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The Internet Archive is a U.S.-based non-profit founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that operates a vast digital library at archive.org. It offers free access to vast collections of digitized websites, software applications, music, audiovisual, and print materials while promoting a free and open Internet. The Archive's extensive collections are built mainly through its web crawlers, which preserve much of the public web, including the Wayback Machine with hundreds of billions of web captures, alongside one of the largest global book digitization efforts, fulfilling its mission to provide “universal access to all knowledge.”

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History

Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996, around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet.78 The earliest known archived page on the site, the download page for Internet Explorer, was saved on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 pm UTC (7:42 am PDT).9[better source needed] By October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large amounts.10 The archived content became more easily available to the general public in 2001, through the Wayback Machine.

In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now, the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.11

According to its website:12

Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars.

In August 2012, the Archive announced13 that it had added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files.1415 This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files.1617

On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire,18 destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments.19 According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable".20 The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.21

An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016.2223

In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump.242526

Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat.27

Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes28 of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off.29 Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell.30

The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,31 such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,32 a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018,33 and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library after it closed in 2020.34 All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine.35

On June 1, 2020, four large publishing houses – Hachette Book Group, Penguin Random House, HarperCollins, and John Wiley – filed a lawsuit against the Internet Archive before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, claiming that the Internet Archive's practice of controlled digital lending constituted copyright infringement. On March 25, 2023, the court found in favor of the publishers. The negotiated judgment of August 11, 2023, barred the Internet Archive from digitally lending books for which electronic copies are on sale.

Also on August 11, 2023, the music industry giants Universal Music Group, Sony Music and Concord (together with their respective labels Capitol Records, Arista Records and CMGI Recorded Music Assets) sued the Internet Archive before the same United States District Court for the Southern District of New York over the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project for $621 million in damages from alleged copyright infringement.363738

In September 2024, Google and the Internet Archive announced a collaboration where links to the wayback machine would be included in the 'more about this page' menu in Google Search. This collaboration effectively replaced Google's own Google Cache service that it had retired earlier that year.39 In September 2024, Google and the Internet Archive announced a collaboration providing links to the Wayback Machine from within Google Search.40

Cyberattacks

During the week of May 27, 2024, the Internet Archive suffered a series of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks that made its services unavailable intermittently, sometimes for hours at a time, over a period of several days.414243 The attack was claimed on May 28 by a hacker group called SN_BLACKMETA,4445 with possible links to Anonymous Sudan.46 The incident drew a comparison with the 2023 British Library cyberattack, which affected the UK Web Archive.47

Beginning October 9, 2024, the Internet Archive's team, including archivist Jason Scott and security researcher Scott Helme, confirmed DDoS attacks, site defacement, and a data breach. The purported hacktivist group SN_BLACKMETA again claimed responsibility.48 A pop-up on the defaced site claimed that there was a "catastrophic" security breach, stating "Have you ever felt like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on HIBP!"4950 It was reported that about 31 million user accounts were affected, and compromised in a file called "ia_users.sql", dated September 28, 2024.5152 The attackers stole users' email addresses and Bcrypt-hashed passwords.53 As of October 15, 2024, the website was still mostly offline for "prioritizing keeping data safe at the expense of service availability."54 On October 11, Kahle said that the data is safe, and will bring the service back to normal "in days, not weeks."555657 On October 13, the Wayback Machine was restored in a read-only format, while archiving web pages was temporarily disabled.58 On October 14, Brewster Kahle said "[the Wayback Machine] volume is back to normal: 1,500 requests per second".59 On October 20, threat actors stole unrotated API tokens and breached Internet Archive on its Zendesk email support platform; they also claimed responsibility for the other breaches yet stated that SN_BLACKMETA was behind just the DDoS attacks.6061 On October 21, Internet Archive went back online in a read-only manner.62 On October 22, all Internet Archive services temporarily went offline,6364 but later that same day, only the Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and blog.archive.org were resumed. On October 23, archive.org, the Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and the Open Library services all resumed but with some features, such as logging in, still unavailable until the staff announced it back available in the next day or two.65 On October 25, the login feature was made available and the site has remained active since.

