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PHP is a general-purpose scripting language primarily used for web development. Created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993, PHP stands for the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. Its code is executed on a web server via an interpreter module generating dynamic content such as HTML. PHP runs on various operating systems, powered by the free Zend Engine, and distributed under the PHP License. Despite lacking a formal specification, PHP remains widely used, though many sites still rely on outdated and insecure versions, according to W3Techs.

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History

Early history

PHP development began in 199313 when Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs in C,1415 which he used to maintain his personal homepage. He extended them to work with web forms and to communicate with databases, and called this implementation "Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI.

An example of the early PHP syntax:16

<!--include /text/header.html--> <!--getenv HTTP_USER_AGENT--> <!--if substr $exec_result Mozilla--> Hey, you are using Netscape!<p> <!--endif--> <!--sql database select * from table where user='$username'--> <!--ifless $numentries 1--> Sorry, that record does not exist<p> <!--endif exit--> Welcome <!--$user-->!<p> You have <!--$index:0--> credits left in your account.<p> <!--include /text/footer.html-->

PHP/FI could be used to build simple, dynamic web applications. To accelerate bug reporting and improve the code, Lerdorf initially announced the release of PHP/FI as "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0" on the Usenet discussion group comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi on 8 June 1995.1718 This release included basic functionality such as Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML. By this point, the syntax had changed to resemble that of Perl, but was simpler, more limited, and less consistent.1920

Early PHP was never intended to be a new programming language; rather, it grew organically, with Lerdorf noting in retrospect: "I don't know how to stop it [...] there was never any intent to write a programming language [...] I have absolutely no idea how to write a programming language [...] I just kept adding the next logical step on the way."21 A development team began to form and, after months of work and beta testing, officially released PHP/FI 2 in November 1997.22

The fact that PHP was not originally designed, but instead was developed organically has led to inconsistent naming of functions and inconsistent ordering of their parameters.23 In some cases, the function names were chosen to match the lower-level libraries which PHP was "wrapping",24 while in some very early versions of PHP the length of the function names was used internally as a hash function, so names were chosen to improve the distribution of hash values.25

PHP 3 and 4

Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the language's name to the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.2627 Afterwards, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the official launch came in June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing the Zend Engine in 1999.28 They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel.29

On 22 May 2000, PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released.30 By August 2008, this branch had reached version 4.4.9. PHP 4 is now no longer under development and nor are any security updates planned to be released.3132

PHP 5

On 1 July 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II.33 PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension (which defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing databases), and numerous performance enhancements.34 In 2008, PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding had been missing from previous versions of PHP, and was added in version 5.3.3536

Many high-profile open-source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new code from February 5, 2008, because of the GoPHP5 initiative,37 provided by a consortium of PHP developers promoting the transition from PHP 4 to PHP 5.3839

Over time, PHP interpreters became available on most existing 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems, either by building them from the PHP source code or by using pre-built binaries.40 For PHP versions 5.3 and 5.4, the only available Microsoft Windows binary distributions were 32-bit IA-32 builds,4142 requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode while using Internet Information Services (IIS) on a 64-bit Windows platform. PHP version 5.5 made the 64-bit x86-64 builds available for Microsoft Windows.43

Official security support for PHP 5.6 ended on 31 December 2018.44

PHP 6 and Unicode

PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking native Unicode support at the core language level.4546 In 2005, a project headed by Andrei Zmievski was initiated to bring native Unicode support throughout PHP, by embedding the International Components for Unicode (ICU) library, and representing text strings as UTF-16 internally.47 Since this would cause major changes both to the internals of the language and to user code, it was planned to release this as version 6.0 of the language, along with other major features then in development.48

However, a shortage of developers who understood the necessary changes, and performance problems arising from conversion to and from UTF-16, which is rarely used in a web context, led to delays in the project.49 As a result, a PHP 5.3 release was created in 2009, with many non-Unicode features back-ported from PHP 6, notably namespaces. In March 2010, the project in its current form was officially abandoned, and a PHP 5.4 release was prepared to contain most remaining non-Unicode features from PHP 6, such as traits and closure re-binding.50 Initial hopes were that a new plan would be formed for Unicode integration, but by 2014 none had been adopted.

PHP 7

During 2014 and 2015, a new major PHP version was developed, PHP 7. The numbering of this version involved some debate among internal developers.51 While the PHP 6 Unicode experiments had never been released, several articles and book titles referenced the PHP 6 names, which might have caused confusion if a new release were to reuse the name.52 After a vote, the name PHP 7 was chosen.53

The foundation of PHP 7 is a PHP branch that was originally dubbed PHP next generation (phpng). It was authored by Dmitry Stogov, Xinchen Hui and Nikita Popov,54 and aimed to optimize PHP performance by refactoring the Zend Engine while retaining near-complete language compatibility.55 By 14 July 2014, WordPress-based benchmarks, which served as the main benchmark suite for the phpng project, showed an almost 100% increase in performance. Changes from phpng make it easier to improve performance in future versions, as more compact data structures and other changes are seen as better suited for a successful migration to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler.56 Because of the significant changes, the reworked Zend Engine was called Zend Engine 3, succeeding Zend Engine 2 used in PHP 5.57

