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Vincent van Gogh
Dutch painter (1853–1890)

Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) was a Dutch post-impressionist painter whose bold use of colour and dramatic brushwork greatly influenced modern art. Though he created about 2,100 artworks, including many oil paintings of landscapes, still lifes, and portraits, he was commercially unsuccessful in life. His troubled mental health led to a suicide at thirty-seven. Van Gogh’s reputation grew after death, influencing the Fauves and German Expressionists. Today, many of his paintings rank among the world’s most expensive, and the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam holds the largest collection of his work.

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Letters

See also: The Letters of Vincent van Gogh

The most comprehensive primary source on Van Gogh is his correspondence with his younger brother, Theo. Their lifelong friendship, and most of what is known of Vincent's thoughts and theories of art, are recorded in the hundreds of letters they exchanged from 1872 until 1890.6 Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and provided his brother with financial and emotional support as well as access to influential people on the contemporary art scene.7

Theo kept all of Vincent's letters to him;8 but Vincent kept only a few of the letters he received. After both had died, Theo's widow Jo Bonger-van Gogh arranged for the publication of some of their letters. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913; the majority were published in 1914.910 Vincent's letters are eloquent and expressive, have been described as having a "diary-like intimacy",11 and read in parts like autobiography.12 Translator Arnold Pomerans wrote that their publication adds a "fresh dimension to the understanding of Van Gogh's artistic achievement, an understanding granted to us by virtually no other painter".13

There are more than 600 letters from Vincent to Theo and around 40 from Theo to Vincent. There are 22 to his sister Wil, 58 to the painter Anthon van Rappard, 22 to Émile Bernard as well as individual letters to Paul Signac, Paul Gauguin, and the critic Albert Aurier. Some are illustrated with sketches.14 Many are undated, but art historians have been able to place most in chronological order. Problems in transcription and dating remain, mainly with those posted from Arles. While there, Vincent wrote around 200 letters in Dutch, French, and English.15 There is a gap in the record when he lived in Paris as the brothers lived together and had no need to correspond.16

The highly paid contemporary artist Jules Breton was frequently mentioned in Vincent's letters. In 1875 letters to Theo, Vincent mentions he saw Breton, discusses the Breton paintings he saw at a Salon, and discusses sending one of Breton's books but only on condition that it be returned.1718 In a March 1884 letter to Rappard he discusses one of Breton's poems that had inspired one of his paintings.19 In 1885 he describes Breton's famous work The Song of the Lark as being "fine".20 In March 1880, roughly midway between these letters, Van Gogh set out on an 80-kilometre trip on foot to meet Breton in the village of Courrières; he was intimidated by Breton's success and the high wall around his estate, and returned without making his presence known. 212223 It appears Breton was unaware of Van Gogh or his attempted visit. There are no known letters between the two artists and Van Gogh is not one of the contemporary artists discussed by Breton in his 1891 autobiography Life of an Artist.

Life

See also: Vincent van Gogh chronology

Early years

See also: Van Gogh's family in his art

Vincent Willem van Gogh was born on 30 March 1853 in Groot-Zundert, in the predominantly Catholic province of North Brabant in the Netherlands.24 He was the oldest surviving child of Theodorus van Gogh (1822–1885), a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, and his wife, Anna Cornelia Carbentus (1819–1907). Van Gogh was given the name of his grandfather and of a brother stillborn exactly a year before his birth.25 His grandfather, Vincent (1789–1874), was a prominent art dealer and a theology graduate from the University of Leiden in 1811. This Vincent had six sons, three of whom became art dealers, and may have been named after his great-uncle, a sculptor (1729–1802).26

Van Gogh's mother came from a prosperous family in The Hague.27 His father was the youngest son of a minister.28 The two met when Anna's younger sister, Cornelia, married Theodorus's older brother Vincent (Cent). Van Gogh's parents married in May 1851 and moved to Zundert.29 His brother Theo was born on 1 May 1857. There was another brother, Cor, and three sisters: Elisabeth, Anna, and Willemina (known as "Wil"). In later life, Van Gogh remained in touch only with Willemina and Theo.30 Theodorus's salary as a minister was modest, but the Church also supplied the family with a house, a maid, two cooks, a gardener, a carriage and horse; his mother Anna instilled in the children a duty to uphold the family's high social position.31

Van Gogh was a serious and thoughtful child.32 He was taught at home by his mother and a governess, and in 1860, was sent to the village school. In 1864, he was placed in a boarding school at Zevenbergen,33 where he felt abandoned, and he campaigned to come home. Instead, in 1866, his parents sent him to the middle school in Tilburg, where he was also deeply unhappy.34 His interest in art began at a young age. He was encouraged to draw as a child by his mother,35 and his early drawings are expressive,36 but do not approach the intensity of his later work.37 Constant Cornelis Huijsmans, who had been a successful artist in Paris, taught the students at Tilburg. His philosophy was to reject technique in favour of capturing the impressions of things, particularly nature or common objects. Van Gogh's profound unhappiness seems to have overshadowed the lessons, which had little effect.38 In March 1868, he abruptly returned home. He later wrote that his youth was "austere and cold, and sterile".39

In July 1869, Van Gogh's uncle Cent obtained a position for him at the art dealers Goupil & Cie in The Hague.40 After completing his training in 1873, he was transferred to Goupil's London branch on Southampton Street, and took lodgings at 87 Hackford Road, Stockwell.41 This was a happy time for Van Gogh; he was successful at work and, at 20, was earning more than his father. Theo's wife, Jo van Gogh-Bonger, later remarked that this was the best year of Vincent's life. He became infatuated with his landlady's daughter, Eugénie Loyer, but she rejected him after he confessed his feelings; she was secretly engaged to a former lodger. He grew more isolated and religiously fervent. His father and uncle arranged a transfer to Paris in 1875, where he became resentful of issues such as the degree to which the art dealers commodified art, and he was dismissed a year later.42

In April 1876, he returned to England to take unpaid work as a supply teacher in a small boarding school in Ramsgate. When the proprietor moved to Isleworth in Middlesex, Van Gogh went with him.4344 The arrangement was not successful; he left to become a Methodist minister's assistant.45 His parents had meanwhile moved to Etten;46 in 1876 he returned home at Christmas for six months and took work at a bookshop in Dordrecht. He was unhappy in the position, and spent his time doodling or translating passages from the Bible into English, French, and German.47 He immersed himself in Christianity and became increasingly pious and monastic.48 According to his flatmate of the time, Paulus van Görlitz, Van Gogh ate frugally, avoiding meat.49

To support his religious conviction and his desire to become a pastor, in 1877, the family sent him to live with his uncle Johannes Stricker, a respected theologian, in Amsterdam.50 Van Gogh prepared for the University of Amsterdam theology entrance examination;51 he failed the exam and left his uncle's house in July 1878. He undertook, but also failed, a three-month course at a Protestant missionary school in Laken, near Brussels.52

In January 1879, he took up a post as a missionary at Petit-Wasmes53 in the working class, coal-mining district of Borinage in Belgium. To show support for his impoverished congregation, he gave up his comfortable lodgings at a bakery to a homeless person and moved to a small hut, where he slept on straw.54 His humble living conditions did not endear him to church authorities, who dismissed him for "undermining the dignity of the priesthood". He then walked the 75 kilometres (47 mi) to Brussels,55 returned briefly to Cuesmes in the Borinage, but he gave in to pressure from his parents to return home to Etten. He stayed there until around March 1880,56 which caused concern and frustration for his parents. His father was especially frustrated and advised that his son be committed to the lunatic asylum in Geel.575859

Van Gogh returned to Cuesmes in August 1880, where he lodged with a miner until October.60 He became interested in the people and scenes around him, and he recorded them in drawings after Theo's suggestion that he take up art in earnest. He travelled to Brussels later in the year, to follow Theo's recommendation that he study with the Dutch artist Willem Roelofs, who persuaded him – in spite of his dislike of formal schools of art – to attend the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts. He registered at the Académie in November 1880, where he studied anatomy and the standard rules of modelling and perspective.61

Etten, Drenthe and The Hague

See also: Early works of Vincent van Gogh

Van Gogh returned to Etten in April 1881 for an extended stay with his parents.62 He continued to draw, often using his neighbours as subjects. In August 1881, his recently widowed cousin, Cornelia "Kee" Vos-Stricker, daughter of his mother's older sister Willemina and Johannes Stricker, arrived for a visit. He was thrilled and took long walks with her. Kee was seven years older than he was and had an eight-year-old son. Van Gogh surprised everyone by declaring his love to her and proposing marriage.63 She refused with the words "No, nay, never" ("nooit, neen, nimmer").64 After Kee returned to Amsterdam, Van Gogh went to The Hague to try to sell paintings and to meet with his second cousin, Anton Mauve. Mauve was the successful artist Van Gogh longed to be.65 Mauve invited him to return in a few months and suggested he spend the intervening time working in charcoal and pastels; Van Gogh returned to Etten and followed this advice.66