Operations

The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $37 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation.66 The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.67 It uses Ubuntu as its choice of operating system for the website servers.68

The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide.69 The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina7071 in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.72

Since 2016, Internet Archive started to work to create a decentralized prototype of the digital library. From 2020, content from Internet Archive started to be stored in Filecoin.73 By October 2023, one petabyte of data had been uploaded to the Filecoin network.74

The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium75 and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.7677

Web archiving

Further information: Web archiving

Wayback Machine

Main article: Wayback Machine

The Wayback Machine is a service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed.78 It can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive.79 Hundreds of billions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. As of September 5, 2024, the Internet Archive held over 866 billion web pages, more than 42.5 million print materials, 13 million videos, 3 million TV news reports, 1.2 million software programs, 14 million audio files, 5 million images, and 272,660 concerts in its Wayback Machine.80

Archive-It

Created in early 2006, Archive-It81 is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.82

In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture.83 Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards.84 Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.

As of March 2014, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.

Internet Archive Scholar

Main article: Internet Archive Scholar

In September 2020, Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar.858687 Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.

General Index

In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles.8889

Items and collections

The Archive stores files inside so-called items, which are similar to directories in that they can contain multiple files, but can have additional metadata such as a description and tags which make them more searchable.

Some file types can be previewed directly on the site, where as others have to be downloaded in order to be opened. If multiple multimedia files exist in an item, the website generates a playlist for video or audio files, or a slide show for pictures. If an item contains at least one video or picture, the Archive generates a preview thumbnail that can be seen on collection pages and in searches. Items can contain mixed data such as music files with an album cover picture, in which case the picture is used as thumbnail.90919293

Staff members of the Internet Archive organize items by placing them into so-called collections, which are pages listing multiple items.94

Book collections

Text collection

The scanning performed by the Internet Archive is financially supported by libraries and foundations.95 As of November 2008, when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 500 terabytes, which included raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data.96

As of July 2013, the Internet Archive was operating 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, in a total collection of 4.4 million books – including material digitized by others and fed into the Internet Archive; at that time, users were performing more than 15 million downloads per month.97

The material digitized by others includes more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, between about 2006 and 2008, by Microsoft through its Live Search Books project, which also included financial support and scanning equipment directly donated to the Internet Archive.98 On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending its Live Book Search project and would no longer be scanning books, donating its remaining scanning equipment to its former partners.99

Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search.100 As of November 2013, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection;101 the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.102 Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who, with a "bunch of friends", downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.103

In addition to books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.104

The Archive's BookReader web app,105 built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation.106107

In October 2024, the Internet Archive agreed to accept the paper copies of 400,000 uncatalogued dissertations from the Leiden University Library, from the period 1851–2004, that the library wanted to dispose of. The University had received them from foreign Universities as part of a dissertation exchange program that had begun with its foundation in 1575, continuing for nearly 430 years. The Archive plans to digitise them and make them accessible online. The original full collection included theses by Niels Bohr, Marie Curie, Émile Durkheim, Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn, Carl Jung, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Max Planck, Luigi Pirandello, Gustav Stresemann and Max Weber.108

Open Library

Main article: Open Library

The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books,109 many of which are fully readable, downloadable110111 and full-text searchable;112 it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries113114 after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.

The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws,115 and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.116

Digitizing sponsors for books

Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items).117 Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, University of Alberta Libraries, University of Ottawa, Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, Boston Public Library, Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.118

In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist,119 with financial support from the Arcadia Fund.120121 A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".122123

The Library of Congress created numerous Handle System identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive.124 The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.125

Media collections

In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.

Audio

Audio Archive

The Audio Archive includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, podcasts, and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023, there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.126 The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.127

Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications

A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation.128129

Live Music Archive

Main article: Live Music Archive

The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.130

The Great 78 Project

Main article: The Great 78 Project

The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.131

Netlabels

Not to be confused with Netlabel.