Because of the major internal changes in phpng, it must receive a new major version number of PHP, rather than a minor PHP 5 release, according to PHP's release process.58 Major versions of PHP are allowed to break backward-compatibility of code and therefore PHP 7 presented an opportunity for other improvements beyond phpng that require backward-compatibility breaks. In particular, it involved the following changes:

  • Many fatal or recoverable-level legacy PHP error mechanisms were replaced with modern object-oriented exceptions.59
  • The syntax for variable dereferencing was reworked to be internally more consistent and complete, allowing the use of the operators ->, [], (),{}, and ::, with arbitrary meaningful left-side expressions.60
  • Support for legacy PHP 4-style constructor methods was deprecated.61
  • The behavior of the foreach statement was changed to be more predictable.62
  • Constructors for the few classes built-in to PHP which returned null upon failure were changed to throw an exception instead, for consistency.63
  • Several unmaintained or deprecated server application programming interfaces (SAPIs) and extensions were removed from the PHP core, most notably the legacy mysql extension.64
  • The behavior of the list() operator was changed to remove support for strings.65
  • Support was removed for legacy ASP-style delimiters <% and %> and <script language="php"> ... </script>.66
  • An oversight allowing a switch statement to have multiple default clauses was fixed.67
  • Support for hexadecimal number support in some implicit conversions from strings to number types was removed.68
  • The left-shift and right-shift operators were changed to behave more consistently across platforms.69
  • Conversions between floating-point numbers and integers were changed (e.g. infinity changed to convert to zero) and implemented more consistently across platforms.7071

PHP 7 also included new language features. Most notably, it introduced return type declarations for functions72 which complement the existing parameter type declarations, and support for the scalar types (integer, float, string, and boolean) in parameter and return type declarations.73

PHP 8

PHP 8 was released on 26 November 2020, and is currently the second-most used PHP major version. PHP 8 is a major version and has breaking changes from previous versions.7475 New features and notable changes include:

Just-in-time compilation

Just-in-time compilation is supported in PHP 8.76

PHP 8's JIT compiler can provide substantial performance improvements for some use cases,7778 while (then PHP) developer Nikita Popov stated that the performance improvements for most websites will be less substantial than the upgrade from PHP 5 to PHP 7.79 Substantial improvements are expected more for mathematical-type operations than for common web-development use cases.80 Additionally, the JIT compiler provides the future potential to move some code from C to PHP, due to the performance improvements for some use cases.81

Addition of the match expression

Main article: PHP syntax and semantics § Match expression

PHP 8 introduced the match expression.82 The match expression is conceptually similar to a switch statement and is more compact for some use cases.83 Because match is an expression, its result can be assigned to a variable or returned from a function.84

Type changes and additions

PHP 8 introduced union types, a new static return type, and a new mixed type.85

"Attributes", often referred to as "annotations" in other programming languages, were added in PHP 8, which allow metadata to be added to classes.86

throw was changed from being a statement to being an expression.87 This allows exceptions to be thrown in places that were not previously possible.88

Syntax changes and additions

PHP 8 includes changes to allow alternate, more concise, or more consistent syntaxes in a number of scenarios. For example, the nullsafe operator is similar to the null coalescing operator ??, but used when calling methods.89 The following code snippet will not throw an error if getBirthday() returns null:

$human_readable_date = $user->getBirthday()?->diffForHumans();

Constructor property promotion has been added as "syntactic sugar," allowing class properties to be set automatically when parameters are passed into a class constructor.90 This reduces the amount of boilerplate code that must be written.91

Other minor changes include support for use of ::class on objects, which serves as an alternative for the use of get_class();92 non-capturing catches in try-catch blocks; variable syntax tweaks to resolve inconsistencies; support for named arguments; and support for trailing commas in parameter lists, which adds consistency with support for trailing commas in other contexts, such as in arrays.93

Standard library changes and additions

  • Weak maps were added in PHP 8. A WeakMap holds references to objects, but these references do not prevent such objects from being garbage collected.94 This can provide performance improvements in scenarios where data is being cached; this is of particular relevance for object–relational mappings (ORM).95
  • Various adjustments to interfaces, such as adding support for creating DateTime objects from interfaces, and the addition of a Stringable interface that can be used for type hinting.96
  • Various new functions including str_contains(), str_starts_with(), and str_ends_with();97 fdiv(); get_debug_type(); and get_resource_id()98
  • Object implementation of token_get_all()99

Additional changes

  • Type annotations were also added into PHP's C source code itself to allow internal functions and methods to have "complete type information in reflection."100
  • Inheritance with private methods101
  • Abstract methods in traits improvements102

PHP 8.1

PHP 8.1 was released on November 25, 2021.103 It added support for enumerations (also called "enums"), declaring properties as readonly (which prevents modification of the property after initialization), and array unpacking with string keys. The new never type can be used to indicate that a function does not return.104

PHP 8.2

PHP 8.2 was released on December 8, 2022.105 New in this release are readonly classes (whose instance properties are implicitly readonly), disjunctive normal form (DNF) types, and the random extension, which provides a pseudorandom number generator with an object-oriented API,106 Sensitive Parameter value redaction, and a ton of other features.

