Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
United Airlines Flight 93
9/11 hijacked passenger flight

United Airlines Flight 93, a passenger flight hijacked by four al-Qaeda terrorists on September 11, 2001, was part of the September 11 attacks. The hijackers intended to crash it into a government building in Washington, D.C., possibly the U.S. Capitol Building, but passengers fought back, causing the plane to crash in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, killing everyone aboard but preventing the terrorist attack. The Boeing 757-200 was flying United Airlines' scheduled flight from Newark International Airport to San Francisco International Airport. The Flight 93 National Memorial now honors the passengers' bravery and sacrifice.

Hijackers

The hijacking of Flight 93 was led by Ziad Jarrah, a member of al-Qaeda.6 He was born in Lebanon to a wealthy and secular Muslim family.7 He intended to become a pilot and moved to Germany in 1996, enrolling at the University of Greifswald to study German.8 A year later, he moved to Hamburg and began studying aeronautical engineering at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences.9 In Hamburg, Jarrah became a devout Muslim and associated with the radical Hamburg cell.1011

In November 1999, Jarrah left Hamburg for Afghanistan, where he spent three months.12 While there, he met with al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in January 2000.13 Jarrah returned to Hamburg at the end of January and in February obtained a new passport containing no stamped records of his travels by reporting his passport as stolen.1415

In May, Jarrah received a visa from the U.S. Embassy in Berlin,16 arriving in Florida in June 2000. There, he began taking flying lessons and training in hand-to-hand combat.1718 Jarrah maintained contact with his girlfriend in Germany and with his family in Lebanon in the months preceding the attacks.19 This close contact upset Mohamed Atta, the tactical leader of the plot, and al-Qaeda planners may have considered another operative, Zacarias Moussaoui, to replace him if he had backed out.20

Four "muscle" hijackers were trained to storm the cockpit and overpower the crew, and three accompanied Jarrah on Flight 93. The first, Ahmed al-Nami, arrived in Miami, Florida, on May 28, 2001, on a six-month tourist visa with United Airlines Flight 175 hijackers Hamza al-Ghamdi and Mohand al-Shehri. The second, Ahmed al-Haznawi, arrived in Miami on June 8 with Flight 11 hijacker Wail al-Shehri. The third, Saeed al-Ghamdi, arrived in Orlando, Florida, on June 27 with Flight 175 hijacker Fayez Banihammad.21 Ziad Jarrah's and Saeed al-Ghamdi's passports were recovered from the Flight 93 crash site.22 Jarrah's family said he had been an "innocent passenger" on board the flight.23

Al-Qaeda had intended for the attacks to be carried out by four teams of five men each, but only 19 terrorists were able to participate when the day came. The missing 20th was Mohammed al-Qahtani, who flew into Orlando from Dubai on August 3, 2001, intending to board Flight 93 as its fifth hijacker on September 11.24: 28  He was questioned by officials, who were dubious that he could support himself with only $2,800 cash to his name, and suspicious that he planned to become an illegal immigrant as he was using a one-way ticket. He was sent back to Dubai, and subsequently returned to Saudi Arabia.25

Flight

The aircraft involved in the hijacking was a Boeing 757-222, registration N591UA delivered to United Airlines in 1996.262728 The airplane had a capacity of 182 passengers; the September 11 flight carried 37 passengers, including the four terrorists, and seven crew members, a load factor of 20 percent, considerably below the 52 percent average Tuesday load factor for Flight 93.29 The seven crew members were Captain Jason Dahl (43), First Officer LeRoy Homer Jr. (36), flight attendants Lorraine Bay, Sandra Bradshaw, Wanda Green, CeeCee Lyles, and purser Deborah Welsh.30

Boarding

At 5:01 a.m. on the morning of September 11, Jarrah placed a cell phone call from Newark to Marwan al-Shehhi, the hijacker pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, in Boston, which authorities believe was to confirm that the plan for the attacks was proceeding.31 While al-Shehhi is known to have also communicated with American Airlines Flight 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta on the morning of the attacks for the same reason he spoke to Jarrah,32 a similar correspondence did not take place between Jarrah and Hani Hanjour, the hijacker pilot of American Airlines Flight 77, with which the hijacking of Flight 93 was to be executed in tandem.33 The four hijackers checked in for the flight between 07:03 and 07:39 Eastern Time.34 At 07:03, Ghamdi checked in without any luggage while Nami checked in two bags.35 At 07:24, Haznawi checked in one bag and at 07:39, Jarrah checked in without any luggage. Haznawi was the only hijacker selected for extra scrutiny by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS).36 His checked bag underwent extra screening for explosives, with no extra scrutiny required by CAPPS at the passenger-security checkpoint.37 None of the security checkpoint personnel reported anything unusual about the hijackers.3839

Haznawi and Ghamdi boarded the aircraft at 07:39 and sat in first class seats 6B and 3D respectively. Nami boarded one minute later and sat in first class seat 3C. Before boarding the plane, Jarrah made five telephone calls to Lebanon, one to France, and one to his girlfriend in Germany; he had sent a farewell letter the day before to say he loved her.4041 He boarded at 07:48 and sat in seat 1B.4243 Many of those aboard Flight 93 would have had a view of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City, located several miles away across the Hudson River. The aircraft was scheduled to depart at 08:00 and pushed back from gate A17 at 08:01.44 It remained delayed on the ground until 08:42 because of heavy airport congestion.45

Hijack warnings issued

The three other hijacked flights all departed within fifteen minutes of their scheduled times. By the time Flight 93 became airborne, Flight 11 was within four minutes of crashing into the North Tower and Flight 175 was being hijacked. The terrorists aboard Flight 77 had not yet made their move, but were nine minutes away from storming the cockpit.46 By 09:02, less than a minute before Flight 175 hit the South Tower, Flight 93 reached its cruising altitude of 35,000 feet (11,000 m).47

With the attacks unfolding, air traffic officials began issuing warnings through the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). Ed Ballinger, the United flight dispatcher, began sending text cockpit warnings to United Airlines flights at 09:19, sixteen minutes after Flight 175's impact. Ballinger was responsible for multiple flights, and he sent the message to Flight 93 at 09:23. Ballinger received a routine ACARS message from Flight 93 at 09:21.48 At 9:22, after learning of the events at the World Trade Center, LeRoy Homer's wife, Melody Homer, had an ACARS message sent to her husband in the cockpit asking if he was all right.49 At 09:24, Flight 93 received Ballinger's ACARS warning, "Beware any cockpit intrusion – two a/c [aircraft] hit World Trade Center".50 At 9:26, pilot Jason Dahl, apparently puzzled by the message, responded, "Ed, confirm latest mssg plz -- Jason".51 At 09:27:25, the flight crew responded to routine radio traffic from air traffic control. This was the last communication made by the flight crew before the plane was hijacked.52

Hijacking

The cockpit was breached at 09:28,53 by which point Flights 11 and 175 had long since crashed into the World Trade Center; the North Tower had been burning for nearly 42 minutes and the South Tower for 25 minutes. The only other plane still in the air, Flight 77, was within nine minutes of striking the Pentagon. The hijackers on those flights had waited no more than half an hour to commandeer the aircraft, most likely striking after the seat belt sign had been turned off and cabin service had begun.54 It is unknown why the hijackers on Flight 93 waited 46 minutes to storm the cockpit. The evidence is that they attacked the pilots by at least 09:28:05, because the flight dived dramatically at that point – roughly 685 feet in thirty seconds.55

Cockpit transmissions and recordings

At 09:28:17, ATC employees at Cleveland and the pilots of aircraft in Flight 93's vicinity picked up on "unintelligible sounds of possible screaming or a struggle".56 A Cleveland air traffic controller replied, "Somebody call Cleveland?" but received no response.57 Thirty-five seconds later, the aircraft made another transmission. In both calls, a man was shouting, "Mayday! Mayday! Get out of here! We're all gonna die here!"58 When Melody Homer and Sandy Dahl, both pilots' widows, listened to the tape, Melody identified First Officer LeRoy Homer as the man who was shouting.59606162: 153 

The aircraft dropped 685 feet (209 m) in thirty seconds before the hijackers stabilized it. On the morning of September 11, Flight 93 was the only hijacked aircraft to broadcast a distress call. It is likely that because the pilots had been made aware of the suicide attacks on the World Trade Center and to be on alert for cockpit intrusion, when they came under attack, they keyed the microphone so the struggle might be overheard by controllers on the ground. Cleveland Center air traffic controller John Werth believed it was not just a call for help but a warning.63: 81–82 

The exact time at which Flight 93 came under the hijackers' control cannot be determined. Officials believe that at around 09:28, the hijackers killed Mark Rothenberg,64 assaulted the cockpit, and moved the remaining passengers and crew to the rear of the plane to minimize any chance that either the crew or the passengers would interfere with the attack.65 With many passengers saying in phone calls that they saw only three hijackers, the 9/11 Commission believed Jarrah remained seated until after the cockpit was seized and passengers were moved to the back of the aircraft and then took over the flight controls out of sight of the passengers.66