Late in November 1881, Van Gogh wrote a letter to Johannes Stricker, one which he described to Theo as an attack.67 Within days he left for Amsterdam.68 Kee would not meet him, and her parents wrote that his "persistence is disgusting".69 In despair, he held his left hand in the flame of a lamp, with the words: "Let me see her for as long as I can keep my hand in the flame."7071 He did not recall the event well, but later assumed that his uncle had blown out the flame. Kee's father made it clear that her refusal should be heeded and that the two would not marry, largely because of Van Gogh's inability to support himself.72

Mauve took Van Gogh on as a student and introduced him to watercolour, which he worked on for the next month before returning home for Christmas.73 He quarrelled with his father, refusing to attend church, and left for The Hague.7475 In January 1882, Mauve introduced him to painting in oil and lent him money to set up a studio.7677 Within a month Van Gogh and Mauve fell out, possibly over the viability of drawing from plaster casts.78 Van Gogh could only afford to hire people from the street as models, a practice of which Mauve seems to have disapproved.79 In June, Van Gogh suffered a bout of gonorrhoea and spent three weeks in the hospital.80 Soon after, he first painted in oils,81 bought with money borrowed from Theo. He liked the medium, and he spread the paint liberally, scraping from the canvas and working back with the brush. He wrote that he was surprised at how good the results were.82

By March 1882, Mauve appeared to have gone cold towards Van Gogh, and stopped replying to his letters.83 He had learned of Van Gogh's new domestic arrangement with an alcoholic prostitute, Clasina Maria "Sien" Hoornik (1850–1904), and her young daughter.84 Van Gogh had met Sien towards the end of January 1882, when she had a five-year-old daughter and was pregnant. She had previously borne two children who died, but Van Gogh was unaware of this.85 On 2 July, she gave birth to a baby boy, Willem.86 When Van Gogh's father discovered the details of their relationship, he put pressure on his son to abandon Sien and her two children. Vincent at first defied him,87 and considered moving the family out of the city, but in late 1883, he left Sien and the children.88

Poverty may have pushed Sien back into prostitution; the home became less happy and Van Gogh may have felt family life was irreconcilable with his artistic development. Sien gave her daughter to her mother and baby Willem to her brother.89 Willem remembered visiting Rotterdam when he was about 12, when an uncle tried to persuade Sien to marry to legitimise the child.90 He believed Van Gogh was his father, but the timing of his birth makes this unlikely.91 Sien drowned herself in the River Scheldt in 1904.92

In September 1883, Van Gogh moved to Drenthe in the northern Netherlands. In December, driven by loneliness, he went to live with his parents, then in Nuenen, North Brabant.93

Emerging artist

Nuenen and Antwerp (1883–1886)

See also: Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series), Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Netherlands), and List of drawings by Vincent van Gogh

In Nuenen, Van Gogh focused on painting and drawing. Working outside and very quickly, he completed sketches and paintings of weavers and their cottages. Van Gogh also completed The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen, which was stolen from the Singer Laren in March 2020.9495 From August 1884, Margot Begemann, a neighbour's daughter ten years his senior, joined him on his forays; she fell in love and he reciprocated, though less enthusiastically. They wanted to marry, but neither side of their families approved. Margot was distraught and took an overdose of strychnine, but survived after Van Gogh rushed her to a nearby hospital.96 On 26 March 1885, his father died of a heart attack.97

Van Gogh painted several groups of still lifes in 1885.98 During his two-year stay in Nuenen, he completed numerous drawings and watercolours and nearly 200 oil paintings. His palette consisted mainly of sombre earth tones, particularly dark brown, and showed no sign of the vivid colours that distinguished his later work.99

There was interest from a dealer in Paris early in 1885.100 Theo asked Vincent if he had paintings ready to exhibit.101 In May, Van Gogh responded with his first major work, The Potato Eaters, and a series of "peasant character studies" which were the culmination of several years of work.102 When he complained that Theo was not making enough effort to sell his paintings in Paris, his brother responded that they were too dark and not in keeping with the bright style of Impressionism.103 In August his work was publicly exhibited for the first time, in the shop windows of the dealer Leurs in The Hague. One of his young peasant sitters became pregnant in September 1885; Van Gogh was accused of forcing himself upon her, and the village priest forbade parishioners to model for him.104

He moved to Antwerp that November and rented a room above a paint dealer's shop in the rue des Images (Lange Beeldekensstraat).105 He lived in poverty and ate poorly, preferring to spend the money Theo sent on painting materials and models. Bread, coffee and tobacco became his staple diet. In February 1886, he wrote to Theo that he could only remember eating six hot meals since the previous May. His teeth became loose and painful.106 In Antwerp he applied himself to the study of colour theory and spent time in museums—particularly studying the work of Peter Paul Rubens—and broadened his palette to include carmine, cobalt blue and emerald green. Van Gogh bought Japanese ukiyo-e woodcuts in the docklands, later incorporating elements of their style into the background of some of his paintings.107 He was drinking heavily again,108 and was hospitalised between February and March 1886,109 when he was possibly also treated for syphilis.110111

After his recovery, despite his antipathy towards academic teaching, he took the higher-level admission exams at the Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp and, in January 1886, matriculated in painting and drawing. He became ill and run down by overwork, poor diet and excessive smoking.112 He started to attend drawing classes after plaster models at the Antwerp Academy on 18 January 1886. He quickly got into trouble with Charles Verlat, the director of the academy and teacher of a painting class, because of his unconventional painting style. Van Gogh had also clashed with the instructor of the drawing class Franz Vinck. Van Gogh finally started to attend the drawing classes after antique plaster models given by Eugène Siberdt. Soon Siberdt and Van Gogh came into conflict when the latter did not comply with Siberdt's requirement that drawings express the contour and concentrate on the line. When Van Gogh was required to draw the Venus de Milo during a drawing class, he produced the limbless, naked torso of a Flemish peasant woman. Siberdt regarded this as defiance against his artistic guidance and made corrections to Van Gogh's drawing with his crayon so vigorously that he tore the paper. Van Gogh then flew into a violent rage and shouted at Siberdt: 'You clearly do not know what a young woman is like, God damn it! A woman must have hips, buttocks, a pelvis in which she can carry a baby!' According to some accounts, this was the last time Van Gogh attended classes at the academy and he left later for Paris.113 On 31 March 1886, which was about a month after the confrontation with Siberdt, the teachers of the academy decided that 17 students, including Van Gogh, had to repeat a year. The story that Van Gogh was expelled from the academy by Siberdt is therefore unfounded.114

Paris (1886–1888)

See also: Japonaiserie (Van Gogh) and Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)

Van Gogh moved to Paris in March 1886 where he shared Theo's rue Laval apartment in Montmartre and studied at Fernand Cormon's studio. In June the brothers took a larger flat at 54 rue Lepic.115 In Paris, Vincent painted portraits of friends and acquaintances, still life paintings, views of Le Moulin de la Galette, scenes in Montmartre, Asnières and along the Seine. In 1885 in Antwerp he had become interested in Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints and had used them to decorate the walls of his studio; while in Paris he collected hundreds of them. He tried his hand at Japonaiserie, tracing a figure from a reproduction on the cover of the magazine Paris Illustre, The Courtesan or Oiran (1887), after Keisai Eisen, which he then graphically enlarged in a painting.116

After seeing the portrait of Adolphe Monticelli at the Galerie Delareybarette, Van Gogh adopted a brighter palette and a bolder attack, particularly in paintings such as his Seascape at Saintes-Maries (1888).117118 Two years later, Vincent and Theo paid for the publication of a book on Monticelli paintings, and Vincent bought some of Monticelli's works to add to his collection.119

Van Gogh learned about Fernand Cormon's atelier from Theo.120 He worked at the studio in April and May 1886,121 where he frequented the circle of the Australian artist John Russell, who painted his portrait in 1886.122 Van Gogh also met fellow students Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – who painted a portrait of him in pastel. They met at Julien "Père" Tanguy's paint shop,123 (which was, at that time, the only place where Paul Cézanne's paintings were displayed). In 1886, two large exhibitions were staged there, showing Pointillism and Neo-impressionism for the first time and bringing attention to Georges Seurat and Paul Signac. Theo kept a stock of Impressionist paintings in his gallery on boulevard Montmartre, but Van Gogh was slow to acknowledge the new developments in art.124

Conflicts arose between the brothers. At the end of 1886 Theo found living with Vincent to be "almost unbearable".125 By early 1887, they were again at peace, and Vincent had moved to Asnières, a northwestern suburb of Paris, where he got to know Signac. He adopted elements of Pointillism, a technique in which a multitude of small coloured dots are applied to the canvas so that when seen from a distance they create an optical blend of hues. The style stresses the ability of complementary colours – including blue and orange – to form vibrant contrasts.126127

