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Member state of the European Union
State that is a participant in the treaties of the European Union (EU)

The European Union (EU) is a unique political and economic union of 27 member states governed by shared sovereignty through its institutions according to the founding treaties. Decisions are made either unanimously in the Council or by qualified majority voting, respecting the principle of subsidiarity. Each member appoints a European commissioner to the European Commission, who work collectively for all states. Founded in the 1950s as the European Communities by six core states, the EU has expanded through enlargements requiring candidates to meet the Copenhagen criteria and adopt the acquis communautaire. The United Kingdom withdrew in 2020 through Brexit.

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List

CountryISOAccessionPopulation1Area(km2)LargestcityGDP(US$ M)GDP (PPP)per cap.23CurrencyGini4HDI5MEPsOfficiallanguages
 AustriaAT1 January 19958,926,00083,855Vienna535,80473,050euro29.10.92620German
 BelgiumBEMarch 25, 1957 Founder11,566,04130,528Brussels662,18373,221euro33.00.94222DutchFrenchGerman
 BulgariaBG1 January 20076,916,548110,994Sofia66,25039,185lev29.20.79917Bulgarian
 CroatiaHR1 July 20134,036,35556,594Zagreb89,66548,811euro290.87812Croatian
 Cyprus6CY1 May 2004896,0009,251Nicosia23,38059,858euro31.20.9076GreekTurkish7
 Czech RepublicCZ1 May 200410,574,15378,866Prague246,95356,686koruna25.80.89521Czech8
 Denmark9DK1 January 19735,833,88343,075Copenhagen347,17683,454krone24.70.95215Danish
 EstoniaEE1 May 20041,330,06845,227Tallinn43,04448,008euro36.00.8997Estonian
 Finland10FI1 January 19955,527,493338,424Helsinki306,08364,657euro26.90.94215FinnishSwedish
 France11FRMarch 25, 1957 Founder67,439,614632,7861213Paris2,707,07465,940euro32.70.91081French
 GermanyDEMarch 25, 1957 Founder1483,120,520357,386Berlin4,710,03270,930euro31.90.95096German
 GreeceGR1 January 198110,682,547131,990Athens214,01242,066euro34.30.89321Greek
 HungaryHU1 May 20049,730,77293,030Budapest170,40746,807forint30.00.85121Hungarian
 IrelandIE1 January 19735,006,32470,273Dublin384,940127,750euro34.30.95014EnglishIrish
 ItalyITMarch 25, 1957 Founder58,968,501301,338Rome1,988,63660,993euro36.00.90676Italian
 LatviaLV1 May 20041,862,70064,589Riga35,04543,527euro35.70.8799Latvian
 LithuaniaLT1 May 20042,795,68065,200Vilnius53,64153,624euro35.80.87911Lithuanian
 LuxembourgLUMarch 25, 1957 Founder633,3472,586.4Luxembourg69,453151,146euro30.80.9276Luxembourgish15FrenchGerman
 MaltaMT1 May 2004516,100316Valletta14,85972,942euro25.80.9156MalteseEnglish
 Netherlands16NLMarch 25, 1957 Founder17,614,84041,543Amsterdam902,35581,495euro30.90.94631DutchFrisian
 PolandPL1 May 200437,840,001312,685Warsaw565,85451,629złoty34.90.88156Polish
 Portugal17PT1 January 198610,298,2521892,21219Lisbon236,40849,237euro32.1200.87421Portuguese21
 RomaniaRO1 January 200719,186,201238,391Bucharest243,69847,204leu31.50.82733Romanian
 SlovakiaSK1 May 20045,422,19449,035Bratislava106,55245,632euro25.80.85515Slovak
 SloveniaSI1 May 20042,108,97720,273Ljubljana54,15455,684euro31.20.9269Slovene
 Spain22ES1 January 198648,946,035504,030Madrid1,647,11455,089euro32.00.91161Spanish23
 SwedenSE1 January 199510,370,000449,964Stockholm528,92971,731krona25.00.95221Swedish

Notes

Former member state

List of European Union member states
CountryISOAccessionWithdrawalPopulation24Area (km2)Largest cityGDP(US$ M)GDP (PPP)per cap.2526CurrencyGini27HDI28Official languages
United KingdomGB1 January 197331 January 202067,791,400242,495London3,158,93862,574sterling36.60.940English

Outermost regions

Further information: Special member state territories and the European Union

There are a number of overseas member state territories which are legally part of the EU, but have certain exemptions based on their remoteness; see Overseas Countries and Territories Association. These "outermost regions" have partial application of EU law and in some cases are outside of Schengen or the EU VAT area—however they are legally within the EU.29 They all use the euro as their currency.