The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.132133

Images collection

This collection contains more than 3.5 million items.134 Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps are some sub-collections of Image collection.

Cover Art Archive

The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021, this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.135

Metropolitan Museum of Art images

The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.136

NASA Images

The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The Internet Archive NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.137 The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.

Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive

This collection contains Creative Commons-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.138

USGS Maps

This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.139

Machinima Archive

One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.140

Microfilm collection

This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and National Technical Information Service.141142

Moving image collection

See also: Wikipedia list of films freely available on the Internet Archive

The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.143 Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.

Subcategories of this collection include:

  • IA's Brick Films collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films.
  • IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election.
  • IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors"144
  • IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
  • IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.145

Open Educational Resources

See also: Open educational resources

Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.146

TV News Search & Borrow

In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs.147 The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C."148 According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs.149 In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines."150

Miscellaneous collections

Brooklyn Museum collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.151 In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.152

Other services and endeavors

Physical media

Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.153

Software

The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.154 The project advocated an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which the United States Copyright Office approved in 2003 for a period of three years.155 The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive."156 The Library of Congress renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely extended it pending further rulemakings.157 The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010.158 In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide select video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.159 Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games160161162163 for "scholarship and research purposes only".164165166 In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020, end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.167

Table Top Scribe System

A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.168169

Credit Union

From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.170171

Decentralization

Since 2019,172 the Internet Archive organizes an event called Decentralized Web Camp (DWeb Camp). It is an annual camp that brings together a diverse global community of contributors in a natural setting. The camp aims to tackle real-world challenges facing the web and co-create decentralized technologies for a better internet. It aims to foster collaboration, learning, and fun while promoting principles of trust, human agency, mutual respect, and ecological awareness.173

Wayforward Machine

On September 30, 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a satirical, fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041.174175

Ceramic archivists collection

The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive, with the 100th statue immortalizing Aaron Swartz. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and as of 2014, is ongoing.176

Artists in residence

The Internet Archive visual arts residency,177 organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.178

  • 2024–2025 Residency Artist Swilk179
  • 2021–2022 Residency Artist Casey Gray180
  • 2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder181182
  • 2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand183
  • 2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell184

See also: Wayback Machine § In legal evidence

Opposition to National security letters, bills and settlements

On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.185186

On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.187

The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they argued would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.188

The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.189

Hosting of disputed media

On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.190191

Because the Internet Archive only lightly moderates uploads, it includes resources that may be valued by extremists and the site may be used by them to evade block listing. In February 2018, the Counter Extremism Project said that the Archive hosted terrorist videos, including the beheading of Alan Henning, and had declined to respond to requests about the videos.192 In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda.193 Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.194 In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda".195 The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with.196 On July 14, 2021, the Internet Archive held a joint "Referral Action Day" with Europol to target terrorist videos.197

A 2021 article said that jihadists regularly used the Internet Archive for "dead drops" of terrorist videos.198 In January 2022, a former UCLA lecturer's 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, was uploaded to the Internet Archive.199 The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not.200 Another 2022 paper found "an alarming volume of terrorist, extremist, and racist material on the Internet Archive".201 A 2023 paper reported that Neo-Nazis collect links to online, publicly available resources to be shared with new recruits. As the Internet Archive hosts uploaded texts that are not allowed on other websites, Nazi and neo-Nazi books in the Archive (e.g., The Turner Diaries) frequently appear on these lists. These lists also feature older, public domain material created when white supremacist views were more mainstream.202

2020 National Emergency Library

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed.203 This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later.204 At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.205206207

The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide.208 They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in fair use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.209210

The Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue with The Archive and its Open Library project, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright.211212213214 After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."215

