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Quebracho tree
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<h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p>There are at least three similar commercially important tree species that grow in the <a href="/facts/Gran_Chaco/aPXkSllH">Gran Chaco</a> region of South America. </p> <ul><li>the quebracho <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Schinopsis_lorentzii/x6zGgAmR">Schinopsis lorentzii</a></i> (Syn.: <i>Schinopsis marginata</i> Engl., <i>Schinopsis haenkeana</i> Engl.); of the family <a href="/facts/Anacardiaceae/N2dz7N5m">Anacardiaceae</a>; North Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia; (the red quebracho, quebracho), <i>quebracho-colorado santiagueño</i>, <i>red quebracho santiagueño</i>, <i>quebracho santiagueño</i> (also known as <i>quebracho cor(o)nillo</i>, <i>cor(o)nillo</i>, <i>quebracho macho</i>, <i>quebracho negro</i> or <i>moro</i>, <i>quebracho rojo</i>, <i>quebracho bolí</i>, <i>horco quebracho</i>, <i>quebracho serrano</i>, <i>quebracho montano</i>, <i>quebracho crespo</i>, <i>quebracho del cerro</i>, <i>quebracho colorado de las sierras</i> o <i>del cerro</i> and <i>quebracho cordobés</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Schinopsis_balansae/eMBIRUDS">Schinopsis balansae</a></i>; of the same family; Northeast Argentina, West-Central Brazil, Paraguay; (the willow-leaf red quebracho, red quebracho) <i>quebracho-colorado chaqueño</i>, <i>red quebracho chaqueño</i>, <i>quebracho chaqueño</i>, <i>quebracho vermelho</i>, <i>quebracho vermelho chaqueño</i> (also known as <i>quebracho hembra or femea</i>, <i>quebracho santafesino</i>, <i>quebracho colorado santafesino</i>, <i>quebracho rubio</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Schinopsis_aff._heterophylla/2a6Y289H">Schinopsis aff. heterophylla</a></i> Ragonese & J.A.Castigl., the <i>quebracho mestizo</i> or <i>quebracho colorado mestizo</i>, <i>horco quebracho</i>; Northeast Argentina, Paraguay<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Schinopsis_brasiliensis/RPvQKWdF">Schinopsis brasiliensis</a></i> Engl., <i>brazil red quebracho</i>, <i>quebracho-colorado</i>, <i>quebracho crespo</i>; Brazil<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Schinopsis_cornuta/nWpbWMYy">Schinopsis cornuta</a></i> Loes., <i>horned red quebracho</i>, <i>quebracho-colorado</i>; Paraguay, Bolivia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li><i>Schinopsis peruviana</i>, <i>quebracho-colorado (boliviano)</i>; Peru</li> <li>the white quebracho or <i>quebracho blanco</i>, <i>quebracho amarillo</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Aspidosperma_quebracho-blanco/untC9Pju">Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco</a></i> of the family <a href="/facts/Apocynaceae/FAQmY5tB">Apocynaceae</a>; Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, West-Central Brazil</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Aspidosperma_triternatum/AAvcD4Xj">Aspidosperma triternatum</a></i> Rojas Acosta; North Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay; <i>quebracho blanco lagunero</i>, <i>quebracho blanco chico</i>, <i>quebrachillo blanco, chico or pardo</i> and <i>quebracho negro</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Aspidosperma_olivaceum/sscBThj5">Aspidosperma olivaceum</a></i> Müll.Arg.; Southeast Brazil; <i>quebracho blanco</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Aspidosperma_parvifolium/kgNK1WUB">Aspidosperma parvifolium</a></i> A.DC.; Venezuela; <i><a href="/facts/Aspidosperma_australe/utSDPgeT">Aspidosperma australe</a></i> Müll.Arg.; (quebracho amarillo)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Aspidosperma_tomentosum/TDs1Sz9F">Aspidosperma tomentosum</a></i> Mart.; Brazil; <i>quebracho</i>, <i>quebracho blanco moroti</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <p>These species provide tannin and a very hard, durable <a href="/facts/Timber/jJfdSlJ6">timber</a>. <i>Quebracho</i> is sometimes used as a commercial name for the tannin derived from the trees or their timber. </p><p>A further species, <i><a href="/facts/Jodina_rhombifolia/VRpF9Jrq">Jodina rhombifolia</a></i> (Syn. <i>Iodinia rhombifolia</i>, the <i>quebracho flojo</i> (the loose, soft quebracho) or <i>quebrachillo</i>, <i>quebrachillo flojo</i> and <i>sombra de toro</i>, <i>sombra de toro macho</i>, <i>quinchilin</i>, <i>quinchirin</i>, of the family <a href="/facts/Santalaceae/uXRH7N7C">Santalaceae</a>, is also sometimes mentioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Other species with less economic significance are also locally known as <i>quebracho</i> or as <i>quebrachillo</i> or <i>quebrachilla</i> and could be found in other areas of Latin America:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>Acanthosyris