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Ficus macrophylla
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p><i>Ficus macrophylla</i> is an <a href="/facts/Evergreen/bcLptUdV">evergreen</a> tree that can reach heights of 60 m (200 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The trunk can be massive, with thick, prominent <a href="/facts/Buttress_root/xUhXKP8p">buttressing</a>, and reach a diameter of 2.4 m (7.9 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The rough bark is grey-brown,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> and marked with various blemishes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The Lord Howe form of Moreton Bay fig has a habit of dropping <a href="/facts/Aerial_root/S0kvfMvo">aerial roots</a> from its branches, which upon reaching the ground, thicken into supplementary trunks which help to support the weight of its crown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The largest specimen of the Lord Howe Island subspecies, around the year 1900, covered seven acres (2.8 hectares) of ground.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The largest specimen of the mainland subspecies reported in a credible source was one reported by forester C.E. Pemberton which was 232 feet (71 metres) in height and 101 feet (31 metres) to the first branch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The leaves and branches bleed a milky sap if cut or broken. The figs are 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1 in) in diameter, turning from green to purple with lighter spots as they ripen;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> ripe fruit may be found year-round,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> although they are more abundant from February to May.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> It is a rainforest plant and in this environment more often grows in the form of an <a href="/facts/Epiphyte/n0oUN0Yd">epiphytic</a> strangler vine than that of a tree. When its seeds land in the branch of a host tree it sends aerial, "strangler" roots down the host trunk, eventually killing the host and standing alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It is <a href="/facts/Monoecious/Up20kQT3">monoecious</a>: each tree bears functional male and female flowers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> As indicated by its specific epithet, it has large, elliptic, leathery, dark green leaves, 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long, and they are <a href="/facts/Phyllotaxis/8xGtgllo">arranged alternately</a> on the stems. The fruit is known as a <a href="/facts/Syconium/CQD4b0eD">syconium</a>, an inverted inflorescence with the flowers lining an internal cavity. </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>South African botanist <a href="/facts/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon/2p1AekWU">Christiaan Hendrik Persoon</a> published a formal <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">description</a> of the Moreton Bay fig in his 1807 work <i>Synopsis Plantarum</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> the material having been reported by French botanist <a href="/facts/Ren%25C3%25A9_Louiche_Desfontaines/f1JQ9w4e">René Louiche Desfontaines</a> in 1804.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The type specimen has been lost but was possibly located in Florence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Specific_epithet_(botany)/31ckrsXv">specific epithet</a> <i>macrophylla</i> is derived from the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> <i>makros</i> "large" and <i>phyllon</i> "leaf",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and refers to the size of the leaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> In the early 19th century, Italian botanist <a href="/facts/Vincenzo_Tineo/cj8C5STG">Vincenzo Tineo</a> of the <a href="/facts/Orto_botanico_di_Palermo/42K7h6WW">Orto botanico di Palermo</a> in Sicily obtained a plant from a French nursery that grew to a prodigious size with a <a href="/facts/Banyan/q3qLlmQ6">banyan</a> habit. This form was propagated and grown in gardens around Sicily. A later director of the gardens, <a href="/facts/Antonino_Borz%25C3%25AC/ye0tukQh">Antonino Borzì</a>, described it as <i>Ficus magnolioides</i> in 1897, distinguishing it from <i>F. macrophylla</i> on account of its larger leaves with greener undersides. This name was widely used in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Australian botanist <a href="/facts/Charles_Moore_(botanist)/yzuIDP6w">Charles Moore</a> described <i>Ficus columnaris</i> in 1870 from material collected from <a href="/facts/Lord_Howe_Island/f8Wu37Ib">Lord Howe Island</a>, choosing the species name from the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> <i>columnaris</i> for the column-like roots.