PHP 8.3

PHP 8.3 was released on November 23, 2023. This release introduced readonly array properties, allowing arrays to be declared as immutable after initialization. It also added support for class aliases for built-in PHP classes, new methods for random float generation in the Random extension, and enhanced PHP INI settings with fallback value support. Additionally, the new stream_context_set_options function provides improved API for stream manipulation, among other updates and deprecations.

PHP 8.4

PHP 8.4 was released on November 21, 2024.

Release history

VersionRelease dateSupported until107Notes
Old version, not maintained: 1.08 June 1995Officially called "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". This is the first use of the name "PHP".108
Old version, not maintained: 2.01 November 1997Officially called "PHP/FI 2.0". This is the first release that could actually be characterised as PHP, being a standalone language with many features that have endured to the present day.
Old version, not maintained: 3.06 June 199820 October 2000109Development moves from one person to multiple developers. Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewritten the base for this version.110
Old version, not maintained: 4.022 May 200011123 June 2001112Added more advanced two-stage parse/execute tag-parsing system called the Zend engine.113
Old version, not maintained: 4.110 December 200111412 March 2002115Introduced "superglobals" ($_GET, $_POST, $_SESSION, etc.)116
Old version, not maintained: 4.222 April 20021176 September 2002118Disabled register_globals by default. Data received over the network is not inserted directly into the global namespace anymore, closing possible security holes in applications.119
Old version, not maintained: 4.327 December 200212031 March 2005121Introduced the command-line interface (CLI), to supplement the CGI.122123
Old version, not maintained: 4.411 July 20051247 August 2008125Fixed a memory corruption bug, which required breaking binary compatibility with extensions compiled against PHP version 4.3.x.126
Old version, not maintained: 5.013 July 20041275 September 2005128Zend Engine II with a new object model.129
Old version, not maintained: 5.124 November 200513024 August 2006131Performance improvements with the introduction of compiler variables in re-engineered PHP Engine.132 Added PHP Data Objects (PDO) as a consistent interface for accessing databases.133
Old version, not maintained: 5.22 November 20061346 January 2011135Enabled the filter extension by default. Native JSON support.136
Old version, not maintained: 5.330 June 200913714 August 2014138Namespace support; late static bindings, jump label (limited goto), anonymous functions, closures, PHP archives (phar), garbage collection for circular references, improved Windows support, sqlite3, mysqlnd as a replacement for libmysql as the underlying library for the extensions that work with MySQL, fileinfo as a replacement for mime_magic for better MIME support, the Internationalization extension, and deprecation of ereg extension.
Old version, not maintained: 5.41 March 20121393 September 2015140Trait support, short array syntax support. Removed items: register_globals, safe_mode, allow_call_time_pass_reference, session_register(), session_unregister() and session_is_registered(). Built-in web server.141 Several improvements to existing features, performance and reduced memory requirements.
Old version, not maintained: 5.520 June 201314210 July 2016143Support for generators, finally blocks for exceptions handling, OpCache (based on Zend Optimizer+) bundled in official distribution.144
Old version, not maintained: 5.628 August 201414531 December 2018146Constant scalar expressions, variadic functions, argument unpacking, new exponentiation operator, extensions of the use statement for functions and constants, new phpdbg debugger as a SAPI module, and other smaller improvements.147
6.xNot released—Abandoned version of PHP that planned to include native Unicode support.148149
Old version, not maintained: 7.03 December 201515010 January 2019151Zend Engine 3 (performance improvements152 and 64-bit integer support on Windows153), uniform variable syntax,154 AST-based compilation process,155 added Closure::call(),156 bitwise shift consistency across platforms,157 ?? (null coalesce) operator,158 Unicode code point escape syntax,159 return type declarations,160 scalar type (integer, float, string and boolean) declarations,161 <=> "spaceship" three-way comparison operator,162 generator delegation,163 anonymous classes,164 simpler and more consistently available CSPRNG API,165 replacement of many remaining internal PHP "errors" with the more modern exceptions,166 and shorthand syntax for importing multiple items from a namespace.167
Old version, not maintained: 7.11 December 20161 December 2019168iterable type,169 nullable types,170 void return type,171 class constant visibility modifiers,172 short list syntax,173 multi-catch174
Old version, not maintained: 7.230 November 201730 November 2020175Object parameter and return type declaration,176 libsodium extension,177 abstract method overriding,178 parameter type widening179
Old version, not maintained: 7.36 December 20181806 December 2021Flexible Heredoc and Nowdoc syntax,181 support for reference assignment and array deconstruction with list(),182 PCRE2 support,183 hrtime function184
Old version, not maintained: 7.428 November 201918528 November 2022Typed properties 2.0,186 preloading,187 null-coalescing assignment operator,188 improve openssl_random_pseudo_bytes,189 weak references,190 foreign function interface (FFI),191 always available hash extension,192 password hash registry,193 multibyte string splitting,194 reflection for references,195 unbundle ext/wddx,196 new custom object serialization mechanism197
Old version, not maintained: 8.026 November 202019826 November 2023Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation,199 arrays starting with a negative index,200 stricter/saner language semantics (validation for abstract trait methods),201 saner string to number comparisons,202 saner numeric strings,203 TypeError on invalid arithmetic/bitwise operators,204 reclassification of various engine errors,205 consistent type errors for internal functions,206 fatal error for incompatible method signatures207), locale-independent float to string conversion,208 variable syntax tweaks,209 attributes,210211212213 named arguments,214 match expression,215 constructor property promotion,216 union types,217 mixed type,218 static return type,219 nullsafe operator,220 non-capturing catches,221 throw expression,222 JSON extension is always available.223
Old version, still maintained: 8.125 November 202122431 December 2025Explicit octal integer literal notation,225 enumerations,226 read-only properties,227 first-class callable syntax,228 new in initializers,229 pure intersection types,230 never return type,231 final class constraints,232 fibers233
Old version, still maintained: 8.28 December 202223431 December 2026Readonly classes,235 null, false, and true as stand-alone types,236237 locale-independent case conversion,238 disjunctive normal form types,239 constants in traits240
Old version, still maintained: 8.323 November 202324131 December 2027Typed class constants,242 dynamic class constant fetch,243 #[\Override] attribute,244 deep-cloning of read-only properties,245 new json_validate function,246 randomizer additions,247 the command-line linter supports multiple files
Latest version: 8.421 November 202424831 December 2028Property hooks, asymmetric visibility, an updated DOM API, performance improvements, bug fixes, and general cleanup.
Legend:Old version, not maintainedOld version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture version