Access blocking in Indonesia

On 27 May 2025, the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs of Indonesia (Kominfo) blocked access to the Internet Archive in Indonesia.216 Alexander Sabar, the Director of the Supervision of Digital Space (Komdigi), stated that the reason was the presence of pornography and online gambling on the site. He denied a rumor that there was motive to rewrite or hide history. He also acknowledged the importance of the Internet Archive, and claimed that the blocking was temporary and would be rescinded if they removed the offending content, and they only blocked it after the Internet Archive didn't respond to requests.217218

In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site, following what seemed to be disagreements between some of the former band members. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in The New York Times.219 Phil Lesh, a founding member of the band, commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:

It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.220

A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.221

In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power, Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".222

In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court,223 citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service.224 The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.225

In 2023, the Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of India: The Modi Question,226 a BBC documentary released on January 17 and banned in India by January 20.227228 The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on January 23.229 The Internet Archive then stated, on January 27, that they had removed the video in response to a BBC request under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.230

Book publishers' lawsuit

Main article: Hachette v. Internet Archive

The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers—Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley & Sons, and Penguin Random House—in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program.231232233 In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.234235 The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance,236 claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement."237

Judge Koeltl ruled on March 24, 2023, against Internet Archive in the case, saying the National Emergency Library concept was not fair use, so the Archive infringed their copyrights by lending out the books without the waitlist restriction. An agreement was then reached for the Internet Archive to pay an undisclosed amount to the publishers.238 The Internet Archive appealed the ruling.239240 On September 4, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the district court's ruling, calling the Internet Archive's argument that they were shielded by fair use doctrine "unpersuasive".241

Music publishers' lawsuit

Main article: Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive

In August 2023, the music industry corporations Universal Music Group (UMG), Sony Music and Concord sued the Internet Archive over its Great 78 Project, asserting the project was engaged in copyright infringement. The Great 78 Project stores digitized versions of pre-1972 songs and albums from 78 rpm phonograph records, for "the preservation, research and discovery of 78rpm records." The project had started in 2016, when pre-1972 recordings had not been protected by copyright; in 2018, the U.S. Congress passed the Music Modernization Act (MMA) which enabled legal remedies for unauthorised use of pre-1972 recordings until 2067, thus effectively covering them with copyright.242

UMG and Sony had been the two largest companies in this sector for more than a decade, with respective market shares of 31.8% and 22.1% in 2023.243 Concord was a rapidly expanding music business closely partnered with UMG since its transformation into Concord Music Group in 2004244 and backed since at least 2000 by J.P. Morgan.245 It was the first music company to perform an asset-backed securitization, led by Apollo Global Management, in December 2022. Its assets consisted of over 1 million copyrights to music older than 18 months.246247 According to its CEO Bob Valentine, Concord derived about 85% of its revenue "from catalog, rather than newly-developed, music". As Valentine stated in his first interview, "The phenomenon of artists' IP has never been more liquid; it is now a real and proven asset class. Investment bankers are focused on it, financiers are financing it, and then there's entities like us, that know how to buy rights, but also know how to manage them and have the relationships to do so."248 The share of catalog music in total album equivalent consumption in the United States rose from 62.8% to 72.6% between 2019 and 2023.249

The publishers are seeking statutory damages for nearly 4,142 songs named in the suit, with a maximum possible fine of $621 million.250 The Internet Archive has argued that the primitive sound quality of the original recordings falls within the doctrine of "fair use" to digitize for preservation, that the number of downloads is so small it has almost no impact on the publishers' revenue, and over 95% of the collection is not readily available anywhere else.251 The plaintiffs said in response, "if ever there were a theory of fair use invented for litigation, this is it."252 According to a legal source at Mayer Brown, the music publishers' case could be challenged as unconstitutional, since the granting of copyright to pre-1972 works in the MMA only benefitted record companies without having a systemic effect.253

See also

  • Internet portal
  • History portal

Similar projects

Other

Notes

Further reading

For help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) on this version of Wikipedia, see Help:Using the Wayback Machine.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet Archive.