TerritoryMember StateLocationAreakm2PopulationPer capita GDP(EU=100)EU VAT areaSchengen Area
AzoresPortugalAtlantic Ocean2,333236,44066.7YesYes
Canary IslandsSpainAtlantic Ocean7,4472,202,04893.7NoYes
French GuianaFranceSouth America84,000295,38550.5NoNo
GuadeloupeFranceCaribbean1,710378,56150.5NoNo
MadeiraPortugalAtlantic Ocean795250,76994.9YesYes
Saint-MartinFranceCaribbean5231,47761.9NoNo
MartiniqueFranceCaribbean1,080349,92575.6NoNo
Mayotte30FranceIndian Ocean374320,901NoNo
RéunionFranceIndian Ocean2,512885,70061.6NoNo

Abbreviations

Abbreviations have been used as a shorthand way of grouping countries by their date of accession.

  • EU15 includes the fifteen countries in the European Union from 1 January 1995 to 30 April 2004. The EU15 comprised Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom.31 Eurostat still uses this expression.
  • EU19 includes the countries in the EU15 as well as the Central European member countries of the OECD: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovak Republic.32
  • EU11 is used to refer to the Central, Southeastern Europe and Baltic European member states that joined in 2004, 2007 and 2013: in 2004 the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia.3334
  • EU27 means all the member states. It was originally used in this sense from 2007 until Croatia's accession in 2013, and during the Brexit negotiations from 2017 until the United Kingdom's withdrawal on 31 January 2020 it came to mean all members except the UK.
  • EU28 meant all the member states from the accession of Croatia in 2013 to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom in 2020.

Additionally, other abbreviations have been used to refer to countries which had limited access to the EU labour market.35

  • A8 is eight of the ten countries that joined the EU in 2004, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia.
  • A2 is the countries that joined the EU in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania.

Changes in membership

Enlargement

See also: Enlargement of the European Union, Potential enlargement of the European Union, and Brexit

According to the Copenhagen criteria, membership of the European Union is open to any European country that is a stable, free-market liberal democracy that respects the rule of law and human rights. Furthermore, it has to be willing to accept all the obligations of membership, such as adopting all previously agreed law (the 170,000 pages of acquis communautaire) and switching to the euro.36 For a state to join the European Union, the prior approval of all current member states is required. In addition to enlargement by adding new countries, the EU can also expand by having territories of member states, which are outside the EU, integrate more closely (for example in respect to the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles) or by a territory of a member state which had previously seceded and then rejoined (see withdrawal below).

Suspension

Main article: Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union

There is no provision to expel a member state, but TEU Article 7 provides for the suspension of certain rights. Introduced in the Treaty of Amsterdam, Article 7 outlines that if a member persistently breaches the EU's founding principles (liberty, democracy, human rights and so forth, outlined in TEU Article 2) then the European Council can vote to suspend any rights of membership, such as voting and representation. Identifying the breach requires unanimity (excluding the state concerned), but sanctions require only a qualified majority.37

The state in question would still be bound by the obligations treaties and the Council acting by majority may alter or lift such sanctions. The Treaty of Nice included a preventive mechanism whereby the council, acting by majority, may identify a potential breach and make recommendations to the state to rectify it before action is taken against it as outlined above.38 However, the treaties do not provide any mechanism to expel a member state outright.39

Withdrawal

Main article: Withdrawal from the European Union

Prior to the Lisbon Treaty, there was no provision or procedure within any of the Treaties of the European Union for a member state to withdraw from the European Union or its predecessor organisations. The Lisbon Treaty changed this and included the first provision and procedure of a member state to leave the bloc. The procedure for a state to leave is outlined in TEU Article 50 which also makes clear that "Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements". Although it calls for a negotiated withdrawal between the seceding state and the rest of the EU, if no agreement is reached two years after the seceding state notifying of its intention to leave, it would cease to be subject to the treaties anyway (thus ensuring a right to unilateral withdrawal).40 There is no formal limit to how much time a member state can take between adopting a policy of withdrawal, and actually triggering Article 50.