Beginning on 28 June 2011, the PHP Development Team implemented a timeline for the release of new versions of PHP.249 Under this system, at least one release should occur every month. Once per year, a minor release should occur which may include new features. Every minor release should at least be supported for two years with security and bug fixes, followed by at least one year of only security fixes, for a total of a three-year release process for every minor release. No new features, unless small and self-contained, are to be introduced into a minor release during the three-year release process.

Mascot

The mascot of the PHP project is the elePHPant, a blue elephant with the PHP logo on its side, designed by Vincent Pontier250 in 1998.251 "The (PHP) letters were forming the shape of an elephant if viewed in a sideways angle."252 The elePHPant is sometimes differently coloured when in plush toy form.253

Many variations of this mascot have been made over the years. Only the elePHPants based on the original design by Vincent Pontier are considered official by the community.254 These are collectable and some of them are extremely rare.255

Syntax

Main article: PHP syntax and semantics

The following "Hello, World!" program is written in PHP code embedded in an HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>PHP "Hello, World!" program</title> </head> <body> <p><?= 'Hello, World!' ?></p> </body> </html>

However, as no requirement exists for PHP code to be embedded in HTML, the simplest version of Hello, World! may be written like this, with the closing tag ?> omitted as preferred in files containing pure PHP code.256

<?php echo 'Hello, World!';

The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything outside of its delimiters is not processed by PHP, although the non-PHP text is still subject to control structures described in PHP code. The most common delimiters are <?php to open and ?> to close PHP sections. The shortened form <? also exists. This short delimiter makes script files less portable since support for them can be disabled in the local PHP configuration and it is therefore discouraged.257258 Conversely, there is no recommendation against the echo short tag <?=.259 Prior to PHP 5.4.0, this short syntax for echo only works with the short_open_tag configuration setting enabled, while for PHP 5.4.0 and later it is always available.260261262 The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP content, such as JavaScript code or HTML markup.263 So the shortest "Hello, World!" program written in PHP is:

<?='Hello, World!';

The first form of delimiters, <?php and ?>, in XHTML and other XML documents, creates correctly formed XML processing instructions.264 This means that the resulting mixture of PHP code and other markups in the server-side file is itself well-formed XML.

Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol, and a type does not need to be specified in advance. PHP 5 introduced type declarations that allow functions to force their parameters to be objects of a specific class, arrays, interfaces or callback functions. However, before PHP 7, type declarations could not be used with scalar types such as integers or strings.265

Below is an example of how PHP variables are declared and initialized.

