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Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X
Linux distribution

Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X (LGX) was an early Linux distribution developed by Yggdrasil Computing, Inc., founded by Adam J. Richter in Berkeley, California. It was the first company to produce a live CD Linux distribution, describing itself as a "Plug-and-Play" system that automatically configured hardware. Named after the Yggdrasil, the World Tree in Norse mythology, the distribution aimed to unite various software into a complete product. Yggdrasil's motto was "Free Software For The Rest of Us," and it adhered to the Unix Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, emphasizing compatibility and ease of use.

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History and releases

Yggdrasil announced their ‘bootable Linux/GNU/X-based UNIX(R) clone for PC compatibles’4 on 25 November 19925 and made the first release on 8 December 1992.6 This alpha release contained the 0.98.1 version of the Linux kernel, the v11r5 version of the X Window System supporting up to 1024x768 with 256 colours, various GNU utilities such as their C/C++ compiler, the GNU Debugger, bison, flex, and make, TeX, groff, Ghostscript, the elvis and Emacs editors, and various other software. Yggdrasil's alpha release required a 386 computer with 8 MB RAM and 100 MB hard disk.7 The alpha release was missing some of the source code of some of the packages, such as elvis.8

A beta release was made on 18 February 1993.910 The beta's cost was US$60. LGX's beta release in 1993 contained the 0.99.5 version of the Linux kernel, along with other software from GNU and X.11 By 22 August 1993, the Yggdrasil company had sold over 3100 copies of the LGX beta distribution.12

The production release version carried a pricetag of US$99.13 However, Yggdrasil was offered for free to any developer whose software was included with the CD distribution.14 According to an email from the company's founder the marginal cost of each subscription was $35.70.15

Early Yggdrasil releases were also available from stores selling CD-ROM software.16

Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated

Adam J. Richter started the Yggdrasil company together with Bill Selmeier. Richter spoke to Michael Tiemann about setting up a business, but was not interested in joining forces with Cygnus.17

Richter was a member of League for Programming Freedom.18 Richter was using only a 200 MB hard disk when building the alpha release of LGX, which prevented him from practically being able to include the source code of some of the packages contained in the CDROM.19

Yggdrasil Incorporated published some of the early Linux compilation books, such as The Linux Bible: The GNU Testament (ISBN 978-1883601201), and contributed significantly to file system and X Window System functionality of Linux in the early days of their operation.

The company moved to San Jose, California in 1996.20 In 1996, Yggdrasil Incorporated released the Winter 1996 edition of Linux Internet Archives; six CDs of Linux software from Tsx-11 and Sunsite, the GNU archive on prep.ai.mit.edu, the X11R6 archives including the free contributed X11R6 software from ftp.x.org, the Internet RFC standards, and a total of nine non-Yggdrasil Linux distributions.21

The company remained active until at least year 2000, when it released the Linux Open Source DVD, but its website was taken offline afterwards and the company has not released anything since.22

The company's last corporate filing was in January 2004.23 The California Secretary of State lists it as suspended.24

The company once made an offer to donate 60% of the Yggdrasil CDROM sales revenues to the Computer Systems Research Group, but founder Adam J. Richter later indicated that the company would lose too much money and changed the offer accordingly, while still maintaining donations to CSRG.25

The company also had volume discount plans.26

See also

  • Free and open-source software portal

References

  1. Salus, Peter H (1 November 2005). "The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, by Dr. Peter H. Salus - Ch. 20". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2007-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20180717184057/www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20051031235811490 ↩

  2. Richter, Adam J (17 April 1996). "Yggdrasil Debian replacement CD's have arrived". debian-user mailing list. Debian.org. Retrieved 2007-10-11. http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/1996/04/msg00816.html ↩