While in Asnières Van Gogh painted parks, restaurants and the Seine, including Bridges across the Seine at Asnières. In November 1887, Theo and Vincent befriended Paul Gauguin who had just arrived in Paris.128 Towards the end of the year, Vincent arranged an exhibition alongside Bernard, Anquetin, and probably Toulouse-Lautrec, at the Grand-Bouillon Restaurant du Chalet, 43 avenue de Clichy, Montmartre. In a contemporary account, Bernard wrote that the exhibition was ahead of anything else in Paris.129 There, Bernard and Anquetin sold their first paintings, and Van Gogh exchanged work with Gauguin. Discussions on art, artists, and their social situations started during this exhibition, continued and expanded to include visitors to the show, like Camille Pissarro and his son Lucien, Signac and Seurat. In February 1888, feeling worn out from life in Paris, Van Gogh left, having painted more than 200 paintings during his two years there. Hours before his departure, accompanied by Theo, he paid his only visit to Seurat in his studio.130

Artistic breakthrough

Arles (1888–89)

See also: Décoration for the Yellow House, Langlois Bridge at Arles, and Saintes-Maries (Van Gogh series)

Ill from drink and suffering from smoker's cough, in February 1888, Van Gogh sought refuge in Arles.131 He seems to have moved with thoughts of founding an art colony. The Danish artist Christian Mourier-Petersen was his companion for two months and at first, Arles appeared exotic to Van Gogh. In a letter, he described it as a foreign country: "The Zouaves, the brothels, the adorable little Arlésienne going to her First Communion, the priest in his surplice, who looks like a dangerous rhinoceros, the people drinking absinthe, all seem to me creatures from another world."132

The time in Arles was one of Van Gogh's more prolific periods: he completed 200 paintings and more than 100 drawings and watercolours.133 He was energised by the local countryside and light; his works from this period are rich in yellow, ultramarine and mauve. They include harvests, wheat fields and general rural landmarks from the area, including The Old Mill (1888), one of seven canvases sent to Pont-Aven on 4 October 1888 in an exchange of works with Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Charles Laval and others.134

In March 1888, Van Gogh created landscapes using a gridded "perspective frame" and three of those works were shown at the annual exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants. In April, he was visited by the American artist Dodge MacKnight, who was living nearby at Fontvieille.135136

On 1 May 1888, Van Gogh signed a lease for four rooms at 2 Place Lamartine, Arles, which he later painted in The Yellow House.137 The rooms cost 15 francs per month, unfurnished; they had been uninhabited for months.138 Because the Yellow House had to be furnished before he could fully move in, Van Gogh moved from the Hôtel Carrel to the Café de la Gare on 7 May 1888.139 He had befriended the Yellow House's proprietors, Joseph and Marie Ginoux, and was able to use it as a studio.140 Van Gogh wanted a gallery to display his work and started a series of paintings that eventually included Van Gogh's Chair (1888), Bedroom in Arles (1888), The Night Café (1888), Café Terrace at Night (September 1888), Starry Night Over the Rhone (1888), and Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers (1888), all intended for the decoration for the Yellow House.141

Van Gogh wrote that with The Night Café he tried "to express the idea that the café is a place where one can ruin oneself, go mad, or commit a crime".142 When he visited Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in June, he gave lessons to a Zouave second lieutenant – Paul-Eugène Milliet143 – and painted boats on the sea and the village.144 MacKnight introduced Van Gogh to Eugène Boch, a Belgian painter who sometimes stayed in Fontvieille, and the two exchanged visits in July.145

Gauguin's visit (1888)

See also: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)

When Gauguin agreed to visit Arles in 1888, Van Gogh hoped for friendship and to realise his idea of an artists' collective. Van Gogh prepared for Gauguin's arrival by painting four versions of Sunflowers in one week.146 "In the hope of living in a studio of our own with Gauguin," he wrote in a letter to Theo, "I'd like to do a decoration for the studio. Nothing but large Sunflowers."147

When Boch visited again, Van Gogh painted a portrait of him, as well as the study The Poet Against a Starry Sky.148149

In preparation for Gauguin's visit, Van Gogh bought two beds on advice from the station's postal supervisor Joseph Roulin, whose portrait he painted. On 17 September, he spent his first night in the still sparsely furnished Yellow House.150 When Gauguin consented to work and live in Arles with him, Van Gogh started to work on the Décoration for the Yellow House, probably the most ambitious effort he ever undertook.151 He completed two chair paintings: Van Gogh's Chair and Gauguin's Chair.152

After much pleading from Van Gogh, Gauguin arrived in Arles on 23 October and, in November, the two painted together. Gauguin depicted Van Gogh in his The Painter of Sunflowers; Van Gogh painted pictures from memory, following Gauguin's suggestion. Among these "imaginative" paintings is Memory of the Garden at Etten.153154 Their first joint outdoor venture was at the Alyscamps, when they produced the pendants Les Alyscamps.155 The single painting Gauguin completed during his visit was his portrait of Van Gogh.156

Van Gogh and Gauguin visited Montpellier in December 1888, where they saw works by Courbet and Delacroix in the Musée Fabre.157 Their relationship began to deteriorate; Van Gogh admired Gauguin and wanted to be treated as his equal, but Gauguin was arrogant and domineering, which frustrated Van Gogh. They often quarrelled; Van Gogh increasingly feared that Gauguin was going to desert him, and the situation, which Van Gogh described as one of "excessive tension", rapidly headed towards crisis point.158

Hospital in Arles (December 1888)

See also: Hospital in Arles

The exact sequence that led to the mutilation of Van Gogh's ear is not known. Gauguin said, fifteen years later, that the night followed several instances of physically threatening behaviour.159 Their relationship was complex and Theo may have owed money to Gauguin, who suspected the brothers were exploiting him financially.160 It seems likely that Vincent realised that Gauguin was planning to leave.161 The following days saw heavy rain, leading to the two men being shut in the Yellow House.162 Gauguin recalled that Van Gogh followed him after he left for a walk and "rushed towards me, an open razor in his hand".163 This account is uncorroborated;164 Gauguin was almost certainly absent from the Yellow House that night, most likely staying in a hotel.165

After an altercation on the evening of 23 December 1888,166 Van Gogh returned to his room where he seemingly heard voices and either wholly or in part severed his left ear with a razor167 causing severe bleeding.168 He bandaged the wound, wrapped the ear in paper and delivered the package to a woman at a brothel Van Gogh and Gauguin both frequented.169 Van Gogh was found unconscious the next morning by a policeman and taken to the hospital,170171 where he was treated by Félix Rey, a young doctor still in training. The ear was brought to the hospital, but Rey did not attempt to reattach it as too much time had passed.172 Van Gogh researcher and art historian Bernadette Murphy discovered the true identity of the woman named Gabrielle Berlatier,173 who died in Arles at the age of 80 in 1952. Her descendants still lived (as of 2020) just outside Arles. Gabrielle, known in her youth as "Gaby", was a 17-year-old cleaning girl at the brothel and other local establishments at the time Van Gogh presented her with his ear.174175176

Van Gogh had no recollection of the event, suggesting that he may have suffered an acute mental breakdown.177 The hospital diagnosis was "acute mania with generalised delirium",178 and within a few days, the local police ordered that he be placed in hospital care.179180 Gauguin immediately notified Theo, who, on 24 December, had proposed marriage to his old friend Andries Bonger's sister Johanna.181 That evening, Theo rushed to the station to board a night train to Arles. He arrived on Christmas Day and comforted Vincent, who seemed to be semi-lucid. That evening, he left Arles for the return trip to Paris.182

During the first days of his treatment, Van Gogh repeatedly and unsuccessfully asked for Gauguin, who asked a policeman attending the case to "be kind enough, Monsieur, to awaken this man with great care, and if he asks for me tell him I have left for Paris; the sight of me might prove fatal for him."183 Gauguin fled Arles, never to see Van Gogh again. They continued to correspond, and in 1890, Gauguin proposed they form a studio in Antwerp. Meanwhile, other visitors to the hospital included Marie Ginoux and Roulin.184

Despite a pessimistic diagnosis, Van Gogh recovered and returned to the Yellow House on 7 January 1889.185 He spent the following month between hospital and home, suffering from hallucinations and delusions of poisoning.186 In March, the police closed his house after a petition by 30 townspeople (including the Ginoux family) who described him as le fou roux "the redheaded madman";187 Van Gogh returned to the hospital. Paul Signac visited him twice in March;188 in April, Van Gogh moved into rooms owned by Rey after floods damaged paintings in his own home.189 Two months later, he left Arles and voluntarily entered an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Around this time, he wrote, "Sometimes moods of indescribable anguish, sometimes moments when the veil of time and fatality of circumstances seemed to be torn apart for an instant."190

Van Gogh gave his 1889 Portrait of Doctor Rey to Rey. The doctor was not fond of the painting and used it to repair a chicken coop, then gave it away.191 In 2016, the portrait was housed at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and estimated to be worth over $50 million.192

Saint-Rémy (May 1889 – May 1890)

Main article: Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Rémy (Van Gogh series)