<?php $name = 'John'; // variable of string type being declared and initialized $age = 18; // variable of integer type being declared and initialized $height = 5.3; // variable of double type being declared and initialized echo $name . ' is ' . $height . "m tall\n"; // concatenating variables and strings echo "$name is $age years old."; // interpolating variables to string ?>

Unlike function and class names, variable names are case-sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") and heredoc strings provide the ability to interpolate a variable's value into the string.266 PHP treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free-form language, and statements are terminated by a semicolon.267 PHP has three types of comment syntax: /* */ marks block and inline comments; // or # are used for one-line comments.268 The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text.

In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to C-style syntax. if conditions, for and while loops and function returns are similar in syntax to languages such as C, C++, C#, Java and Perl.

Data types

PHP is loosely typed. It stores integers in a platform-dependent range, either as a 32, 64 or 128-bit signed integer equivalent to the C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations, which is different behaviour to many other programming languages.269 Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal, hexadecimal, and binary notations.

Floating-point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating-point notation, or two forms of scientific notation.270 PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as in Perl and C++.271

The null data type represents a variable that has no value; NULL is the only allowed value for this data type.272

Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and database resources.273

Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled.274 PHP also supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, nowdoc or heredoc syntax.275

The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes.276

Functions

PHP defines a large array of functions in the core language and many are also available in various extensions; these functions are well documented online PHP documentation.277 However, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming conventions and associated inconsistencies, as described under history above.

Custom functions may be defined by the developer:

function myAge(int $birthYear): string { // calculate the age by subtracting the birth year from the current year. $yearsOld = date('Y') - $birthYear; // return the age in a descriptive string. return $yearsOld . ($yearsOld == 1 ? ' year' : ' years'); } echo 'I am currently ' . myAge(1995) . ' old.';

As of 2025, the output of the above sample program is "I am currently 30 years old."

In lieu of function pointers, functions in PHP can be referenced by a string containing their name. In this manner, normal PHP functions can be used, for example, as callbacks or within function tables.278 User-defined functions may be created at any time without being prototyped.279280 Functions may be defined inside code blocks, permitting a run-time decision as to whether or not a function should be defined. There is a function_exists function that determines whether a function with a given name has already been defined. Function calls must use parentheses, with the exception of zero-argument class constructor functions called with the PHP operator new, in which case parentheses are optional.

Since PHP 4.0.1 create_function(), a thin wrapper around eval(), allowed normal PHP functions to be created during program execution; it was deprecated in PHP 7.2 and removed in PHP 8.0281 in favor of syntax for anonymous functions or "closures"282 that can capture variables from the surrounding scope, which was added in PHP 5.3. Shorthand arrow syntax was added in PHP 7.4:283

function getAdder($x) { return fn($y) => $x + $y; } $adder = getAdder(8); echo $adder(2); // prints "10"

In the example above, getAdder() function creates a closure using passed argument $x, which takes an additional argument $y, and returns the created closure to the caller. Such a function is a first-class object, meaning that it can be stored in a variable, passed as a parameter to other functions, etc.284

Unusually for a dynamically typed language, PHP supports type declarations on function parameters, which are enforced at runtime. This has been supported for classes and interfaces since PHP 5.0, for arrays since PHP 5.1, for "callables" since PHP 5.4, and scalar (integer, float, string and boolean) types since PHP 7.0.285 PHP 7.0 also has type declarations for function return types, expressed by placing the type name after the list of parameters, preceded by a colon.286 For example, the getAdder function from the earlier example could be annotated with types like so in PHP 7:

function getAdder(int $x): Closure { return fn(int $y): int => $x + $y; } $adder = getAdder(8); echo $adder(2); // prints "10" echo $adder(null); // throws an exception because an incorrect type was passed $adder = getAdder([]); // would also throw an exception

By default, scalar type declarations follow weak typing principles. So, for example, if a parameter's type is int, PHP would allow not only integers, but also convertible numeric strings, floats or Booleans to be passed to that function, and would convert them.287 However, PHP 7 has a "strict typing" mode which, when used, disallows such conversions for function calls and returns within a file.288

PHP objects

Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP 4.289 This allowed for PHP to gain further abstraction, making creative tasks easier for programmers using the language. Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance.290 In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like value types.291 The drawback of this method was that code had to make heavy use of PHP's "reference" variables if it wanted to modify an object it was passed rather than creating a copy of it. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value.

PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods, along with abstract classes, final classes, abstract methods, and final methods. It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors and destructors, similar to that of other object-oriented languages such as C++, and a standard exception handling model. Furthermore, PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for multiple interfaces to be implemented. There are special interfaces that allow objects to interact with the runtime system. Objects implementing ArrayAccess can be used with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the foreach language construct. There is no virtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time.292

If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone, the Zend engine will check whether a __clone() method has been defined. If not, it will call a default __clone() which will copy the object's properties. If a __clone() method is defined, then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object, so the programmer can start with a by-value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed.293

The visibility of PHP properties and methods is defined using the keywords public, private, and protected. The default is public, if only var is used; var is a synonym for public. Items declared public can be accessed everywhere. protected limits access to inherited classes (and to the class that defines the item). private limits visibility only to the class that defines the item.294 Objects of the same type have access to each other's private and protected members even though they are not the same instance.