The cockpit voice recorder began recording the final thirty minutes of Flight 93 at 09:31:57.67 At this moment, it recorded Jarrah announcing, "Ladies and gentlemen: here the captain. [sic] Please sit down, keep remaining seating. [sic] We have a bomb on board. So sit."68 The commission believed Jarrah tried to make an announcement to the passengers, but pressed the wrong button, sending the message to Cleveland controllers; Mohamed Atta had made the same error on Flight 11.69 The controller understood the transmission, but responded, "Calling Cleveland center, you're unreadable. Say again, slowly."70

The flight recordings indicate that a wounded man, believed to be Dahl, was moaning in the cockpit.71 The man pleaded, "No more," or "No," repeatedly, as the hijackers shouted for him to sit down and to stop touching something.72 Sandy believes that Dahl took actions to interfere with the hijackers, including possibly disengaging the autopilot, and rerouting the plane's radio frequency so that Jarrah's attempts to communicate with the passengers were instead transmitted to air traffic controllers.7374 A woman, thought to be first-class flight attendant Debbie Welsh, is heard being held captive in the background and is heard struggling with the hijackers and pleading, "Please, please, don't hurt me."75 Jarrah instructed the autopilot to turn the plane and head east at 09:35:09.76 The aircraft ascended to 40,700 feet (12,400 m) and air traffic controllers immediately moved several aircraft out of Flight 93's flightpath.77 The woman in the cockpit is heard to say, "I don't want to die, I don't want to die" before being killed or otherwise silenced, followed by one of the hijackers saying in Arabic, "Everything is fine. I finished."78

At 09:39, two minutes after Flight 77 impacted the Pentagon, air traffic controllers overheard Jarrah say, "Ah, here's the captain: [sic] I would like you all to remain seated. We have a bomb aboard, and we are going back to the airport, and we have our demands. So please remain quiet."7980 Air traffic controllers did not hear from the flight again. According to the commission, the hijackers could have learned of the successful attacks on the World Trade Center from messages being sent by United Airlines to the cockpits of its transcontinental flights, including Flight 93, warning of cockpit intrusion and telling of the New York attacks.81

In the cockpit, the wounded man continued to moan and seemingly repeatedly disengaged the autopilot,82 as at 09:40, there were horn sounds that indicated the hijackers were having trouble with the autopilot and were fiddling with a green knob. "This green knob?" one of the hijackers asks the other in Arabic. Another hijacker responded, "Yes, that's the one."83 At 09:41:56, the wounded man, in a moaning tone, said, "Oh, man!".84: 96  As the man continued moaning, the hijackers were heard to say "Inform them, and tell him to talk to the pilot; bring the pilot back". As the moaning man was thought to be Dahl, the hijackers might have possibly been referring to Homer, suggesting he was also still alive.85868788: 96  A United employee in San Francisco sent an ACARS message to the flight at 09:46, "Heard report of incident. Plz confirm all is normal."89

Passenger and crew phone calls

Passengers and crew began making phone calls to officials and family members starting at 09:30 using GTE airphones and mobile phones. Altogether, the passengers and crew made 35 airphone calls and two cell phone calls from the flight.90 Ten passengers and two crew members were able to connect, providing information to family, friends, and others on the ground.91

Tom Burnett made several phone calls to his wife, Deena, beginning at 09:30:32 from rows 24 and 25, though he was assigned a seat in row 4.9293 Burnett explained that the plane had been hijacked by men claiming to have a bomb. He also said a passenger had been stabbed with a knife and that he believed the bomb threat was a ruse to control the passengers.94 Burnett said the stabbed passenger was dead, having failed to exhibit signs of a pulse.95 The true nature of the mission came to light only six minutes after the hijacking commenced, when Burnett's wife informed him of the attacks on the World Trade Center. From there, Burnett was quickly able to piece together the hijackers' true intentions, replying that he had overheard the hijackers talking about "crashing this plane..." before arriving at the shocked conclusion: "Oh, my God. It's a suicide mission." He began asking her for information about the attacks, interrupting her from time to time to tell other passengers nearby what she was saying. He then hung up.96 In his next call, Deena informed Burnett of the attack on the Pentagon. Burnett relayed this to the other passengers, and told Deena he and a group of other passengers were putting together a plan to take control of the plane.97 He ended his last call by saying, "Don't worry, we're going to do something."9899 An unknown flight attendant attempted to contact the United Airlines maintenance facility at 09:32:29. The call lasted 95 seconds, but was not received as it may have been in queue.100 Flight attendant Sandra Bradshaw called the maintenance facility at 09:35:40 from row 33.101 She reported the flight had been hijacked by men with knives who were in the cabin and flight deck and had stabbed another flight attendant, possibly Debbie Welsh.102

It is believed that the murdered passenger mentioned by Burnett was Mark Rothenberg.103 Rothenberg was the only first class passenger who did not make a phone call after the hijacking. He was seated in 5B, and Haznawi sat directly behind him in 6B. On Flight 11, Satam al-Suqami, in seat 10B, attacked passenger Daniel Lewin, who was seated directly in front of him in 9B. One assumption is that Haznawi attacked Rothenberg, unprovoked, to frighten other passengers and crew into compliance. Alternatively, Rothenberg may have attempted to stop the hijacking and confront the hijackers.104: 153–154 

Mark Bingham called his mother at 09:37:03 from row 25. He reported that the plane had been hijacked by three men who claimed to have a bomb.105 Jeremy Glick called his wife at 09:37:41 from row 27 and told her the flight was hijacked by three dark-skinned men who looked "Iranian", wearing red bandanas and wielding knives.106107 Glick remained connected until the end of the flight.108 He reported that the passengers voted whether to "rush" the hijackers.109 The United air traffic control coordinator for West Coast flights, Alessandro "Sandy" Rogers, alerted the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Herndon Command Center in Herndon, Virginia, that Flight 93 was not responding and was off course. A minute later, the transponder was turned off, but the Cleveland controller continued to monitor the flight on primary radar.110 The Herndon Center relayed information on Flight 93 to FAA headquarters. Joseph DeLuca called his father at 09:43:03 from row 26 to inform him the flight had been hijacked.

Passenger Lauren Grandcolas called her husband twice, once before takeoff and once during the hijacking at 09:39:21. He missed both her calls. Grandcolas made 7 more calls in the next 4 minutes,111: 90  then lent her phone to Marion Britton.112: 240 

Todd Beamer attempted to call his wife from row 32 at 09:43:48, but was routed to GTE phone operator Lisa D. Jefferson.113 Beamer told the operator the flight had been hijacked and that two people who he thought were the pilots were on the floor, dead or injured. He said one of the hijackers had a red belt with what looked to be a bomb strapped to his waist.114 When the hijackers veered the plane sharply south, Beamer briefly panicked, exclaiming, "We're going down! We're going down!"115116117 Linda Gronlund called her sister, Elsa Strong, at 09:46:05 and left her a message saying there were "men with a bomb".118

Flight attendant CeeCee Lyles called her husband at 09:47:57 and left him a message saying the plane had been hijacked.119 Marion Britton called her friend, Fred Fiumano, at 09:49:12. Fiumano recalled, "she said, 'We're gonna. They're gonna kill us, you know, We're gonna die.' And I told her, 'Don't worry, they hijacked the plane, they're gonna take you for a ride, you go to their country, and you come back. You stay there for vacation.' You don't know what to say – what are you gonna say? I kept on saying the same things, 'Be calm.' And she was crying and ... screaming and yelling."120

Flight attendant Sandra Bradshaw called her husband at 09:50:04 and told him she was heating water to throw at the hijackers.121 Honor Elizabeth Wainio called her stepmother at 09:53:43 and concluded, four and a half minutes later, by saying, "I have to go. They're breaking into the cockpit. I love you."122 Jarrah dialed in the VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) frequency for the VOR navigational aid at Reagan National Airport at 09:55:11 to direct the plane toward Washington, D.C.123

Bradshaw, on the phone with her husband, said "Everyone is running up to first class. I've got to go. Bye."124 Beamer told GTE phone operator Lisa Jefferson that he and a few passengers were getting together and were planning to "jump" the hijacker with the bomb.125 Beamer recited the Lord's Prayer and the 23rd Psalm with Jefferson, prompting others to join in. Beamer requested of Jefferson, "If I don't make it, please call my family and let them know how much I love them." After this, Jefferson heard muffled voices and Beamer answering, "Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll." These were Beamer's last words to Jefferson.126127128

During the hijacking, Flight 93 passed within 1,000 feet (300 m) (instead of the normal 2,000 feet (610 m)) of a NASA KC-135 returning from a microgravity flight over Lake Ontario. NASA pilot Dominic Del Rosso recalled how odd the silence on the radio was that morning.129