Van Gogh entered the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum on 8 May 1889, accompanied by his caregiver, Frédéric Salles, a Protestant clergyman. Saint-Paul was a former monastery in Saint-Rémy, located less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Arles, and it was run by a former naval doctor, Théophile Peyron. Van Gogh had two cells with barred windows, one of which he used as a studio.193 The clinic and its garden became the main subjects of his paintings. He made several studies of the hospital's interiors, such as Vestibule of the Asylum and Saint-Rémy (September 1889), and its gardens, such as Lilacs (May 1889). Some of his works from this time are characterised by swirls, such as The Starry Night. He was allowed short supervised walks, during which time he painted cypresses and olive trees, including Valley with Ploughman Seen from Above, Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background 1889, Cypresses 1889, Cornfield with Cypresses (1889), Country road in Provence by Night (1890). In September 1889, he produced two further versions of Bedroom in Arles and The Gardener.194

Limited access to life outside the clinic resulted in a shortage of subject matter. Van Gogh instead worked on interpretations of other artist's paintings, such as Millet's The Sower and Noonday Rest, and variations on his own earlier work. Van Gogh was an admirer of the Realism of Jules Breton, Gustave Courbet and Millet,195 and he compared his copies to a musician's interpreting Beethoven.196

His Prisoners' Round (after Gustave Doré) (1890) was painted after an engraving by Gustave Doré (1832–1883). Tralbaut suggests that the face of the prisoner in the centre of the painting looking towards the viewer is Van Gogh himself;197 Jan Hulsker discounts this.198

Between February and April 1890, Van Gogh suffered a severe relapse. Depressed and unable to bring himself to write, he was still able to paint and draw a little during this time,199 and he later wrote to Theo that he had made a few small canvases "from memory ... reminisces of the North".200 Among these was Two Peasant Women Digging in a Snow-Covered Field at Sunset. Hulsker believes that this small group of paintings formed the nucleus of many drawings and study sheets depicting landscapes and figures that Van Gogh worked on during this time. He comments that this short period was the only time that Van Gogh's illness had a significant effect on his work.201 Van Gogh asked his mother and his brother to send him drawings and rough work he had done in the early 1880s so he could work on new paintings from his old sketches.202 Belonging to this period is Sorrowing Old Man ("At Eternity's Gate"), a colour study Hulsker describes as "another unmistakable remembrance of times long past".203204 His late paintings show an artist at the height of his abilities, according to the art critic Robert Hughes, "longing for concision and grace".205

After the birth of his nephew, Van Gogh wrote, "I started right away to make a picture for him, to hang in their bedroom, branches of white almond blossom against a blue sky."206

1890 Exhibitions and recognition

See also: Vincent van Gogh's display at Les XX, 1890

Albert Aurier praised his work in the Mercure de France in January 1890 and described him as "a genius".207 In February, Van Gogh painted five versions of L'Arlésienne (Madame Ginoux), based on a charcoal sketch Gauguin had produced when she sat for both artists in November 1888.208209 Also in February, Van Gogh was invited by Les XX, a society of avant-garde painters in Brussels, to participate in their annual exhibition. At the opening dinner a Les XX member, Henry de Groux, insulted Van Gogh's work. Toulouse-Lautrec demanded satisfaction, and Signac declared he would continue to fight for Van Gogh's honour if Lautrec surrendered. De Groux apologised for the slight and left the group.210

From 20 March to 27 April 1890, Van Gogh was included in the sixth exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants in the Pavillon de la Ville de Paris on the Champs-Elysées. Van Gogh exhibited ten paintings.211 While the exhibition was on display with the Artistes Indépendants in Paris, Claude Monet said that Van Gogh's work was the best in the show.212

Auvers-sur-Oise (May–July 1890)

See also: Houses at Auvers, Auvers size 30 canvases, and Double-squares and Squares

In May 1890, Van Gogh left the clinic in Saint-Rémy to move nearer to both Dr Paul Gachet in the Paris suburb of Auvers-sur-Oise and to Theo. Gachet was an amateur painter and had treated several other artists – Camille Pissarro had recommended him. Van Gogh's first impression was that Gachet was "iller than I am, it seemed to me, or let's say just as much."213

The painter Charles Daubigny moved to Auvers in 1861 and in turn drew other artists there, including Camille Corot and Honoré Daumier. In July 1890, Van Gogh completed two paintings of Daubigny's Garden, one of which is likely his final work.214

During his last weeks at Saint-Rémy, his thoughts returned to "memories of the North",215 and several of the approximately 70 oils, painted during as many days in Auvers-sur-Oise, are reminiscent of northern scenes.216 In June 1890, he painted several portraits of his doctor, including Portrait of Dr Gachet, and his only etching. In each the emphasis is on Gachet's melancholic disposition.217 There are other paintings which are probably unfinished, including Thatched Cottages by a Hill.218

In July, Van Gogh wrote that he had become absorbed "in the immense plain against the hills, boundless as the sea, delicate yellow".219 He had first become captivated by the fields in May, when the wheat was young and green. In July, he described to Theo "vast fields of wheat under turbulent skies".220

He wrote that they represented his "sadness and extreme loneliness" and that the "canvases will tell you what I cannot say in words, that is, how healthy and invigorating I find the countryside".221 Wheatfield with Crows, although not his last oil work, is from July 1890 and Hulsker discusses it as being associated with "melancholy and extreme loneliness".222 Hulsker identifies seven oil paintings from Auvers that follow the completion of Wheatfield with Crows.223 Hulsker also expressed concern about the number of paintings attributed to Van Gogh from the period.224

Death

Main articles: Death of Vincent van Gogh, Auberge Ravoux, and Vincent van Gogh's health

On 27 July 1890 (Sunday), aged 37, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver.225 The shooting may have taken place in the wheat field in which he had been painting, or in a local barn.226 The bullet was deflected by a rib and passed through his chest without doing apparent damage to internal organs – possibly stopped by his spine. He was able to walk back to the Auberge Ravoux, where he was attended to by two doctors. One of them, Dr Gachet, had served as a war surgeon in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and had extensive knowledge of gunshots. Vincent was possibly attended to during the night by Dr Gachet's son Paul Louis Gachet and the innkeeper, Arthur Ravoux. The following morning, Theo rushed to his brother's side, finding him in good spirits but within hours Vincent's health began to fail, suffering from an infection resulting from the wound. He died in the early hours of Tuesday, 29 July. According to Theo, Vincent's last words were: "The sadness will last forever".227228229230

Van Gogh was buried on 30 July, in the municipal cemetery of Auvers-sur-Oise. The funeral was attended by Theo van Gogh, Andries Bonger, Charles Laval, Lucien Pissarro, Émile Bernard, Julien Tanguy and Paul Gachet, among twenty family members, friends and locals. Theo suffered from syphilis, and his health began to decline further after his brother's death. Weak and unable to come to terms with Vincent's absence, he died on 25 January 1891 at Den Dolder and was buried in Utrecht.231 In 1914, Johanna van Gogh-Bonger had Theo's body exhumed and moved from Utrecht to be re-buried alongside Vincent's at Auvers-sur-Oise.232

There have been numerous debates as to the nature of Van Gogh's illness and its effect on his work, and many retrospective diagnoses have been proposed. The consensus is that Van Gogh had an episodic condition with periods of normal functioning.233 Perry was the first to suggest bipolar disorder in 1947,234 and this has been supported by the psychiatrists Hemphill and Blumer.235236 Biochemist Wilfred Arnold has countered that the symptoms are more consistent with acute intermittent porphyria, noting that the popular link between bipolar disorder and creativity might be spurious.237 Temporal lobe epilepsy with bouts of depression has also been suggested.238 Whatever the diagnosis, his condition was likely worsened by malnutrition, overwork, insomnia and alcohol.239

Style and works

Artistic development

Van Gogh drew and painted with watercolours while at school, but only a few examples survive and the authorship of some has been challenged.240 When he took up art as an adult, he began at an elementary level. In early 1882, his uncle, Cornelis Marinus, owner of a well-known gallery of contemporary art in Amsterdam, asked for drawings of The Hague. Van Gogh's work did not live up to expectations. Marinus offered a second commission, specifying the subject matter in detail, but was again disappointed with the result. Van Gogh persevered; he experimented with lighting in his studio using variable shutters and different drawing materials. For more than a year he worked on single figures – highly elaborate studies in black and white,241 which at the time gained him only criticism. Later, they were recognised as early masterpieces.242

In August 1882, Theo gave Vincent money to buy materials for working en plein air. Vincent wrote that he could now "go on painting with new vigour".243 From early 1883, he worked on multi-figure compositions. He had some of them photographed, but when his brother remarked that they lacked liveliness and freshness, he destroyed them and turned to oil painting. Van Gogh turned to well-known Hague School artists like Weissenbruch and Blommers, and he received technical advice from them as well as from painters like De Bock and van der Weele, both of the Hague School's second generation.244 He moved to Nuenen after a short period in Drenthe and began work on several large paintings but destroyed most of them. The Potato Eaters and its companion pieces are the only ones to have survived.245 Following a visit to the Rijksmuseum Van Gogh wrote of his admiration for the quick, economical brushwork of the Dutch Masters, especially Rembrandt and Frans Hals.246247 He was aware many of his faults were due to lack of experience and technical expertise,248 so in November 1885 he travelled to Antwerp and later Paris to learn and develop his skills.249