Example

The following is a basic example of object-oriented programming in PHP 8:

<?php abstract class User { protected string $name; public function __construct(string $name) { // make first letter uppercase and the rest lowercase $this->name = ucfirst(strtolower($name)); } public function greet(): string { return "Hello, my name is " . $this->name; } abstract public function job(): string; } class Student extends User { public function __construct(string $name, private string $course) { parent::__construct($name); } public function job(): string { return "I learn " . $this->course; } } class Teacher extends User { public function __construct(string $name, private array $teachingCourses) { parent::__construct($name); } public function job(): string { return "I teach " . implode(", ", $this->teachingCourses); } } $students = [ new Student("Alice", "Computer Science"), new Student("Bob", "Computer Science"), new Student("Charlie", "Business Studies"), ]; $teachers = [ new Teacher("Dan", ["Computer Science", "Information Security"]), new Teacher("Erin", ["Computer Science", "3D Graphics Programming"]), new Teacher("Frankie", ["Online Marketing", "Business Studies", "E-commerce"]), ]; foreach ([$students, $teachers] as $users) { echo $users[0]::class . "s:\n"; array_walk($users, function (User $user) { echo "{$user->greet()}, {$user->job()}\n"; }); }

This program outputs the following:

Students: Hello, my name is Alice, I learn Computer Science Hello, my name is Bob, I learn Computer Science Hello, my name is Charlie, I learn Business Studies Teachers: Hello, my name is Dan, I teach Computer Science, Information Security Hello, my name is Erin, I teach Computer Science, 3D Graphics Programming Hello, my name is Frankie, I teach Online Marketing, Business Studies, E-commerce

Implementations

The only complete PHP implementation is the original, known simply as PHP. It is the most widely used and is powered by the Zend Engine. To disambiguate it from other implementations, it is sometimes unofficially called "Zend PHP". The Zend Engine compiles PHP source code on-the-fly into an internal format that it can execute, thus it works as an interpreter.295296 It is also the "reference implementation" of PHP, as PHP has no formal specification, and so the semantics of Zend PHP define the semantics of PHP. Due to the complex and nuanced semantics of PHP, defined by how Zend works, it is difficult for competing implementations to offer complete compatibility.297

PHP's single-request-per-script-execution model, and the fact that the Zend Engine is an interpreter, leads to inefficiency; as a result, various products have been developed to help improve PHP performance. In order to speed up execution time and not have to compile the PHP source code every time the web page is accessed, PHP scripts can also be deployed in the PHP engine's internal format by using an opcode cache, which works by caching the compiled form of a PHP script (opcodes) in shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs. An opcode cache, Zend Opcache, is built into PHP since version 5.5.298 Another example of a widely used opcode cache is the Alternative PHP Cache (APC), which is available as a PECL extension.299

While Zend PHP is still the most popular implementation, several other implementations have been developed. Some of these are compilers or support JIT compilation, and hence offer performance benefits over Zend PHP at the expense of lacking full PHP compatibility. Alternative implementations include the following:

  • HHVM (HipHop Virtual Machine) – developed at Facebook and available as open source, it converts PHP code into a high-level bytecode (commonly known as an intermediate language), which is then translated into x86-64 machine code dynamically at runtime by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler, resulting in up to 6× performance improvements.300 However, since version 7.2 Zend has outperformed HHVM,301 and HHVM 3.24 is the last version to officially support PHP.302
    • HipHop – developed at Facebook and available as open source, it transforms the PHP scripts into C++ code and then compiles the resulting code, reducing the server load up to 50%. In early 2013, Facebook deprecated it in favour of HHVM due to multiple reasons, including deployment difficulties and lack of support for the whole PHP language, including the create_function() and eval() constructs.303
  • Parrot – a virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently; the cross-translator Pipp transforms the PHP source code into the Parrot intermediate representation, which is then translated into the Parrot's bytecode and executed by the virtual machine.
  • PeachPie – a second-generation compiler to .NET Common Intermediate Language (CIL) bytecode, built on the Roslyn platform; successor of Phalanger, sharing several architectural components
  • Phalanger – compiles PHP into .Net Common Intermediate Language bytecode; predecessor of PeachPie
  • Quercus – compiles PHP into Java bytecode

Licensing

Main article: PHP License

PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which stipulates that:304

Products derived from this software may not be called "PHP", nor may "PHP" appear in their name, without prior written permission from [email protected]. You may indicate that your software works in conjunction with PHP by saying "Foo for PHP" instead of calling it "PHP Foo" or "phpfoo".