spinescens</i> (Mart. & Eichler) Griseb.; Santalaceae; Northeast Argentina, Uruguay, South Brazil;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <i>Acanthosyris falcata</i> Griseb.;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> (quebrachill(a)o, quebracho flojo, sombra de toro (hembra))</li> <li><i>Albizia carbonaria</i> Britton; <a href="/facts/Fabaceae/uxuHNdAr">Fabaceae</a>; El Salvador<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Astronium_fraxinifolium/JhrfvY7B">Astronium fraxinifolium</a></i> Schott; Anacardiaceae; N. Colombia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Athyana_weinmannifolia/9N5pIVoq">Athyana weinmannifolia</a></i> (Griseb.) Radlk.; <a href="/facts/Sapindaceae/TPlTCg7T">Sapindaceae</a>; (quebrachillo)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><i>Berberis ruscifolia</i> Lam.; <i>Berberis spinulosa</i> A.St.-Hil.; <a href="/facts/Berberidaceae/YKTnIWnP">Berberidaceae</a>; Argentina resp. Brazil (quebrachill(a)o)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Cojoba_arborea/TzE2tvUe">Cojoba arborea</a></i> (L.) Britton & Rose; Fabaceae; Nicaragua<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><i>Diatenopteryx sorbifolia</i> Radlk.; Sapindaceae; (quebrachillo, quebrachillo blanco)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><i>Diphysa americana</i> Benth.; <a href="/facts/Fabaceae/uxuHNdAr">Leguminosae</a>; Honduras; (quebracho de cerro)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Handroanthus_chrysanthus/l4wtT69C">Handroanthus chrysanthus</a></i> (Jacq.) S.O.Grose; <a href="/facts/Bignoniaceae/qDXuXBBP">Bignoniaceae</a>; Honduras, Guatemala; <i><a href="/facts/Handroanthus_impetiginosus/cce3dwSK">Handroanthus impetiginosus</a></i> (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Krugiodendron_ferreum/z39Vo9ys">Krugiodendron ferreum</a></i> Urban; <a href="/facts/Rhamnaceae/1lAyrg27">Rhamnaceae</a>; Cuba, Belize, Honduras; also (quiebraho, quiebrahacha); Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Belize</li> <li><i>Leptolobium elegans</i> Vogel; Fabaceae; Paraguay (quebracho negro)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Libidibia_paraguariensis/pfE2WTL1">Libidibia paraguariensis</a></i> (D.Parodi); Fabaceae; (quebracho negro)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><i>Lonchocarpus michelianus</i> Pittier; Leguminosae; Salvador<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><i>Lysiloma acapulcense</i> Benth.; Leguminosae; Honduras<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><i>Lysiloma auritum</i> (Schltdl.) Benth.; Leguminosae; Honduras, Nicaragua<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> (quebracho, quebracho azul)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Lysiloma_divaricatum/CReKueao">Lysiloma divaricatum</a></i> Steud.; Leguminosae; Salvador<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> (quebracho, quebracho azul)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Maytenus_magellanica/yfw1rVRg">Maytenus magellanica</a></i> (Lam.) Hook.f.; (quebracho, quebrachito), <i>Maytenus ilicifolia</i> (quebrachill(a)o)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Pentaclethra_macroloba/dDmmVEMm">Pentaclethra macroloba</a> </i> (Willd.) Kuntze; Fabaceae; Costa Rica)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Pleuranthodendron_lindenii/6Bntzbg0">Pleuranthodendron lindenii</a></i> (Turcz.) Sleumer; <a href="/facts/Salicaceae/TJDJl97R">Salicaceae</a>; Costa Rica (quebracho blanco)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><i>Piptadenia constricta</i> MacBride; Leguminosae; Salvador<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Poeppigia_procera/ko5GEcBc">Poeppigia procera</a></i> Presl.; Leguminosae; Salvador (quebracho blanco)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li><i>Sloanea jamaicensis</i> Hook.; <a href="/facts/Elaeocarpaceae/lTcjk3Ta">Elaeocarpaceae</a>; Jamaica<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><i>Thouinia striata</i> Radlk.; Sapindaceae; Puerto Rico<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Tipuana_tipu/t0QFqlIn">Tipuana tipu</a></i> (Benth.) Kuntze; Fabaceae; (quebracho blanco alto)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><i>Weinmannia organensis</i> Gardner; <a href="/facts/Cunoniaceae/8eu550dw">Cunoniaceae</a>; (quebracho crespo)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li></ul> <p>as false quebracho or <i>quebracho falso</i> </p> <ul><li><i>Qualea cordata</i> Spreng.; <a href="/facts/Vochysiaceae/DMHbG02s">Vochysiaceae</a>; Paraguay, Brazil<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="wood">Wood</h2> <p>Quebracho wood from <i>Schinopsis spp</i> is red-colored and very hard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Other names for the wood