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List of missions to Venus
List article
Launches to Venus
Decade
1960s18
1970s11
1980s8
1990s1
2000s2
2010s5
2020s1

There have been 46 space missions to the planet Venus (including gravity-assist flybys). Missions to Venus constitute part of the exploration of Venus. The Soviet Union, followed by the United States, have soft landed probes on the surface. Venera 7 was the first lander overall and first for the Soviet Union, touching down on 15 December 1970. Pioneer Venus 2 contained the first spacecraft to land from the United States, the Day Probe. It soft landed on 9 December 1978. The most recent lander was part of the Vega 2 mission, which soft landed on 15 June 1985.

List

As of 2020, the Soviet Union, United States, European Space Agency and Japan have conducted missions to Venus.

Mission Type Legend   Mission to Venus  Gravity assist, destination elsewhere
SpacecraftLaunch date7OperatorMissionOutcomeRemarksCarrier rocket8
Tyazhely Sputnik(1VA No.1)4 February 1961OKB-1 Soviet UnionImpactor9Launch failurePower transformer failure, upper stage failed to ignite, never left LEO10Molniya
Venera 1(1VA No.2)12 February 1961OKB-1 Soviet UnionImpactor11Spacecraft failureCommunications failure. First flyby past another planet, on 19 May 1961 at less than 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi); no data returnedMolniya
Mariner 1(P-37)22 July 1962NASA United StatesFlybyLaunch failureFailed to orbit Earth; destroyed by range safety following guidance failure12Atlas-LV3 Agena-B
2MV-1 No.125 August 1962OKB-1 Soviet UnionLanderLaunch failurePremature upper stage cutoff due to ullage motor malfunction; never left LEO13Molniya
Mariner 2(P-38)27 August 1962NASA United StatesFlybySuccessfulFirst successful flyby past another planet on 14 December 1962Atlas-LV3 Agena-B
2MV-1 No.21 September 1962OKB-1 Soviet UnionLanderLaunch failureUpper stage fuel valve failed to open, resulting in failure to ignite; never left LEO14Molniya
2MV-2 No.112 September 1962OKB-1 Soviet UnionFlybyLaunch failureAnomalous third stage cutoff resulted in air bubbles forming in fourth stage fuel; fourth stage shut down less than a second after ignition; failed to leave LEO15Molniya
3MV-1 No.219 February 1964OKB-1 Soviet UnionFlybyLaunch failureThird stage oxidizer leak caused propellant to freeze in feed lines, which subsequently cracked; failed to orbit16Molniya-M
Kosmos 27(3MV-1 No.3)27 March 1964OKB-1 Soviet UnionFlyby/LanderLaunch failureUpper stage attitude control failure, never left LEO17Molniya-M
Zond 1(3MV-1 No.4)2 April 1964OKB-1 Soviet UnionFlyby/LanderSpacecraft failureElectronics shorted out, communications lost before flyby.18 Flew past Venus on 14 July 1964.Molniya-M
Venera 2(3MV-4 No.4)12 November 1965OKB-1 Soviet UnionFlybySpacecraft failureFlew past Venus on 27 February 1966, closest approach at 02:52 UTC. Communications lost after flyby, before any data could be returned.19Molniya-M
Venera 3(3MV-3 No.1)16 November 1965OKB-1 Soviet UnionLanderSpacecraft failureCommunications lost as soon as spacecraft entered atmosphere on 1 March 1966, no data returned. First atmospheric entry and impact on another planet.Molniya-M
Kosmos 96(3MV-4 No.6)23 November 1965OKB-1 Soviet UnionFlybyLaunch failureThird stage combustion chamber exploded, resulting in loss of control, upper stage failed to ignite; Never left LEO20Molniya-M
Venera 4(4V-1 No.310)12 June 1967Lavochkin Soviet UnionAtmosphericSuccessfulReturned atmospheric data during entry on 18 October 1967. First successful atmospheric entry. Never intended to work on surface21Molniya-M
Mariner 514 June 1967NASA United StatesFlybySuccessfulFlyby on 19 October 1967, closest approach at 17:34:56 UTC22Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
Kosmos 167(4V-1 No.311)17 June 1967Lavochkin Soviet UnionLanderLaunch failureUpper stage failed to ignite; turbopump cooling malfunction. Never left LEO23Molniya-M
Venera 5(4V-1 No.330)5 January 1969Lavochkin Soviet UnionAtmosphericSuccessfulEntered atmosphere on 16 May 1969, operated for 53 minutesMolniya-M
Venera 6(4V-1 No.331)10 January 1969Lavochkin Soviet UnionAtmosphericSuccessfulEntered atmosphere on 17 May 1969, operated for 51 minutesMolniya-M