This restriction on the use of "PHP" makes the PHP License incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL), while the Zend License is incompatible due to an advertising clause similar to that of the original BSD license.305

Development and community

PHP includes various free and open-source libraries in its source distribution or uses them in resulting PHP binary builds. PHP is fundamentally an Internet-aware system with built-in modules for accessing File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers and many database servers, including PostgreSQL, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server and SQLite (which is an embedded database), LDAP servers, and others. Numerous functions are familiar to C programmers, such as those in the stdio family, are available in standard PHP builds.306

PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language. PHP extensions can be compiled statically into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime. Numerous extensions have been written to add support for the Windows API, process management on Unix-like operating systems, multibyte strings (Unicode), cURL, and several popular compression formats. Other PHP features made available through extensions include integration with Internet Relay Chat (IRC), dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content, PHP Data Objects (PDO) as an abstraction layer used for accessing databases,307308309310311312313 and even speech synthesis. Some of the language's core functions, such as those dealing with strings and arrays, are also implemented as extensions.314 The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP language.315

Some other projects, such as Zephir, provide the ability for PHP extensions to be created in a high-level language and compiled into native PHP extensions. Such an approach, instead of writing PHP extensions directly in C, simplifies the development of extensions and reduces the time required for programming and testing.316

By December 2018 the PHP Group consisted of ten people: Thies C. Arntzen, Stig Bakken, Shane Caraveo, Andi Gutmans, Rasmus Lerdorf, Sam Ruby, Sascha Schumann, Zeev Suraski, Jim Winstead, and Andrei Zmievski.317

Zend Technologies provides a PHP Certification based on PHP 8318 exam (and previously based on PHP 7 and 5.5) for programmers to become certified PHP developers.

The PHP Foundation

On 26 November 2021, the JetBrains blog announced the creation of The PHP Foundation, which will sponsor the design and development of PHP.319

YearCommitsReviewsRFCs
20223206832838
202332178470217

The foundation hires "Core Developers" to work on the PHP language's core repository. Roman Pronskiy, a member of the foundation's board, said that they aim to pay "market salaries" to developers.322

The response to the foundation has mostly been positive, with the foundation being praised for better supporting the language and helping to stop the decrease in the language's popularity.323324 However, it has also been criticised for adding breaking changes to minor versions of PHP, such as in PHP 8.2 where initialising members of a class out-with the original class scope would cause deprecation errors,325 these changes impacted a number of open source projects including WordPress. 326

Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund provided more than 200,000 Euros to support the PHP Foundation.327

Installation and configuration

There are two primary ways for adding support for PHP to a web server – as a native web server module, or as a CGI executable. PHP has a direct module interface called server application programming interface (SAPI), which is supported by many web servers including Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft IIS and iPlanet Web Server. Some other web servers, such as OmniHTTPd, support the Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI), which is Microsoft's web server module interface. If PHP has no module support for a web server, it can always be used as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) or FastCGI processor; in that case, the web server is configured to use PHP's CGI executable to process all requests to PHP files.328

PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) is an alternative FastCGI implementation for PHP, bundled with the official PHP distribution since version 5.3.3.329 When compared to the older FastCGI implementation, it contains some additional features, mostly useful for heavily loaded web servers.330

When using PHP for command-line scripting, a PHP command-line interface (CLI) executable is needed. PHP supports a CLI server application programming interface (SAPI) since PHP 4.3.0.331 The main focus of this SAPI is developing shell applications using PHP. There are quite a few differences between the CLI SAPI and other SAPIs, although they do share many of the same behaviours.332

PHP has a direct module interface called SAPI for different web servers;333 in case of PHP 5 and Apache 2.0 on Windows, it is provided in form of a DLL file called php5apache2.dll,334 which is a module that, among other functions, provides an interface between PHP and the web server, implemented in a form that the server understands. This form is what is known as a SAPI.

There are different kinds of SAPIs for various web server extensions. For example, in addition to those listed above, other SAPIs for the PHP language include the Common Gateway Interface and command-line interface.335336

PHP can also be used for writing desktop graphical user interface (GUI) applications, by using the "PHP Desktop". GitHub. or discontinued PHP-GTK extension. PHP-GTK is not included in the official PHP distribution,337 and as an extension, it can be used only with PHP versions 5.1.0 and newer. The most common way of installing PHP-GTK is by compiling it from the source code.338

When PHP is installed and used in cloud environments, software development kits (SDKs) are provided for using cloud-specific features. For example:

Numerous configuration options are supported, affecting both core PHP features and extensions.341342 Configuration file php.ini is searched for in different locations, depending on the way PHP is used.343 The configuration file is split into various sections,344 while some of the configuration options can be also set within the web server configuration.345

Use

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server-side web development, in which case PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on websites or elsewhere.346 It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side graphical user interface (GUI) applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems (RDBMS). Most web hosting providers support PHP for use by their clients. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.347

Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on server-side scripting,348 and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as Python, Microsoft's ASP.NET, Sun Microsystems' JavaServer Pages,349 and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the development of many software frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid application development (RAD). Some of these include PRADO, CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter, Laravel, Yii Framework, Phalcon and Laminas, offering features similar to other web frameworks.

