Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
Solar power in Germany

Solar power accounted for an estimated 15% of electricity production in Germany in 2024, up from 1.9% in 2010 and less than 0.1% in 2000.

Germany has been among the world's top PV installer for several years, with total installed capacity amounting to 81.8 gigawatts (GW) at the end of 2023. Germany's 974 watts of solar PV per capita (2023) is the third highest in the world, behind only Australia and the Netherlands. Germany's official government plans are to continuously increase renewables' contribution to the country's overall electricity consumption; current targets are 80% renewable electricity by 2030 and full decarbonization before 2040.

Concentrated solar power (CSP), a solar power technology that does not use photovoltaics, has virtually no significance for Germany, as this technology demands much higher solar insolation. There is, however, a 1.5 MW experimental CSP-plant used for on-site engineering purposes rather than for commercial electricity generation, the Jülich Solar Tower owned by the German Aerospace Center. Germany's largest solar farms are located in Meuro, Neuhardenberg, and Templin with capacities over 100 MW.

According to the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, in 2022, Germany generated 60.8 TWh from solar power, or 11% of Germany's gross electricity consumption.: 6 

The country is increasingly producing more electricity at specific times with high solar irradiation than it needs, driving down spot-market prices and exporting its surplus of electricity to its neighbouring countries, with a record exported surplus of 34 TWh in 2014. A decline in spot-prices may however raise the electricity prices for retail customers, as the spread of the guaranteed feed-in tariff and spot-price increases as well.: 17  As the combined share of fluctuating wind and solar is approaching 17 per cent on the national electricity mix, other issues are becoming more pressing and others more feasible. These include adapting the electrical grid, constructing new grid-storage capacity, dismantling and altering fossil and nuclear power plants and to construct a new generation of combined heat and power plants.: 7 

Related Image Collections Add Image
Profiles
1 Image
We don't have any YouTube videos related to Solar power in Germany yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to Solar power in Germany yet.
We don't have any Books related to Solar power in Germany yet.
We don't have any archived web articles related to Solar power in Germany yet.

History

During the Reagan administration in the United States, oil prices decreased and the US removed most of its policies that supported its solar industry.13: 143  Government subsidies were higher in Germany (as well as Japan), which prompted the solar industry supply chain to begin moving from the US to those countries.14: 143 

Germany was one of the first countries to deploy grid-scale PV power. In 2004, Germany was the first country, together with Japan, to reach 1 GW of cumulative installed PV capacity. Since 2004 solar power in Germany has been growing considerably due to the country's feed-in tariffs for renewable energy, which were introduced by the German Renewable Energy Sources Act, and declining PV costs.

Prices of PV systems/solar power system decreased more than 50% in the 5 years since 2006.15 By 2011, solar PV provided 18 TWh of Germany's electricity, or about 3% of the total.16 That year the federal government set a target of 66 GW of installed solar PV capacity by 2030,17 to be reached with an annual increase of 2.5–3.5 GW,18 and a goal of 80% of electricity from renewable sources by 2050.19

More than 7 GW of PV capacity were installed annually during the record years of 2010, 2011 and 2012. For this period, the installed capacity of 22.5 GW represented almost 30% of the worldwide deployed photovoltaics.

Since 2013, the number of new installations declined significantly due to more restrictive governmental policies.

About 1.5 million photovoltaic systems were installed around the country in 2014, ranging from small rooftop systems, to medium commercial and large utility-scale solar parks.20: 5 

It's estimated that by 2017 over 70% of the country's jobs in the solar industry have been lost in the solar sector in recent years.21 Proponents from the PV industry blame the lack of governmental commitment, while others point out the financial burden associated with the fast-paced roll-out of photovoltaics, rendering the transition to renewable energies unsustainable in their view.22

A boom in small, residential balcony-mounted solar systems has been reported in the early 2020s.232425

Governmental policies

Further information: Feed-in tariffs in Germany and German Renewable Energy Sources Act

Germany introduced its feed-in tariff in 2000 and it later became a model for solar industry policy support in other countries.26: 145 