Venera 7(4V-1 No.630)17 August 1970Lavochkin Soviet UnionLanderPartial successLanded at 05:37:10 UTC on 15 December 1970, rolled upon landing and returned severely limited data. First soft landing on another planet.Molniya-M
Kosmos 359(4V-1 No.631)22 August 1970Lavochkin Soviet UnionLanderLaunch failureNever left LEOMolniya-M
Venera 8(4V-1 No.670)27 March 1972Lavochkin Soviet UnionLanderSuccessfulLanded at 09:32 UTC on 22 July 1972. First fully successful landing on another planet.Molniya-M
Kosmos 482(4V-1 No.671)31 March 1972Lavochkin Soviet UnionLanderLaunch failureNever left LEOMolniya-M
Mariner 103 November 1973NASA United StatesFlybySuccessfulFlyby on 5 February 1974; closest approach at 17:01 UTC; observed Venus and performed gravity assist to reach MercuryAtlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
Venera 9(4V-1 No.660)8 June 1975Lavochkin Soviet UnionOrbiter/LanderSuccessfulEntered orbit on 20 October 1975; lander landed at 05:13 UTC on 22 October. First orbiter of Venus and first images from the surface of another planet.Proton-K/D
Venera 10(4V-1 No.661)14 June 1975Lavochkin Soviet UnionOrbiter/LanderSuccessfulEntered orbit on 23 October 1975; lander landed at 05:17 UTC on 25 OctoberProton-K/D
Venera 11(4V-1 No.360)9 September 1978Lavochkin Soviet UnionFlyby/LanderMostly successfulFlyby on 25 December; Lander landed at 03:24 UTC the same day. Multiple instrument failures on landerProton-K/D-1
Venera 12(4V-1 No.361)14 September 1978Lavochkin Soviet UnionFlyby/LanderMostly successfulLander landed at 03:20 UTC on 21 December 1978. Both cameras on lander failedProton-K/D-1
Pioneer Venus 1(PV Orbiter)20 May 1978NASA United StatesOrbiterSuccessfulEntered orbit on 4 December 1978, decayed on 22 October 1992Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
Pioneer Venus 2(PV Multiprobe)8 August 1978NASA United StatesAtmosphericSuccessfulEntered the atmosphere on 9 December 1978; consisted of five spacecraft, two of which continued transmitting after reaching the surface242526272829Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
Venera 13(4V-1M No.760)30 October 1981Lavochkin Soviet UnionFlyby/LanderSuccessfulLander landed at 03:20 UTC on 1 March 1982. First recording of sounds from another planet.Proton-K/D-1
Venera 14(4V-1M No.761)4 November 1981Lavochkin Soviet UnionFlyby/LanderSuccessfulLander landed on 5 March 1982.Proton-K/D-1
Venera 15(4V-2 No.860)2 June 1983Lavochkin Soviet UnionOrbiterSuccessfulEntered orbit 10 October 1983, operated until July 1984Proton-K/D-1
Venera 16(4V-2 No.861)7 June 1983Lavochkin Soviet UnionOrbiterSuccessfulEntered orbit 11 October 1983, operated until July 1984Proton-K/D-1
Vega 1(5VK No.901)15 December 1984Lavochkin Soviet UnionFlyby/Atmospheric/LanderMostly successfulLanded 11 June 1985. Atmospheric probe deployed during entry operated for two days. Main bus continued to explore comet 1P/HalleyProton-K/D-1
Vega 2(5VK No.902)21 December 1984Lavochkin Soviet UnionFlyby/Atmospheric/LanderSuccessfulLanded 15 June 1985. Atmospheric probe deployed during entry operated for two days. Main bus continued to explore comet 1P/HalleyProton-K/D-1
Magellan4 May 1989NASA United StatesOrbiterSuccessfulEntered orbit 10 October 1990, deorbited 13 October 1994Space Shuttle AtlantisSTS-30 / IUS
Galileo18 October 1989NASA United StatesGravity assist at VenusSuccessfulFlyby on 10 February 1990 en route to Jupiter; observed Venus during closest pass.Space Shuttle AtlantisSTS-34 / IUS
Cassini15 October 1997NASA United StatesGravity assistSuccessfulFlybys on 26 April 1998 and 24 June 1999 en route to Saturn; observed Venus during closest pass.Titan IV(401)B
MESSENGER3 August 2004NASA United StatesGravity assistSuccessfulFlybys on 24 October 2006 and 5 June 2007 en route to Mercury; observed Venus during closest pass.Delta II 7925H
Venus Express9 November 2005ESAOrbiterSuccessfulEntered orbit 11 April 2006. Full communications lost on 28 November 2014 30Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Akatsuki20 May 2010JAXA JapanOrbiterMostly successfulFlew past Venus on 6 December 2010 after failing to enter orbit. Insertion was successfully reattempted on 7 December 2015.