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> English botanist <a href="/facts/E._J._H._Corner/sQKYUPJ4">E. J. H. Corner</a> reduced this to synonymy with <i>F. macrophylla</i> in 1965, before P. S. Green noted it was distinct enough for subspecies status in 1986. Australian botanist Dale J. Dixon reviewed material and felt the differences too minor to warrant subspecific status,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> and recognised two <a href="/facts/Form_(botany)/YflkSXx1">forms</a>: <i>Ficus macrophylla</i> f. <i>macrophylla</i>, a free-standing tree <a href="/facts/Endemism/xt4IpIsl">endemic</a> to mainland Australia; and <i>Ficus macrophylla</i> f. <i>columnaris</i>, a <a href="/facts/Hemiepiphyte/u029uI7n">hemiepiphyte</a> lacking a distinct main trunk and endemic to Lord Howe Island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Review of <i>F. magnolioides</i> by Silvio Fici and Francesco Maria Raimondo found that it was <i>F. macrophylla</i> f. <i>columnaris</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>The species is <a href="/facts/Common_name/3KNNezEU">commonly</a> known as the Moreton Bay fig,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> after Moreton Bay in southern Queensland, although it is found elsewhere. An alternate name—black fig—is derived from the dark colour of the ageing bark.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>With over 750 species, <i><a href="/facts/Ficus/70M2tmEB">Ficus</a></i> is one of the largest <a href="/facts/Angiosperm/E5eGYIvY">angiosperm</a> genera.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Based on <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a>, Corner divided the genus into four <a href="/facts/Subgenus/csbIQaGC">subgenera</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> later expanded to six.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> In this classification, the Moreton Bay fig was placed in <a href="/facts/Subseries/P6B3q6tc">subseries</a> <i>Malvanthereae</i>, <a href="/facts/Series_(botany)/P6B3q6tc">series</a> <i>Malvanthereae</i>, <a href="/facts/Section_(botany)/BVwRekvb">section</a> <i>Malvanthera</i> of the subgenus <i><a href="/facts/Urostigma/q3qLlmQ6">Urostigma</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> In his reclassification of the Australian <i>Malvanthera</i>, Dixon altered the delimitations of the series within the section but left this species in series <i>Malvanthereae</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>In 2005, Dutch botanist <a href="/facts/Cornelis_Christiaan_Berg/w1rN8BAX">Cornelis Berg</a> completed Corner's treatment of the <a href="/facts/Moraceae/nFn8SjK7">Moraceae</a> for the <i>Flora Malesiana</i>; the completion of that work had been delayed since 1972 as a result of disagreements between Corner and C. J. J. G. van Steenis, editor of the <i>Flora Malesiana</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Berg combined sections <i>Stilpnophyllum</i> and <i>Malvanthera</i> into an expanded section <i>Stilpnophyllum</i>. This left the Moreton Bay fig in subsection <i>Malvanthera</i>, section <i>Stilpnophyllum</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>In a 2008 study on DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal <a href="/facts/Internal_transcribed_spacer/s1QsaLEv">internal</a> and <a href="/facts/External_transcribed_spacer/CBI8fQM7">external transcribed spacers</a>, Danish botanist <a href="/facts/Nina_R%25C3%25B8nsted/adbBdCWE">Nina Rønsted</a> and colleagues rejected previous subdivisions of the <i>Malvanthera</i>. Instead, they divided section <i>Malvanthera</i> into three subsections—<i>Malvantherae</i>, <i>Platypodeae,</i> and <i>Hesperidiiformes</i>. In this system, the Moreton Bay fig is in the subsection <i>Malvantherae</i>, along with <i><a href="/facts/Ficus_pleurocarpa/0BogrtrR">F. pleurocarpa</a></i>. The <i>Malvantherae</i> appear to be <a href="/facts/Basal_(phylogenetics)/JQPQXpYg">basal</a> (an early offshoot) to the group. <i>F. macrophylla</i> form <i>macrophylla</i> is native to mainland Australia, while form <i>columnaris</i> of <i>macrophylla</i> colonised Lord Howe Island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The section <i>Malvanthera</i> itself is thought to have evolved 41 million years ago and radiated around 35 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>The Moreton Bay fig is a native of eastern coastal Australia, from the <a