As of 2012, the feed-in tariff costs about €14 billion (US$18 billion) per year for wind and solar installations. The cost is spread across all rate-payers in a surcharge of 3.6 €ct (4.6 ¢) per kWh27 (approximately 15% of the total domestic cost of electricity).28 On the other hand, as expensive peak power plants are displaced, the price at the power exchange is reduced due to the so-called merit order effect.29 Germany set a world record for solar power production with 25.8 GW produced at midday on 20 and 21 April 2015.30

According to the solar power industry, a feed-in tariff is the most effective means of developing solar power.31 It is the same as a power purchase agreement, but is at a much higher rate. As the industry matures, it is reduced and becomes the same as a power purchase agreement. A feed-in tariff allows investors a guaranteed return on investment – a requirement for development. A primary difference between a tax credit and a feed-in tariff is that the cost is borne the year of installation with a tax credit, and is spread out over many years with a feed-in tariff. In both cases the incentive cost is distributed over all consumers. This means that the initial cost is very low for a feed-in tariff and very high for a tax credit. In both cases the learning curve reduces the cost of installation, but is not a large contribution to growth, as grid parity is still always reached.32

Since the end of the boom period, national PV market has since declined significantly, due to the amendments in the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) that reduced feed-in tariffs and set constraints on utility-scaled installations, limiting their size to no more than 10 kW.33

The previous version of the EEG only guaranteed financial assistance as long as the PV capacity had not yet reached 52 GW. This limit has now been removed. It also foresees to regulate annual PV growth within a range of 2.5 GW to 3.5 GW by adjusting the guaranteed fees accordingly. The legislative reforms stipulates a 40 to 45 per cent share from renewable energy sources by 2025 and a 55 to 60 per cent share by 2035.34

As of November 2016, tenants in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) will soon be able to benefit from the PV panels mounted on the buildings in which they live. The state government has introduced measures covering the self-consumption of power, allowing tenants to acquire the electricity generated onsite more cheaply than their regular utility contracts stipulate.3536[needs update]

Germany subsidizes the installation of solar capacity.37: 145 

Grid capacity and stability issues

In 2017, approximately 9 GW of photovoltaic plants in Germany were being retrofitted to shut down38 if the frequency increases to 50.2 Hz, indicating an excess of electricity on the grid. The frequency is unlikely to reach 50.2 Hz during normal operation, but can if Germany is exporting power to countries that suddenly experience a power failure. This leads to a surplus of generation in Germany, that is transferred to rotating load and generation, which causes system frequency to rise. This happened in 2003 and 2006.394041 However, power failures could not have been caused by photovoltaics in 2006, as solar PV played a negligible role in the German energy mix at that time.42

In December 2012, the president of Germany's "Bundesnetzagentur", the Federal Network Agency, stated that there is "no indication", that the switch to renewables is causing more power outages.43 Amory Lovins from the Rocky Mountain Institute wrote about the German Energiewende in 2013, calling the discussion about grid stability a "disinformation campaign".44

Potential

Germany has about the same solar potential as Alaska, which has an average of 3.08 sun hours/day in Fairbanks.

Bremen Sun Hours/day (Avg = 2.92 hrs/day)

Stuttgart Sun Hours/day (Avg = 3.33 hrs/day)

Source: NREL, based on an average of 30 years of weather data.45

Statistics

The history of Germany's installed photovoltaic capacity, its average power output, produced electricity, and its share in the overall consumed electricity, showed a steady, exponential growth for more than two decades up to about 2012. [dubious – discuss] Solar PV capacity doubled on average every 18 months in this period; an annual growth rate of more than 50 per cent. Since about 2012 growth has slowed down significantly.

Generation

YearCapacity(MW)Net annualgeneration(GWh)% of grosselectricityconsumptionCapacityFactor (%)
1990212e-045.7
1991212e-045.7
1992647e-047.6
1993936e-043.8
19941270.0016.7
19951870.0014.4
199628120.0024.9
199742180.0034.9
199854350.0067.4
199970300.0054.9
2000114600.016.0
2001176760.0134.9
20022961620.0286.2
20034353130.0528.2
200411055570.0915.8
2005205612820.217.1
2006289922200.368.7
2007417030750.498.4
2008612044200.728.2
20091056665831.137.1
201018006117291.97.4
201125916195993.238.6
201234077262204.358.8
201336710300205.139.6
201437900347356.0810.9
201539224373306.511.3
201640679368206.410.7
201742293380016.610.6
201845158434517.711.6
201948864443348.211.1
202054403485258.910.1
202160108483738.79.1
2022673995959611.110.1
2023830006357612.4