Passenger revolt

The passenger revolt on Flight 93 began at 09:57, after the passengers voted on whether to act.130 The plane left its Washington, D.C. course after the passengers revolted and the hijackers began maneuvering the plane violently in response.131

The hijackers in the cockpit became aware of the revolt at 09:57:55, Jarrah exclaiming, "Is there something? A fight?"132

Edward Felt dialed 9-1-1 from his cell phone from the rear lavatory of the aircraft seeking information at 09:58.133 His call was answered by dispatcher John Shaw, and Felt was able to tell him about the hijacking before the call was disconnected.134 Multiple news reports (originally based on a 9-1-1 supervisor's account after having overheard the call) asserted that Edward Felt reported hearing an explosion and seeing smoke from an undetermined location on the plane.135136 These reports were not corroborated by Shaw or Felt's wife, Sandra, who listened to the recording afterwards.137

CeeCee Lyles called her husband once more from a cell phone and told him the passengers were forcing their way into the cockpit.138 Jarrah began to roll the airplane left and right to knock the passengers off balance. He told another hijacker in the cockpit at 09:58:57, "They want to get in here. Hold, hold from the inside. Hold from the inside. Hold."139 Jarrah changed tactics at 09:59:52 and pitched the nose of the airplane up and down to disrupt the assault.140

The cockpit voice recorder captured the sounds of crashing, screaming, and the shattering of glass and plates.141 Three times in a period of five seconds there were shouts of pain or distress from a hijacker outside the cockpit, suggesting a hijacker who was standing guard outside the cockpit was being attacked by the passengers.142: 103  Jarrah stabilized the plane at 10:00:03.143144 Five seconds later, he asked, "Is that it? Shall we finish it off?" Another hijacker responded, "No. Not yet. When they all come, we finish it off."145 Jarrah once again pitched the airplane up and down.

A passenger in the background cried, "In the cockpit! If we don't, we'll die!" at 10:00:25. Sixteen seconds later, another passenger yelled, "Roll it!", possibly referring to using the food cart.146 The voice recorder captured the sound of the passengers using the food cart as a battering ram against the cockpit door.147: 104 

Jarrah ceased the violent maneuvers at 10:01:00 and recited the takbir twice. He then asked another hijacker, "Is that it? I mean, shall we put it down?" The other hijacker responded, "Yes, put it in it, and pull it down."148 The passengers continued their assault and at 10:02:17, a male passenger said, "Turn it up!" A second later, a hijacker said, "Pull it down! Pull it down!" At 10:02:33, Jarrah made a desperate plea in Arabic, repeatedly screaming "Give it to me!", possibly referring to the plane's yoke.149: 104–105 

The plane then crashed into an empty field in Stonycreek, Pennsylvania, about 20 minutes' flying time from Washington, D.C.150 The last entry on the voice recorder was made at 10:03:09.151 The last piece of flight data was recorded at 10:03:10.152

There is disagreement among some family members of the passengers and the investigative officials as to whether the passengers managed to breach the cockpit or even break the cockpit door. The 9/11 Commission Report concluded that "the hijackers remained at the controls but must have judged that the passengers were only seconds from overcoming them".153 Many of the passengers' family members, having heard the audio recordings, believe the passengers breached the cockpit154 and killed at least one of the hijackers guarding the cockpit door; some interpreted the audio as suggesting that the passengers and hijackers struggled for control of the yoke.155156

Vice President Dick Cheney, in the Presidential Emergency Operations Center deep under the White House, authorized Flight 93 to be shot down, but upon learning of the crash, is reported to have said, "I think an act of heroism just took place on that plane."157

Crash

At 10:03:11, near Indian Lake and Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the plane crashed into a field near a reclaimed coal strip mine known as the Diamond T. Mine owned by PBS Coals in Stonycreek Township in Somerset County.158 The 757 had between 5,500 to 7,000 US gallons (21,000 to 26,000 L; 4,600 to 5,800 imp gal) of fuel remaining, which exploded and released a fireball that scorched a nearby hemlock grove.159 Far-flung debris that made up a third of the aircraft, including the cockpit, continued into the woods, demolishing trees on 163 acres (66 ha) owned by the Lambert family,160 and damaging the nearby residence of Barry Hoover.161 The rest of the aircraft buried itself in dirt that had been transported to the abandoned strip mine for reclamation efforts in the 1990s.162 The fuselage and wings shattered as they burrowed into the earth.163 One of the engines ended up in a catchment pond 2,000 feet (670 yd; 610 m) away from the main impact site.

The National Transportation Safety Board reported that the flight impacted at 563 mph (489 kn; 252 m/s; 906 km/h) at a forty-degree nose-down inverted attitude.164 The impact left a crater eight to ten feet (2.4 to 3.0 m) deep and thirty to fifty feet (9.1 to 15.2 m) wide.165 The coroner ruled that everyone on board who was still alive at the time of the crash died instantly of blunt-force trauma.166167 Many media reports and eyewitness accounts said the time of the crash was 10:06 or 10:10;168169170 an initial analysis of seismographic data in the area concluded that the crash occurred at 10:06,171 but the 9/11 Commission report states that this analysis was not definitive and was retracted.172 Other media outlets and the 9/11 Commission reported the time of impact as 10:03,173174 based on when the flight recorders stopped, analysis of radar data, infrared satellite data, and air traffic control transmissions.175

The only known witness to the actual crash, and the last one to see United 93 airborne, was Stoney Creek resident Nevin Lambert, who reported that he saw the plane upside down as it crashed to the ground in a 45 degree-angled nosedive.176 Kelly Leverknight, a local resident, was watching news of the attacks when she heard the plane. "I heard the plane going over and I went out the front door and I saw the plane going down. It was headed toward the school, which panicked me, because all three of my kids were there. Then you heard the explosion and felt the blast and saw the fire and smoke."177178 Another witness, Eric Peterson, looked up when he heard the plane, "It was low enough, I thought you could probably count the rivets. You could see more of the roof of the plane than you could the belly. It was on its side. There was a great explosion and you could see the flames. It was a massive, massive explosion. Flames and then smoke and then a massive, massive mushroom cloud."179

Val McClatchey had been watching footage of the attacks when she heard the plane. She saw it briefly, then heard the impact. The crash knocked out the electricity and phones. McClatchey grabbed her camera and took the only known picture of the smoke cloud from the explosion.180181 In September 2011, shortly before the 10th anniversary of the attacks, a video of the rising smoke cloud filmed by Dave Berkebile (who had died the previous February) from his yard on Bluebird Lane, 5.8 miles (9.3 km) away from the crash site, was published on YouTube.182183

The first responders arrived at the crash site after 10:06.184 Cleveland Center controllers, unaware the flight had crashed, notified the Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) at 10:07 that Flight 93 had a bomb on board and passed the last known position. This call was the first time the military was notified about the flight. Ballinger sent one final ACARS message to Flight 93 at 10:10, "Don't divert to DC. Not an option." He repeated the message one minute later. The Herndon Command Center alerted FAA headquarters that Flight 93 had crashed at 10:13.185 NEADS called the Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center for an update on Flight 93 and received notification that the flight had crashed.186

At 10:37, CNN correspondent Aaron Brown, covering the collapse of the World Trade Center, announced, "We are getting reports and we are getting lots of reports and we want to be careful to tell you when we have confirmed them and not, but we have a report that a 747 is down in Pennsylvania, and that remains unconfirmed at this point."187 He followed that up at 10:49 by reporting "We have a report now that a large plane crashed this morning, north of the Somerset County Airport, which is in western Pennsylvania, not too terribly far from Pittsburgh, about 80 miles (130 km) or so, a Boeing 767 jet. Don't know whose airline it was, whose airplane it was, and we don't have any details beyond that which I have just given you." In the confusion, he also erroneously reported a second hijacked plane heading for the Pentagon after the crash of the first.188

Aftermath

Further information: Reactions to the September 11 attacks

Flight 93 fragmented violently upon impact. Most of the aircraft wreckage was found near the impact crater.189 Investigators found very light debris including paper and nylon scattered up to eight miles (13 km) from the impact point in New Baltimore.190 Other tiny aircraft fragments were found 1.5 miles (2.4 km) away at Indian Lake.191 All human remains were found within a 70-acre (28 ha) area surrounding the impact point.192

Somerset County coroner Wally Miller was involved in the investigation and identification of the remains. In examining the wreckage, the only human body part he could see was part of a backbone.193 Miller later found and identified 1,500 pieces of human remains totaling about 600 pounds (272 kg), or eight percent of the total.194 The rest of the remains were consumed by the impact.195 Investigators identified four victims by September 22 and eleven by September 24.196197 They identified another by September 29.198 Thirty-four passengers were identified by October 27.199

All the people on board the flight were identified by December 21. Human remains were so fragmented that investigators could not determine whether any victims were dead before the plane crashed. Death certificates for the 40 victims listed the cause of death as homicide and listed the cause of death for the four hijackers as suicide.200 The remains and personal effects of the victims were returned to the families.201 The remains of the hijackers, identified by the process of elimination, were turned over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as evidence.202