References

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  76. "Internet Archive officially a library". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2007. https://archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=121377 ↩

  77. McCoy, Adrian (June 24, 2007). "The Internet gives birth to an 'official' online library". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021. https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/07175/796164-96.stm ↩

  78. Green, Heather (February 28, 2002). "A Library as Big as the World". Business Week Online. Archived from the original on June 1, 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20020601134105/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2002/tc20020228_1080.htm ↩

  79. "Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2013. https://archive.org/about/faqs.php ↩

  80. "About IA". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024. https://archive.org/about ↩

  81. "archive-it.org". archive-it.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013. http://www.archive-it.org/ ↩

  82. Truman, Gail (January 2016). Web Archiving Environmental Scan. Harvard Library Report. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2017. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:25658314 ↩

  83. Bragg, Molly (July 28, 2014). "What is the Difference between the General Archive (sometimes called the Wayback Machine) and Archive-It?". Archive-It. Archived from the original on October 4, 2016 – via Jira.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20161004224713/https://webarchive.jira.com/wiki/display/ARIH/Archive-It+How-to+FAQ#Archive-ItHow-toFAQ-differencebetween ↩

  84. "About Archive-It". Archive-It. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014. http://www.archive-it.org/learn-more ↩

  85. "The Internet Archive Will Digitize & Preserve Millions of Academic Articles with Its New Database, 'Internet Archive Scholar'". Open Culture. September 22, 2020. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020. http://www.openculture.com/2020/09/internet-archive-scholar.html ↩

  86. Bryan, Newbold (March 9, 2021). "Search Scholarly Materials Preserved in the Internet Archive". https://blog.archive.org/2021/03/09/search-scholarly-materials-preserved-in-the-internet-archive/ ↩

  87. "Internet Archive Scholar [homepage]". Internet Archive. Retrieved March 24, 2022. https://scholar.archive.org/ ↩

  88. Else, Holly (October 26, 2021). "Giant, free index to world's research papers released online". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02895-8. PMID 34703019. S2CID 240000069. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02895-8 ↩

  89. ""The General Index": New tool allows you to search 107 million research papers for free". Big Think. November 5, 2021. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021. https://bigthink.com/the-present/general-index-open-access/ ↩

  90. "How to upload files to create a new item page – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved October 22, 2024. https://help.archive.org/help/how-to-upload-files-to-create-a-new-item-page/ ↩

  91. "Movies and Videos – Tips & Troubleshooting – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved October 22, 2024. https://help.archive.org/help/movies-and-videos-tips-troubleshooting/ ↩

  92. "Media Players – A Basic Guide – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved October 22, 2024. https://help.archive.org/help/media-players-a-basic-guide/ ↩

  93. "Archive.org page overview – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved October 22, 2024. https://help.archive.org/help/archive-org-page-overview/ ↩

  94. "Collections – A Basic Guide – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved October 22, 2024. https://help.archive.org/help/collections-a-basic-guide/ ↩

  95. Kahle, Brewster (May 23, 2008). "Books Scanning to be Publicly Funded". Internet Archive Forums. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. https://archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=194217 ↩

  96. "Bulk Access to OCR for 1 Million Books". Open Library Blog. November 24, 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. https://blog.openlibrary.org/2008/11/24/bulk-access-to-ocr-for-1-million-books/ ↩

  97. Hoffelder, Nate (July 9, 2013). "Internet Archive Now Hosts 4.4 Million eBooks, Sees 15 Million eBooks Downloaded Each Month". The Digital Reader. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. https://www.the-digital-reader.com/2013/07/09/internet-archive-now-hosts-4-4-million-ebooks-sees-15-million-ebooks-downloaded-each-month/ ↩

  98. "Book search winding down". MSDN Live Search Blog. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080820220749/http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2008/05/23/book-search-winding-down.aspx ↩

  99. "Book search winding down". MSDN Live Search Blog. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080820220749/http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2008/05/23/book-search-winding-down.aspx ↩

  100. "Google Books at Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2008. https://archive.org/details/googlebooks ↩

  101. "List of Google scans". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 26, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140126055407/https://archive.org/search.php?query=sponsor%3A%28Google%29 ↩