Source: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, for capacity figures46: 7  and other figures.47: 16–41 

Note: This table does not show net consumption but gross electricity consumption, which includes self-consumption of nuclear and coal-fire power plants. In 2014, net consumption stood at about 6.9% (vs. 6.1% for gross consumption).48: 5 

Solar PV by type

Installed PV capacity in Germany by class size 201749
Sizeband% of totalcapacityNotes
<10 kW14.2%Single direct use systems, mostly residential solar pv systems
10–100 kW38.2%Systems used collectively within one place such as a large residential block or large commercial premise or intensive agricultural units
100–500 kW14.1%Typically larger commercial centres, hospitals, schools or industrial/agricultural premises or smaller ground mounted systems
>500 kW33.5%Mostly district power systems, ground-mounted panels providing power to perhaps a mix of industrial and commercial sites

It is interesting to note that whilst large power plants receive a lot of attention in solar power articles, installations under 0.5 MW in size actually represented nearly two-thirds of the installed capacity in Germany in 2017.

PV capacity by federal states

Germany is made up of sixteen, partly sovereign federal states or Länder. The southern states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg account for about half of the total, nationwide PV deployment and are also the wealthiest and most populous states after North Rhine-Westphalia. However, photovoltaic installations are widespread throughout the sixteen states and are not limited to the southern region of the country as demonstrated by a watts per capita distribution.

PV capacity in MW505152535455565758
State2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2023(April) W per capita(2023-4) 
Baden-Württemberg1,2451,7722,9073,7535,838.06,111.84,984.55,117.08,809791
Bavaria2,3593,9556,3657,9619,700.510,424.711,099.811,309.219,5631,484
Berlin1119685063.268.680.583.921558
Brandenburg722196381,3132,576.12,711.22,901.02,981.55,9202,332
Bremen45143032.335.339.942.270103
Hamburg79272532.135.836.536.99048
Hesse3505498681,1741,520.91,661.81,768.51,811.23,201508
Lower Saxony3527091,4792,0513,045.13,257.43,490.63,580.45,957742
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern4888263455957.71,098.51,337.91,414.43,5192,184
North Rhine-Westphalia6171,0461,9252,6013,582.03,878.54,234.94,363.78,113452
Rhineland-Palatinate3325048411,1241,528.21,670.81,862.21,920.53,356817
Saarland67100158218318.8365.4407.3415.8738751
Saxony1682885298361,280.81,412.31,575.11,607.52,995740
Saxony-Anhalt941814508171,377.91,556.11,828.71,962.63,8911,793
Schleswig-Holstein1593106959921,351.51,407.81,468.61,498.32,587885
Thuringia95159327467871.71,013.91,119.91,187.42,2261,055
Cumulative total installed5,9799,91317,55423,86634,076.736,710.138,236.039,332.471,259856
Capacity added—3,9347,6416,31210,210.72,633.41,525.91,096.4