Theo criticised The Potato Eaters for its dark palette, which he thought unsuitable for a modern style.250 During Van Gogh's stay in Paris between 1886 and 1887, he tried to master a new, lighter palette. His Portrait of Père Tanguy (1887) shows his success with the brighter palette and is evidence of an evolving personal style.251 Charles Blanc's treatise on colour interested him greatly and led him to work with complementary colours. Van Gogh came to believe that the effect of colour went beyond the descriptive; he said that "colour expresses something in itself".252253 According to Hughes, Van Gogh perceived colour as having a "psychological and moral weight", as exemplified in the garish reds and greens of The Night Café, a work he wanted to "express the terrible passions of humanity".254 Yellow meant the most to him, because it symbolised emotional truth. He used yellow as a symbol for sunlight, life, and God.255

Van Gogh strove to be a painter of rural life and nature;256 during his first summer in Arles he used his new palette to paint landscapes and traditional rural life.257 His belief that a power existed behind the natural led him to try to capture a sense of that power, or the essence of nature in his art, sometimes through the use of symbols.258 His renditions of the sower, at first copied from Jean-François Millet, reflect the influence of Thomas Carlyle and Friedrich Nietzsche's thoughts on the heroism of physical labour,259 as well as Van Gogh's religious beliefs: the sower as Christ sowing life beneath the hot sun.260 These were themes and motifs he returned to often to rework and develop.261 His paintings of flowers are filled with symbolism, but rather than use traditional Christian iconography he made up his own, where life is lived under the sun and work is an allegory of life.262 In Arles, having gained confidence after painting spring blossoms and learning to capture bright sunlight, he was ready to paint The Sower.263

Van Gogh stayed within what he called the "guise of reality"264 and was critical of overly stylised works.265 He wrote afterwards that the abstraction of Starry Night had gone too far and that reality had "receded too far in the background".266 Hughes describes it as a moment of extreme visionary ecstasy: the stars are in a great whirl, reminiscent of Hokusai's Great Wave, the movement in the heaven above is reflected by the movement of the cypress on the earth below, and the painter's vision is "translated into a thick, emphatic plasma of paint".267

Between 1885 and his death in 1890, Van Gogh appears to have been building an oeuvre,268 a collection that reflected his personal vision and could be commercially successful. He was influenced by Blanc's definition of style, that a true painting required optimal use of colour, perspective and brushstrokes. Van Gogh applied the word "purposeful" to paintings he thought he had mastered, as opposed to those he thought of as studies.269 He painted many series of studies;270 most of which were still lifes, many executed as colour experiments or as gifts to friends.271 The work in Arles contributed considerably to his oeuvre: those he thought the most important from that time were The Sower, Night Cafe, Memory of the Garden in Etten and Starry Night. With their broad brushstrokes, inventive perspectives, colours, contours and designs, these paintings represent the style he sought.272

Major series

Main article: List of works by Vincent van Gogh

Van Gogh's stylistic developments are usually linked to the periods he spent living in different places across Europe. He was inclined to immerse himself in local cultures and lighting conditions, although he maintained a highly individual visual outlook throughout. His evolution as an artist was slow and he was aware of his painterly limitations. Van Gogh moved home often, perhaps to expose himself to new visual stimuli, and through exposure develop his technical skill.273 Art historian Melissa McQuillan believes the moves also reflect later stylistic changes and that Van Gogh used the moves to avoid conflict, and as a coping mechanism for when the idealistic artist was faced with the realities of his then current situation.274

Portraits

See also: Portraits by Vincent van Gogh, Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series), and Van Gogh's family in his art

Van Gogh said portraiture was his greatest interest. "What I'm most passionate about, much much more than all the rest in my profession", he wrote in 1890, "is the portrait, the modern portrait."275 It is "the only thing in painting that moves me deeply and that gives me a sense of the infinite."276277 He wrote to his sister that he wished to paint portraits that would endure, and that he would use colour to capture their emotions and character rather than aiming for photographic realism.278 Those closest to Van Gogh are mostly absent from his portraits; he rarely painted Theo, van Rappard or Bernard. The portraits of his mother were from photographs.279

Van Gogh painted Arles' postmaster Joseph Roulin and his family repeatedly. In five versions of La Berceuse (The Lullaby), Van Gogh painted Augustine Roulin quietly holding a rope that rocks the unseen cradle of her infant daughter. Van Gogh had planned for it to be the central image of a triptych, flanked by paintings of sunflowers.280

Self-portraits

Main article: Portraits of Vincent van Gogh § Self-portraits

Van Gogh created more than 43 self-portraits between 1885 and 1889.281282 They were usually completed in series, such as those painted in Paris in mid-1887, and continued until shortly before his death.283 Generally the portraits were studies, created during periods when he was reluctant to mix with others or when he lacked models and painted himself.284285

Van Gogh's self-portraits reflect a high degree of self-scrutiny.286 Often they were intended to mark important periods in his life; for example, the mid-1887 Paris series were painted at the point where he became aware of Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Signac.287 In Self-Portrait with Grey Felt Hat, heavy strains of paint spread outwards across the canvas. It is one of his most renowned self-portraits of that period, "with its highly organised rhythmic brushstrokes, and the novel halo derived from the Neo-impressionist repertoire was what Van Gogh himself called a 'purposeful' canvas".288

They contain a wide array of physiognomical representations.289 Van Gogh's mental and physical condition is usually apparent; he may appear unkempt, unshaven or with a neglected beard, with deeply sunken eyes, a weak jaw, or having lost teeth. Some show him with full lips, a long face or prominent skull, or sharpened, alert features. His hair is sometimes depicted in a vibrant reddish hue and at other times ash coloured.290

Van Gogh's self-portraits vary stylistically. In those painted after December 1888, the strong contrast of vivid colours highlight the haggard pallor of his skin.291 Some depict the artist with a beard, others without. He can be seen with bandages in portraits executed just after he mutilated his ear. In only a few does he depict himself as a painter.292 Those painted in Saint-Rémy show the head from the right, the side opposite his damaged ear, as he painted himself reflected in his mirror.293294

Flowers

See also: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series) and Almond Blossoms

Van Gogh painted several landscapes with flowers, including roses, lilacs, irises, and sunflowers. Some reflect his interests in the language of colour, and also in Japanese ukiyo-e.295 There are two series of dying sunflowers. The first was painted in Paris in 1887 and shows flowers lying on the ground. The second set was completed a year later in Arles and is of bouquets in a vase positioned in early morning light.296 Both are built from thickly layered paintwork, which, according to the London National Gallery, evokes the "texture of the seed-heads".297

In these series, Van Gogh was not preoccupied by his usual interest in filling his paintings with subjectivity and emotion; rather, the two series are intended to display his technical skill and working methods to Gauguin,298 who was about to visit. The 1888 paintings were created during a rare period of optimism for the artist. Vincent wrote to Theo in August 1888:

I'm painting with the gusto of a Marseillais eating bouillabaisse, which won't surprise you when it's a question of painting large sunflowers ... If I carry out this plan there'll be a dozen or so panels. The whole thing will therefore be a symphony in blue and yellow. I work on it all these mornings, from sunrise. Because the flowers wilt quickly and it's a matter of doing the whole thing in one go.299

The sunflowers were painted to decorate the walls in anticipation of Gauguin's visit, and Van Gogh placed individual works around the Yellow House's guest room in Arles. Gauguin was deeply impressed and later acquired two of the Paris versions.300 After Gauguin's departure, Van Gogh imagined the two major versions of the sunflowers as wings of the Berceuse Triptych, and included them in his Les XX in Brussels exhibit. Today the major pieces of the series are among his best known, celebrated for the sickly connotations of the colour yellow and its tie-in with the Yellow House, the expressionism of the brush strokes, and their contrast against often dark backgrounds.301

Cypresses and olives

See also: Olive Trees (Van Gogh series)

Fifteen canvases depict cypresses, a tree he became fascinated with in Arles.302 He brought life to the trees, which were traditionally seen as emblematic of death.303 The series of cypresses he began in Arles featured the trees in the distance, as windbreaks in fields; when he was at Saint-Rémy he brought them to the foreground.304 Vincent wrote to Theo in May 1889: "Cypresses still preoccupy me, I should like to do something with them like my canvases of sunflowers"; he went on to say, "They are beautiful in line and proportion like an Egyptian obelisk."305

In mid-1889, and at his sister Wil's request, Van Gogh painted several smaller versions of Wheat Field with Cypresses.306 The works are characterised by swirls and densely painted impasto, and include The Starry Night, in which cypresses dominate the foreground.307 In addition to this, other notable works on cypresses include Cypresses (1889), Cypresses with Two Figures (1889–90), and Road with Cypress and Star (1890).308