In a referendum in June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU. The UK government triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017.41 After an extended period of negotiation and internal political debate the UK eventually withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020.4243

Prior to 2016, no member state had voted to withdraw. However, French Algeria, Greenland and Saint-Barthélemy did cease being part of the EU (or its predecessor) in 1962, 1985, and 2012, respectively, due to status changes. The situation of Greenland being outside the EU while still subject to an EU member state had been discussed as a template for the pro-EU regions of the UK remaining within the EU or its single market.44

Beyond the formal withdrawal of a member state, there are a number of independence movements such as Catalonia or Flanders which could result in a similar situation to Greenland. Were a territory of a member state to secede but wish to remain in the EU, some scholars claim it would need to reapply to join as if it were a new country applying from scratch.45 However, other studies claim internal enlargement is legally viable if, in case of a member state dissolution or secession, the resulting states are all considered successor states.46 There is also a European Citizens' Initiative that aims at guaranteeing the continuity of rights and obligations of the European citizens belonging to a new state arising from the democratic secession of a European Union member state.47

Representation

Each state has representation in the institutions of the European Union. Full membership gives the government of a member state a seat in the Council of the European Union and European Council. When decisions are not being taken by consensus, qualified majority voting (which requires majorities both of the number of states and of the population they represent, but a sufficient blocking minority can veto the proposal). The Presidency of the Council of the European Union rotates among each of the member states, allowing each state six months to help direct the agenda of the EU.4849

Similarly, each state is assigned seats in Parliament according to their population (smaller countries receiving more seats per inhabitant than the larger ones). The members of the European Parliament have been elected by universal suffrage since 1979 (before that, they were seconded from national parliaments).5051

The national governments appoint one member each to the European Commission, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Auditors. Prospective Commissioners must be confirmed both by the President of the Commission and by the European Parliament; prospective justices must be confirmed by the existing members. Historically, larger member states were granted an extra Commissioner. However, as the body grew, this right has been removed and each state is represented equally. The six largest states are also granted an Advocates General in the Court of Justice. Finally, the Governing Council of the European Central Bank includes the governors of the national central banks (who may or may not be government appointed) of each euro area country.52

The larger states traditionally carry more weight in negotiations, however smaller states can be effective impartial mediators and citizens of smaller states are often appointed to sensitive top posts to avoid competition between the larger states. This, together with the disproportionate representation of the smaller states in terms of votes and seats in parliament, gives the smaller EU states a greater power of influence than is normally attributed to a state of their size. However most negotiations are still dominated by the larger states. This has traditionally been largely through the "Franco-German motor" but Franco-German influence has diminished slightly following the influx of new members in 2004 (see G6).53

Sovereignty

While the member states are sovereign, the union partially follows a supranational system for those functions agreed by treaty to be shared. ("Competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties remain with the member states"). Previously limited to European Community matters, the practice, known as the 'community method', is currently used in many areas of policy. Combined sovereignty is delegated by each member to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions. This practice is often referred to as 'pooling of sovereignty'. Those institutions are then empowered to make laws and execute them at a European level.

In contrast to some international organisations, the EU's style of integration as a union of states does not "emphasise sovereignty or the separation of domestic and foreign affairs [and it] has become a highly developed system for mutual interference in each other's domestic affairs, right down to beer and sausages.".54 However, on defence and foreign policy issues (and, pre-Lisbon Treaty, police and judicial matters) less sovereignty is transferred, with issues being dealt with by unanimity and co-operation. Very early on in the history of the EU, the unique state of its establishment and pooling of sovereignty was emphasised by the Court of Justice:55

By creating a Community of unlimited duration, having its own institutions, its own personality, its own legal capacity and capacity of representation on the international plane and, more particularly, real powers stemming from a limitation of sovereignty or a transfer of powers from the States to Community, the Member States have limited their sovereign rights and have thus created a body of law which binds both their nationals and themselves...The transfer by the States from their domestic legal system to the Community legal system of the rights and obligations arising under the Treaty carries with it a permanent limitation of their sovereign rights.