Investigators also found a knife concealed in a cigarette lighter.203 They located the flight data recorder on September 13 and the cockpit voice recorder the following day.204205 The voice recorder was found buried 25 feet (8 m) below the crater. The FBI initially refused to release the voice recording, rejecting requests by Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher and family members of those on board.206 While access to voice recordings is usually restricted to government crash investigators and plane crash litigants, the FBI made an exception by allowing the relatives of Flight 93 victims to listen to the recording in a closed session on April 18, 2002.207 Jurors for the Zacarias Moussaoui trial heard the tape as part of the proceedings and the transcript was publicly released on April 12, 2006.208 As of June 2025, the audio recording has still not been released to the public, due to an "active and ongoing investigation."209

The passengers (excluding the hijackers) and crew on board Flight 93 were nominated for the Congressional Gold Medal on September 19, 2001.210 Congressman Bill Shuster introduced a bill to this effect in 2006,211 and they were granted on September 11, 2014.212 The obverse of the Medal is inscribed with "A common field one day, a field of honor forever" and "Act of Congress 2011". The reverse of the Medal features 40 stars (in honor of each of the passengers and crew), a sentinel eagle clasping laurel branches, the western front of the U.S. Capitol, and the inscription "We honor the passengers and crew of Flight 93 who perished in a Pennsylvania field on September 11, 2001. Their courageous action will be remembered forever."213

Beamer's final words, "let's roll", became a national catchphrase.214 The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey changed the name of Newark's airport from Newark International Airport to Newark Liberty International Airport and a flag now flies over Terminal A's Gate A17.215 Flight 93 has been the subject of various films and documentaries including The Flight That Fought Back, Flight 93, and the feature film United 93.216217 A 60-minute documentary titled I Missed Flight 93 aired on the History Channel around early 2006, featuring interviews with Flight 93 regular Frank Robertazzi; painter Daniel Belardinelli whose uncle, William Cashman, died on the flight; and flight surgeon Heather Ogle who was booked in seat 1A next to Jarrah.218

United Airlines retired the flight numbers 93 and 175 after the attacks. It was reported in May 2011 that the company was reactivating them as a codeshare operated by Continental Airlines, sparking an outcry from some in the media and the labor union representing United pilots.219220221 United said the numbers had been "inadvertently reinstated" and would not be reactivated.222

Possible targets

The intended target of Flight 93 has never been definitively confirmed.223 However, investigators have said there is high probability that the most likely target was the United States Capitol.224225 The two setbacks the hijackers faced, totalling 88 minutes combined, meant casualties on the ground would have been minimal even if the plane did reach D.C. The attack on the Pentagon at 09:37 caused the immediate evacuation of all federal government buildings in the area,226 with the Capitol and the White House being evacuated 28 minutes before Flight 93's earliest projected arrival time of 10:13.227: 62 

Before the attacks, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden, and Mohammed Atef developed a list of potential targets.228 Bin Laden wanted to destroy the White House and the Pentagon. Sheikh Mohammed wanted to strike the World Trade Center and all three wanted to hit the Capitol. No one else was involved in the initial selection of targets.229 Bin Laden told 9/11 planner Ramzi bin al-Shibh to advise Mohamed Atta that he preferred the White House over the Capitol as a target.230 Atta cautioned bin al-Shibh that this would be difficult, but agreed to include the White House as a possible target and suggested they keep the Capitol as an alternative in case the White House proved too difficult. Eventually, Atta told bin al-Shibh that Jarrah planned to hit the Capitol.231 Atta briefly mentioned the possibility of striking a nuclear facility, but relented after the other attack pilots voiced their opposition.232 Based on an exchange between Atta and bin al-Shibh two days before the attacks, the White House would be the primary target for the fourth plane and the Capitol the secondary target.233 If any pilot could not reach his intended target, he was to crash the plane.234

Immediately after the attacks, there was speculation that Camp David was the intended target.235 Based on testimony from captured al-Qaeda member Abu Zubaydah, U.S. officials believed the White House was the intended target.236 A post-9/11 interview with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and bin al-Shibh by Al Jazeera reporter Yosri Fouda said Flight 93 was heading for the Capitol.237 The 9/11 Commission Report cited the actions of the crew and passengers in preventing the destruction of either the White House or the Capitol.238 According to further testimony by Sheikh Mohammed, bin Laden preferred the Capitol over the White House as a target.239 Salim Hamdan, bin Laden's driver, told interrogators that he knew that the flight was heading for the Capitol.240

Fighter jet response

Two F-16 fighter pilots from the 121st Fighter Squadron of the D.C. Air National Guard, Marc Sasseville and Heather "Lucky" Penney, were scrambled and ordered to intercept Flight 93. The pilots intended to ram it since they did not have time to arm the jets; this was in the days before armed jets stood ready to take off at a moment's notice to protect the capital's airspace.241 They never reached Flight 93 and did not learn of its crash until hours afterwards.242

A fighter pilot based at Andrews Air Force Base, Billy Hutchison, claimed that while in the air he spotted Flight 93 on his scope and planned to first fire his training rounds into the engine and cockpit, and then ram the airplane with his own jet.243244 His account was published in Lynn Spencer's book Touching History. John Farmer, Senior Counsel to the 9/11 commission, pointed out that this would have been impossible, as Hutchison's squadron was not in the air until 10:38, thirty-five minutes after Flight 93 had crashed.245 When the 9/11 Commission asked Hutchison why he gave this false claim, he refused to answer and left the room.246

The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) stated to the 9/11 Commission that fighters would have intercepted Flight 93 before it reached its target in Washington, D.C., but the commission disagreed, saying that "NORAD did not even know the plane was hijacked until after it had crashed" and concluding that had it not crashed it probably would have arrived in Washington by 10:23.247248 The 9/11 Commission Report stated that NEADS fighters pursued Delta Air Lines Flight 1989, a flight thought to be hijacked.249 The commission found that NORAD and the FAA gave inaccurate testimony.250

Memorials

Main article: Flight 93 National Memorial

A temporary memorial formed from spontaneous tributes left by visitors in the days after the attacks at the crash site.251 Foundations across the country began to raise money to fund a memorial to the victims within a month of the crash.252

Two years after the attacks, federal officials formed the Flight 93 National Memorial Advisory Commission responsible for making design recommendations for a permanent memorial.253 A national design competition was held to create a public memorial in the Pennsylvania field where Flight 93 crashed. The winning design, "Crescent of Embrace", was selected out of a pool of 1,011 submissions on September 7, 2005.254 The site plan features a large crescent pathway with red maples and sugar maples planted along the outer arc.255

This design ran into opposition over funding, size, and appearance. Republican Congressman Charles H. Taylor blocked $10 million in federal funds toward the project as he saw it as "unrealistic".256 Republican Congressional leaders later persuaded him to acquiesce to political pressure and began approving federal funds.257 The proposed design has also attracted critics who see Islamic symbolism in the crescent design.258

On August 31, 2009, an agreement was announced between the landowners and the National Park Service to allow the purchase of land for $9.5 million. The memorial area with a white marble Wall of Names was dedicated on September 10, 2011, the day before the 10th anniversary of the crash.259 A concrete and glass visitor center was opened on September 10, 2015 on a hill overlooking the memorial, with both the visitor center and the Wall of Names being aligned with the flight path and the final piece, the "Tower of Voices", was dedicated during a ceremony on September 9, 2018.260261262

CeeCee Lyles was one of the flight attendants on board. In 2003, a statue of Lyles was unveiled in her hometown of Fort Pierce, Florida, which has since gained national recognition as one of the many monuments to the attacks.263 On August 9, 2007, a portion of U.S. 219 in Somerset County, near the Flight 93 National Memorial, was co-signed as the Flight 93 Memorial Highway.264 At the National September 11 Memorial, the names of the victims of Flight 93 are inscribed on Panels S-67 and S-68 at the South Pool.265

On the sixteenth anniversary of the crash, Vice President Mike Pence spoke at the memorial: "Without regard to personal safety, they [the victims] rushed forward to save [our] lives ... I will always believe that I and many others in our nation's capital were able to go home that day and hug our families because of the courage and sacrifice of the heroes of Flight 93."266

On June 21, 2018, the remaining wreckage of Flight 93, which had been stored in shipping containers in a warehouse since the crash, was buried at the crash site in a private ceremony. Prior to the ceremony, the wreckage was hand-searched for personal effects and human remains that might have been missed in years prior.267

Victims

The passengers (excluding the hijackers) and crew were from:268

NationalityPassengersCrewTotal
 United States30737
 Germany101
 Japan101
 New Zealand101
Total33740

Notes

Further reading

  • Buell, Tonya (2003). The Crash of United Flight 93 on September 11, 2001. Rosen Publishing Group. [for children]
  • Homer, Melodie (2012). From Where I Stand: Flight #93 Pilot's Widow Sets the Record Straight. Langdon Street Press.
  • Jefferson, Lisa D.; Middlebrooks, Felicia (2006). Called: Hello, This Is Mrs. Jefferson. I Understand Your Plane Is Being Hijacked. 9:45 a.m., Flight 93, September 11, 2001. Northfield Publishers.
  • Kashurba, Glenn J. (2002). Courage After the Crash: Flight 93 Aftermath: An Oral and Pictorial Chronicle. Saj Publishing.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Airlines Flight 93. English Wikisource has original text related to this article: Flight 93 Cockpit Transcript Wikiquote has quotations related to United Airlines Flight 93.