During the last six or seven months of the year 1889, he had also created at least fifteen paintings of olive trees, a subject which he considered as demanding and compelling.309 Among these works are Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background (1889), about which in a letter to his brother Van Gogh wrote, "At last I have a landscape with olives".310 While in Saint-Rémy, Van Gogh spent time outside the asylum, where he painted trees in the olive groves. In these works, natural life is rendered as gnarled and arthritic as if a personification of the natural world, which are, according to Hughes, filled with "a continuous field of energy of which nature is a manifestation".311

Orchards

See also: Flowering Orchards

The Flowering Orchards (also the Orchards in Blossom) are among the first groups of work completed after Van Gogh's arrival in Arles in February 1888. The 14 paintings are optimistic, joyous and visually expressive of the burgeoning spring. They are delicately sensitive and unpopulated. He painted swiftly, and although he brought to this series a version of Impressionism, a strong sense of personal style began to emerge during this period. The transience of the blossoming trees, and the passing of the season, seemed to align with his sense of impermanence and belief in a new beginning in Arles. During the blossoming of the trees that spring, he found "a world of motifs that could not have been more Japanese".312 Vincent wrote to Theo on 21 April 1888 that he had 10 orchards and "one big [painting] of a cherry tree, which I've spoiled".313

During this period Van Gogh mastered the use of light by subjugating shadows and painting the trees as if they are the source of light – almost in a sacred manner.314 Early the following year he painted another smaller group of orchards, including View of Arles, Flowering Orchards.315 Van Gogh was enthralled by the landscape and vegetation of the south of France, and often visited the farm gardens near Arles. In the vivid light of the Mediterranean climate his palette significantly brightened.316

Wheat fields

See also: Wheat Fields (Van Gogh series) and The Wheat Field

Van Gogh made several painting excursions during visits to the landscape around Arles. He made paintings of harvests, wheat fields and other rural landmarks of the area, including The Old Mill (1888); a good example of a picturesque structure bordering the wheat fields beyond.317 At various points, Van Gogh painted the view from his window – at The Hague, Antwerp, and Paris. These works culminated in The Wheat Field series, which depicted the view from his cells in the asylum at Saint-Rémy.318

Many of the late paintings are sombre but essentially optimistic and, right up to the time of Van Gogh's death, reflect his desire to return to lucid mental health. Yet some of his final works reflect his deepening concerns.319320 Writing in July 1890, from Auvers, Van Gogh said that he had become absorbed "in the immense plain against the hills, boundless as the sea, delicate yellow".321

Van Gogh was captivated by the fields in May when the wheat was young and green. His Wheatfields at Auvers with White House shows a more subdued palette of yellows and blues, which creates a sense of idyllic harmony.322

About 10 July 1890, Van Gogh wrote to Theo of "vast fields of wheat under troubled skies".323 Wheatfield with Crows shows the artist's state of mind in his final days; Hulsker describes the work as a "doom-filled painting with threatening skies and ill-omened crows".324 Its dark palette and heavy brushstrokes convey a sense of menace.325

Reputation and legacy

See also: Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh and Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh

After Van Gogh's first exhibitions in the late 1880s, his reputation grew steadily among artists, art critics, dealers and collectors.326 In 1887, André Antoine hung Van Gogh's alongside works of Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, at the Théâtre Libre in Paris; some were acquired by Julien Tanguy.327 In 1889, his work was described in the journal Le Moderniste Illustré by Albert Aurier as characterised by "fire, intensity, sunshine".328 Ten paintings were shown at the Société des Artistes Indépendants, in Brussels in January 1890.329 French president Marie François Sadi Carnot was said to have been impressed by Van Gogh's work.330

After Van Gogh's death, memorial exhibitions were held in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp. His work was shown in several high-profile exhibitions, including six works at Les XX; in 1891 there was a retrospective exhibition in Brussels.331 In 1892, Octave Mirbeau wrote that Van Gogh's suicide was an "infinitely sadder loss for art ... even though the populace has not crowded to a magnificent funeral, and poor Vincent van Gogh, whose demise means the extinction of a beautiful flame of genius, has gone to his death as obscure and neglected as he lived."332

Theo died in January 1891, removing Vincent's most vocal and well-connected champion.333 Theo's widow Johanna van Gogh-Bonger was a Dutchwoman in her twenties who had not known either her husband or her brother-in-law very long and who suddenly had to take care of several hundreds of paintings, letters and drawings, as well as her infant son, Vincent Willem van Gogh.334335 Gauguin was not inclined to offer assistance in promoting Van Gogh's reputation, and Johanna's brother Andries Bonger also seemed lukewarm about his work.336 Aurier, one of Van Gogh's earliest supporters among the critics, died of typhoid fever in 1892 at the age of 27.337

In 1892, Émile Bernard organised a small solo show of Van Gogh's paintings in Paris, and Julien Tanguy exhibited his Van Gogh paintings with several consigned from Johanna van Gogh-Bonger. In April 1894, the Durand-Ruel Gallery in Paris agreed to take 10 paintings on consignment from Van Gogh's estate.338 In 1896, the Fauvist painter Henri Matisse, then an unknown art student, visited John Russell on Belle Île off Brittany.339340 Russell had been a close friend of Van Gogh; he introduced Matisse to the Dutchman's work, and gave him a Van Gogh drawing. Influenced by Van Gogh, Matisse abandoned his earth-coloured palette for bright colours.341342

In Paris in 1901, a large Van Gogh retrospective was held at the Bernheim-Jeune Gallery, which excited André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck, and contributed to the emergence of Fauvism.343 Important group exhibitions took place with the Sonderbund artists in Cologne in 1912, the Armory Show, New York in 1913, and Berlin in 1914.344 Henk Bremmer was instrumental in teaching and talking about Van Gogh,345 and introduced Helene Kröller-Müller to Van Gogh's art; she became an avid collector of his work.346 The early figures in German Expressionism such as Emil Nolde acknowledged a debt to Van Gogh's work.347 Bremmer assisted Jacob Baart de la Faille, whose catalogue raisonné L'Oeuvre de Vincent van Gogh appeared in 1928.348349 Van Gogh's fame reached its first peak in Austria and Germany before World War I,350 helped by the publication of his letters in three volumes in 1914.351 His letters are expressive and literate, and have been described as among the foremost 19th-century writings of their kind.352 These began a compelling mythology of Van Gogh as an intense and dedicated painter who suffered for his art and died young.353 In 1934, the novelist Irving Stone wrote a biographical novel of Van Gogh's life titled Lust for Life, based on Van Gogh's letters to Theo.354 This novel and the 1956 film further enhanced his fame, especially in the United States where Stone surmised only a few hundred people had heard of Van Gogh prior to his surprise best-selling book.355356

In 1957, Francis Bacon based a series of paintings on reproductions of Van Gogh's The Painter on the Road to Tarascon, the original of which was destroyed during the Second World War. Bacon was inspired by an image he described as "haunting", and regarded Van Gogh as an alienated outsider, a position which resonated with him. Bacon identified with Van Gogh's theories of art and quoted lines written to Theo: "[R]eal painters do not paint things as they are ... [T]hey paint them as they themselves feel them to be."357

Don McLean composed a song, "Vincent", about Van Gogh after reading a biography of the artist. The 1971 song is also known by its opening line, "Starry, Starry Night".358

Van Gogh's works are among the world's most expensive paintings. Those sold for over US$100 million (today's equivalent) include Portrait of Dr Gachet,359 Portrait of Joseph Roulin and Irises. The Metropolitan Museum of Art acquired a copy of Wheat Field with Cypresses in 1993 for $57 million by using funds donated by publisher, diplomat and philanthropist Walter Annenberg.360 In 2015, L'Allée des Alyscamps sold for $66.3 million at Sotheby's, New York, exceeding its reserve of $40 million.361

Minor planet 4457 Van Gogh is named in his honour.362

In October 2022, two Just Stop Oil activists protesting against the effects of the fossil fuel industry on climate change threw a can of tomato soup on Van Gogh's Sunflowers in the National Gallery, London, and then glued their hands to the gallery wall. As the painting was covered by glass it was not damaged.363364

Van Gogh Museum

Main article: Van Gogh Museum

Van Gogh's nephew and namesake, Vincent Willem van Gogh (1890–1978),365 inherited the estate after his mother's death in 1925. During the early 1950s he arranged for the publication of a complete edition of the letters presented in four volumes and several languages. He then began negotiations with the Dutch government to subsidise a foundation to purchase and house the entire collection.366 Theo's son participated in planning the project in the hope that the works would be exhibited under the best possible conditions. The project began in 1963; architect Gerrit Rietveld was commissioned to design it, and after his death in 1964 Kisho Kurokawa took charge.367 Work progressed throughout the 1960s, with 1972 as the target for its grand opening.368

The Van Gogh Museum opened in the Museumplein in Amsterdam in 1973.369 It became the second most popular museum in the Netherlands, after the Rijksmuseum, regularly receiving more than 1.5 million visitors a year. In 2015 it had a record 1.9 million.370 Eighty-five percent of the visitors come from other countries.371