are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Quebracho chaqueño - Argentina</li> <li>Quebracho colorado - Argentina</li> <li>Quebracho macho - Argentina</li> <li>Quebracho moro - Argentina</li> <li>Quebracho negro - Argentina</li> <li>Quebracho santiagueño - Argentina</li> <li>Barauna - Brazil</li> <li>Brauna - Brazil</li> <li>Quebracho colorado - Brazil</li> <li>Quebracho hembra - Brazil</li> <li>Quebracho cornillo (= <i>Schinopsis lorentzii</i>) - Brazil</li> <li>Quebracho femea (= <i>S. balansae</i>) - Brazil</li> <li>Quebracho rubio - Paraguay</li> <li>Soto negro - Paraguay</li></ul> <h2 id="tannins">Tannins</h2> <p>Quebracho produces <a href="/facts/Tannin/vKIvHoTX">tannins</a> that can be extracted in <i>quebracho sawmills</i> from the heartwood of both red (<i><a href="/facts/Schinopsis_lorentzii/x6zGgAmR">Schinopsis lorentzii</a></i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> and white quebracho (<i><a href="/facts/Aspidosperma_quebracho-blanco/untC9Pju">Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco</a></i>). Logs are inserted into <a href="/facts/Plane_(tool)/ctmkKcqJ">planers</a> to produce chips that are used to produce the quebracho extract by boiling them in vats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> It is used for fine leather tanning and imparts a red-brown color. Ordinary or warm soluble quebracho (also known as insoluble Quebracho) is the natural extract obtained directly from the quebracho wood. This type of extract is rich in condensed tannins of natural high molecular weight (<a href="/facts/Phlobaphene/VWGTLctw">phlobaphenes</a>), which are not easily soluble. Its use is therefore limited to addition of small amounts during the process of tanning leather intended for shoe soles in hot liquids (temperature above 35 °C) to improve the yield and the water-proofness of the leather. The cold soluble extracts are obtained by subjecting the ordinary extract to a <a href="/facts/Sulfite_process/edJVxor2">sulphiting process</a> which transforms the phlobaphenes into completely soluble tannins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The cold soluble quebracho extracts are the most universally known and used types. The chemical structure of these extracts can be described as polymers of <a href="/facts/Catechin/EaYR3n8G">epicatechin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The main properties of these extracts are: a very rapid penetration, a high tannin content and a relatively low percentage of non-tannins. The rather low acid and medium salt content characterise them as mild tanning extracts (low astringency). Quebracho tannins give an important added value to the quality of leathers, such as vacchetta, belts and garments, making them more compact and tear resistant with a pleasant touch. The sulphited quebracho extract may be carcinogenous in mice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Other recent studies show that quebracho tannins present a strong anti-mutagenic activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The heartwood contains from 20 to 30 percent tannin and 3 or 4 percent water-soluble nontannin. It is said to not ferment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>According to King and White (1957), the <a href="/facts/Hydrolysable_tannin/Cefawy8S">hydrolysable tannins</a> and <a href="/facts/Gallic_acid/PJLYqGrG">gallic acid</a> found in the <a href="/facts/Sapwood_(wood)/z13NpHPl">sapwood</a> constitute the raw material for the biosynthesis of the <a href="/facts/Condensed_tannin/t4sPgWPw">condensed tannins</a> found in the <a href="/facts/Heartwood/z13NpHPl">heartwood</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Fustin/GszVzr9S">Fustin</a> (predominantly (-)-Fustin 66%), (-)-7:3':4'-trihydroxyflavan-3:4-diol ((-)-<a href="/facts/Leuco-fisetinidin/2smqe7FM">leuco-fisetinidin</a>), (+)-<a href="/facts/Catechin/EaYR3n8G">catechin</a>, gallic acid, <a href="/facts/Fisetin/2P31nfTU">fisetin</a> and 2-benzyl-2-hydroxycoumaran-3-ones have been isolated from the heartwoods of <i><a href="/facts/Schinopsis_balansae/eMBIRUDS">Schinopsis balansae</a></i>, <i>Schinopsis quebrachocolorado</i> and from commercial quebracho extract.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Quebracho tannin is rich in <a href="/facts/Profisetinidin/rIs0fVdW">profisetinidins</a> and <a href="/facts/Prorobinetidin/d1wAEq0g">prorobinetidins</a>. The expected masses found in mass spectrometry in negative mode in quebracho tannin are 289, 561, 833, 951, 1105, 1377, 1393, 1651 and 1667. In Quebracho colorado, the sugars and the <a href="/facts/Lignin/CdaxpB3b">lignins</a> are thought to be covalently linked to the condensed tannins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p><p>Quebracho tannin is also sold as an <a href="/facts/Enological_tannin/aAnro4Va">enological tannin</a>. The quebracho tannins structure is very similar to that of grape tannins, making them a desirable alternative to consider comparatively because they are much less expensive to produce than grape tannins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Myo-inositol/FVon023Q">Myo-inositol</a> and <a href="/facts/Arabitol/utWKCvI3">arabitol</a> are detected in tannins from quebracho.