Photovoltaic power stations

Main article: List of photovoltaic power stations

Largest photovoltaic power stations

PV Power stationCapacityin MWpCommissioningLocationNotes
Witznitz6052024Leipzig59
Solarpark Weesow-Willmersdorf187202052°38′51.0″N 13°41′29.8″E / 52.647500°N 13.691611°E / 52.647500; 13.691611 (Solarpark Weesow-Willmersdorf)60
Solarpark Tramm-Göhten172202253°31′36″N 11°39′39″E / 53.5267°N 11.6609°E / 53.5267; 11.6609 (Solarpark Tramm-Göhten)61
Solarpark Meuro1662011/201251°32′42″N 13°58′48″E / 51.54500°N 13.98000°E / 51.54500; 13.98000 (Solarpark Meuro)62
Solarpark Gottesgabe150202152°38′28.7″N 14°11′32.3″E / 52.641306°N 14.192306°E / 52.641306; 14.192306 (Solarpark Gottesgabe)63
Solarpark Alttrebbin150202152°41′51.0″N 14°13′51.6″E / 52.697500°N 14.231000°E / 52.697500; 14.231000 (Solarpark Alttrebbin)64
Neuhardenberg Solar Park145September 201252°36′50″N 14°14′33″E / 52.61389°N 14.24250°E / 52.61389; 14.24250 (Neuhardenberg Solar Park)6566
Templin Solar Park128.5September 201253°1′44″N 13°32′1″E / 53.02889°N 13.53361°E / 53.02889; 13.53361 (Templin Solar Park)6768
Solarpark Schornhof120202048°38′56.4″N 11°16′41.5″E / 48.649000°N 11.278194°E / 48.649000; 11.278194 (Solarpark Schornhof)69
Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark91December 201152°26′12.1″N 12°27′5.0″E / 52.436694°N 12.451389°E / 52.436694; 12.451389 (Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark)
Solarpark Gaarz90202153°24′53″N 12°14′49″E / 53.4148°N 12.2470°E / 53.4148; 12.2470 (Solarpark Gaarz)70
Solarpark Finow Tower84.72010/201152°49′31″N 13°41′54″E / 52.82528°N 13.69833°E / 52.82528; 13.69833 (Solarpark Finow Tower)
Eggebek Solar Park83.6201154°37′46″N 9°20′36″E / 54.62944°N 9.34333°E / 54.62944; 9.34333 (Eggebek Solar Park)
Finsterwalde Solar Park80.72009/201051°34′7.0″N 13°44′15.0″E / 51.568611°N 13.737500°E / 51.568611; 13.737500 (Finsterwalde Solar Park)7172
Solarpark Zietlitz76202153°38′21″N 12°21′51″E / 53.6391°N 12.3643°E / 53.6391; 12.3643 (Solarpark Zietlitz)73
Lieberose Photovoltaic Park71.8200951°55′54.8″N 14°24′25.9″E / 51.931889°N 14.407194°E / 51.931889; 14.407194 (Lieberose Photovoltaic Park)7475
Solarpark Alt Daber67.8201153°12′N 12°31′E / 53.200°N 12.517°E / 53.200; 12.517 (Solarpark Alt Daber)76
Solarpark Ganzlin65202053°22′54″N 12°16′08″E / 53.3818°N 12.2688°E / 53.3818; 12.2688 (Solarpark Ganzlin)77
Solarpark Lauterbach54.7202250°35′46″N 9°22′08″E / 50.59600°N 9.36900°E / 50.59600; 9.36900 (Solarpark Lauterbach)78
Strasskirchen Solar Park54December 200948°48′11″N 12°46′1″E / 48.80306°N 12.76694°E / 48.80306; 12.76694 (Strasskirchen Solar Park)79
Walddrehna Solar Park52.3201251°45′45″N 13°36′4″E / 51.76250°N 13.60111°E / 51.76250; 13.60111 (Walddrehna Solar Park)
Waldpolenz Solar Park52December 200851°19′25″N 12°39′4″E / 51.32361°N 12.65111°E / 51.32361; 12.65111 (Waldpolenz Solar Park)8081
Tutow Solar Park522009/2010/201153°55′26″N 13°13′32″E / 53.92389°N 13.22556°E / 53.92389; 13.22556 (Tutow Solar Park)