The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web applications.350 PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python, Perl, or some mix of the three. Similar packages, WAMP and MAMP, are also available for Windows and macOS, with the first letter standing for the respective operating system. Although both PHP and Apache are provided as part of the macOS base install, users of these packages seek a simpler installation mechanism that can be more easily kept up to date.

For specific and more advanced usage scenarios, PHP offers a well-defined and documented way for writing custom extensions in C or C++.351352353354355356357[non-primary source needed] Besides extending the language itself in form of additional libraries, extensions are providing a way for improving execution speed where it is critical and there is room for improvements by using a true compiled language.358359 PHP also offers well-defined ways for embedding itself into other software projects. That way PHP can be easily used as an internal scripting language for another project, also providing tight interfacing with the project's specific internal data structures.360

PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking support for multithreading at the core language level,361 though using threads is made possible by the "pthreads" PECL extension.362363

A command line interface, php-cli, and two ActiveX Windows Script Host scripting engines for PHP have been produced.

Popularity and usage statistics

PHP is used for Web content management systems including MediaWiki,364 WordPress,365 Joomla,366 Drupal,367 Moodle,368 eZ Publish, eZ Platform, and SilverStripe.369

As of January 2013, PHP was used in more than 240 million websites (39% of those sampled) and was installed on 2.1 million web servers.370

As of 21 January 2025 (two months after PHP 8.4's release), PHP is used as the server-side programming language on 75.0% of websites where the language could be determined; PHP 7 is the most used version of the language with 47.1% of websites using PHP being on that version, while 40.6% use PHP 8, 12.2% use PHP 5 and 0.1% use PHP 4.371

PHP 840.6%PHP 747.1%PHP 512.9%PHP 40.1%

Security

In 2019, 11% of all vulnerabilities listed by the National Vulnerability Database were linked to PHP;372 historically, about 30% of all vulnerabilities listed since 1996 in this database are linked to PHP. Technical security flaws of the language itself or of its core libraries are not frequent (22 in 2009, about 1% of the total although PHP applies to about 20% of programs listed).373 Recognizing that programmers make mistakes, some languages include taint checking to automatically detect the lack of input validation which induces many issues. Such a feature has been proposed for PHP in the past, but either been rejected or the proposal abandoned.374375376

Third-party projects such as Suhosin377 and Snuffleupagus378 aim to remove or change dangerous parts of the language.

Historically, old versions of PHP had some configuration parameters and default values for such runtime settings that made some PHP applications prone to security issues. Among these, magic_quotes_gpc and register_globals379 configuration directives were the best known; the latter made any URL parameters become PHP variables, opening a path for serious security vulnerabilities by allowing an attacker to set the value of any uninitialized global variable and interfere with the execution of a PHP script. Support for "magic quotes" and "register globals" settings has been deprecated since PHP 5.3.0, and removed from PHP 5.4.0.380

Another example for the potential runtime-settings vulnerability comes from failing to disable PHP execution (for example by using the engine configuration directive)381 for the directory where uploaded files are stored; enabling it can result in the execution of malicious code embedded within the uploaded files.382383384 The best practice is to either locate the image directory outside of the document root available to the web server and serve it via an intermediary script or disable PHP execution for the directory which stores the uploaded files.

Also, enabling the dynamic loading of PHP extensions (via enable_dl configuration directive)385 in a shared web hosting environment can lead to security issues.386387

Implied type conversions that result in different values being treated as equal, sometimes against the programmer's intent, can lead to security issues. For example, the result of the comparison '0e1234' == '0' is true, because strings that are parsable as numbers are converted to numbers; in this case, the first compared value is treated as scientific notation having the value (0×101234), which is zero. Errors like this resulted in authentication vulnerabilities in Simple Machines Forum,388 Typo3389 and phpBB390 when MD5 password hashes were compared. The recommended way is to use hash_equals() (for timing attack safety), strcmp or the identity operator (===), as '0e1234' === '0' results in false.

In a 2013 analysis of over 170,000 website defacements, published by Zone-H, the most frequently (53%) used technique was the exploitation of file inclusion vulnerability, mostly related to insecure usage of the PHP language constructs include, require, and allow_url_fopen.391392

Cryptographic security

PHP includes rand()393 and mt_rand()394functions which use a pseudorandom number generator, and are not cryptographically secure. As of version 8.1, the random_int() function is included, which uses a cryptographically secure source of randomness provided by the system.395

There are two attacks that can be performed over PHP entropy sources: "seed attack" and "state recovery attack". As of 2012, a $250 GPU can perform up to 230 MD5 calculations per second, while a $750 GPU can perform four times as many calculations at the same time.396 In combination with a "birthday attack" this can lead to serious security vulnerabilities.

Long-term support

The PHP development team provides official bug fixes for two years following release of each minor version followed by another two years where only security fixes are released.397 After this, the release is considered end of life and no longer officially supported.

Extended long-term support beyond this is available from commercial providers, such as Zend and others398399

See also

  • Computer programming portal
  • Free and open-source software portal

Further reading

References

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