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>Researches are being made to develop an eco-friendly anti-<a href="/facts/Biofouling/LmkrjvN2">biofouling</a> paint from quebracho tannin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Tannic_acid/BhV9sSYY">tannic acid</a>, in the form of alkalized salts, was extensively used as a <a href="/facts/Deflocculant/dNLUAP4o">deflocculant</a> in <a href="/facts/Drilling_mud/B8fWCc74">drilling muds</a> in 1940s-1950s, until it was replaced with <a href="/facts/Lignosulfonates/dsx5r3sD">lignosulfonates</a>. Its red color gave the mixture the name <i>red mud</i>. </p><p>Quebracho tannin acts as flocculant agent to remove surfactant as <a href="/facts/Sodium_dodecylbenzenesulfonate/kPzkb09u">sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate</a> in water treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p><p>For its polyphenolic structure, quebracho tannin is widely studied for <a href="/facts/Particle_boards/rEDzHwrh">particle boards</a>, <a href="/facts/Plywood/eM5WFvER">plywood</a> and <a href="/facts/Fiber_board/0E6nXwKD">fiber board</a> gluing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>The Argentine companies <a href="/facts/Unit%C3%A1n/xWeM4Fnq">Unitán</a> and <a href="/facts/Silvateam/ehNd0aXf">Silvateam</a> are the main leaders in quebracho tannins production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="quebracho-exploitation">Quebracho exploitation</h2> <p>The tanning properties of quebracho extracts were discovered in 1867 by a French tanner, Emilio Poisier, who lived in Argentina. By 1895, the quebracho extracts were exported to Europe and became the principal vegetal tannin source in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> Amongst other activities <a href="/facts/Ernesto_Tornquist/EcS5QbPv">Ernesto Tornquist</a> (1842–1908) organised the exploitation of quebracho in <a href="/facts/Santiago_del_Estero/KszKRv1X">Santiago del Estero</a>, in the Chaco region. Originally a dry forest area, the abundance of quebracho attracted timber industries of British capital during the 19th century, leading to extensive <a href="/facts/Deforestation/L1TNhN9p">deforestation</a>. This devastated the ecosystem in a relatively short time. The private owners of the Chaco then turned to cotton production, employing the local <a href="/facts/Toba_people/3SezuEnE">Toba people</a> as a cheap seasonal workforce; the conditions did not change substantially for decades. </p><p>The British-owned <a href="/facts/Central_Argentine_Railway/3rwBf0vx">Central Argentine Railway</a> reached the city of Santiago del Estero in 1884 and the trees were exported via <a href="/facts/San_Lorenzo-Puerto_General_San_Mart%C3%ADn_Port_Complex/6laFlPqt">San Lorenzo port</a>. </p> <h2 id="barbeque">Barbeque</h2> <p>The quebracho tree is also used to produce hard wood barbecue charcoal. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <p>Pictures on flickr </p> <ul><li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ostrosky/741684699/">Image of a truck carrying quebracho tree trunks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/88679735@N00/482674653">Image of a chopped down tree</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"breakax". Dictionary by Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 16 March 2023. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breakax" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breakax</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Luna C.: El género Schinopsis Engl. sobreviviente de la familia Anacardiaceae en el Gran Chaco Argentino: distribución, usos e importancia forestal. In: Xilema. Vol.25(1), 2012, online (PDF; 1 MB). <a href="http://revistas.lamolina.edu.pe/index.php/xiu/article/download/646/630" target="_blank">http://revistas.lamolina.edu.pe/index.php/xiu/article/download/646/630</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>von Fischer-Treuenfeld R.: Paraguay in Word und Bild. Zweite Auflage, Mittler, 1906, p. 38, Quebracho tree at the Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/paraguayinwortun00fisc#page/n38/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/paraguayinwortun00fisc#page/n38/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>American Druggist. XV, No. 4, 142, 1886, p. 78 f, online on babel.hathitrust.org. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Kryn, Jeannette M. (1954). "Information leaflet foreign woods" (PDF). <a href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf" target="_blank">http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>American Druggist. XV, No. 4, 142, 1886, p. 78 f, online on babel.hathitrust.org. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Chebez J.C., Mariche M.: Nuestros arboles. Edit. Albatros, 2010, ISBN 978-950-24-1309-9, p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Grossmann J.: Gewerbekunde der Holzbearbeitung: Das Holz als Rohstoff. Zweite Auflage, Springer, 1922, ISBN 978-3-663-15395-5 (Reprint), p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Wiersema J.H., León B.: World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. Second Edition, CRC Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4665-7681-0, p. 337, 1106 f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Wiersema J.H., León B.: World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. Second Edition, CRC Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4665-7681-0, p. 337, 1106 f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Sapindaceae. In: Flora Argentina. online (PDF). <a href="http://www.floraargentina.edu.ar/publicaciones/SAPINDACEAE.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.floraargentina.edu.ar/publicaciones/SAPINDACEAE.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>American Druggist. XV, No. 4, 142, 1886, p. 78 f, online on babel.hathitrust.org. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Sapindaceae. In: Flora Argentina. online (PDF). <a href="http://www.floraargentina.edu.ar/publicaciones/SAPINDACEAE.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.floraargentina.edu.ar/publicaciones/SAPINDACEAE.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Grandtner M.M.: Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees. Volume 1: North America, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN 0-444-51784-7, pp. 315, 495, 619, 676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Wiersema J.H., León B.: World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. Second Edition, CRC Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4665-7681-0, p. 337, 1106 f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Standley P.C., Calderón S.: Flora salvadoreña: lista preliminar de plantas de El Salvador. Impr. Nacional, 1941, p. 146. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Kryn, Jeannette M. (1954). "Information leaflet foreign woods" (PDF). <a href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf" target="_blank">http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Grandtner M.M.: Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees. Volume 1: North America, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN 0-444-51784-7, pp. 315, 495, 619, 676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Kryn, Jeannette M. (1954). "Information leaflet foreign woods" (PDF). <a href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf" target="_blank">http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>American Druggist. XV, No. 4, 142, 1886, p. 78 f, online on babel.hathitrust.org. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Grandtner M.M.: Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees. Volume 1: North America, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN 0-444-51784-7, pp. 315, 495, 619, 676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Grandtner M.M.: Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees. Volume 1: North America, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN 0-444-51784-7, pp. 315, 495, 619, 676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Kryn, Jeannette M. (1954). "Information leaflet foreign woods" (PDF). <a href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf" target="_blank">http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Quiros-Moran D.: Guide to Afro-Cuban Herbalism. AuthorHouse, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4389-8097-3, p. 502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.: Timbers of tropical America. Yale University Press, 1924, p. 405. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Grossmann J.: Gewerbekunde der Holzbearbeitung: Das Holz als Rohstoff. Zweite Auflage, Springer, 1922, ISBN 978-3-663-15395-5 (Reprint), p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>American Druggist. XV, No. 4, 142, 1886, p. 78 f, online on babel.hathitrust.org. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2.4 MB). <a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567" target="_blank">https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"Quebracho". Woodfinder. <a href="http://www.woodfinder.com/woods/quebracho.php" target="_blank">http://www.woodfinder.com/woods/quebracho.php</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Kryn, Jeannette M. (1954). "Information leaflet foreign woods" (PDF). <a href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf" target="_blank">http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Kirby, KS; White, T (1955). "Minor constituents of Quebracho tannin extract". The Biochemical Journal. 