— European Court of Justice 1964, in reference to case of Costa v ENEL56

The question of whether Union law is superior to State law is subject to some debate. The treaties do not give a judgement on the matter but court judgements have established EU's law superiority over national law and it is affirmed in a declaration attached to the Treaty of Lisbon (the proposed European Constitution would have fully enshrined this). The legal systems of some states also explicitly accept the Court of Justice's interpretation, such as France and Italy, however in Poland it does not override the state's constitution, which it does in Germany.5758 The exact areas where the member states have given legislative competence to the Union are as follows. Every area not mentioned remains with member states.59

Competences

See also: subsidiarity

In EU terminology, the term 'competence' means 'authority or responsibility to act'. The table below shows which aspects of governance are exclusively for collective action (through the commission) and which are shared to a greater or lesser extent. If an aspect is not listed in the table below, then it remains the exclusive competence of the member state. Perhaps the best known example is taxation, which remains a matter of state sovereignty.

Competences of the European Union in relation to those of its member states60
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Exclusive competence
Shared competence
Supporting competence
The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act as to …
Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the Union has done so, that is …
Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in …
  • research, technological development and (outer) space
  • development cooperation, humanitarian aid
The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to their common policies not covered elsewhere in …
The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement Member States' actions in …
  • the protection and improvement of human health
  • industry
  • culture
  • tourism
  • education, youth, sport and vocational training
  • civil protection (disaster prevention)
  • administrative cooperation

Conditional mutual support

As a result of the European sovereign debt crisis, some eurozone states were given a bailout from their fellow members via the European Financial Stability Facility and European Financial Stability Mechanism (replaced by the European Stability Mechanism from 2013), but this came with conditions. As a result of the Greek government-debt crisis, Greece accepted a large austerity plan including privatisations and a sell off of state assets in exchange for their bailout. To ensure that Greece complied with the conditions set by the European troika (ECB, IMF, Commission), a 'large-scale technical assistance' from the European Commission and other member states was deployed to Greek government ministries. Some, including the President of the Euro Group Jean-Claude Juncker, stated that "the sovereignty of Greece will be massively limited."616263 The situation of the bailed out countries (Greece, Portugal and Ireland) has been described as being a ward6465 or protectorate666768 of the EU with some such as the Netherlands calling for a formalisation of the situation.69

Multi-speed integration

Main article: European integration § Multi-speed Europe

See also: Enhanced cooperation and Opt-outs in the European Union

EU integration is not always symmetrical, with some states proceeding with integration ahead of hold-outs. There are several different forms of closer integration both within and outside the EU's normal framework. One mechanism is enhanced cooperation where nine or more states can use EU structures to progress in a field that not all states are willing to partake in.70 Some states have gained an opt-out in the founding treaties from participating in certain policy areas.7172

Political systems

For a more comprehensive list, see List of European Union member states by political system.

The admission of a new state the Union is limited to liberal democracies and Freedom House ranks all EU states as being totally free electoral democracies.73 All but 4 are ranked at the top 1.0 rating.74 However, the exact political system of a state is not limited, with each state having its own system based on its historical evolution.

More than half of member states—16 out of 27—are parliamentary republics, while six states are constitutional monarchies, meaning they have a monarch although political powers are exercised by elected politicians. Most republics and all the monarchies operate a parliamentary system whereby the head of state (president or monarch) has a largely ceremonial role with reserve powers. That means most power is in the hands of what is called in most of those countries the prime minister, who is accountable to the national parliament. Of the remaining republics, four operate a semi-presidential system, where competences are shared between the president and prime minister, while one republic operates a presidential system, where the president is head of both state and government.

Parliamentary structure in member states varies: there are 15 unicameral national parliaments and 12 bicameral parliaments. The prime minister and government are usually directly accountable to the directly elected lower house and require its support to stay in office—the exception being Cyprus with its presidential system. Upper houses are composed differently in different member states: it can be directly elected like the Polish senate; indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures like the Federal Council of Austria; or unelected, but representing certain interest groups like the National Council of Slovenia. All elections in member states use some form of proportional representation. The most common type of proportional representation is the party-list system.

