Humans have left over 187,400 kilograms of artificial material on the Moon, including major items from the Apollo program such as the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages and commemorative objects like the United States flags and plaques. The heaviest human-made objects are five S-IVB third stages of Saturn V rockets. Functional artifacts include retroreflectors from the Apollo 11, 14, and 15 missions for ongoing Lunar Laser Ranging experiments. On the far side of the Moon are objects like Chang'e 4 and Yutu-2 rover. Due to the increasing lunar activity, the Open Lunar Foundation proposed a global registry in 2023 to track lunar artifacts and missions.
List
Legend
| Colors | |
|---|---|
| Crashed (unintentionally) | |
| Impactor or post-mission crashed | |
| Landed | |
| Operational | |
Table of objects
Image gallery
See also
- Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
- List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces
- List of retroreflectors on the Moon
- Lunar plaques
- Moon landing
- List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies
- List of missions to the Moon
- Deliberate crash landings on extraterrestrial bodies
- Human presence in space
- Timeline of Solar System exploration
- Tourism on the Moon
Notes
Footnotes
References
External links
- NASA catalogue of manmade material on the Moon
- List of Apollo 11 artifacts on the Moon
- Lunar Litter: A short film about debris left behind on crewed Moon missions
References
Miller, Scott (2023-06-02). "How Many Golf Balls Are On The Moon?". golfercraze.com. Retrieved 2023-06-21. https://golfercraze.com/how-many-golf-balls-are-on-the-moon/ ↩
Slava G. Turyshev – From Quantum to Cosmos: Fundamental Physics Research in Space (2009) – Page 300 https://books.google.com/books?id=aq_uDo2shjAC&pg=PA300 ↩
"Launch Event Video: Bright Moon - Creating a Global Registry of Lunar Activities April 23". Open Lunar Foundation. 2023-05-08. Retrieved 2023-06-14. https://www.openlunar.org/library/launch-event-bright-moon ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 2". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 2". Retrieved 2015-07-16. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Ranger 4". Retrieved 2010-12-23. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-012A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Ranger 6". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-007A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Ranger 7". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-041A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 5". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-036A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 7". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-077A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 8". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-099A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Ranger 8". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-010A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Ranger 9". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-023A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 9". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 9". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 10". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-027A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 11". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-078A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 12". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-094A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Surveyor 1". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-045A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 13". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-116A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Lunar Orbiter 1". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-073A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Surveyor 2". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-084A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Lunar Orbiter 2". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-100A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Lunar Orbiter 3". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-008A ↩
Portions recovered by Apollo 12 in 1969: it returned about 10 kilograms (22 lb) of the Surveyor 3's original landing mass of 302 kilograms (666 lb) to Earth to study the effects of long term exposure. /wiki/Apollo_12 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Surveyor 3". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-035A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Lunar Orbiter 4". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-041A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Surveyor 4". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-068A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Explorer 35 (IMP-E)". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-070A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Lunar Orbiter 5". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-075A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Surveyor 5". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-084A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Surveyor 6". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-112A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Surveyor 7". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-001A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 14". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-027A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 10 LM(Snoopy) descent stage". Retrieved 2010-12-24. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-043A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 11 LM descent stage". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 15". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-058A ↩
The ascent stage of Apollo 10 was commanded to fire its engine, left lunar orbit and entered solar orbit. The ascent stage of Apollo 11 was left in orbit and thereafter its orbit possibly decayed and it crashed onto the Moon at an unknown location. The Apollo 16 ascent stage failed to crash onto moon when commanded and it decayed from orbit at a later date and also crashed at an unknown location. The ascent stages of the remaining successful missions (Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 17) were each deliberately crashed onto the Moon. Apollo 13's complete Apollo Lunar Module re-entered Earth's atmosphere after having served as a lifeboat during the aborted mission. /wiki/Apollo_10 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 11 LM ascent stage". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C ↩
"New Evidence Suggests Apollo 11's Lunar Ascent Module Could Still Be Orbiting the Moon". Retrieved 2023-10-25. https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/new-evidence-suggests-apollo-11s-lunar-ascent-module-could-still-be-orbiting ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 12 LM descent stage". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-099C ↩