60 (4): 582–90. doi:10.1042/bj0600582. PMC 1216156. PMID 13249952. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216156" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216156</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Quebracho on factopia.com <a href="http://factopia.com/q/quebracho_aiton.html" target="_blank">http://factopia.com/q/quebracho_aiton.html</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Improvements in the manufacture and production of readily soluble tanning extracts and agents. Patent specification. Johnsons & Willcox, 1921. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Pasch, H.; Pizzi, A.; Rode, K. (2001). "MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry of polyflavonoid tannins". Polymer. 42 (18): 7531–7539. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00216-6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Kirby, KS (1960). "Induction of tumours by tannin extracts". British Journal of Cancer. 14 (1): 147–50. doi:10.1038/bjc.1960.17. PMC 2074141. PMID 14409278. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2074141" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2074141</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Marín-Martinez, Raúl; Veloz-García, Rafael; Veloz-Rodríguez, Rafael; Guzmán-Maldonado, Salvador H.; Loarca-Pina, Guadalupe; Cardador-Martinez, Anabertha; Guevara-Olvera, Lorenzo; Miranda-López, Rita; et al. (2009). "Antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of quebracho phenolics (Schinopsis balansae) recovered from tannery wastewaters". Bioresource Technology. 100 (1): 434–9. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.029. PMID 18614361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Kryn, Jeannette M. (1954). "Information leaflet foreign woods" (PDF). <a href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf" target="_blank">http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Streit, Werner; Fengel, Dietrich (1994). "On the Changes of the Extractive Composition During Heartwood Formation in Quebracho colorado (Schinopsis balansae Engl.)". Holzforschung. 48: 15–20. doi:10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.s1.15. S2CID 97838928. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Roux, DG; Evelyn, SR (1958). "Condensed tannins. 2. Biogenesis of condensed tannins based on leucoanthocyanins". The Biochemical Journal. 70 (2): 344–9. doi:10.1042/bj0700344. PMC 1196676. PMID 16748787. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1196676" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1196676</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Streit, W.; Fengel, D. (1994). "Purified tannins from quebracho colorado". Phytochemistry. 36 (2): 481–4. Bibcode:1994PChem..36..481S. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97100-0. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Enological Tannins and Their Use in Wine on www.vinquiry.com[unreliable source?] Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.sonic.net/~vinquiry/pdf/Tannin%20article-%20Part%201-%20Final-%20SK.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.sonic.net/~vinquiry/pdf/Tannin%20article-%20Part%201-%20Final-%20SK.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Sanz, M. Luz; Martínez-Castro, Isabel; Moreno-Arribas, M. Victoria (2008). "Identification of the origin of commercial enological tannins by the analysis of monosaccharides and polyalcohols". Food Chemistry. 111 (3): 778–783. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.050. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Pérez, Miriam; García, Mónica; Blustein, Guillermo; Stupak, Mirta (2007). "Tannin and tannate from the quebracho tree: An eco-friendly alternative for controlling marine biofouling". Biofouling. 23 (3): 151–159. Bibcode:2007Biofo..23..151P. doi:10.1080/08927010701189484. hdl:11336/95483. PMID 17653926. S2CID 29869562. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Beltrán-Heredia, J.; Sánchez-Martín, J.; Frutos-Blanco, G. (2009). "Schinopsis balansae tannin-based flocculant in removing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate". Separation and Purification Technology. 67 (3): 295–303. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2009.03.039. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Pizzi, A.; Mittal, K. L., eds. (2003). Handbook of adhesive technology (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 273–87. 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