Last contact April 2024

H-IIA 202
IKAROS20 May 2010JAXA JapanFlybySuccessfulExperimental solar sail released from the Akatsuki spacecraft. Flew past Venus on 8 December 2010 but did not make observations.H-IIA 202
Shin'en20 May 2010UNISEC JapanFlybySpacecraft failureCommunications never established after launch. Flew past Venus in December 2010H-IIA 202
Parker Solar Probe12 August 2018NASA United StatesGravity assistOperationalFlybys on 10 October 2018, 26 December 2019, 11 July 2020, 20 February 2021, 16 October 2021, 21 August 2023, and 6 November 2024 to lower perihelion for solar observation.Delta IV Heavy/Star 48BV
BepiColombo20 October 2018ESAGravity assistSuccessfulFlybys on 15 October 2020 and 11 August 2021 en route to Mercury; observed Venus during closest pass.Ariane 5 ECA
Solar Orbiter10 February 2020ESAGravity assistOperationalFlybys on 27 Dec 2020, 8 Aug 2021, 3 Sep 2022, 18 Feb 2025, 24 Dec 2026, 17 Mar 2028, 10 Jun 2029, and 2 Sep 2030 to adjust orbital inclination.Atlas V 411

Statistics

Mission milestone by country

Legend

  Achieved   Failed attempt † First to achieve

CountryFlybyOrbitAtmospheric entryImpactLanderRover
Soviet UnionVenera 1, 1961 †Venera 9, 1975 †Venera 3, 1966 †Venera 3, 1966 †Venera 7, 1970 †—
United StatesMariner 2, 1962Pioneer Venus 1, 1978Pioneer Venus 2, 1978Pioneer Venus 2, 1978Pioneer Venus 2, 1978—
ESAVenus Express, 2006Venus Express, 2006————
JapanAkatsuki, 2010Akatsuki, 2015————

By organization

CountryAgencyor companySuccessfulPartial failureFailureOperationalGravity assistTotal
USSREnergia--11--11
Lavochkin1413--18
 USANASA6-11411
ESAESA1--123
 JapanJAXA1----2
UNISEC--1--1

Future missions

Under development

NameOperatorProposed launch yearTypeStatusReference
Venus Life Finder MIT/Rocket LabNET summer 2026Atmospheric probeunder development31
MBR Explorer UAESA2028Flybyunder development3233
Venus Orbiter Mission ISRO29 March 202834Orbiter/atmospheric probeunder development35
VERITAS NASA2031Orbiterunder development3637
DAVINCI NASA2031–2032Atmospheric probeunder development3839
EnVision ESA2031–2032Orbiterunder development40

Proposed missions

NameOperatorProposed launch yearTypeStatusReference
Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer (VOICE) CNSA2026OrbiterNot selected4142
Venera-D Roscosmos2029Orbiter/Landerproposed43
AREE NASA2020Wind-powered surface roverConcept study44
CUVE NASA2017Orbiterproposed45
EVE ESA2005Orbiter/Lander/BalloonNot selected46
HAVOC NASA2015Crewed aircraftConcept study47
HOVER NASA2019OrbiterConcept study48
VAMP NASA2012Inflatable semi-buoyant aircraftNot selected49
VICI NASA2027LanderNot selected5051
VISAGE NASA2027LanderNot selected525354
VISE NASA2003LanderNot selected55
VMPM NASA1994Atmospheric probesConcept study56
VOX NASA2017OrbiterNot selected5758
Zephyr NASA2016Sail-driven surface roverFeasibility study59

See also

References

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  2. "Pioneer Venus 2". Retrieved 30 December 2023. The so-called Day Probe transmitted data from the surface for 67 minutes, 37 seconds, before succumbing to the high temperatures, pressures and power depletion. https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-venus-2/ ↩

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