Location map

Other notable photovoltaic stations

Name & DescriptionCapacityin MWpLocationAnnual yieldin MWhCapacity factorCoordinates
Erlasee Solar Park, 1408 SOLON12Arnstein14,0000.1350°0′10″N 9°55′15″E / 50.00278°N 9.92083°E / 50.00278; 9.92083 (Erlasee Solar Park)
Gottelborn Solar Park8.4Göttelbornn.a.n.a.49°20′21″N 7°2′7″E / 49.33917°N 7.03528°E / 49.33917; 7.03528 (Gottelborn Solar Park)
Bavaria Solarpark, 57,600 solar modules6.3Mühlhausen6,7500.1249°09′29″N 11°25′59″E / 49.15806°N 11.43306°E / 49.15806; 11.43306 (Bavaria Solarpark)
Rote Jahne Solar Park, 92,880 thin-film modules,First Solar, FS-260, FS-262 and FS-26582836.0Doberschütz5,7000.1151°30′28.8″N 12°40′55.9″E / 51.508000°N 12.682194°E / 51.508000; 12.682194 (Rote Jahne Solar Park)
Bürstadt Solar Farm, 30,000 BP Solar modules5.0Bürstadt4,2000.1049°39′N 8°28′E / 49.650°N 8.467°E / 49.650; 8.467
Espenhain, 33,500 Shell Solar modules5.0Espenhain5,0000.1151°12′N 12°31′E / 51.200°N 12.517°E / 51.200; 12.517
Geiseltalsee Solarpark, 24,864 BP solar modules4.0Merseburg3,4000.1051°22′N 12°0′E / 51.367°N 12.000°E / 51.367; 12.000 (Geiseltalsee Solarpark)
Hemau Solar Farm, 32,740 solar modules4.0Hemau3,9000.1149°3′N 11°47′E / 49.050°N 11.783°E / 49.050; 11.783
Solara, Sharp and Kyocera solar modules3.3Dingolfing3,0500.1148°38′N 12°30′E / 48.633°N 12.500°E / 48.633; 12.500
Solarpark Herten, 11.319 Modules from Astronergy3Rheinfelden3,0000.1147°32′39″N 7°43′30″E / 47.54417°N 7.72500°E / 47.54417; 7.72500
Bavaria Solarpark, Sharp solar modules1.9Günchingn.a.n.a.49°15′49″N 11°35′27″E / 49.2636°N 11.5907°E / 49.2636; 11.5907 (Bavaria Solarpark)
Bavaria Solarpark, Sharp solar modules1.9Minihofn.a.n.a.48°28′41″N 12°55′09″E / 48.47818°N 12.91914°E / 48.47818; 12.91914 (Bavaria Solarpark)

Location map

Companies

Some companies have collapsed since 2008, facing harsh competition from imported solar panels. Some were taken over like Bosch Solar Energy by SolarWorld. Major German solar companies include:

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar power in Germany.

References

  1. "Share of electricity generated by solar power: Germany". Our World In Data. 20 June 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-solar?tab=chart&country=~DEU ↩

  2. "Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany". Fraunhofer ISE. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. https://www.energy-charts.de/energy_pie.htm ↩

  3. "Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2014" (PDF). Germany: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. 21 July 2014. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/downloads-englisch/pdf-files-englisch/data-nivc-/electricity-production-from-solar-and-wind-in-germany-2014.pdf ↩

  4. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie. "Time series for the development of renewable energy sources in Germany" (xls). Retrieved 14 May 2022. https://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html ↩

  5. Anu Bhambhani (22 January 2024). "Germany's Official 2023 Solar Installations Exceed 14 GW". Taiyang News. Retrieved 27 January 2024. https://taiyangnews.info/germanys-official-2023-solar-installations-exceed-14-gw/ ↩

  6. "Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2024" (PDF). International Energy Agency. April 2024. p. 7/25. Retrieved 18 September 2024. https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Snapshot-of-Global-PV-Markets_20241.pdf ↩

  7. Kerstine Appunn, Freja Eriksen, Julian Wettengel (11 September 2024). "Germany's greenhouse gas emissions and energy transition targets". Clean Energy Wire. Retrieved 18 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-climate-targets ↩

  8. Wirth, Harry; Ise, Fraunhofer (21 November 2023). "Recent Facts about Photovoltaics in Germany" (PDF). Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems. Freiburg: 99. Retrieved 4 January 2023. https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/en/documents/publications/studies/recent-facts-about-photovoltaics-in-germany.pdf ↩

  9. "Electricity Spot-Prices and Production Data in Germany 2013" (PDF). fraunhofer.de. http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/downloads-englisch/pdf-files-englisch/news/electricity-prices-and-production-data-2013.pdf ↩

  10. "Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2014 (German version)" (PDF). Germany: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. 5 January 2015. pp. 2, 3, 6. Retrieved 5 January 2015. http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/downloads/pdf-files/data-nivc-/stromproduktion-aus-solar-und-windenergie-2014.pdf ↩

  11. "Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany". Fraunhofer ISE. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. https://www.energy-charts.de/energy_pie.htm ↩

  12. "Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany". Fraunhofer ISE. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. https://www.energy-charts.de/energy_pie.htm ↩