  102. Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching purposes. The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local PDF copy, which is viewable under the "All Files: HTTPS" link. As all the other books in the collection, they also provide OCR text and images in open formats, particularly DjVu, which Google Books does not offer. /wiki/DjVu ↩

  103. Brewster Kahle, "Aaron Swartz memorial at the Internet Archive Archived June 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine", 2013-01-24, via The well-prepared mind Archived August 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, via S.I.Lex Archived August 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. https://archive.org/details/AaronSwartzMemorialAtTheInternetArchive?start=4680 ↩

  104. Brewster Kahle, "Aaron Swartz memorial at the Internet Archive Archived June 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine", 2013-01-24, via The well-prepared mind Archived August 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, via S.I.Lex Archived August 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. https://archive.org/details/AaronSwartzMemorialAtTheInternetArchive?start=4680 ↩

  105. "Internet Archive BookReader". archive.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. https://archive.org/details/BookReader ↩

  106. "Internet Archive BookReader". archive.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. https://archive.org/details/BookReader ↩

  107. Kaplan, Jeff (December 10, 2010). "New BookReader!". blog.archive.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. https://blog.archive.org/2010/12/10/2685/ ↩

  108. Funnekotter, Bart (October 9, 2024), "Leidse proefschriften worden tóch niet vernietigd, 400.000 dissertaties gaan naar de VS" [Leiden dissertations not destroyed after all, 400,000 dissertations go to the US], NRC, archived from the original on October 9, 2024 https://archive.today/20241009111945/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/10/09/leidse-proefschriften-worden-toch-niet-vernietigd-400000-dissertaties-gaan-naar-de-vs-a4868698 ↩

  109. "FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)". National Writers Union. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2019. https://nwu.org/book-division/cdl/faq/ ↩

  110. Gonsalves, Antone (December 20, 2006). "Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196701339 ↩

  111. "The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut". The Wired Campus. Chronicle of Higher Education. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184259/http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/index.php?id=2235%3F%3Datwc ↩

  112. "Search Inside". OpenLibrary.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. https://openlibrary.org/search/inside ↩

  113. Hoffelder, Nate (July 9, 2013). "Internet Archive Now Hosts 4.4 Million eBooks, Sees 15 Million eBooks Downloaded Each Month". The Digital Reader. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. https://www.the-digital-reader.com/2013/07/09/internet-archive-now-hosts-4-4-million-ebooks-sees-15-million-ebooks-downloaded-each-month/ ↩

  114. "In-Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1,000 Libraries". Internet Archive Blogs. Internet Archive. June 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. https://blog.archive.org/2011/06/25/in-library-ebook-lending-program-expands-to-1000-libraries/ ↩

  115. Flood, Alison (January 22, 2019). "Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/22/internet-archives-ebook-loans-face-uk-copyright-challenge ↩

  116. Brandom, Russell (June 1, 2020). "Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending ↩

  117. For example, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive: "Partnering with the Internet Archive". Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020. /wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary_Library ↩

  118. "Internet Archive Search: collection:(texts)". archive.org. Retrieved December 4, 2020. https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3A%28texts%29+AND+mediatype%3A%28collection%29&sort=-downloads ↩

  119. "The MIT Press". archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. https://archive.org/details/mitpress ↩

  120. Hanamura, Wendy (May 30, 2017). "MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive.org". blog.archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. For more than eighty years, MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science, technology, art and architecture. Now, thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press, readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time. https://blog.archive.org/2017/05/30/mit-press-classics-available-soon-at-archive-org/ ↩

  121. Green, Alex (December 1, 2019). "New Takes on Academic Publishing: Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Since she became director [of the MIT Press] in 2015, there's little that Brand hasn't reenvisioned at the press. In 2017, the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available free at libraries, resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations. https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/81872-new-takes-on-academic-publishing.html ↩