  3. Linux SIG - Yggdrasil's Plug and Play Linux http://linux.feldt.com/meeting_notes/1996/0215/ygg_pnp.html ↩

  4. "THE YGGDRASIL LINUX/GNU/X OPERATING SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION BETA CDROM". Order form. Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated. 18 February 1993. Retrieved 2007-10-11. http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/historic-linux/ftp-archives/sunsite.unc.edu/Sep-29-1996/docs/distributions/yggdrasil/announcement ↩

  5. Richter, Adam J (24 November 1992). "ANNOUNCEMENT: Alpha release Linux/GNU/X unix clone on CDROM for PCs". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1992/nov/3/0493.shtml ↩

  6. Salus, Peter H (1 November 2005). "The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, by Dr. Peter H. Salus - Ch. 20". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2007-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20180717184057/www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20051031235811490 ↩

  7. Richter, Adam J (24 November 1992). "ANNOUNCEMENT: Alpha release Linux/GNU/X unix clone on CDROM for PCs". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1992/nov/3/0493.shtml ↩

  8. Richter, Adam J (25 November 1992). "Re: ANNOUNCEMENT: Alpha release Linux/GNU/X unix clone on CDROM for PCs". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1992/nov/3/0559.shtml ↩

  9. "THE YGGDRASIL LINUX/GNU/X OPERATING SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION BETA CDROM". Order form. Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated. 18 February 1993. Retrieved 2007-10-11. http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/historic-linux/ftp-archives/sunsite.unc.edu/Sep-29-1996/docs/distributions/yggdrasil/announcement ↩

  10. DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20041115#fdow ↩

  11. DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20041115#fdow ↩

  12. Richter, Adam J (22 August 1993). "Re: Linux CD-ROMs in general --> Yggdrasil in particular". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1993/aug/3/0072.shtml ↩

  13. Salus, Peter H (1 November 2005). "The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, by Dr. Peter H. Salus - Ch. 20". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2007-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20180717184057/www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20051031235811490 ↩

  14. Richter, Adam J (17 March 1993). "Re: Linux Foundation". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1993/mar/2/0519.shtml ↩

  15. Richter, Adam J (30 November 1992). "Re: ANNOUNCEMENT: Alpha Linux/GNU/X && Windows/NT SDK/DDK". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1992/nov/4/0261.shtml ↩

  16. Archaeology http://timeguy.com/cradek/01161921561 ↩

  17. Salus, Peter H (1 November 2005). "The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, by Dr. Peter H. Salus - Ch. 20". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2007-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20180717184057/www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20051031235811490 ↩

  18. Richter, Adam J (25 November 1992). "Re: ANNOUNCEMENT: Alpha release Linux/GNU/X unix clone on CDROM for PCs". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1992/nov/3/0559.shtml ↩

  19. Richter, Adam J (25 November 1992). "Re: ANNOUNCEMENT: Alpha release Linux/GNU/X unix clone on CDROM for PCs". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1992/nov/3/0559.shtml ↩

  20. Richter, Adam J (17 April 1996). "Yggdrasil Debian replacement CD's have arrived". debian-user mailing list. Debian.org. Retrieved 2007-10-11. http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/1996/04/msg00816.html ↩

  21. "Linux Internet Archives". New Products. Linux Journal. 1 May 1996. Retrieved 2007-10-11. http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/111 ↩

  22. DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20041115#fdow ↩

  23. "Yggdasil Computing, Incorporated". California Secretary of State. Retrieved July 21, 2015. https://businessfilings.sos.ca.gov/frmDetail.asp?CorpID=01824239 ↩

  24. "Yggdasil Computing, Incorporated". California Secretary of State. Retrieved July 21, 2015. https://businessfilings.sos.ca.gov/frmDetail.asp?CorpID=01824239 ↩

  25. *BSD News Article 1861 http://www.dnull.com/bsd/oldnews/bsdnew1861.html ↩

  26. Richter, Adam J (1992-12-01). "Frequently Asked Questions on Linux/GNU/X OS CDROM from Yggdrasil". linux-activists (Mailing list). http://www.kclug.org/old_archives/linux-activists/1992/dec/0/0044.shtml ↩