  13. Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0. 978-981-97-0079-0 ↩

  14. Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0. 978-981-97-0079-0 ↩

  15. "BSW-Solar – Statistische Zahlen der deutschen Solarstrombranche (Photovoltaik), Oct 2011" (PDF). solarwirtschaft.de. http://www.solarwirtschaft.de/fileadmin/content_files/BSW_Solar_Fakten_PV_1110.pdf ↩

  16. "German solar power output up 60 pct in 2011". Reuters. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120413214942/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E7NT1WK20111229?sp=true ↩

  17. Property Wire (22 April 2010). "Germany Reducing Incentives For Solar Property Investment". NuWire Investor. Retrieved 10 September 2010. http://www.nuwireinvestor.com/articles/germany-reducing-incentives-for-solar-property-investment-55078.aspx ↩

  18. Lang, Matthias (21 November 2011). "New German 7.5 GWp PV Record by End of 2011". German Energy Blog. Retrieved 9 January 2012. http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?p=8341 ↩

  19. Germany http://www.summitwatch.org/de.html ↩

  20. "Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany". Fraunhofer ISE. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. https://www.energy-charts.de/energy_pie.htm ↩

  21. Cite error: The named reference Factsheet2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page). /wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text ↩

  22. "German solar power output up 60 pct in 2011". Reuters. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120413214942/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E7NT1WK20111229?sp=true ↩

  23. Alex Stellmacher (2 January 2024). "Balcony power plants cause solar industry to boom". ASB Zeitung. Retrieved 27 January 2024. https://aussiedlerbote.de/en/balcony-power-plants-cause-solar-industry-to-boom/ ↩

  24. Ernestas Naprys (15 November 2023). "Germany's balcony solar craze: is US next?". Cybernews.com. Retrieved 27 January 2024. https://cybernews.com/tech/germany-balcony-solar-craze/ ↩

  25. Gero Rueter (9 November 2023). "Mini plug-in solar panels: Are they worth it?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 27 January 2024. https://www.dw.com/en/mini-plug-in-solar-panels-are-they-worth-it/a-66240262 ↩

  26. Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0. 978-981-97-0079-0 ↩

  27. Lang, Matthias (14 October 2011). "2012 EEG Surcharge Increases Slightly to 3.592 ct/kWh". German Energy Blog. Retrieved 9 January 2012. http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?p=7526 ↩

  28. "Europe's Energy Portal » Fuel, Natural Gas and Electricity Prices From Past to Present". https://www.energy.eu/#Domestic-Elec ↩

  29. Morris, Craig (2 February 2012). "Merit order effect of PV in Germany". Renewables International. Retrieved 17 May 2012. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/merit-order-effect-of-pv-in-germany/150/510/33011/ ↩

  30. "Transparency in Energy Markets – Germany". http://www.eex-transparency.com/homepage/power/germany/production/usage/actual-solar-power-generation-/actual-solar-power-generation-chart- ↩

  31. "The U.S. Needs a Feed-in Tariff". pennenergy.com. http://www.pennenergy.com/index/power/display/1469629556/articles/power-engineering/volume-114/issue-10/departments/View-on-Renewables/the-us-needs-a-feed-in-tariff.html ↩

  32. "PV Learning Curves:Past and Future Drivers of Cost Reduction" (PDF). q-cells.com. http://www.q-cells.com/uploads/tx_abdownloads/files/Preprint_26thEUPVSEC_6CV-1-63_FKersten.pdf ↩

  33. "Changes for solar in Germany". renewablesinternational.net. 3 April 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222547/http://www.renewablesinternational.net/changes-for-solar-in-germany/150/452/77990/ ↩

  34. Energie, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und. "Erneuerbare Energien". bmwi.de. http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Erneuerbare-Energien/eeg-reform.html ↩

  35. "Federal state supports 'tenant electricity' models with solar PV". Clean Energy Wire (CLEW). Berlin, Germany. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/no-climate-plan-ahead-cop22-power-origin-transparency/federal-state-supports-tenant-electricity-models-solar-pv ↩

