This page details the electron configurations of neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states, showing subshells in concise and expanded forms along with electron counts per shell. For example, phosphorus (element 15) has the configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p3, where [Ne] denotes the core electrons matching the preceding noble gas, neon. These configurations follow the Aufbau principle and Madelung rule, though exceptions exist, such as chromium. Configurations apply to isolated atoms and may differ in chemical contexts. Elements beyond hassium (element 108) lack measured data, so their configurations are predicted. Complete shells are indicated by noble gas notations like "[Ar]" for argon and are fundamental in understanding atomic structure.
See also
- Extended periodic table#Electron configurations – Predictions for undiscovered elements 119–173 and 184
All sources concur with the data above except in the instances listed separately:
NIST
- http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/IonEnergy/ionEnergy.html ; retrieved July 2005, (elements 1–104) based on:
- Atomic Spectroscopy, by W.C. Martin and W.L. Wiese in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135–153.
This website is also cited in the CRC Handbook as source of Section 1, subsection Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State.
- 91 Pa : [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2
- 92 U : [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2
- 93 Np : [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2
- 103 Lr : [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1 question-marked
- 104 Rf : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 question-marked
CRC
- David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 1, Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors; Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State. (elements 1–104)
- Also subsection Periodic Table of the Elements, (elements 1–103) based on:
- G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990.
- Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985.
- Atomic Weights of the Elements, 1999, Pure Appl. Chem., 73, 667, 2001.
WebElements
- http://www.webelements.com/ ; retrieved July 2005, electron configurations based on:
- Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, Ed. Gordon W. F. Drake, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, New York, 1996.
- J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, and R.L. Keiter in Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, Harper Collins, New York, 1993.
- R.L. DeKock and H.B. Gray in Chemical Structure and bonding, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, California, 1980.
- A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
- 103 Lr : [Rn].5f14.7s2.7p1 tentative ; 2.8.18.32.32.9.2 [inconsistent]
- 104 Rf : [Rn].5f14.6d2.7s2 tentative
- 105 Db : [Rn].5f14.6d3.7s2 (a guess based upon that of tantalum) ; 2.8.18.32.32.11.2
- 106 Sg : [Rn].5f14.6d4.7s2 (a guess based upon that of tungsten) ; 2.8.18.32.32.12.2
- 107 Bh : [Rn].5f14.6d5.7s2 (a guess based upon that of rhenium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.13.2
- 108 Hs : [Rn].5f14.6d6.7s2 (a guess based upon that of osmium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.14.2
- 109 Mt : [Rn].5f14.6d7.7s2 (a guess based upon that of iridium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.15.2
- 110 Ds : [Rn].5f14.6d9.7s1 (a guess based upon that of platinum) ; 2.8.18.32.32.17.1
- 111 Rg : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s1 (a guess based upon that of gold) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.1
- 112 Cn : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2 (a guess based upon that of mercury) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.2
- 113 Nh : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p1 (a guess based upon that of thallium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.3
- 114 Fl : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p2 (a guess based upon that of lead) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.4
- 115 Mc : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p3 (a guess based upon that of bismuth) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.5
- 116 Lv : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p4 (a guess based upon that of polonium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.6
- 117 Ts : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p5 (a guess based upon that of astatine) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.7
- 118 Og : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p6 (a guess based upon that of radon) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.8
Lange
- J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), online version, McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4, Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements. (Elements 1–103)
- 97 Bk : [Rn] 5f8 6d 7s2
- 103 Lr : [Rn] 4f14 [sic] 6d 7s2
Hill and Petrucci
- Hill and Petrucci, General Chemistry: An Integrated Approach (3rd edition), Prentice Hall. (Elements 1–106)
- 58 Ce : [Xe] 4f2 6s2
- 103 Lr : [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2
- 104 Rf : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 (agrees with guess above)
- 105 Db : [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
- 106 Sg : [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2
Hoffman, Lee, and Pershina
Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1722. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.
This book contains predicted electron configurations for the elements up to 172, as well as 184, based on relativistic Dirac–Fock calculations by B. Fricke in Fricke, B. (1975). Dunitz, J. D. (ed.). "Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Structure and Bonding. 21. Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116496. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9.
References
Jørgensen, Christian K. (1988). "Influence of rare earths on chemical understanding and classification". Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. Vol. 11. pp. 197–292. doi:10.1016/S0168-1273(88)11007-6. ISBN 9780444870803. 9780444870803 ↩
Nefedov, V. I.; Trzhaskovskaya, M. B.; Yarzhemskii, V. G. (2006). "Electronic Configurations and the Periodic Table for Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Doklady Physical Chemistry. 408 (Part 2). Pleaides Publishing: 149–151. doi:10.1134/S0012501606060029. S2CID 95738861. Retrieved 25 September 2020. configuration interaction is crucial in more than 30% of cases since its consideration leads to another ground-state configuration. http://www.primefan.ru/stuff/chem/nefedov.pdf ↩