ebook.</li> <li>Foner, Eric (1988). <a href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructionam0000fone_q8w6/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Recontruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-235451-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915826909">915826909</a>.</li> <li>Fraser, Steve; <a href="/facts/Gary_Gerstle/CJ5qUJay">Gerstle, Gary</a> (1989). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&pg=PA229"><i>The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980</i></a>. American History: Political science. Princeton University Press. p. 311. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-00607-9.</li> <li>Gaddis, John Lewis (1972). <i>The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-231-12239-9.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Steele_Gordon/zwKevEzN">Gordon, John Steele</a> (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord"><i>An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-009362-4.</li> <li>Haines, Michael Robert; Haines, Michael R.; Steckel, Richard H. (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA12"><i>A Population History of North America</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-49666-7.</li> <li>Hayes, Nick (November 6, 2009). <a href="https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war">"Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War?"</a>. <i>MinnPost</i>. Retrieved March 11, 2013.</li> <li>Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/fdrcreationofun00hoop"><i>FDR and the Creation of the U.N</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-300-08553-2.</li> <li>Howe, Daniel Walker (2008). <a href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-507894-7.</li> <li>Johnson, Paul (1997). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC"><i>A History of the American People</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-195213-5.</li> <li>Joseph, Paul (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA590"><i>The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives</i></a>. Sage Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4833-5988-5.</li> <li>Lauter, Paul, ed. (1994a). <a href="https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof00v1unse_e3d7"><i>The Heath Anthology of American Literature</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-669-32972-X.</li> <li>Lauter, Paul, ed. (1994b). <a href="https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/n2/mode/1up"><i>The Heath Anthology of American Literature</i></a>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-669-32973-8.</li> <li>Lockard, Craig (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k91sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315"><i>Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to 1750</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-111-79083-7.</li> <li>Lien, Arnold Johnson (1913). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ"><i>Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law</i></a>. Vol. 54. New York: Columbia University. p. 604.</li> <li>Meyer, M.; Snow, D.; Snow, D.; Cohen, C.; Meyer, M.; Thornton, R.; Grinde, D.; Dilworth, L. (2001). <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195082098.001.0001/acref-9780195082098-e-0758">"Indian History and Culture"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Paul_Boyer_(historian)/Nsl9atMU">Boyer, Paul S.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to United States History</i>. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195082098.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195082098.001.0001</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-508209-8.</li> <li>Onuf, Peter S. (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcUgLPqmfuYC"><i>The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775–1787</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8122-0038-6.</li> <li>Perdue, Theda; Green, Michael D. (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RBJCyp2bFIC&pg=PA40"><i>The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-231-50602-1.</li> <li>Quirk, Joel (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC"><i>The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 344. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8122-4333-8.</li> <li>Remini, Robert V. (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC"><i>The House: The History of the House of Representatives</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-134111-3.</li> <li>Ripper, Jason (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC"><i>American Stories: To 1877</i></a>. M.E. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 904. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4381-2677-7.</li> <li>Shi, David Emory (2016). <a href="https://archive.org/details/americanarrative0001shid"><i>America: A Narrative History</i></a>. Vol. 1 (Brief 10th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-393-26594-1.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gregory_D._Smithers/cWbPJYt1">Smithers, Gregory D.</a> (2012). "Rethinking Genocide in North America". In <a href="/facts/Donald_Bloxham/sg0ochf5">Bloxham, Donald</a>; <a href="/facts/A._Dirk_Moses/4WBLNzBn">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies</i>. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 322–342. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199232116.013.0017">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0017</a>.</li> <li>Soss, Joe (2010). 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"Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas". <i>Science</i>. 315 (5815): 1122–1126. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...315.1122W">2007Sci...315.1122W</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1137166">10.1126/science.1137166</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17322060">17322060</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23205379">23205379</a>.</li> <li>Winchester, Simon (2013). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602"><i>The men who United the States</i></a>. Harper Collins. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198">198</a>, 216, 251, 253. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-207960-2.</li> <li>Wright, Gavin (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.36.2.123">"Slavery and the Rise of the Nineteenth-Century American Economy"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives/U0F7bgf4">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a></i>. 36 (2): 123–148. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.36.2.123">10.1257/jep.36.2.123</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248716718">248716718</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Howard_Zinn/Y6z5kg6T">Zinn, Howard</a> (2005). <a href="/facts/A_People%2527s_History_of_the_United_States/aWaALon2"><i>A People's History of the United States</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Harper_Perennial/nW7WQBvz">Harper Perennial</a> Modern Classics. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-083865-2.</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_M._McPherson/kcpCm1gk">McPherson, James M.</a> (1988). <a href="/facts/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom%3a_The_Civil_War_Era/l2A2CC7t"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. Oxford, England; New York, New York: <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-503863-7.</li> <li> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/facts/Free_content/jHYHARSN">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en"><i>World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</i></a>, FAO, FAO. </li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US">Key Development Forecasts for the United States</a> from <a href="/facts/International_Futures/IalAGFSV">International Futures</a></li></ul> <h3>Government</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://www.usa.gov/">Official U.S. Government web portal</a> – gateway to government sites</li> <li><a href="https://www.house.gov/">House</a> – official website of the United States House of Representatives</li> <li><a href="https://www.senate.gov/">Senate</a> – official website of the United States Senate</li> <li><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/">White House</a> – official website of the president of the United States</li> <li><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/">Supreme Court</a> – official website of the Supreme Court of the United States</li></ul> <h3>History</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/https://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html">"Historical Documents"</a> – website from the <a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Public_Policy_Research/xUV9U70N">National Center for Public Policy Research</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html">"Historical Statistics"</a> – links to U.S. historical data</li></ul> <h3>Maps</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/">"National Atlas of the United States"</a> – official maps from the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior/uWllgxWx">U.S. Department of the Interior</a></li> <li> Wikimedia Atlas of the United States</li> <li> Geographic data related to <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/148838">United States</a> at <a href="/facts/OpenStreetMap/Hd3yejum">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/">"Measure of America"</a> – a variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, safety and demographics in the United States</li></ul> <p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States¶ms=40_N_100_W_dim:10000000_region:region:US_type:country&title=United+States+of+America">40°N 100°W / 40°N 100°W / 40; -100 (United States of America)</a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>The five major territories outside the union of states are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.[19] <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" target="_blank">/wiki/American_Samoa</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China. Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[20] Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[21] <a href="/wiki/Russia" target="_blank">/wiki/Russia</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 340,110,988 residents (2024) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: www.census.gov/popclock <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" target="_blank">/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013). "Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer". The Christian Science Monitor. <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer" target="_blank">https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Fay, John (July 15, 2016). "The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America'". IrishCentral. <a href="https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html" target="_blank">https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013). "Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer". The Christian Science Monitor. <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer" target="_blank">https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013). "Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer". The Christian Science Monitor. <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer" target="_blank">https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Davis 1996, p. 7. - Davis, Kenneth C. (1996). Don't know much about the Civil War. New York: William Marrow and Company. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-688-11814-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Is USA A Noun Or Adjective?". Dictionary.com. March 9, 2017. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2025. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>The official U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages",[26] "United States" is always used. In a sentence containing the name of another country, "United States" must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding a government organization or as an adjective, but "United States" is used as an adjective preceding non-governmental organizations (e.g. United States Steel Corporation).[26] <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office_Style_Manual" target="_blank">/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office_Style_Manual</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>""The States"". Longman dictionary. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/the-states" target="_blank">https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/the-states</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Stateside". Merriam-Webster. September 27, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Amerigo Vespucci". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Americus comes from the Medieval Latin name Emericus (for Saint Emeric of Hungary), itself derived from the Old High German name Emmerich. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" target="_blank">/wiki/Medieval_Latin</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Sider, Sandra (2007). Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-19-533084-7. <a href="978-0-19-533084-7" target="_blank">978-0-19-533084-7</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Szalay, Jessie (September 20, 2017). "Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America". Live Science. Retrieved June 23, 2019. <a href="https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html" target="_blank">https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Allen, Erin (July 4, 2016). "How Did America Get Its Name?". Library of Congress Blog. Retrieved September 3, 2020. <a href="https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent" target="_blank">https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia guide to standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06989-2. <a href="978-0-231-06989-2" target="_blank">978-0-231-06989-2</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Erlandson, Rick & Vellanoweth 2008, p. 19. - Erlandson, Jon M.; Rick, Torben C.; Vellanoweth, Rene L. (2008). A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County. California: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-879-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&pg=PA19" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&pg=PA19</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Savage 2011, pp. 55–58. - Savage, Candace (2011). Prairie: A Natural History. Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-899-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X1u9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=X1u9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Waters & Stafford 2007, pp. 1122–1126. - Waters, M. R.; Stafford, T. W. (2007). "Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas". Science. 315 (5815): 1122–1126. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1122W. doi:10.1126/science.1137166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17322060. S2CID 23205379. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...315.1122W" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...315.1122W</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Flannery 2015, pp. 173–185. - Flannery, Tim (2015). The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 978-0-8021-9109-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkkyBgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mkkyBgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Lockard 2010, p. 315. - Lockard, Craig (2010). Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to 1750. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-79083-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k91sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=k91sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Johansen, Bruce (2006). The Native Peoples of North America: A History, Volume 1. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3899-0. <a href="978-0-8135-3899-0" target="_blank">978-0-8135-3899-0</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Thornton 1998, p. 34. - Thornton, Russell (1998). Studying Native America: Problems and Prospects. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-16064-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_EA-UwvN_HUC&pg=PA34" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_EA-UwvN_HUC&pg=PA34</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Perdue & Green 2005, p. 40. - Perdue, Theda; Green, Michael D. (2005). 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Retrieved March 5, 2021. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Petto, Christine Marie (2007). When France Was King of Cartography: The Patronage and Production of Maps in Early Modern France. Lexington Books. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7391-6247-7. <a href="978-0-7391-6247-7" target="_blank">978-0-7391-6247-7</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Seelye, James E. Jr.; Selby, Shawn (2018). Shaping North America: From Exploration to the American Revolution [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 344. 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HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-195213-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Ripper, 2008, p. 6. - Ripper, Jason (2008). American Stories: To 1877. M.E. Sharpe. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-7656-2903-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>From the late 15th century, the Columbian exchange had been catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is estimated that up to 95 percent of the Indigenous populations, especially in the Caribbean, perished from infectious diseases during the years following European colonization;[55] remaining populations were often displaced by European expansion.[56][57] <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" target="_blank">/wiki/Columbian_exchange</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Ripper, 2008 p. 5 - Ripper, Jason (2008). American Stories: To 1877. M.E. Sharpe. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-7656-2903-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Calloway, 1998, p. 55 <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Thomas, Hugh (1997). The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870. Simon and Schuster. pp. 516. 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ISBN 978-0-307-27110-5. <a href="978-0-307-27110-5" target="_blank">978-0-307-27110-5</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370 <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Richard Buel, Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (1972) <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Becker et al (2002), ch 1 <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"Republicanism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. June 19, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2022. <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Fabian Young, Alfred; Nash, Gary B.; Raphael, Ray (2011). Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation. Random House Digital. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-0-307-27110-5. <a href="978-0-307-27110-5" target="_blank">978-0-307-27110-5</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Miller, Hunter (ed.). "British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. <a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp" target="_blank">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Shōsuke Satō, History of the land question in the United States, Johns Hopkins University, (1886), p. 352 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PY0VAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=PY0VAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Foner 2020, p. 524. - Foner, Eric (2020). Give Me Liberty: An American History. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). New York, New York; London, England: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-44123-9. <a href="https://archive.org/details/give-me-liberty-an-american-history-eric-foner-z-lib.org_20220819" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/give-me-liberty-an-american-history-eric-foner-z-lib.org_20220819</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Foner 2020, pp. 538–540. - Foner, Eric (2020). Give Me Liberty: An American History. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). New York, New York; London, England: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-44123-9. <a href="https://archive.org/details/give-me-liberty-an-american-history-eric-foner-z-lib.org_20220819" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/give-me-liberty-an-american-history-eric-foner-z-lib.org_20220819</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Boyer, 2007, pp. 192–193 - Boyer, Paul S.; Clark Jr., Clifford E.; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch, Nancy (2007). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Vol. 1. Cengage Learning. p. 588. ISBN 978-0-618-80161-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey (2007). Manifest destiny and the expansion of America. Turning Points in History Series. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-85109-834-7. OCLC 659807062. <a href="978-1-85109-834-7" target="_blank">978-1-85109-834-7</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>McPherson 1988, p. 41–46. - McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford, England; New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Louisiana Purchase" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Harriss, Joseph A. "How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 25, 2024. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Wait, Eugene M. (1999). America and the War of 1812. Nova Publishers. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-56072-644-9. <a href="978-1-56072-644-9" target="_blank">978-1-56072-644-9</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Klose, Nelson; Jones, Robert F. (1994). United States History to 1877. Barron's Educational Series. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-8120-1834-9. <a href="978-0-8120-1834-9" target="_blank">978-0-8120-1834-9</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Hammond, John Craig (March 2019). "President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery". Journal of American History. 105 (4): 843–867. doi:10.1093/jahist/jaz002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Frymer, Paul (2017). Building an American empire: the era of territorial and political expansion. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8535-0. OCLC 981954623. <a href="978-1-4008-8535-0" target="_blank">978-1-4008-8535-0</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Calloway, Colin G. (2019). First peoples: a documentary survey of American Indian history (6th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning. ISBN 978-1-319-10491-7. OCLC 1035393060. <a href="978-1-319-10491-7" target="_blank">978-1-319-10491-7</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>McPherson 1988, p. 45. - McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford, England; New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7. <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Michno, Gregory (2003). Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890. Mountain Press Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87842-468-9. <a href="978-0-87842-468-9" target="_blank">978-0-87842-468-9</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Billington, Ray Allen; Ridge, Martin (2001). Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. UNM Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8263-1981-4. <a href="978-0-8263-1981-4" target="_blank">978-0-8263-1981-4</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Morrison, Michael A. (April 28, 1997). Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 13–21. ISBN 978-0-8078-4796-1. <a href="978-0-8078-4796-1" target="_blank">978-0-8078-4796-1</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Kemp, Roger L. (2010). Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works. McFarland. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7864-4210-2. Retrieved October 25, 2015. <a href="978-0-7864-4210-2" target="_blank">978-0-7864-4210-2</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey (2007). Manifest destiny and the expansion of America. Turning Points in History Series. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-85109-834-7. OCLC 659807062. <a href="978-1-85109-834-7" target="_blank">978-1-85109-834-7</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>McIlwraith, Thomas F.; Muller, Edward K. (2001). North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7425-0019-8. Retrieved October 25, 2015. <a href="978-0-7425-0019-8" target="_blank">978-0-7425-0019-8</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Meyer et al. 2001, From 1800 to 1900: "The discovery of gold in California in 1848 proved a momentous watershed for native people in the West. Hordes of single men stampeded to find fortune. Unrestrained by family, community, or church, they decimated the native population near the goldfields. California natives suffered the most complete genocide in U.S. history." Wolf, Jessica. "Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans". UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved July 8, 2018. Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-23069-7. Smithers 2012, p. 339: "The genocidal intent of California settlers and government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry, especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of Indian child labourers" Blackhawk 2023, p. 38: "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states" <a href="978-0-300-23069-7" target="_blank">978-0-300-23069-7</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Rawls, James J. (1999). A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California. University of California Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-520-21771-3. <a href="978-0-520-21771-3" target="_blank">978-0-520-21771-3</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Walker Howe 2007, p. 52–54; Wright 2022. - Walker Howe, Daniel (2007). What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972657-8. <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Walker Howe 2007, p. 52–54; Rodriguez 2015, p. XXXIV; Wright 2022. - Walker Howe, Daniel (2007). What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972657-8. <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Walton, 2009, p. 43 - Walton, Gary M.; Rockoff, Hugh (2009). History of the American Economy. Cengage Learning. 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Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p. 3)Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. 58 (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4). MDPI: 238. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. ISSN 2076-0760. What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16, 2023. [Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.Eastman v Thompson, et al., 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260, 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.").Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Call it what it was: a coup attempt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 7, 2021. A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.Duignan, Brian (August 4, 2021). "January 6 U.S. Capitol attack". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021. Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. <a href="978-1-003-11036-1" target="_blank">978-1-003-11036-1</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:171"><p>Zucchino, David (August 18, 2021). 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