  36. "Minister Remmel: "NRW macht es vor — Mieterinnen und Mieter können künftig auch von der Energiewende profitieren." — Umweltministerium fördert Mieterstrom-Modelle und Energiespeicher" [Minister Remmel: "NRW makes it possible — tenants can also benefit from the Energiewende in the future." — Environment Ministry promotes tenant electricity models and energy storage] (Press release) (in German). Düsseldorf, Germany: Umweltministerium North Rhine-Westphalia. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016. https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/presse/detail/news/2016-10-31-umweltministerium-foerdert-mieterstrom-modelle-und-energiespeicher/ ↩

  37. Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0. 978-981-97-0079-0 ↩

  38. Lang, Matthias (21 September 2011). "Study Recommends Retrofitting of PV Power Plants to Solve 50.2 Hz Problem". German Energy Blog. Retrieved 15 February 2017. http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?p=7313 ↩

  39. The "50.2 Hz" problem for photovoltaic power plants Archived 23 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine http://www.rpia.ro/?page_id=1668 ↩

  40. "Timeline of the utility frequency: Timeline". http://www.mainsfrequency.com/verlauf_en.htm ↩

  41. "Impact of Large-scale Distributed Generation on Network Stability During Over-Frequency Events & Development of Mitigation Measures" (PDF). ecofys.com. http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/ecofys_ifk_2011_50_2_hz_summary.pdf ↩

  42. Michael Döring (1 January 2013). "Dealing with the 50.2 Hz problem". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014. http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featuredealing-with-the-50.2-hz-problem ↩

  43. "Germany's Network Agency says power outages "unlikely"". 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/germanys-network-agency-says-power-outages-unlikely/150/537/59139 ↩

  44. Amory Lovins (23 August 2013). "Separating Fact from Fiction in Accounts of Germany's Renewables Revolution". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. http://energytransition.de/2013/08/energiewende-separating-fact-from-fiction ↩

  45. "PV Watts". NREL. Retrieved 1 July 2016. http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php ↩

  46. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie. "Time series for the development of renewable energy sources in Germany" (xls). Retrieved 14 May 2022. https://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html ↩

  47. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie. "Time series for the development of renewable energy sources in Germany" (xls). Retrieved 14 May 2022. https://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html ↩

  48. "Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany". Fraunhofer ISE. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. https://www.energy-charts.de/energy_pie.htm ↩

  49. "EXISTING AND FUTURE PV PROSUMER CONCEPTS, pg. 18" (PDF). https://www.pvp4grid.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/D2.1_Existing-future-prosumer-concepts_PVP4G-1.pdf ↩

  50. Bundesnetzagentur – EEG-Statistikbericht 2008 http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/StatistikberichtEEG2008pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 ↩

  51. "Bundesnetzagentur – EEG-Statistikbericht 2009" (PDF). clearingstelle-eeg.de. https://www.clearingstelle-eeg.de/files/BNetzA_Statistik_EEG_2009.pdf ↩

  52. Bundesnetzagentur – EEG-Statistikbericht 2010 http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/StatistikberichtEEG2010pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 ↩

  53. Bundesnetzagentur – EEG-Statistikbericht 2011 http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/StatistikberichtEEG2011pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1 ↩

  54. "Bundesnetzagentur – EEG in Zahlen 2012". bundesnetzagentur.de. http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/EEGinZahlen_2012.xls?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 ↩

  55. "Bundesnetzagentur – EEG in Zahlen 2013". bundesnetzagentur.de. http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/EEGinZahlen_2013.xls?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 ↩

  56. Bundesnetzagentur – EEG in Zahlen 2014 http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/EEGinZahlen_2014.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 ↩

  57. "Bundesnetzagentur – Installierte EE-Leistung zum 31.12.2015 (vorläufig)" (PDF). bundesnetzagentur.de. http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/InstallierteLeistung_2015_BF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 ↩

  58. Federal Network Agency (19 May 2023). "Statistiken ausgewählter erneuerbarer Energieträger zur Stromerzeugung - April 2023" (PDF). p. 4/9. Retrieved 10 June 2023. /wiki/Federal_Network_Agency ↩

  59. "Europe's largest PV plant goes online". FinanzNachrichten.de. 10 April 2024. https://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2024-04/61905988-europe-s-largest-pv-plant-goes-online-451.htm ↩

  60. "Der EnBW-Solarpark in Weesow-Willmersdorf | EnBW". Der EnBW-Solarpark in Weesow-Willmersdorf (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://www.enbw.com/erneuerbare-energien/solarenergie/solarpark-weesow/ ↩