Nazi-looted art

Main article: Nazi looting of artworks by Vincent van Gogh

During the Nazi period (1933–1945) a great number of artworks by Van Gogh changed hands, many of them looted from Jewish collectors who were forced into exile or murdered. Some of these works have disappeared into private collections. Others have since resurfaced in museums, or at auction, or have been reclaimed, often in high-profile lawsuits, by their former owners.372373 The German Lost Art Foundation still lists dozens of missing Van Goghs374 and the American Alliance of Museums lists 73 Van Goghs on the Nazi Era Provenance Internet Portal.375

Notes

Sources

References

  1. In this Dutch name, the surname is Van Gogh, not Gogh. /wiki/Dutch_name ↩

  2. The pronunciation of Van Gogh varies in both English and Dutch. Especially in British English it is /væn ˈɡɒx/ van GOKH[1] or /væn ˈɡɒf/ van GOF.[2] American dictionaries list /væn ˈɡoʊ/ ⓘ van GOH, with a silent gh, as the most common pronunciation.[3] In the dialect of Holland, it is [ˈfɪnsɛnt fɑŋ ˈxɔx] ⓘ, with a voiceless v and g. He grew up in Brabant and used Brabant dialect in his writing; his pronunciation was thus likely [vɑɲ ˈʝɔç], with a voiced v and palatalised g and gh (see "Hard and soft G in Dutch"). In France, where much of his work was produced, it is [vɑ̃ ɡɔɡ(ə)].[4] /wiki/Help:IPA/English ↩

  3. Paintings, Authors: Department of European. "Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 14 March 2024. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gogh/hd_gogh.htm ↩

  4. "The Woman Who Made Vincent van Gogh". The New York Times. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/magazine/jo-van-gogh-bonger.html ↩

  5. McQuillan (1989), 9. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  6. Van Gogh (2009), "Van Gogh: The Letters". - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  7. McQuillan (1989), 19. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  8. Pomerans (1997), xv. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  9. Rewald (1986), 248. - Rewald, John (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-1632-6. ↩

  10. Pomerans (1997), ix, xv. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  11. McQuillan (1989), 19. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  12. McQuillan (1989), 19. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  13. Pomerans (1997), ix. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  14. McQuillan (1989), 19. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  15. Hughes (1990), 143. - Hughes, Robert (1990). Nothing If Not Critical. The Harvill Press. ISBN 978-0-14-016524-1. https://archive.org/details/nothingifnotcrit00robe ↩

  16. Pomerans (1997), i–xxvi. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  17. "Vincent van Gogh to Theo van Gogh: 9 December 1875". www.webexhibits.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021. http://www.webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/3/047.htm ↩

  18. "034 (034, 27): To Theo van Gogh. Paris, Monday, 31 May 1875. – Vincent van Gogh Letters". www.vangoghletters.org. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021. http://www.vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let034/letter.html ↩

  19. "The Poem That Inspired a Van Gogh Painting, Written in His Hand". The Raab Collection. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2021. https://www.raabcollection.com/autograph/signed-poem-inspired-van-gogh-painting-written-his-hand ↩

  20. "500 (503, 406): To Theo van Gogh. Nuenen, Monday, 4 and Tuesday, 5 May 1885. – Vincent van Gogh Letters". www.vangoghletters.org. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021. http://www.vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let500/letter.html#translation ↩

  21. Route, Van Gogh. "Vincent van Gogh in Borinage, Belgium". Van Gogh Route. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021. https://www.vangoghroute.com/belgium/borinage/ ↩

  22. hoakley (6 April 2017). "Jules Breton's Eternal Harvest: 4 1877–1889". The Eclectic Light Company. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021. https://eclecticlight.co/2017/04/06/jules-bretons-eternal-harvest-4-1877-1889/ ↩

  23. "AN ARTIST IS BORN". AwesomeStories.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021. http://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/AN-ARTIST-IS-BORN-Vincent-Van-Gogh ↩

  24. Pomerans (1997), 1. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  25. It has been suggested that being given the same name as his dead elder brother might have had a deep psychological impact on the young artist and that elements of his art, such as the portrayal of pairs of male figures, can be traced back to this.[25] ↩

  26. Erickson (1998), 9. - Erickson, Kathleen Powers (1998). At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent van Gogh. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4978-6. https://archive.org/details/ateternitysgate00eric ↩

  27. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 14–16. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  28. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 59. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  29. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 18. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  30. Walther & Metzger (1994), 16. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  31. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 31–32. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  32. Sweetman (1990), 13. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  33. Tralbaut (1981), 25–35. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  34. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 45–49. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  35. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 36–50. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  36. Tralbaut (1981), 25–35. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  37. Hulsker (1980), 8–9. - Hulsker, Jan (1980). The Complete Van Gogh, paintings, drawings, sketches. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-2028-6. ↩

  38. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 48. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  39. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 403. Vincent to Theo van Gogh, Nieuw-Amsterdam, on or about Monday, 5 November 1883. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  40. Walther & Metzger (1994), 20. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  41. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 007. Vincent to Theo van Gogh, The Hague, Monday, 5 May 1873. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  42. Tralbaut (1981), 35–47. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  43. Pomerans (1997), xxvii. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  44. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 088. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Isleworth, Friday, 18 August 1876. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  45. Tralbaut (1981), 47–56. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  46. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 113. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  47. Callow (1990), 54. - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  48. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 146–147. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  49. Sweetman (1990), 175. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  50. McQuillan (1989), 26; Erickson (1998), 23. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  51. Grant (2014), p. 9. - Grant, Patrick (2014). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh: A Critical Study. Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-927356-74-6. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016. https://books.google.com/books?id=c2L7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 ↩

  52. Hulsker (1990), 60–62, 73. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  53. Sweetman (1990), 101. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  54. Fell (2015), 17. - Fell, Derek (2015). Van Gogh's Women: His Love Affairs and Journey into Madness. Pavilion Books. ISBN 978-1-910232-42-2. ↩

  55. Callow (1990), 72. - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  56. Hulsker suggests that van Gogh returned to the Borinage and then back to Etten in this period.[55] ↩

  57. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 209–210, 488–489. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  58. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 186. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Etten, Friday, 18 November 1881. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  59. See Jan Hulsker's speech The Borinage Episode and the Misrepresentation of Vincent van Gogh, Van Gogh Symposium, 10–11 May 1990.[58] ↩

  60. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 156. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Cuesmes, Friday, 20 August 1880. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  61. Tralbaut (1981), 67–71. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  62. Pomerans (1997), 83. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  63. Sweetman (1990), 145. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  64. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 179. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Etten, Thursday, 3 November 1881. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  65. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 239–240. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  66. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 239–240. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  67. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 189. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Etten, Wednesday, 23 November 1881. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  68. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 193. Vincent to Theo van Gogh, Etten, on or about Friday, 23 December 1881, describing the visit in more detail. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  69. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 228. Vincent to Theo van Gogh, The Hague, on or about Tuesday, 16 May 1882. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  70. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 228. Vincent to Theo van Gogh, The Hague, on or about Tuesday, 16 May 1882. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  71. Sweetman (1990), 147. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  72. Gayford (2006), 125. - Gayford, Martin (2006). The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91497-5. ↩

  73. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 250–252. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  74. "At Christmas I had a rather violent argument with Pa, and feelings ran so high that Pa said it would be better if I left home. Well, it was said so decidedly that I actually left the same day." ↩

  75. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 194. Vincent to Theo van Gogh, The Hague, Thursday 29 December 1881 - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  76. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 196. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. The Hague, on or about Tuesday, 3 January 1882. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  77. Walther & Metzger (1994), 64. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  78. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 219. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  79. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 258. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  80. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 237. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. The Hague, on or about Thursday, 8 June 1882. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  81. Tralbaut (1981), 110. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  82. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 306. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  83. Tralbaut (1981), 96–103. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  84. Callow (1990), 116; cites the work of Hulsker; Callow (1990), 123–124; Van Gogh (2009), Letter 224. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. The Hague, on or about Sunday, 7 May 1882 - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  85. Callow (1990), 116–117. citing the research of Jan Hulsker; the two dead children were born in 1874 and 1879. - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  86. Tralbaut (1981), 107. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  87. Callow (1990), 132; Tralbaut (1981), 102–104, 112 - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  88. Arnold (1992), 38. - Arnold, Wilfred Niels (1992). Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, Crises, and Creativity. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-3616-5. ↩

  89. Tralbaut (1981), 113. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  90. Wilkie (2004), 185. - Wilkie, Kenneth (2004). The van Gogh File: The Myth and the Man. Souvenir Press. ISBN 978-0-285-63691-0. ↩

  91. Tralbaut (1981), 101–107. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  92. Tralbaut (1981), 111–122. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  93. Tralbaut (1981), 111–122. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  94. "Opportunistic Thieves Just Stole a Prized Van Gogh Landscape From a Locked-Down Dutch Museum Under Cover of Night". artnet News. 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/thieves-stolen-van-gogh-masterpiece-dutch-museum-1819743 ↩