  122. Freeland, Chris (May 21, 2018). "Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections". blog.archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Internet Archive has received a $1 million dollar grant from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin – to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending. https://blog.archive.org/2018/05/21/internet-archive-awarded-grant-from-arcadia-fund-to-digitize-university-press-collections/ ↩

  123. Albanese, Andrew (May 25, 2018). "Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/76974-is-it-time-to-rethink-how-we-do-library-advocacy.html ↩

  124. For example: "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233132/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083 ↩

  125. Hohman, J. Cheyenne; Mughal, Yasmeen (2017) [April 2011]. "External Web Sites – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services)". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020. The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2.5 million e-books, including e-books supplied by the Library of Congress. Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats. E-books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library, an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts. And: Hohman, J. Cheyenne; Mughal, Yasmeen (2017) [April 2011]. "Devices and Formats – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services)". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020. Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive. ... The iPad can be used as an e-reader via apps such as iBooks, which support both ePub (.epub) and PDF (.pdf) formats. Both formats are available from the Internet Archive. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125170006/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/external.html ↩

  126. "Download & Streaming : Audio Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on February 5, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2023. https://archive.org/details/audio ↩

  127. Pritchard, Will (August 18, 2017). "How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity". The Vinyl Factory. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017. https://thevinylfactory.com/features/great-78-project-archive-interview/ ↩

  128. Holt, Kris (October 5, 2022). "The Internet Archive is building a library of amateur radio broadcasts". Engadget. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022. https://www.engadget.com/internet-archive-digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications-180509856.html ↩

  129. "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue". American Radio Relay League. January 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022. http://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-digital-communications-grants-continue ↩

  130. Tirpack, Alex (June 3, 2009). "Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/warren-zevon-live-shows-hit-the-web-possible-film-in-the-works-20090603 ↩

  131. Pritchard, Will (August 18, 2017). "How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity". The Vinyl Factory. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017. https://thevinylfactory.com/features/great-78-project-archive-interview/ ↩

  132. "Welcome to Netlabels". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. https://archive.org/details/netlabels ↩

  133. Boswell, Wendy (October 21, 2006). "Download free music at the Internet Archive". Lifehacker. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category ... https://lifehacker.com/208221/download-free-music-at-the-internet-archive ↩

  134. "Image". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2020. https://archive.org/details/image ↩

  135. "Cover Art Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2014. https://archive.org/details/coverartarchive ↩

  136. "Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery ↩

  137. "NASA Images" (archive). Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121111124412/http://www.nasaimages.org/ ↩

  138. "Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. https://archive.org/details/flickr-ows ↩

  139. "USGS Maps: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. https://archive.org/details/maps_usgs ↩

  140. "Welcome to Machinima". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. https://archive.org/details/machinima ↩

  141. "Internet Archive Search: collection:microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2014. https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Amicrofilm%20AND%20collection%3Aadditional_collections ↩

  142. "Microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014. https://archive.org/details/microfilm ↩

  143. "Internet Archive Search: Collection: Feature Films". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Afeature_films&sort=-%2Fadditional%2Fitem%2Fdownloads ↩

  144. "FedFlix". Internet Archive. Retrieved December 14, 2013. https://archive.org/details=FedFlix ↩

  145. "September 11th Television Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. https://archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive ↩

  146. "Download & Streaming : Open Educational Resources". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014. https://archive.org/details/education ↩

  147. "TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013. https://archive.org/details/tv/ ↩

  148. Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Hagey, Keach (September 18, 2012). "Let's Go to the Videotape: Nonprofit Offers News Clips". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013.(subscription required) https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443720204578002592487339454 ↩

  149. Kahle, Brewster (September 17, 2012). "Launch of TV News Search & Borrow with 350,000 Broadcasts". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. https://blog.archive.org/2012/09/17/launch-of-tv-news-search-borrow-with-350000-broadcasts ↩

  150. Brownell, Brett; Benjy Hansen-Brandy (May 22, 2014). "Meet the People Behind the Wayback Machine, One of Our Favorite Things About the Internet". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014. https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/05/internet-archive-wayback-machine-brewster-kahle ↩