  61. macmyday (7 June 2018). "Projekte". BELECTRIC (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://belectric.com/projekte/ ↩

  62. PV Resources.com (2009). World's largest photovoltaic power plants http://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv.php ↩

  63. "Solarpark Gottesgabe | EnBW". Solarpark Gottesgabe (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://www.enbw.com/erneuerbare-energien/solarenergie/solarpark-gottesgabe/ ↩

  64. "Solarpark Alttrebin | EnBW". Solarpark Alttrebin (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://www.enbw.com/erneuerbare-energien/solarenergie/solarpark-alttrebbin/ ↩

  65. PV Resources.com (2009). World's largest photovoltaic power plants http://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv.php ↩

  66. "Contract for services". LIMA Group GmbH. http://www.lima-group.com/en-au/references/contract-for-services.php?showproject=55 ↩

  67. PV Resources.com (2009). World's largest photovoltaic power plants http://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv.php ↩

  68. CFB News: Commerz Real Acquires Germany's Largest Solar Park. "CFB-Fonds". http://cfb-fonds.com/en/cfb-news/news/single-view/commerz-real-kauft-groessten-solarpark-deutschlands ↩

  69. "MKG GÖBEL / 120 MWp solar park Schornhof". MKG GÖBEL. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://www.mkg-goebel.de/en/schornhof/ ↩

  70. "Gaarz, Deutschland - ENERPARC AG". www.enerparc.de (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://www.enerparc.de/projekte/projekt-gaarz-deutschland ↩

  71. "Good Energies, NIBC Infrastructure Partners acquire Finsterwalde II and Finsterwalde III". pv-tech.org. http://www.pv-tech.org/news/_a/good_energies_nibc_infrastructure_partners_acquire_finsterwalde_ii_and_fins/ ↩

  72. "Implementation of the 39 MWp – "Solar Park Finsterwalde II and Finsterwalde III"" (PDF). u-energy.de. http://www.u-energy.de/download/2010_06_18_realisierung_solarpark_finsterwalde_2_und_3_eng.pdf ↩

  73. Friedrich, Mariana (17 July 2020). "Successful ground-breaking ceremony: start of construction for the Zietlitz solar park in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern". Goldbeck Solar GmbH. Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://goldbecksolar.com/en/spatenstich-solarpark-zielitz/ ↩

  74. "Lieberose solar farm becomes Germany's biggest, World's second-biggest". http://globalsolartechnology.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3804&Itemid=9 ↩

  75. SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (20 August 2009). "Leaders In Alternative Energy: Germany Turns On World's Biggest Solar Power Project". Der Spiegel.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,643961,00.html ↩

  76. PV Resources.com (2009). World's largest photovoltaic power plants http://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv.php ↩

  77. "Solarpark Ganzlin: PV-Freiflächenanlage von GP JOULE". www.gp-joule.com (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://www.gp-joule.com/de/referenzen/solar/solarpark-ganzlin ↩

  78. "Solarpark Lauterbach | Erneuerbare Energien | UmweltBank". UmweltBank | Deutschlands grünste Bank (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2023. https://www.umweltbank.de/firmen/projekte-finanzieren/photovoltaik/solarpark-lauterbach ↩

  79. PV Resources.com (2009). World's largest photovoltaic power plants http://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv.php ↩

  80. "Germany's largest Solar parks connected to the grid (19 Dec 08)" (PDF). juwi.de. http://www.juwi.de/uploads/media/PM_Solar_Brandis-Koethen_2008.12.pdf ↩

  81. "Large photovoltaic plant in Muldentalkreis". sonnenseite.com. http://www.sonnenseite.com/index.php?pageID=6&news:oid=n6986&template=news_detail.html ↩

  82. Construction Complete on 6 MW Thin-Film PV Installation in Germany[usurped] Renewable Energy Access, 5 April 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071011155343/http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=48027 ↩

  83. https://www.webcitation.org/6QwLVgSYo?url=http://www.photovoltaik-im-web.de/Rote_Jahne.pdf Rote Jahne Factsheet (de) https://www.webcitation.org/6QwLVgSYo?url=http://www.photovoltaik-im-web.de/Rote_Jahne.pdf ↩