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Homogenization (chemistry)
Chemical process

Homogenization or homogenisation is any of several processes used to make a mixture of two mutually non-soluble liquids the same throughout. This is achieved by turning one of the liquids into a state consisting of extremely small particles distributed uniformly throughout the other liquid. A typical example is the homogenization of milk, wherein the milk fat globules are reduced in size and dispersed uniformly through the rest of the milk.

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Definition

Homogenization (from "homogeneous;" Greek, homogenes: homos, same + genos, kind)4 is the process of converting two immiscible liquids (i.e. liquids that are not soluble, in all proportions, one in another) into an emulsion5 (Mixture of two or more liquids that are generally immiscible). Sometimes two types of homogenization are distinguished: primary homogenization, when the emulsion is created directly from separate liquids; and secondary homogenization, when the emulsion is created by the reduction in size of droplets in an existing emulsion.6 Homogenization is achieved by a mechanical device called a homogenizer.7

Application

One of the oldest applications of homogenization is in milk processing.8 It is normally preceded by "standardization" (the mixing of milk from several different herds or dairies to produce a more consistent raw milk prior to processing).9 The fat in milk normally separates from the water and collects at the top. Homogenization breaks the fat into smaller sizes so it no longer separates, allowing the sale of non-separating milk at any fat specification.10

Methods

Milk homogenization is accomplished by mixing large amounts of harvested milk, then forcing the milk at high pressure through small holes.11 Milk homogenization is an essential tool of the milk food industry to produce consistent levels of flavor and fat concentration.

Another application of homogenization is in soft drinks like cola products. The reactant mixture is rendered to intense homogenization, to as much as 35,000 psi,12 so that various constituents do not separate out during storage or distribution.13

See also

References

  1. Brakeman, Rob. "Homogenizing Process | Homogenization | Sonic Mixing Corp". Sonic Corporation. Retrieved 2024-02-01. https://www.sonicmixing.com/homogenization-process/ ↩

  2. "Why Is Milk Homogenized and What Are its Effects? | Dairy Nutrition". dairynutrition.ca. 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2024-02-01. https://dairynutrition.ca/en/milk-quality/homogenization/why-milk-homogenized-and-what-are-its-effects ↩

  3. "Homogenization", Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., retrieved October 6, 2013 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/270516/homogenization ↩

  4. homo-, word origin http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homo- ↩

  5. McClements, David J. (2008). "Lipid-Based Emulsions and Emulsifiers". In Akoh, Casimir C.; Min, David B. (eds.). Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Biotechnology. Food Science and Technology (Third ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC. p. 77. ISBN 978-1420046649. 978-1420046649 ↩

  6. McClements, David J. (2008). "Lipid-Based Emulsions and Emulsifiers". In Akoh, Casimir C.; Min, David B. (eds.). Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Biotechnology. Food Science and Technology (Third ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC. p. 77. ISBN 978-1420046649. 978-1420046649 ↩

  7. McClements, David J. (2008). "Lipid-Based Emulsions and Emulsifiers". In Akoh, Casimir C.; Min, David B. (eds.). Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Biotechnology. Food Science and Technology (Third ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC. p. 77. ISBN 978-1420046649. 978-1420046649 ↩

  8. "Homogenization of Milk: What It Is and How to Process". Ginhong. 2022-09-03. Retrieved 2024-02-01. https://ginhong.com/homogenization-of-milk-what-it-is-and-how-to-process/ ↩

  9. "Homogenization of Milk: What It Is and How to Process". Ginhong. 2022-09-03. Retrieved 2024-02-01. https://ginhong.com/homogenization-of-milk-what-it-is-and-how-to-process/ ↩

  10. "Why Is Milk Homogenized and What Are its Effects? | Dairy Nutrition". dairynutrition.ca. 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2024-02-01. https://dairynutrition.ca/en/milk-quality/homogenization/why-milk-homogenized-and-what-are-its-effects ↩

  11. "Homogenization of Milk: What It Is and How to Process". Ginhong. 2022-09-03. Retrieved 2024-02-01. https://ginhong.com/homogenization-of-milk-what-it-is-and-how-to-process/ ↩

  12. Ferragut, Victoria; Hernández-Herrero, Manuela; Veciana-Nogués, María Teresa; Borras-Suarez, Miquel; González-Linares, Javier; Vidal-Carou, María Carmen; Guamis, Buenaventura (30 March 2015). "Ultra-high-pressure homogenization (UHPH) system for producing high-quality vegetable-based beverages: physicochemical, microbiological, nutritional and toxicological characteristics: Soy and almond beverages produced by UHPH". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 95 (5): 953–961. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6769. PMID 24898984. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  13. Müller, U.; Rossmann, S.; Schneider, J.; Kohlus, R. "(231aj) Direct Homogenization of Beverage Emulsions with the Innovative Counterflow Injection Process | AIChE". www.aiche.org. Retrieved 2024-02-01. https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2016/proceeding/paper/231aj-direct-homogenization-beverage-emulsions-innovative-counterflow-injection-process ↩