href="/facts/Wide_Bay%25E2%2580%2593Burnett/cxBMBqcL">Wide Bay–Burnett</a> region in central Queensland,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> to the <a href="/facts/Shoalhaven_River/okebxkpp">Shoalhaven River</a> on the <a href="/facts/New_South_Wales/aW7eJXSS">New South Wales</a> south coast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> It is found in subtropical, warm temperate, and dry rainforest,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> where, as an <a href="/facts/Rainforest/IEY5TMEc">emergent</a> tree, its crown may tower above the canopy,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> particularly along watercourses on <a href="/facts/Alluvium/Bo78QRlp">alluvial</a> soils. In the Sydney region, <i>F. macrophylla</i> grows from sea level to 300 metres (980 feet) altitude, in areas with an average yearly rainfall of 1,200–1,800 mm (47–71 in).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>It often grows with trees such as white booyong (<i><a href="/facts/Argyrodendron_trifoliolatum/1rscMRSm">Argyrodendron trifoliolatum</a></i>), <i><a href="/facts/Flindersia/zWDNhPb7">Flindersia</a></i> species, giant stinging tree (<i><a href="/facts/Dendrocnide_excelsa/gFu1Nk1s">Dendrocnide excelsa</a></i>), lacebark (<i><a href="/facts/Brachychiton_discolor/rBF2SyDj">Brachychiton discolor</a></i>), red cedar (<i><a href="/facts/Toona_ciliata/k8CgJ1ME">Toona ciliata</a></i>), hoop pine (<i><a href="/facts/Araucaria_cunninghamii/7jyvzj4B">Araucaria cunninghamii</a></i>), green-leaved fig (<i><a href="/facts/Ficus_watkinsiana/QKBunhT9">Ficus watkinsiana</a></i>) and <i><a href="/facts/Cryptocarya_obovata/QYmqKpjK">Cryptocarya obovata</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The soils it grows on are high in nutrients and include Bumbo <a href="/facts/Latite/FQM1uGL8">Latite</a> and <a href="/facts/Budgong_Sandstone/6p0XnIPE">Budgong Sandstone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> As rainforests were cleared, isolated specimens were left standing in fields as remnant trees,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> valued for their shade and shelter for livestock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> One such tree was a landmark for and gave its name to the <a href="/facts/Wollongong/goCrtfVV">Wollongong</a> suburb of <a href="/facts/Figtree%2c_New_South_Wales/PLL8ksW7">Figtree</a> in New South Wales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>The huge numbers of fruit produced by the Moreton Bay fig make it a key source of food in the rainforest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> It is an important food to the <a href="/facts/Green_catbird/Y7fItub2">green catbird</a> (<i>Ailuroedus crassirostris</i>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> as well as fruit-eating pigeons such as the <a href="/facts/Wompoo_fruit-dove/95s3NBdH">wompoo fruit-dove</a> (<i>Ptilinopus magnificus</i>), and <a href="/facts/Topknot_pigeon/fN9hyvH7">topknot pigeon</a> (<i>Lopholaimus antarcticus</i>), and a sometime food of the <a href="/facts/Rose-crowned_fruit-dove/mPvHy1gR">rose-crowned fruit-dove</a> (<i>Ptilinopus regina</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Other bird species that eat the fruit include the <a href="/facts/Yellow-eyed_cuckoo-shrike/L1SaXT4o">yellow-eyed cuckoo-shrike</a> (<i>Coracina lineata</i>), <a href="/facts/Pied_currawong/KLfBPa6T">pied currawong</a> (<i>Strepera graculina</i>), <a href="/facts/Australasian_figbird/DaYIw6dV">Australasian figbird</a> (<i>Sphecotheres vieilloti</i>), <a href="/facts/Regent_bowerbird/Ht1WUBeY">Regent bowerbird</a> (<i>Sericulus chrysocephalus</i>), <a href="/facts/Satin_bowerbird/nrQsr8Es">satin bowerbird</a> (<i>Ptilonorhynchus violaceus</i>), and <a href="/facts/Lewin%2527s_honeyeater/Scb29NpH">Lewin's honeyeater</a> (<i>Meliphaga lewinii</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Megabats/a12Daucy">Fruit bats</a> such as the <a href="/facts/Grey-headed_flying-fox/CxvY1Iro">grey-headed flying-fox</a> (<i>Pteropus poliocephalus</i>) also feed on the fruit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> As well as the pollinating <a href="/facts/Fig_wasp/k5p38HlL">fig wasp</a>, <i><a href="/facts/Pleistodontes_froggatti/LjJTDofK">Pleistodontes froggatti</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Syconium/CQD4b0eD">syconia</a> of the Moreton Bay fig are host to several species of non-pollinating <a href="/facts/Chalcid_wasp/N9qTSdEU">chalcidoid wasps</a> including <i>Sycoscapter australis</i> (<a href="/facts/Pteromalidae/nRYRwT2V">Pteromalidae</a>), <i>Eukobelea hallami</i> (<a href="/facts/Sycophaginae/MIhYvuFc">Sycophaginae</a>), and <i>Meselatus</i> sp. (<a href="/facts/Epichrysomallinae/7E2ku8YY">Epichrysomallinae</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Nematode/yLMJ43Eu">nematode</a> species <i>Schistonchus macrophylla</i> and <i>Schistonchus altermacrophylla</i> are found in the syconia, where they parasitise <i>P. froggattii</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Thrips/FEW4Njc0">thrips</a> species <i>Gynaikothrips australis</i> feeds on the underside of new leaves of <i>F. macrophylla</i>, as well as those of <i>F. rubiginosa</i> and <i>F. obliqua</i>. As plant cells die, nearby cells are induced into forming <a href="/facts/Meristem/YlMKp2W5">meristem</a> tissue and a <a href="/facts/Gall/dd7TT4ke">gall</a> results and the leaves become distorted and curl over.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> The thrips begin feeding when the tree has flushes of new growth, and the life cycle is around six weeks. At other times, thrips reside on old leaves without feeding. The species pupates sheltered in the bark. The thrips remain in the galls at night and wander about in the daytime and return in the evening, possibly to different galls about the tree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>Stressed trees can also be attacked by <a href="/facts/Psyllids/S3xq46c5">psyllids</a> to the point of defoliation. Grubs hatch from eggs laid on the edges of leaves and burrow into the leaf to suck nutrients, the tree's latex shielding the insect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Caterpillars of the moth species <i>Lactura caminaea</i> (<a href="/facts/Lacturidae/3eceHfuo">Lacturidae</a>) can strip trees of their leaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> The tree is also a host for the <a href="/facts/Longhorn_beetle/vg2oUuah">longhorn beetle</a> (Cerambycidae) species <i>Agrianome spinicollis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> The fungal pathogen brown root rot (<i><a href="/facts/Phellinus_noxius/EKPD8XYX">Phellinus noxius</a></i>) has infected and killed this species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p> <h3>Reproduction and life span</h3> <p>Figs have an obligate <a href="/facts/Mutualism_(biology)/29hCDDS2">mutualism</a> with fig wasps (Agaonidae); figs are pollinated only by fig wasps, and fig wasps can reproduce only in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species to reproduce. The mainland and Lord Howe populations of the Moreton Bay fig are both pollinated by <i><a href="/facts/Pleistodontes_froggatti/LjJTDofK">Pleistodontes froggatti</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>As is the case with all figs, the fruit is an inverted <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">inflorescence</a> known as a <a href="/facts/Syconium/CQD4b0eD">syconium</a>, with tiny flowers arising from the inner surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> <i>Ficus macrophylla</i> is <a href="/facts/Plant_reproductive_morphology/Up20kQT3">monoecious</a>—both male and female flowers are found on the same plant, and, in fact, in the same fruit, although they mature at different times. Female wasps enter the syconium and lay eggs in the female flowers as they mature. These eggs later hatch and the progeny mate. The females of the new generation collect pollen from the male flowers, which have matured by this point, and leave to visit other syconia and repeat the process. A field study in Brisbane found that <i>F. macrophylla</i> trees often bore both male and female syconia at the same time—which could be beneficial for reproduction in small, isolated populations such as those on islands. The same study found that male phase syconia development persisted through the winter, showing that its wasp pollinator tolerated cooler weather than those of more tropical fig species. <i>F. macrophylla</i> itself can endure cooler climates than other fig species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> Moreton Bay fig trees live for over 100 years in the wild.