References

  1. Rubin, Daniel (September 9, 2002). "Capitol was Flight 93 Target, Arab TV Reports". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

  2. "Flight 93 National Memorial – 2007 brochure" (PDF). National Park Service. December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2017. a temporary memorial was created on a hilltop overlooking the crash site. https://web.archive.org/web/20090514061054/https://www.nps.gov/flni/planyourvisit/upload/parkbrochure.pdf

  3. "Flight 93 National Memorial – Sources and Detailed Information". National Park Service. n.d. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2017. 13. When will the Memorial be finished? https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/sources-and-detailed-information.htm

  4. "Flight 93 National Memorial – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" (PDF). National Park Service. May 2013. pp. 22–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20130715132520/https://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/upload/FAQs_longform_formatted_5-2013.pdf

  5. "A Long Road to a Place of Peace for Flight 93 Families". The New York Times. September 9, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804013412/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/us/a-long-road-to-a-place-of-peace-for-flight-93-families.html

  6. Kennedy, Helen (September 10, 2002). "Hijack Plot Bared On Al Qaeda Video". Daily News. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20121025165113/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2002-09-10/news/18215478_1_laden-al-jazeera-tv-mohammed-and-binalshibh

  7. Yardley, Jonathan (May 1, 2005). "The 9/11 Hijackers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/28/AR2005042801315_pf.html

  8. "The Story of Ziad Jarrah". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 19, 2005. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080925084319/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/thepilot/story.html

  9. "Hamburg cell reveals details". CNN. September 18, 2001. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090123143601/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/18/inv.hamburg.suspects/index.html

  10. "Hamburg cell reveals details". CNN. September 18, 2001. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090123143601/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/18/inv.hamburg.suspects/index.html

  11. Freedberg, Sydney P (October 14, 2001). "He seemed like such a nice boy". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.sptimes.com/News/101401/Worldandnation/He_seemed_like_such_a.shtml

  12. Fouda, Yosri & Fielding, Nick (2003). Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack. Arcane Publishing. pp. 128, 130. ISBN 978-1559707084. 978-1559707084

  13. Popkin, Jim (October 1, 2006). "Video showing Atta, bin Laden is unearthed". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15082633

  14. "Al Qaeda Aims at the American Homeland". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch5.htm

  15. Fouda, Yosri & Fielding, Nick (2003). Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack. Arcane Publishing. pp. 128, 130. ISBN 978-1559707084. 978-1559707084

  16. "George Tenet's al-Qaida testimony". The Guardian. UK. October 18, 2002. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/18/alqaida.terrorism1

  17. "Chronology" (PDF). Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. https://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Ch2.pdf

  18. Candiotti, Susann (September 19, 2001). "FBI returns to suspected hijacker's gym". CNN. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090123143413/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/19/inv.fbi.gym/index.html

  19. Locy, Toni (April 22, 2005). "Al-Qaeda's Moussaoui pleads guilty in plot to strike U.S. buildings with planes". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-22-guilty_x.htm

  20. Savage, Charlie (June 17, 2004). "9/11 Panel Says Plot Eyed 10 Planes; No Iraq Tie Seen". The Boston Globe.

  21. "Chronology" (PDF). Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. https://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Ch2.pdf

  22. "Seventh Public Hearing – Monday, January 26, 2004". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. January 26, 2004. Archived from the original on May 24, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/archive/hearing7/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-01-26.htm

  23. Sadler, Brent (September 17, 2001). "Uncle calls hijack suspect 'innocent passenger'". CNN. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090330094324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.family.suspect/index.html

  24. "9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). Retrieved April 28, 2023. https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf

  25. Meek, James Gordon (January 29, 2004). "'I'll be back,' foiled hijacker told agent". Daily News. Archived from the original on January 29, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040129023620/http://nydailynews.com/front/story/158769p-139223c.html

  26. "FAA Registry (N591UA)". Federal Aviation Administration. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N591UA

  27. "National Transportation Safety Board: Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 93" (PDF). Homeland Security Digital Library. February 19, 2002. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=478665

  28. "Hijacking description". Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2011. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20010911-2

  29. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  30. "People killed in plane attacks". USA Today. September 25, 2001. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/11/victims-list.htm

  31. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  32. "9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). Retrieved April 28, 2023. https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf

  33. "9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). Retrieved April 28, 2023. https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf

  34. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  35. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  36. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  37. "The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks – Staff Statement No. 3" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. https://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf

  38. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  39. Bennett, Ronan (August 22, 2004). "Inside the mind of a terrorist". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved June 22, 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/aug/22/september11.alqaida

  40. "September 11, 2001 Timeline". Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/september-11-2001-timeline.htm

  41. Vasagar, Jeevan (November 20, 2002). "9/11 hijacker made last 'I love you' call". Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/20/september11.usa

  42. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  43. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  44. Pauley, Jane (September 11, 2006). "No greater love". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804055544/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14789502

  45. Wald, Matthew L; Sack, Kevin (October 16, 2001). "A Nation Challenged: The Tapes; 'We Have Some Planes,' Hijacker Said on Sept. 11". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE0D81F3FF935A25753C1A9679C8B63

  46. Wald, Matthew L; Sack, Kevin (October 16, 2001). "A Nation Challenged: The Tapes; 'We Have Some Planes,' Hijacker Said on Sept. 11". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE0D81F3FF935A25753C1A9679C8B63

  47. "National Transportation Safety Board: Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 93" (PDF). Homeland Security Digital Library. February 19, 2002. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=478665

  48. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  49. "Notes". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm

  50. "Flight 93 hijacker: 'Shall we finish it off?'". CNN. July 23, 2004. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/07/22/911.flight.93/index.html

  51. "Flight 93 hijacker: 'Shall we finish it off?'". CNN. July 23, 2004. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/07/22/911.flight.93/index.html

  52. "Air Traffic Control Recording" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. December 21, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/foia/9_11/ATC_Report_UA93.pdf

  53. Stout, David (April 12, 2006). "Recording From Flight 93 Played at Trial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/12/us/12cnd-moussaoui.html?hp&ex=1144900800&en=f6fc83f83a632d06&ei=5094&partner=homepage

  54. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  55. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  56. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  57. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  58. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  59. "'I'm thinking about it all the time,' says Canadian wife of Flight 93 pilot". The Toronto Star. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2019. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2011/08/29/im_thinking_about_it_all_the_time_says_canadian_wife_of_flight_93_pilot.html

  60. "United Flight 93 co-pilot's wife says crew wasn't passive". Skift. February 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2019. https://skift.com/2013/02/24/united-flight-93-co-pilots-wife-challenges-the-view-of-what-happened-on-911/

  61. Mitchell, John N. (September 11, 2011). "Wife remembers pilot, who died in Flight 93". The Philadelphia Tribune. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2019. https://www.phillytrib.com/news/wife-remembers-pilot-who-died-in-flight/article_61ce2c6a-7761-5f00-a938-7872a144761e.html

  62. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  63. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  64. Longman, Jere (April 26, 2006). "'United 93' and the politics of heroism". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/26/arts/united-93-and-the-politics-of-heroism.html

  65. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  66. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  67. "United Airlines Flight No.93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript" (PDF). CNN. April 12, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20131208160527/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/04/12/flight93.transcript.pdf

  68. Hirschkorn, Phil (April 12, 2006). "On tape, passengers heard trying to retake cockpit". CNN. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/04/12/moussaoui.trial/

  69. "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). www.ntsb.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2020. https://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/Flight_Path_Study_AA11.pdf

  70. "Timeline for United Airlines Flight 93". NPR. National Public Radio. June 17, 2004. Archived from the original on November 20, 2004. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1962910

  71. "United pilot's widow defends crew's role in 9/11 / Former flight attendant has been waiting 4 1/2 years to tell of Flight 93's final minutes". Sfgate.com. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021. https://www.sfgate.com/politics/joegarofoli/article/United-pilot-s-widow-defends-crew-s-role-in-9-11-2520381.php

  72. Dwyer, Timothy; Markon, Jerry; Branigin, William (April 12, 2006). "'Flight 93 Recording Played at Moussaoui Trial'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210622165824/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/technology/2006/04/12/flight-93-recording-played-at-moussaoui-trial/62691895-26b8-4d5f-91ca-4a8e5aff21b4/

  73. "Wife of 9/11 pilot says he was alive when plane crashed". Summit Daily News. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021. https://www.summitdaily.com/news/wife-of-911-pilot-says-he-was-alive-when-plane-crashed/