The ascent stage of Apollo 10 was commanded to fire its engine, left lunar orbit and entered solar orbit. The ascent stage of Apollo 11 was left in orbit and thereafter its orbit possibly decayed and it crashed onto the Moon at an unknown location. The Apollo 16 ascent stage failed to crash onto moon when commanded and it decayed from orbit at a later date and also crashed at an unknown location. The ascent stages of the remaining successful missions (Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 17) were each deliberately crashed onto the Moon. Apollo 13's complete Apollo Lunar Module re-entered Earth's atmosphere after having served as a lifeboat during the aborted mission. /wiki/Apollo_10 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 12 LM ascent stage". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-099C ↩
Luna program sample return mission; mass listed is for both ascent and descent stages, though only the descent stage was left on the Moon. /wiki/Luna_program ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 16 descent stage". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-072A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 17/Lunokhod 1". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-095A ↩
Astronautix.com, Apollo 13 Archived 2004-01-04 at the Wayback Machine: The S-IVB/IU impacted the lunar surface at 8:10 p.m. EST on April 14 at a speed of 259 meters per second (incorrect, should probably be 2590 meters/sec), […] 137.1 kilometers from the Apollo 12 seismometer. http://www.astronautix.com/flights/apollo13.htm ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 13 S-IVB". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-029B ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 18". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-073A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 19". Retrieved 2010-12-25. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-082A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 14 SIVB". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-008B ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 14 LM descent stage". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-008C ↩
The ascent stage of Apollo 10 was commanded to fire its engine, left lunar orbit and entered solar orbit. The ascent stage of Apollo 11 was left in orbit and thereafter its orbit possibly decayed and it crashed onto the Moon at an unknown location. The Apollo 16 ascent stage failed to crash onto moon when commanded and it decayed from orbit at a later date and also crashed at an unknown location. The ascent stages of the remaining successful missions (Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 17) were each deliberately crashed onto the Moon. Apollo 13's complete Apollo Lunar Module re-entered Earth's atmosphere after having served as a lifeboat during the aborted mission. /wiki/Apollo_10 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 14 LM ascent stage". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-008C ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 15 SIVB". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-063B ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 15 LM descent stage". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-063C ↩
The ascent stage of Apollo 10 was commanded to fire its engine, left lunar orbit and entered solar orbit. The ascent stage of Apollo 11 was left in orbit and thereafter its orbit possibly decayed and it crashed onto the Moon at an unknown location. The Apollo 16 ascent stage failed to crash onto moon when commanded and it decayed from orbit at a later date and also crashed at an unknown location. The ascent stages of the remaining successful missions (Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 17) were each deliberately crashed onto the Moon. Apollo 13's complete Apollo Lunar Module re-entered Earth's atmosphere after having served as a lifeboat during the aborted mission. /wiki/Apollo_10 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 15 LM ascent stage". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-063C ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 15 subsatellite". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-063D ↩
Luna program sample return mission; mass listed is for both ascent and descent stages, though only the descent stage was left on the Moon. /wiki/Luna_program ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 20". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-007A ↩
"Found! Apollo 16 S-IVB Impact Crater | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera". lroc.sese.asu.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-22. http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/894 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 16 descent stage". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-031C ↩
The ascent stage of Apollo 10 was commanded to fire its engine, left lunar orbit and entered solar orbit. The ascent stage of Apollo 11 was left in orbit and thereafter its orbit possibly decayed and it crashed onto the Moon at an unknown location. The Apollo 16 ascent stage failed to crash onto moon when commanded and it decayed from orbit at a later date and also crashed at an unknown location. The ascent stages of the remaining successful missions (Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 17) were each deliberately crashed onto the Moon. Apollo 13's complete Apollo Lunar Module re-entered Earth's atmosphere after having served as a lifeboat during the aborted mission. /wiki/Apollo_10 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 16 ascent stage". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-031C ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 16 Subsatellite". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-031D ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 17 S-IVB". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-096B ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 17 descent stage". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-096C ↩
The ascent stage of Apollo 10 was commanded to fire its engine, left lunar orbit and entered solar orbit. The ascent stage of Apollo 11 was left in orbit and thereafter its orbit possibly decayed and it crashed onto the Moon at an unknown location. The Apollo 16 ascent stage failed to crash onto moon when commanded and it decayed from orbit at a later date and also crashed at an unknown location. The ascent stages of the remaining successful missions (Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 17) were each deliberately crashed onto the Moon. Apollo 13's complete Apollo Lunar Module re-entered Earth's atmosphere after having served as a lifeboat during the aborted mission. /wiki/Apollo_10 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Apollo 17 ascent stage". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-096C ↩
Lander and rover weighed 4,000 pounds (1,814 kg); the rest assumed to have decayed in orbit and impacted the Moon. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 21/Lunokhod 2". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-001A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Explorer 49/RAE-B". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-039A ↩
Spacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 22". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1974-037A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 23". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1974-084A ↩
Luna program sample return mission; mass listed is for both ascent and descent stages, though only the descent stage was left on the Moon. /wiki/Luna_program ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Luna 24". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-081A ↩
Was injected into lunar orbit in 1990, assumed to have decayed from orbit. ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Hagoromo/Hiten Orbiter". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-007B ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Hiten". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-007A ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Lunar Prospector". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-001A ↩
"University of Texas Engineering News – Lunar Prospector Impact Location Estimate". Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20101229085520/http://research.ae.utexas.edu/cfpl/lunar/pressrelease/discussion.html ↩
Klesman, Alison (22 Sep 2017). "New observations reveal a lunar orbiter's final resting place". Astronomy Magazine. Retrieved 27 Sep 2017. http://astronomy.com/news/2017/09/a-lunar-orbiters-final-resting-place ↩
"Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space" (PDF). UNOOSA. 10 November 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215138/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/ser570E.pdf ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Moon Impact Probe / Chandrayaan 1". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2008-052A ↩
"Frontline India's National Magazine – Moon Mystery – Moon Impact Probe impact coordinates". Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20110110072757/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272009000.htm ↩
"JAXA Press Release (PDF)" (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-02-20. http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2009/02/20090218_sac_kaguya.pdf ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Okina (Rstar) – Kaguya". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-039A ↩
"JAXA 18 February 2009 SELENE status – Okina (Rstar) impact estimate position – (page 3 in Japanese translated with Babelfish)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-01. http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2009/02/20090218_sac_kaguya.pdf ↩
"NSSDCA — Spacecraft — Details". NASA. 2023-10-20. Retrieved 2023-10-20. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-039A ↩
"Upcoming International Missions to the Moon". NASA. 2007-01-11. Archived from the original (PPT) on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2009-04-12. / cf. 2.3t with fuel ("Spacecrafts [sic] launched in 2007". Retrieved 2009-04-12.) https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155650/http://ssedso.gsfc.nasa.gov/initiatives/lunar/LESWG/pubs_presentations/4thGM/bk_International_missions_lakew.ppt ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Chang'e 1". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-051A ↩
"China People's Daily Online, 2 March 2009 – Chang'e-1 impacts moon (coordinates)". Retrieved 2011-01-01. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90876/6603492.html ↩
"Upcoming International Missions to the Moon". NASA. 2007-01-11. Archived from the original (PPT) on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2009-04-12. / cf. 2.3t with fuel ("Spacecrafts [sic] launched in 2007". Retrieved 2009-04-12.) https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155650/http://ssedso.gsfc.nasa.gov/initiatives/lunar/LESWG/pubs_presentations/4thGM/bk_International_missions_lakew.ppt ↩
"JAXA HOT TOPICS". JAXA. 2009-06-11. Archived from the original on 2009-06-07. Retrieved 2009-06-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20090607212035/http://www.jaxa.jp/topics/2009/06_e.html ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – KAGUYA (SELENE)". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-039A ↩
"JAXA Selenological & Engineering Explorer – KAGUYA (SELENE) impact coordinates". Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20131024124342/http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/selene/index_e.html ↩
–2.36 miles (–3.80 km) in elevation (Cabeus crater). ↩
"Guide to Seeing the LCROSS Lunar Impact". Archived from the original on 2009-10-12. Retrieved 2009-10-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20091012222619/https://spacefellowship.com/2009/10/08/guide-to-seeing-the-lcross-lunar-impact/ ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-031B ↩
–2.38 miles (–3.83 km) in elevation (Cabeus crater). ↩
Fassett, C. I.; Robinson, M. S.; Patterson, G. W.; Denevi, B. W.; Mahanti, P.; Mazarico, E.; Rivera-Valentín, E. G.; Turner, F. S.; Manheim, M. R.; Colaprete, A. (2024-09-17). "The LCROSS Impact Crater as Seen by ShadowCam and Mini-RF: Size, Context, and Excavation of Copernican Volatiles". Geophysical Research Letters. 51 (18). doi:10.1029/2024GL110355. https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2024GL110355 ↩
"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – LCROSS Centaur". Retrieved 2011-01-01. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-031D ↩
"NASA Probes Prepare for Mission-Ending Moon Impact". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2012-12-13. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-396&cid=release_2012-396 ↩
"China's Jade Rabbit moon rover dead after 31 months on surface". https://www.newscientist.com/article/2099696-chinas-jade-rabbit-moon-rover-dead-after-31-months-on-surface/ ↩
Wall, Mike (March 12, 2015). "The Moon's History Is Surprisingly Complex, Chinese Rover Finds". Space.com. Retrieved 13 March 2015. http://www.space.com/28810-moon-history-chinese-lunar-rover.html?adbid=10152690360766466&adbpl=fb&adbpr=17610706465 ↩
Andrew Jones. "China's telescope on the Moon is still working, and could do for 30 years". GBTimes. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2018-08-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190517063331/https://gbtimes.com/chinas-telescope-moon-still-working-and-could-do-30-years ↩
"The Chang'e-3 lunar lander is still waking up after nearly five years on the Moon". GB Times. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018. https://gbtimes.com/the-change-3-lunar-lander-is-still-waking-up-after-nearly-five-years-on-the-moon ↩
"China's Jade Rabbit moon rover dead after 31 months on surface". https://www.newscientist.com/article/2099696-chinas-jade-rabbit-moon-rover-dead-after-31-months-on-surface/ ↩
Wall, Mike (March 12, 2015). "The Moon's History Is Surprisingly Complex, Chinese Rover Finds". Space.com. Retrieved 13 March 2015. http://www.space.com/28810-moon-history-chinese-lunar-rover.html?adbid=10152690360766466&adbpl=fb&adbpr=17610706465 ↩
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