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h3>Potentially invasive species</h3> <p><i>Ficus macrophylla</i> is commonly cultivated in <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a> and northern <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>. In both places, it has now <a href="/facts/Introduced_species/s0aHefyp">naturalised</a>, having acquired its pollinating wasp (<i>Pleistodontes froggatti</i>). In Hawaii, the wasp was deliberately introduced in 1921, and in New Zealand it was first recorded in 1993, having arrived by long-distance dispersal from Australia. The arrival of the wasp led to prolific production of fruits containing many small seeds adapted for dispersal by birds. The Moreton Bay fig has been found growing on both native and introduced trees in New Zealand and Hawaii. The size and vigour of this fig in New Zealand, and its lack of natural enemies, as well as its immunity to <a href="/facts/Common_brushtail_possum/FbGa4muP">possum</a> browsing, indicate that it may be able to invade forest and other native plant communities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> Occasional <a href="/facts/Garden_escape/s0aHefyp">garden escapees</a> have been recorded in Turkey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <p>The Moreton Bay fig has been widely used in public parks in frost-free areas, and was popular with early settlers of Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> Around the beginning of the 20th century, the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney, <a href="/facts/Joseph_Maiden/HayuWY0l">Joseph Maiden</a>, advocated the planting of street trees, generally uniform rows of the one species. He recommended Moreton Bay figs be spaced at 30 m (100 ft) intervals—far enough to avoid crowding as the trees matured, but close enough so that their branches would eventually interlock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> Specimens can reach massive proportions, and have thrived in drier climates; impressive specimen trees have been grown in the Waring Gardens in <a href="/facts/Deniliquin%2c_New_South_Wales/bLEEnG2u">Deniliquin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hay%2c_New_South_Wales/mYxm55Ht">Hay</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> They can withstand light frosts and can cope with salt-laden spray in coastal situations, and their fruit is beneficial for urban wildlife. However, their huge size precludes use in all but the largest gardens, and their roots are highly invasive and can damage piping and disrupt footpaths and roadways; the vast quantities of crushed fruit can be messy on the ground.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p><p>Especially due to their tendency for root buttressing, they are frequently seen as <a href="/facts/Bonsai/g4wLe7ak">bonsai</a>, although they are much more suited to larger styles as their large leaves do not reduce much in size and their stems have long intervals (internodal spaces) between successive leaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> It can be used as an indoor plant in medium to brightly lit indoor spaces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p> <h3>Notable specimens</h3> <p>Large specimens of Moreton Bay fig trees are found in many parks and properties throughout eastern and northeastern Australia. The <a href="/facts/Brisbane/DdUE1VPW">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/facts/Melbourne/EHY9YxI0">Melbourne</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sydney/8TegRcwB">Sydney</a> <a href="/facts/Botanical_gardens/dvg8YkRq">botanical gardens</a> contain numerous specimens planted in the middle of the 19th century. These trees are up to 35 metres (115 ft) tall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> At <a href="/facts/Mount_Keira/AH0QnYPE">Mount Keira</a>, near <a href="/facts/Wollongong/goCrtfVV">Wollongong</a> there is a Moreton Bay fig measured at 58 metres (190 ft) tall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> A notable tree in the Sydney suburb of <a href="/facts/Randwick/1m47F5Rt">Randwick</a>, the 150-year-old "Tree of Knowledge", was controversially cut down in 2016 to make way for the <a href="/facts/CBD_and_South_East_Light_Rail/5SX3T2FK">CBD and South East Light Rail</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> The thickest human-planted tree in Australia is a F. macrophylla in Western Australia which has a DBH (diameter at breast height) of 16 ft 8in (five meters).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> There are many large specimens in New Zealand. A Moreton Bay fig at <a href="/facts/Pahi_(Northland)/9GngCry0">Pahi</a> on the <a href="/facts/Kaipara_Harbour/nwru3UIS">Kaipara Harbour</a>, <a href="/facts/Northland_Region/KR4FHIgB">Northland</a>, was measured in 1984 as 26.5 metres (87 ft) high and 48.5 metres (159 ft) wide, and in 2011 had a girth of 14.8 metres (49 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <p>The Moreton Bay fig was introduced into cultivation into <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a> in the United States in the 1870s, 13 specimens being classified as Exceptional Trees of Los Angeles in 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Moreton_Bay_fig_(Balboa_Park)/Py3P7D3f">tallest <i>Ficus macrophylla</i> in North America</a> is adjacent to <a href="/facts/San_Diego/YFUP7gB9">San Diego</a>'s <a href="/facts/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum/w0PPhgwG">Natural History Museum</a> and was planted in 1914. By 1996 it stood 23.7 metres (78 ft) high and 37.4 metres (123 ft) across.