There are also differences in the level of self-governance for the sub-regions of a member state. Most states, especially the smaller ones, are unitary states; meaning all major political power is concentrated at the national level. 9 states allocate power to more local levels of government. Austria, Belgium and Germany are full federations, meaning their regions have constitutional autonomies. Denmark, Finland, France and the Netherlands are federacies, meaning some regions have autonomy but most do not. Spain and Italy have systems of devolution where regions have autonomy, but the national government retains the legal right to revoke it.75

States such as France have a number of overseas territories, retained from their former empires.

See also

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Members of the European Union.

References

  1. Council Decision (EU, Euratom) 2021/2320 of 22 December 2021 amending the Council's Rules of Procedure (Decision 2021/2320). Council of the European Union. 22 December 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2021/2320/oj ↩

  2. at purchasing power parity, per capita, in international dollars (rounded) /wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita ↩

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  5. "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 24 October 2024. https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf ↩

  6. De facto (though not de jure) excludes the disputed territory of Turkish Cyprus and the U.N. buffer zone. See: Cyprus dispute. /wiki/Turkish_Cyprus ↩

  7. The Turkish language is not an official language of the European Union. ↩

  8. Officially recognised minority languages: SlovakGermanPolishBelarusianBulgarianCroatianGreekHungarianRomaniRussianRusynSerbianUkrainianVietnamese /wiki/Minority_language ↩

  9. Excludes the autonomous regions of Greenland, which left the then-EEC in 1985, and the Faroe Islands. /wiki/The_unity_of_the_Realm ↩

  10. Includes Åland, an autonomous region of Finland. /wiki/%C3%85land ↩

  11. Includes the 101 departments (Metropolitan France + all Overseas Departments: Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte and La Réunion) and the overseas collectivity of Saint Martin, which are part of the European Union. Excludes the other overseas collectivities and French Austral and Antarctic Lands which are not part of the European Union. /wiki/Metropolitan_France ↩

  12. "Comparateur de territoires − Comparez les territoires de votre choix - Résultats pour les communes, départements, régions, intercommunalités... | Insee". www.insee.fr (in French). Retrieved 25 July 2024. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=FE-1 ↩

  13. Includes the 101 departments (Metropolitan France + all Overseas Departments: Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte and La Réunion) and the overseas collectivity of Saint Martin, which are part of the European Union. Excludes the other overseas collectivities and French Austral and Antarctic Lands which are not part of the European Union. /wiki/Metropolitan_France ↩

  14. On 3 October 1990, the territory of the former German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany to form present-day Germany, automatically becoming part of the EU. /wiki/German_Democratic_Republic ↩

  15. While Luxembourgish is the national language, it is not an official language of the European Union. ↩

  16. Excludes the three special municipalities of the Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba). Also excludes the three other constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten). /wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands#Administration ↩

  17. Includes the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira. /wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal ↩

  18. "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2019. https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=315156710&DESTAQUESmodo=2 ↩

  19. "Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto... - Sociedade - PUBLICO.PT". 5 October 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831 ↩

  20. "Índice de Gini (percentagem)". www.pordata.pt. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020. https://www.pordata.pt/MicroPage.aspx?DatabaseName=Portugal&MicroName=%C3%8Dndice+de+Gini+(percentagem)&MicroURL=2166&%7Cpublisher=PORDATA%7Caccessdate=8 ↩

  21. Mirandese is an officially recognized minority language within Portugal, awarded an official right-of-use. It is not an official language of the European Union. /wiki/Mirandese_language#Recognition ↩

  22. Includes the autonomous community of the Canary Islands; the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla; and the territories comprising the plazas de soberanía. /wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain ↩

  23. Basque, Catalan, Occitan and Galician are co-official languages with Spanish in their respective territories, allowing their use in EU institutions under limited circumstances.[12] /wiki/Basque_language ↩

  24. Council Decision (EU, Euratom) 2021/2320 of 22 December 2021 amending the Council's Rules of Procedure (Decision 2021/2320). Council of the European Union. 22 December 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2021/2320/oj ↩

  25. at purchasing power parity, per capita, in international dollars (rounded) /wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita ↩

  26. "IMF". www.imf.org. Retrieved 1 November 2024. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 ↩

  27. "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/ ↩

  28. "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 24 October 2024. https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf ↩

  29. Regional policy & outermost regions Archived 16 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/activity/outermost/index_en.cfm ↩

  30. "Council Directive 2013/61/EU of December 2013" (PDF). 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2014. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:353:0005:0006:EN:PDF ↩

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