  74. "Flight 93 Pilot's Wife Recalls Terror of Recording". ABC News. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original on April 19, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=1838257

  75. Lewis, Neil A (April 13, 2006). "Final Struggles on 9/11 Plane Fill Courtroom". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/us/13moussaoui.html

  76. "A Nation Challenged: The Tapes; Voices From the Sky". The New York Times. October 16, 2001. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E3DF163EF935A25753C1A9679C8B63

  77. "Timeline for United Airlines Flight 93". NPR. National Public Radio. June 17, 2004. Archived from the original on November 20, 2004. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1962910

  78. Lewis, Neil A (April 13, 2006). "Final Struggles on 9/11 Plane Fill Courtroom". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/us/13moussaoui.html

  79. "United Airlines Flight No.93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript" (PDF). CNN. April 12, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20131208160527/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/04/12/flight93.transcript.pdf

  80. "Transcript: Paula Zahn Now". CNN. April 12, 2006. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2010. https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/pzn/date/2006-04-12/segment/01

  81. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  82. Gonzales, Manny (May 8, 2016). "Flight 93 tape: Horror, heroics". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2017. http://www.denverpost.com/2006/04/12/flight-93-tape-horror-heroics/

  83. Gonzales, Manny (May 8, 2016). "Flight 93 tape: Horror, heroics". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2017. http://www.denverpost.com/2006/04/12/flight-93-tape-horror-heroics/

  84. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  85. "'I'm thinking about it all the time,' says Canadian wife of Flight 93 pilot". The Toronto Star. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2019. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2011/08/29/im_thinking_about_it_all_the_time_says_canadian_wife_of_flight_93_pilot.html

  86. "United Flight 93 co-pilot's wife says crew wasn't passive". Skift. February 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2019. https://skift.com/2013/02/24/united-flight-93-co-pilots-wife-challenges-the-view-of-what-happened-on-911/

  87. Mitchell, John N. (September 11, 2011). "Wife remembers pilot, who died in Flight 93". The Philadelphia Tribune. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2019. https://www.phillytrib.com/news/wife-remembers-pilot-who-died-in-flight/article_61ce2c6a-7761-5f00-a938-7872a144761e.html

  88. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  89. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  90. Transcript of Jury Trial Before the Honorable Leonie M. Brinkema – United States District Judge Volume XVII-A (PDF) (Report). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. April 11, 2006. p. 3477. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.911myths.com/images/f/f8/Moussaoui_Trial_Transcript_April_11_2006.pdf

  91. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  92. "Phone Calls from Flight 93". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/phone-calls-from-flight-93.htm

  93. Stipulation Regarding Flights Hijacked on September 11, 2001 (PDF) (Report). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. March 1, 2006. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20190207163520/http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/ST00001A.pdf

  94. Stipulation Regarding Flights Hijacked on September 11, 2001 (PDF) (Report). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. March 1, 2006. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20190207163520/http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/ST00001A.pdf

  95. Dedman, Bill (July 29, 2002). "Heroes of Flight 93". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3080117

  96. Sward, Susan (April 21, 2002). "The voice of the survivors". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/04/21/MN190309.DTL

  97. "Transcript of Tom's Last Calls to Deena". Tom Burnett Family Foundation. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20120723125116/http://www.tomburnettfoundation.org/transcript.html

  98. Sward, Susan (April 21, 2002). "The voice of the survivors". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/04/21/MN190309.DTL

  99. "Transcript of Tom's Last Calls to Deena". Tom Burnett Family Foundation. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20120723125116/http://www.tomburnettfoundation.org/transcript.html

  100. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  101. "Phone Calls from Flight 93". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/phone-calls-from-flight-93.htm

  102. Stipulation Regarding Flights Hijacked on September 11, 2001 (PDF) (Report). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. March 1, 2006. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20190207163520/http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/ST00001A.pdf

  103. Dedman, Bill (July 29, 2002). "Heroes of Flight 93". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3080117

  104. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  105. "Relatives wait for news as rescuers dig". CNN. September 13, 2001. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080522050524/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/12/family.reacts/index.html

  106. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  107. Stipulation Regarding Flights Hijacked on September 11, 2001 (PDF) (Report). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. March 1, 2006. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20190207163520/http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/ST00001A.pdf

  108. "Phone Calls from Flight 93". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/phone-calls-from-flight-93.htm

  109. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  110. "Timeline for United Airlines Flight 93". NPR. National Public Radio. June 17, 2004. Archived from the original on November 20, 2004. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1962910

  111. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  112. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  113. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  114. Lane, Charles; Phillips, Don; Snyder, David (September 17, 2001). "A Sky Filled With Chaos, Uncertainty and True Heroism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/09/17/a-sky-filled-with-chaos-uncertainty-and-true-heroism/7ccdab74-aee8-47a1-9e4e-9e7d90f519b5/

  115. Evensen, Bruce J. (2000). "Beamer, Todd Morgan" Archived May 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. American National Biography. Retrieved May 14, 2014. http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01916-print.html

  116. McKinnon, Jim (September 16, 2001). "The phone line from Flight 93 was still open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say: 'Are you guys ready? Okay. Let's roll ...'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2016. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp

  117. Vulliamy, Ed (December 1, 2001). "'Let's roll ...'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161119194533/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/02/september11.terrorism1

  118. Serrano, Richard A (April 12, 2006). "9/11 phone drama replayed at Moussaoui sentencing trial". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/04/12/MNG95I7P2G1.DTL&feed=rss.news

  119. "Phone Calls from Flight 93". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/phone-calls-from-flight-93.htm

  120. Pauley, Jane (September 11, 2006). "No greater love". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804055544/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14789502

  121. "Phone Calls from Flight 93". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/phone-calls-from-flight-93.htm

  122. "'Let's roll': A catchphrase that became a battlecry". The Age. Australia. September 9, 2002. Archived from the original on October 2, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/09/1031115990625.html

  123. "Notes". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm

  124. Alderson, Andrew; Bisset, Susan (October 20, 2001). "The extraordinary last calls of Flight UA93". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1360088/The-extraordinary-last-calls-of-Flight-UA93.html

  125. McKinnon, Jim (September 16, 2001). "The phone line from Flight 93 was still open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say: 'Are you guys ready? Okay. Let's roll ...'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2016. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp

  126. Evensen, Bruce J. (2000). "Beamer, Todd Morgan" Archived May 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. American National Biography. Retrieved May 14, 2014. http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01916-print.html

  127. McKinnon, Jim (September 16, 2001). "The phone line from Flight 93 was still open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say: 'Are you guys ready? Okay. Let's roll ...'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2016. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp

  128. Vulliamy, Ed (December 1, 2001). "'Let's roll ...'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161119194533/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/02/september11.terrorism1

  129. Davis, Melissa (September 2001). "Crossing paths with danger". Johnson Space Center Roundup.

  130. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  131. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  132. "United Airlines Flight No.93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript" (PDF). CNN. April 12, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20131208160527/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/04/12/flight93.transcript.pdf

  133. "Phone Calls from Flight 93". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/phone-calls-from-flight-93.htm

  134. Hoffman, Ernie (December 7, 2001). "Dispatcher honored for Flight 93 efforts". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011207dispatcher1207p3.asp

  135. Spangler, Todd (September 12, 2001). "Passenger makes frantic call before jetliner crashes in Pa". Bergen County Record. Archived from the original on November 8, 2001. Retrieved March 23, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20011108030728/http://www.bergen.com/news/2pacrash200109123.htm

  136. Levin, Steve (April 21, 2002). "It hurt to listen". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/nation/20020421flight930421p1.asp

  137. Longman, Jere (2002). "23". Among the Heroes: United Flight 93 and the Passengers and Crew Who Fought Back (1 ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 264. ISBN 978-0060099084. A male passenger, Edward Felt, did call from the lavatory of the plane, but never mentioned an explosion or puff of smoke, said John Shaw, the dispatcher who took the call. 'Didn't happen,' he said. Felt's widow, Sandra, who heard the tape of the call, corroborated Shaw's story. 978-0060099084

  138. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  139. "United Airlines Flight No.93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript" (PDF). CNN. April 12, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20131208160527/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/04/12/flight93.transcript.pdf

  140. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  141. "Transcripts – CNN Wolf Blitzer Reports: Senate Debates Attack on Iraq; Did Russian Mob Attempt to Fix Olympics?". CNN. July 31, 2002. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2008. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0207/31/wbr.00.html

  142. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  143. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  144. Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11, pp 103

  145. "United Airlines Flight No.93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript" (PDF). CNN. April 12, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20131208160527/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/04/12/flight93.transcript.pdf

  146. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  147. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  148. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  149. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.: 64 978-1442232853

  150. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  151. "United Airlines Flight No.93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript" (PDF). CNN. April 12, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20131208160527/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/04/12/flight93.transcript.pdf