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> The widest Moreton Bay fig in North America is <a href="/facts/Santa_Barbara%2527s_Moreton_Bay_Fig_Tree/yCTDXdYM">Santa Barbara's Moreton Bay Fig Tree</a>. It was planted in 1876, reportedly by a young girl who was given a seedling by an Australian sailor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> It measures 175 feet (53 m) across.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> The Aoyama Tree stands between the <a href="/facts/Japanese_American_National_Museum/wnIUT7kU">Japanese American National Museum</a> and the <a href="/facts/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art%2c_Los_Angeles/zyVLUHeR">Temporary Contemporary</a> in downtown Los Angeles. It was planted by Buddhist Japanese Americans in the early 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p> <p>Two South African specimens, in the <a href="/facts/Arderne_Gardens/3RsCUIEs">Arderne Gardens</a> in <a href="/facts/Claremont%2c_Cape_Town/Mjj9cEsS">Claremont</a> and the <a href="/facts/National_Zoological_Gardens_of_South_Africa/wGvhKHDH">Pretoria Zoo</a> respectively, have the widest and second-widest canopies of any single-stemmed trees in the country. The Pretoria specimen was planted before 1899, and was 27 metres (89 ft) tall with a canopy width of 43.1 metres (141 ft) by 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> There is a notable specimen sprawling on steps at the <a href="/facts/Botanical_Garden_of_the_University_of_Coimbra/XC8908Su">Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra</a>, Portugal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> <i>Ficus macrophylla</i> has been used in public spaces in Palermo in Sicily, with impressive specimens found in the Orto Botanico, the gardens of the Villa Garibaldi, Giardino Inglese, and in some squares.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>The soft light timber has a wavy texture and is used for cases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Aboriginal_Australians/DNAQ5z5m">Aboriginal people</a> traditionally use the fibres for fishing nets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> The fruits are edible and taste like other fig varieties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ficus_rubiginosa/u5Avo8IN">Ficus rubiginosa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ficus_benjamina/aEMaopQ7">Ficus benjamina</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ficus macrophylla. <ul><li><a href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=37613">"Ficus macrophylla"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Australian_Plant_Name_Index/wmCaWgst">Australian Plant Name Index</a> (APNI), IBIS database</i>. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Australian Encyclopedia, (1958 edition) Volume 5 page 369 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Nicholson, Nan and Huge (1991). Australian Rainforest Plants III. The Channon, N.S.W.: <published privately>. p. 29. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>The New Practical Reference Library. article "Banyan" (Kansas City, Mo: Roach-Fowler Publishing Company, 1912) page <unpaginated> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Condit, Ira. Ficus - The Exotic Species. Davis, California: University of California Press. pp. 124–125. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Starr, Forest; Starr, Kim; Loope, Lloyd (2003). "Ficus macrophylla – Moreton bay fig – Moraceae" (PDF). Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i: United States Geological Survey—Biological Resources Division. Retrieved 20 April 2018. <a href="http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/ficus_macrophylla.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/ficus_macrophylla.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. pp. 231–32. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3. <a href="978-0-9589436-7-3" target="_blank">978-0-9589436-7-3</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Holliday, Ivan (1989). A Field Guide to Australian Trees. Melbourne, Victoria: Hamlyn Australia. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-947334-08-6. <a href="978-0-947334-08-6" target="_blank">978-0-947334-08-6</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District: An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7318-1031-4. <a href="978-0-7318-1031-4" target="_blank">978-0-7318-1031-4</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Harden, Gwen J. "Ficus macrophylla Desf. ex Pers". New South Wales Flora online. NSW Herbarium. Retrieved 21 March 2018. <a href="http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Ficus~macrophylla" target="_blank">http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Ficus~macrophylla</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>anonymous (1912). New Practical Reference Library _ article "banyan". Kansas City: Robert W. Fowler, publisher. p. <unpaginated>. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Condit, Ira, "Ficus - The Exotic Species" Univ. of California page 115 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Starr, Forest; Starr, Kim; Loope, Lloyd (2003). "Ficus macrophylla – Moreton bay fig – Moraceae" (PDF). Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i: United States Geological Survey—Biological Resources Division. Retrieved 20 April 2018. <a href="http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/ficus_macrophylla.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/ficus_macrophylla.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District: An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7318-1031-4. <a href="978-0-7318-1031-4" target="_blank">978-0-7318-1031-4</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. pp. 231–32. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3. <a href="978-0-9589436-7-3" target="_blank">978-0-9589436-7-3</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. pp. 231–32. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3. <a href="978-0-9589436-7-3" target="_blank">978-0-9589436-7-3</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Dixon, Dale J. (2003). "A taxonomic revision of the Australian Ficus species in the section Malvanthera (Ficus subg. Urostigma: Moraceae)". Telopea. 10 (1): 125–53. doi:10.7751/telopea20035611. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242385833" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242385833</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1807). Synopsis plantarum, seu Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Paris, France: C.F. Cramerum. p. 609. <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/235943" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/235943</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Desfontaines, René Louiche (1804). Tableau de l'Ecole de Botanique du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). Vol. 1–2. p. 209. <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13714893" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13714893</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Dixon, Dale J. (2001). "Figs, wasps and species concepts: a re-evaluation of the infraspecific taxa of Ficus macrophylla (Moraceae: Urostigma sect. Malvanthera)". Australian Systematic Botany. 14 (1): 125–32. doi:10.1071/SB99026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-910207-5. <a href="978-0-19-910207-5" target="_blank">978-0-19-910207-5</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. pp. 231–32. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3. <a href="978-0-9589436-7-3" target="_blank">978-0-9589436-7-3</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Fici, Silvio; Raimondo, Francesco Maria (1996). "On the real identity of Ficus magnolioides". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 13 (2): 105–07. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00549.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Moore, Charles (1870). "Sketch of the botany of Lord Howe's Island". Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 10 (1–4): 365–71. doi:10.1080/03746607009468716. <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27155563" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27155563</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Dixon, Dale J. (2001). "Figs, wasps and species concepts: a re-evaluation of the infraspecific taxa of Ficus macrophylla (Moraceae: Urostigma sect. Malvanthera)". Australian Systematic Botany. 14 (1): 125–32. doi:10.1071/SB99026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Dixon, Dale J. (2003). "A taxonomic revision of the Australian Ficus species in the section Malvanthera (Ficus subg. Urostigma: Moraceae)". Telopea. 10 (1): 125–53. doi:10.7751/telopea20035611. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242385833" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242385833</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Fici, Silvio; Raimondo, Francesco Maria (1996). "On the real identity of Ficus magnolioides". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 13 (2): 105–07. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00549.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. pp. 231–32. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3. <a href="978-0-9589436-7-3" target="_blank">978-0-9589436-7-3</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Webber, Len (1991). Rainforest to Bonsai. East Roseville, New South Wales: Simon and Schuster. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7318-0237-1. <a href="978-0-7318-0237-1" target="_blank">978-0-7318-0237-1</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Frodin, David G. (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". Taxon. 53 (3): 753–76. doi:10.2307/4135449. JSTOR 4135449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Dixon, Dale J. (2003). "A taxonomic revision of the Australian Ficus species in the section Malvanthera (Ficus subg. Urostigma: Moraceae)". Telopea. 10 (1): 125–53. doi:10.7751/telopea20035611. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242385833" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242385833</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Clement, W. L.; Zerega, N. J. C.; Savolainen, V. (2008). "Reconstructing the phylogeny of figs (Ficus, Moraceae) to reveal the history of the fig pollination mutualism" (PDF). Symbiosis. 45 (1–3): 45–56. <a href="http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008a.pdf" target="_blank">http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008a.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Savolainen, V; Cook, James M. (2008). "Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology of Ficus section Malvanthera (Moraceae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (1): 12–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.005. PMID 18490180. <a href="http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008b.pdf" target="_blank">http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Dixon, Dale J. (2003). "A taxonomic revision of the Australian Ficus species in the section Malvanthera (Ficus subg. Urostigma: Moraceae)". Telopea. 10 (1): 125–53. doi:10.7751/telopea20035611. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242385833" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242385833</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Weiblen, G. D.; Clement, W. L. (2007). "Flora Malesiana. Series I. Volume 17 parts 1 & 2" (PDF). Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 64 (3): 431–37. doi:10.1017/S0960428607064311. <a href="http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/Weiblen&Clement2007.pdf" target="_blank">http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/Weiblen&Clement2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Savolainen, V; Cook, James M. (2008). "Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology of Ficus section Malvanthera (Moraceae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (1): 12–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.005. PMID 18490180. <a href="http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008b.pdf" target="_blank">http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Savolainen, V; Cook, James M. (2008). "Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology of Ficus section Malvanthera (Moraceae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (1): 12–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.005. PMID 18490180. <a href="http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008b.pdf" target="_blank">http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Clement, W. L.; Zerega, N. J. C.; Savolainen, V. (2008). "Reconstructing the phylogeny of figs (Ficus, Moraceae) to reveal the history of the fig pollination mutualism" (PDF). Symbiosis. 45 (1–3): 45–56. <a href="http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008a.pdf" target="_blank">http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/RonstedEtAl2008a.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Dixon, Dale J. (2001). "Figs, wasps and species concepts: a re-evaluation of the infraspecific taxa of Ficus macrophylla (Moraceae: Urostigma sect. Malvanthera)". Australian Systematic Botany. 14 (1): 125–32. doi:10.1071/SB99026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District: An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7318-1031-4. <a href="978-0-7318-1031-4" target="_blank">978-0-7318-1031-4</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Boland, Douglas J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. 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