  151. "Brooklyn Museum: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. https://archive.org/details/brooklynmuseum ↩

  152. "Column: Lillian Michelson and her one-of-a-kind film library get a digital Hollywood ending". Los Angeles Times. January 28, 2021. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2021-01-28/hollywood-history-lillian-michelson-digital-internet-archive ↩

  153. "Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book". The Guardian. August 1, 2011. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/aug/01/internet-archive-books-brewster-kahle ↩

  154. "The Internet Archive Classic Software Preservation Project". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071019034848/https://archive.org/details/clasp ↩

  155. "Internet Archive Gets DMCA Exemption To Help Archive Vintage Software". Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. https://archive.org/about/dmca.php ↩

  156. Library of Congress Copyright Office (November 27, 2006). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 71 (227): 68472–68480. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access, when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive. A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace. /wiki/Library_of_Congress ↩

  157. Library of Congress Copyright Office (October 28, 2009). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" (PDF). Federal Register. 27 (206): 55137–55139. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009. /wiki/Library_of_Congress ↩

  158. Library of Congress Copyright Office (July 27, 2010). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 75 (143): 43825–43839. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2010/07/27/2010-18339/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control ↩

  159. Robertson, Adi (October 25, 2013). "The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/25/5028974/internet-archives-new-historic-software-collection ↩

  160. Ohlheiser, Abby (January 5, 2015). "You can now play nearly 2,400 MS-DOS video games in your browser". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/01/05/you-can-now-play-nearly-2400-ms-dos-video-games-in-your-browser/ ↩

  161. Scott, Jason (December 23, 2014). "Each New Boot a Miracle". Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. http://ascii.textfiles.com/archives/4471 ↩

  162. "collection:softwarelibrary_msdos". Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Asoftwarelibrary_msdos&page=1 ↩

  163. Graft, Kris (March 5, 2015). "Saving video game history begins right now". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150307161450/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/238156/Saving_video_game_history_begins_right_now.php ↩

  164. "Internet Archive's Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and Copyright Policy". December 31, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015. Access to the Archive's Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only. https://archive.org/about/terms.php ↩

  165. Lu, Kathy (January 12, 2015). "Time suck alert: 'Pac-Man' among thousands of MS-DOS games available for free". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article6061104.html ↩

  166. O'Neil, Lauren (January 7, 2015). "90's kids rejoice as Internet Archive releases 2,300 MS-DOS games for free – Your Community". CBCNEWS. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2015/01/90s-kids-rejoice-as-internet-archive-releases-2300-ms-dos-games-for-free.html ↩

  167. Campbell, Ian Carlos (November 19, 2020). "The Internet Archive is now preserving Flash games and animations". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/19/21578616/internet-archive-preservation-flash-animations-games-adobe ↩

  168. "Table Top Scribe System". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018. https://archive.org/details/tabletopscribesystem ↩

  169. Stutz, Michael (March 28, 2007). "Linux to help the Library of Congress save American history". Linux.com. The Linux foundation. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. https://www.linux.com/news/linux-help-library-congress-save-american-history ↩

  170. Strozniak, Peter (December 18, 2015). "Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates". Credit Union Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019. https://www.cutimes.com/2015/12/18/death-of-a-credit-union-internet-archive-fcu-volun/ ↩

  171. "Difficult Times at our Credit Union". Internet Archive Blogs. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019. https://blog.archive.org/2015/11/24/difficult-times-at-our-credit-union/ ↩

  172. "Coming this Summer: The First DWeb Camp | Internet Archive Blogs". March 24, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2023. https://blog.archive.org/2019/03/24/coming-this-summer-the-first-dweb-camp/ ↩

  173. "DWeb Camp 2023". dwebcamp.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023. https://dwebcamp.org/ ↩

  174. Holt, Kris (October 7, 2021). "The Internet Archive's 'Wayforward Machine' paints a grim future for the web". Engadget. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021. https://www.engadget.com/internet-archive-wayforward-machine-web-future-wayback-175936050.html ↩

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