  152. "United Airlines Flight 93 – Flight Data Recorder" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20111023124510/http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/foia/9_11/UAL93FDR.pdf

  153. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  154. "Families of Passengers Question Theory That Hijackers Crashed Flight 93". Fox News. Associated Press. August 8, 2003. Archived from the original on July 4, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.foxnews.com/story/families-of-passengers-question-theory-that-hijackers-crashed-flight-93

  155. Emanuel, Mike; Porteus, Liza; The Associated Press (April 13, 2006). "Flight 93 Hijacker: 'We Have a Bomb on Board'". Fox News. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011. https://www.foxnews.com/story/flight-93-hijacker-we-have-a-bomb-on-board

  156. "Wives of Passengers on Flight 93". ABC News. September 18, 2001. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=126702&page=1

  157. "Cheney recalls taking charge from bunker". CNN. September 11, 2002. Archived from the original on November 19, 2002. Retrieved September 11, 2016. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/11/ar911.king.cheney/

  158. Slevin, Peter (July 24, 2004). "Outside the Cockpit Door, a Fight to Save the Plane". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10206-2004Jul23.html

  159. "Flight 93 Story – Flight 93 National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/flight93story.htm

  160. "Part of Flight 93 Crashed on My Land. I Went Back to the Sacred Ground 20 Years Later : The NPR Politics Podcast". NPR.org. https://www.npr.org/2021/08/31/1033059826/9-11-flight-93-crashed-on-my-land-i-went-back-to-the-sacred-ground-20-years-l

  161. Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Rowman & Littlefield. September 11, 2014. ISBN 978-1493014217. 978-1493014217

  162. Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Rowman & Littlefield. September 11, 2014. ISBN 978-1493014217. 978-1493014217

  163. Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Rowman & Littlefield. September 11, 2014. ISBN 978-1493014217. 978-1493014217

  164. "National Transportation Safety Board: Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 93" (PDF). Homeland Security Digital Library. February 19, 2002. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=478665

  165. "None of us will ever forget". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. September 12, 2001. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.seattlepi.com/attack/38647_main12.shtml

  166. Roache, Lisa. "'Among the Heroes' is moving". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021. https://www.deseret.com/2002/10/27/19685371/among-the-heroes-is-moving

  167. Sara, Rimer (September 18, 2001). "A Nation Challenged: The Pennsylvania Crash; 44 Victims Are Remembered, and Lauded". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE5D6143BF93BA2575AC0A9679C8B63

  168. Silver, Jonathan D (September 13, 2001). "What was the danger to city? Doomed United Flight 93 passed just south of Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010913flightpathreg2p2.asp

  169. "A Bell Tolls In Shanksville". CBS News. September 11, 2002. Archived from the original on October 12, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-bell-tolls-in-shanksville/

  170. "September 11: Chronology of terror". CNN. September 12, 2001. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2014. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/

  171. Kim, Won-Young; Baum, Gerald R. (2002). "Seismic Observations during September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack" (PDF). Maryland Geological Survey, Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2003. ... we positively identified seismic signals associated with United Airlines Flight 93 that crashed near Shanksville, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. The time of the plane crash was 10:06:05±5 (EDT). https://web.archive.org/web/20030320090510/http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/publications/download/911pentagon.pdf

  172. "Notes". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm

  173. Longman, Jere (September 11, 2002). "Flight 93; Refusing To Give In Without A Fight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090423192701/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/11/nationchallenged/11FLIG.html?ex=1184385600&en=a7fad17a5909a9aa&ei=5070

  174. Lowry, Patricia (July 12, 2005). "Memorial in the making: Five Flight 93 designs evolve in subtle ways". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05193/536347.stm

  175. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  176. "Eyewitness Reflects On Flight 93 Crash". KDKA-TV. September 6, 2011. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20150913062846/https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/09/06/eyewitness-reflects-on-flight-93-crash/

  177. Gibbs, Nancy (September 12, 2001). "The Day of the Attack". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2018. http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,174655-4,00.html

  178. Zapinski, Ken (September 12, 2001). "A blur in the sky, then a firestorm". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.sptimes.com/News/091201/Worldandnation/A_blur_in_the_sky__th.shtml

  179. Sweeney, James F; Solov, Diane; Exner, Rich (September 12, 2001). "Pennsylvania crash carries horror into small towns". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on November 18, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20061118135044/http://www.cleveland.com/terrorism/index.ssf?%2Fterrorism%2Fmore%2F100028703529429109.html

  180. Hamill, Sean D (September 10, 2007). "Picture Made on 9/11 Takes a Toll on Photographer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/10/us/10cnd-shanksville.html?ref=us

  181. Frederick, Robb (September 11, 2002). "The day that changed America". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080911011058/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_90823.html

  182. Johns, Arlene (September 3, 2011). "Flight 93 Crash Site Video Surfaces". Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2011. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120917140803/http://tribune-democrat.com/local/x1095936052/Flight-93-crash-site-video-surfaces

  183. Memmott, Mark (September 6, 2011). "Newly Revealed Video Shows Smoke Rising From Flight 93". Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/09/06/140226017/newly-revealed-video-shows-smoke-rising-from-flight-93

  184. Perl, Peter (May 12, 2002). "Hallowed Ground". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2002/05/12/hallowed-ground/0c7b4753-ecca-48bd-8267-f11d2fc43a4f/

  185. "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights – a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073107/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report.pdf

  186. Producers: Colette Beaudry and Michael Cascio (September 23, 2005). "Zero Hour". Inside 9/11. National Geographic Channel. /wiki/Inside_9/11

  187. "Transcripts – America Under Attack". CNN. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original on September 28, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2008. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.04.html

  188. "Transcripts – America Under Attack". CNN. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original on September 28, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2008. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.08.html

  189. "Transcripts – America Under Attack: FBI and State Police Cordon Off Debris Area Six to Eight Miles from Crater Where Plane Went Down". CNN. September 13, 2001. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2008. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/13/bn.01.html

  190. "'Black box' from Pennsylvania crash found". CNN. September 13, 2001. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080705044922/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/13/penn.attack/

  191. "Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report". Popular Mechanics. March 2005. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202735/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html?page=8

  192. "Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report". Popular Mechanics. March 2005. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202735/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html?page=8

  193. "On Hallowed Ground". The Age. September 9, 2002. Archived from the original on October 15, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/09/1031115990570.html

  194. Perl, Peter (May 12, 2002). "Hallowed Ground; Nobody asked for this, but as September 11 recedes, a small Pennsylvania town finds itself guardian of an American legend;". The Washington Post.

  195. Pressley, Sue A (September 11, 2002). "Site of Crash Is 'Hallowed Ground'; In a Pa. Field, Thousands Pay Homage to Where America First Fought Back;". The Washington Post.

  196. Gibb, Tom (September 22, 2001). "Four Flight 93 victims identified". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010922coronernat3p3.asp

  197. Lyman, Brian (September 24, 2001). "Coroner identifies seven more victims of Flight 93 crash". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010924scenenat5p5.asp

  198. "Searchers to return to Flight 93 crash site". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 29, 2001. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010929somerset0929p3.asp

  199. Hopey, Don (October 27, 2001). "Another 14 victims of Flight 93 identified". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011027flight931027p5.asp

  200. Gibb, Tom (December 20, 2001). "Flight 93 remains yield no evidence". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on September 15, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011220shanksville1220p2.asp

  201. "Flight 93 Remains Returned". CBS News. Associated Press. February 26, 2002. Archived from the original on February 19, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/flight-93-remains-returned/

  202. Burger, Timothy J (August 17, 2002). "Hijackers' remains FBI gets fragments of Pentagon, Pa. 9/11 thugs". Daily News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/hijackers-remains-fbi-fragments-pentagon-pa-9-11-thugs-article-1.507154

  203. "Revised 9/11 Report Reveals New Details". Fox News. Associated Press. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.foxnews.com/story/revised-9-11-report-reveals-new-details

  204. Silver, Jonathan D (September 14, 2001). "Will black box reveal Flight 93's last moments?". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010914blackbox0914p3.asp

  205. Smith, Matthew P (September 15, 2001). "Flight 93 voice recorder found in Somerset County crash site". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010915blackbox0915p3.asp

  206. Candiotti, Susan (December 21, 2001). "FBI won't release Flight 93 tape". CNN. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2008. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/12/21/inv.flight.93.tape/index.html

  207. Hirschkorn, Phil; Mattingly, David (April 19, 2002). "Families say Flight 93 tapes prove heroism". CNN. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2008. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/US/04/19/rec.flight.93.families/index.html?related

  208. "Moussaoui timeline". USA Today. Associated Press. May 3, 2006. Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-05-03-moussaoui-timeline_x.htm

  209. "Flight 93 Cockpit Voice Recorder - Flight 93 National Memorial". U.S. National Park Service. October 31, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/flight-93-cockpit-voice-recorder.htm

  210. "Senate considers medals for Flight 93 victims". CNN. September 19, 2001. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/09/19/vic.medals/

  211. "Bill Would Award Medals to Those Killed on Flight 93". Fox News. Associated Press. April 18, 2006. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.foxnews.com/story/bill-would-award-medals-to-those-killed-on-flight-93

  212. Dorell, Oren (April 9, 2008). "Medals mulled for 9/11's Flight 93 victims". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2008. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-04-08-Flight93_N.htm

  213. "Flight 93 National Memorial Pennsylvania: Congressional Gold Medal". Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/congressional-gold-medal.htm

  214. "'Let's roll': A catchphrase that became a battlecry". The Age. Australia. September 9, 2002. Archived from the original on October 2, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/09/1031115990625.html

  215. "Airport Renamed To Honor 9/11 Heroes". CBS News. Associated Press. August 30, 2002. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/airport-renamed-to-honor-9-11-heroes/

  216. "'Grey's,' '24' among top Emmy nominees". CNN. July 6, 2006. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/06/emmy.nominations/

  217. Timmons, Heather (January 1, 2006). "Four Years On, a Cabin's-Eye View of 9/11". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/movies/01timm.html?ex=1293771600&en=f5a28a31bbbc6611&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss

  218. "I Missed Flight 93". A&E. 2006. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20060207035814/http://www.aetv.com/listings/episode_details.do?episodeid=111999

  219. Romero, Frances (May 18, 2011). "Flight Number Flub: United/Continental Accidentally Reinstates Flights 93 and 175". Time. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2015. https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/05/18/flight-number-flub-unitedcontinental-accidentally-reinstates-flights-93-and-175/

  220. McCartney, Scott (May 18, 2011). "Bad Mistake: United Revives Sept. 11 Flight Numbers". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2015. https://blogs.wsj.com/middleseat/2011/05/18/bad-mistake-united-revives-sept-11-flight-numbers/?mod=google_news_blog

  221. Mutzabaugh, Ben (May 18, 2011). "Unions slam United for mistakenly reinstating 9/11 flight numbers". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20140104202329/http://travel.usatoday.com/flights/post/2011/05/unions-slam-united-for-accidentally-reinstating-911-flight-numbers/170842/1

  222. Romero, Frances (May 18, 2011). "Flight Number Flub: United/Continental Accidentally Reinstates Flights 93 and 175". Time. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2015. https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/05/18/flight-number-flub-unitedcontinental-accidentally-reinstates-flights-93-and-175/

  223. Shuster, David (September 12, 2006). "9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target?". Hardball with Chris Matthews. NBC News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14778963

  224. Sims, Marcie. Hill Pages: Young Witnesses to 200 Years of History, p. 133 (McFarland, 2018). https://books.google.com/books?id=L1NLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133

  225. Glass, Andrew. “U.S. Capitol likely terrorist target: Sept. 11, 2001”, Politico (11 Sep 2016). https://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/us-capitol-likely-terrorist-target-sept-11-2001-227844

  226. "9/11 Timeline". Retrieved April 29, 2023. https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/9-11-timeline

  227. "9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). Retrieved April 28, 2023. https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf

  228. "Al Qaeda Aims at the American Homeland". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch5.htm

  229. "Al Qaeda Aims at the American Homeland". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch5.htm

  230. "The Attack Looms". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm

  231. "The Attack Looms". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm

  232. "The Attack Looms". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm

  233. "Notes". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm

  234. "The Attack Looms". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm

  235. "Feds Would Have Shot Down Pa. Jet". CBS News. September 16, 2001. Archived from the original on April 4, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/feds-would-have-shot-down-pa-jet/

  236. "White House target of Flight 93, officials say". CNN. May 23, 2002. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080521222438/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/23/flight.93/index.html

  237. Rubin, Daniel (September 9, 2002). "Capitol was Flight 93 Target, Arab TV Reports". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

  238. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  239. "Notes". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm

  240. McIntyre, Jamie; Ure, Laurie (July 22, 2008). "Prosecution: Bin Laden's driver knew hijackers aiming for Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/22/gitmo.trial/

  241. NBC News (September 9, 2011). "Kamikaze: F-16 pilots planned to ram Flight 93". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2015. /wiki/NBC_News

  242. Hendrix, Steve (September 9, 2011). "F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2011/09/06/gIQAMpcODK_story_1.html

  243. Farmer, John (2009). The Ground Truth: The Untold Story of America Under Attack on 9/11. Penguin Group. p. 232. ISBN 978-1101152331. – Total pages: 432 978-1101152331

  244. Farmer, John; Azzarello, John; Kara, Miles (September 13, 2008). "Real Heroes, Fake Stories". New York Times. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/14/opinion/14farmer.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&

  245. Farmer, John (2009). The Ground Truth: The Untold Story of America Under Attack on 9/11. Penguin Group. p. 232. ISBN 978-1101152331. – Total pages: 432 978-1101152331

  246. Farmer, John (2009). The Ground Truth: The Untold Story of America Under Attack on 9/11. Penguin Group. p. 232. ISBN 978-1101152331. – Total pages: 432 978-1101152331

  247. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  248. "Although US military forces had been alerted about the hijackings, and two Air Force F-16 jet fighters were airborne in the area, no official authorization to shoot down Flight 93 was given until the aircraft had crashed. (The question as to whether the 757 would have reached its target had those aboard not taken action on their own remained disturbingly unanswered in the report issued by a federal commission established to investigate the terrorist attack.)" p. 328 – Gero, David Gero (2006). Aviation Disasters: The World's Major Civil Airliner Crashes Since 1950. Sutton. ISBN 978-0750931465. – Total pages: 368 978-0750931465

  249. "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm

  250. Starr, Barbara; Benson, Pam (August 2, 2006). "9/11 panel distrusted Pentagon testimony". CNN News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2015. http://edition.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/08/02/9-11panel.pentagon/index.html

  251. Pickels, Mary (July 2, 2008). "Flight 93 memorial work set after 4th". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080708190917/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_575608.html

  252. "Miami foundation backs memorial to Flight 93 victims". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 11, 2001. Archived from the original on December 11, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011011memorial1011p5.asp

  253. "Secretary Norton Installs New Federal Advisory Commission for Flight 93 National Memorial" (Press release). National Park Service. September 11, 2003. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090116021948/http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=416

  254. "Flight 93 memorial design selected". NBC News. Associated Press. September 7, 2005. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9235450

  255. Ward, Paula (September 8, 2005). "Flight 93 marker design picked". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 10, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05251/567702.stm

  256. Tapper, Jake; Callahan, Michael (April 26, 2006). "Memorial for Flight 93 Faces Opposition". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=1891274

  257. Frankel, Glenn (September 10, 2006). "The Architecture of Loss". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2008. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/07/AR2006090700111.html

  258. Hamill, Sean D (May 5, 2008). "Critics See Symbols of Islam in Flight 93 Memorial Design". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/us/05memorial.html

  259. "Flight 93 National Memorial – Sources and Detailed Information". National Park Service. n.d. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2017. 13. When will the Memorial be finished? https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/sources-and-detailed-information.htm

  260. "A Long Road to a Place of Peace for Flight 93 Families". The New York Times. September 9, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804013412/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/us/a-long-road-to-a-place-of-peace-for-flight-93-families.html

  261. "Flight 93 National Memorial – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" (PDF). National Park Service. May 2013. pp. 22–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20130715132520/https://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/upload/FAQs_longform_formatted_5-2013.pdf

  262. "September 9 Tower of Voices Dedication". National Park Service. September 9, 2018. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018. https://www.nps.gov/flni/planyourvisit/tower-of-voices-dedication.htm

  263. Shainman, Jon (September 11, 2013). "Cee Cee Lyles: 9/11 flight attendant remembered at Ft. Pierce ceremony" Archived October 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. WPTV-TV West Palm Beach, Florida. https://www.wptv.com/news/region-st-lucie-county/fort-pierce/cee-cee-lyles-911-flight-attendant-remembered-at-ft-pierce-ceremony

  264. "To Honor 9/11 Heroes, Governor Rendell Signs Bill Designating Somerset County Road, 'Flight 93 Memorial Highway'". WTHR. June 12, 2007. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221640/http://www.wthr.com/story/6646237/to-honor-911-heroes-governor-rendell-signs-bill-designating-somerset-county-road-flight-93-memorial-highway

  265. About: The Memorial Names Layout Archived July 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Memorial Guide: National 9/11 Memorial. Retrieved December 11, 2011. http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=about&id=7

  266. "Pence: Flight 93 passengers might have saved my life on 9/11". mail.com. September 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2017. https://www.mail.com/news/us/5505714-pence-flight-93-passengers-saved-life-911.html#.7518-stage-hero1-10

  267. "Remaining wreckage of Flight 93 is buried at memorial". Associated Press. July 9, 2018. https://apnews.com/article/5ce627c6c5d4412f8c81ff40954bec6a

  268. "Crew and Passengers of Flight 93 – Flight 93 National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027164356/https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/passengers-and-crew-of-flight-93.htm