  95. Sweetman (1990), 174. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  96. Tralbaut (1981), 107. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  97. Tralbaut (1981), 154. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  98. Hulsker (1980), 196–205. - Hulsker, Jan (1980). The Complete Van Gogh, paintings, drawings, sketches. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-2028-6. ↩

  99. Tralbaut (1981), 123–160. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  100. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 436. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  101. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 29. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  102. McQuillan (1989), 127. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  103. Tralbaut (1981), 123–160. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  104. Walther & Metzger (1994), 709. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  105. Callow (1990), 181. - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  106. Callow (1990), 184. - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  107. Hammacher (1985), 84. - Hammacher, Abraham M. (1985). Vincent van Gogh: Genius and Disaster. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-8067-9. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghge0000hamm ↩

  108. Callow (1990), 253. - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  109. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 477. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  110. Arnold (1992), 77. - Arnold, Wilfred Niels (1992). Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, Crises, and Creativity. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-3616-5. ↩

  111. The only evidence for this is from interviews with the grandson of the doctor.[104] For an overall review see Naifeh and Smith.[105] ↩

  112. Tralbaut (1981), 173. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  113. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 448–489. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  114. "romantiek". Jan Lampo. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170206170104/https://janlampo.com/category/romantiek/ ↩

  115. Tralbaut (1981), 187–192. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  116. Pickvance (1984), 38–39. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  117. Sweetman (1990), 135. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  118. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 853. Vincent to Albert Aurier. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Sunday, 9 or Monday, 10 February 1890. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  119. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 520–522. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  120. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 702. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  121. Walther & Metzger (1994), 710. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  122. Pickvance (1986), 62–63. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  123. Walther & Metzger (1994), 710. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  124. Tralbaut (1981), 212–213. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  125. Walther & Metzger (1994), 710. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  126. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 29. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  127. Walther & Metzger (1994), 710. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  128. Druick & Zegers (2001), 81; Gayford (2006), 50. - Druick, Douglas; Zegers, Pieter (2001). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-51054-4. https://archive.org/details/vangoghgauguinth00drui ↩

  129. Hulsker (1990), 256. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  130. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 640. Vincent to Theo van Gogh, Arles, Sunday, 15 July 1888. Letter 695. Vincent to Paul Gauguin, Arles, Wednesday, 3 October 1888. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  131. Hughes (1990), 143. - Hughes, Robert (1990). Nothing If Not Critical. The Harvill Press. ISBN 978-0-14-016524-1. https://archive.org/details/nothingifnotcrit00robe ↩

  132. Hughes (1990), 144. - Hughes, Robert (1990). Nothing If Not Critical. The Harvill Press. ISBN 978-0-14-016524-1. https://archive.org/details/nothingifnotcrit00robe ↩

  133. Pickvance (1984), 11. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  134. Pickvance (1984), 177. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  135. Pickvance (1986), 129. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  136. Pomerans (1997), 348. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  137. "Vincent van Gogh - The Yellow House (The Street)". Van Gogh Museum. Retrieved 15 March 2024. https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0032v1962 ↩

  138. Nemeczek (1999), 59–61. - Nemeczek, Alfred (1999). Van Gogh in Arles. Prestel Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7913-2230-8. ↩

  139. Gayford (2006), 16. - Gayford, Martin (2006). The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91497-5. ↩

  140. Callow (1990), 219. - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  141. Pickvance (1984), 175–176. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  142. Tralbaut (1981), 266. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  143. Pomerans (1997), 356, 360. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  144. "Fishing Boats on the Beach at Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, 1888". Permanent Collection. Van Gogh Museum. Retrieved 23 February 2016. http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0028V1962 ↩

  145. Pomerans (1997), 356, 360. - Pomerans, Arnold (1997). The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6. ↩

  146. "Sunflowers". philamuseum.org. Retrieved 22 October 2022. https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/59202 ↩

  147. "666 (670, 526): To Theo van Gogh. Arles, Tuesday, 21 or Wednesday, 22 August 1888. - Vincent van Gogh Letters". vangoghletters.org. Retrieved 22 October 2022. https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let666/letter.html ↩

  148. Hulsker (1980), 356; Pickvance (1984), 168–169, 206. - Hulsker, Jan (1980). The Complete Van Gogh, paintings, drawings, sketches. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-2028-6. ↩

  149. Boch's sister Anna (1848–1936), also an artist, purchased The Red Vineyard in 1890.[137] /wiki/Anna_Boch ↩

  150. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 677. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Arles, Sunday, 9 September 1888; Letter 681 Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Arles, Sunday, 16 September 1888; Gayford (2006), 18; Nemeczek (1999), 61. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  151. Dorn (1990). - Dorn, Roland (1990). Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Werkreihe für das Gelbe Haus in Arles [Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Series of Works for the Yellow House in Arles] (in German). Olms Verlag. ISBN 978-3-487-09098-6. ↩

  152. Pickvance (1984), 234–235. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  153. Hulsker (1980), 374–376. - Hulsker, Jan (1980). The Complete Van Gogh, paintings, drawings, sketches. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-2028-6. ↩

  154. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 719 Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Arles, Sunday, 11 or Monday, 12 November 1888:I've been working on two canvases ... A reminiscence of our garden at Etten with cabbages, cypresses, dahlias and figures ... Gauguin gives me courage to imagine, and the things of the imagination do indeed take on a more mysterious character. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  155. Gayford (2006), 61. - Gayford, Martin (2006). The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91497-5. ↩

  156. Walther & Metzger (1994), 411. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  157. Pickvance (1984), 195. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  158. Gayford (2006), 274–277. - Gayford, Martin (2006). The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91497-5. ↩

  159. McQuillan (1989), 66. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  160. Druick & Zegers (2001), 266. - Druick, Douglas; Zegers, Pieter (2001). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-51054-4. https://archive.org/details/vangoghgauguinth00drui ↩

  161. Druick & Zegers (2001), 266. - Druick, Douglas; Zegers, Pieter (2001). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-51054-4. https://archive.org/details/vangoghgauguinth00drui ↩

  162. Sweetman (1990), 290. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  163. Sweetman (1990), 290. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  164. Sweetman (1990), 1. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  165. Sweetman (1990), 290. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  166. "What actually happened to Vincent van Gogh's ear? Here are 3 things you should know". UC Berkeley Library News. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020. https://news.lib.berkeley.edu/van-Gogh-ear ↩

  167. Theo and his wife, Gachet and his son, and Signac, who saw van Gogh after the bandages were removed, maintained that only the earlobe had been removed.[152] According to Doiteau and Leroy, the diagonal cut removed the lobe and probably a little more.[153] The policeman and Rey both claimed van Gogh severed the entire outer ear;[152] Rey repeated his account in 1930, writing a note for novelist Irving Stone and including a sketch of the line of the incision.[154] /wiki/Earlobe ↩

  168. Rewald (1978), 243–248. - Rewald, John (1978). Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-41151-9. ↩

  169. Rewald (1978), 243–248. - Rewald, John (1978). Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-41151-9. ↩

  170. Sund (2002), 235. - Sund, Judy (2002). Van Gogh. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4084-0. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund ↩

  171. Gayford (2006), 277. - Gayford, Martin (2006). The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91497-5. ↩

  172. Sweetman (1990), 290. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  173. Bailey, Martin (2020). Living with Vincent van Gogh: The Homes & Landscapes That Shaped the Artist. Quarto Publishing Group. p. 139. ISBN 9780711240193. Retrieved 30 May 2024. 9780711240193 ↩

  174. "What actually happened to Vincent van Gogh's ear? Here are 3 things you should know". UC Berkeley Library News. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020. https://news.lib.berkeley.edu/van-Gogh-ear ↩

  175. "BBC The Mystery of Van Goghs Ear". 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020 – via www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgMBRQLhgFE ↩

  176. Adams, James (14 July 2016). "Historian Bernadette Murphy on digging into the Van Gogh ear mystery". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/art-and-architecture/historian-bernadette-murphy-on-digging-into-the-van-gogh-ear-mystery/article30915559/ ↩

  177. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 707–708. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  178. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 249. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  179. Van Gogh (2009), Concordance, lists, bibliography: Documentation. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  180. Sund (2002), 237. - Sund, Judy (2002). Van Gogh. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4084-0. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund ↩

  181. Rewald (1986), 37. - Rewald, John (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-1632-6. ↩

  182. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 704–705. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  183. Gayford (2006), 284. - Gayford, Martin (2006). The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91497-5. ↩

  184. Pickvance (1986), 62. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  185. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 713. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  186. Sweetman (1990), 298–300. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  187. Van Gogh (2009), Concordance, lists, bibliography: Documentation. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  188. Sweetman (1990), 300. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  189. Pickvance (1986), 239–242; Tralbaut (1981), 265–273. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  190. Hughes (1990), 145. - Hughes, Robert (1990). Nothing If Not Critical. The Harvill Press. ISBN 978-0-14-016524-1. https://archive.org/details/nothingifnotcrit00robe ↩

  191. Cluskey, Peter (12 July 2016). "Gun used by Vincent van Gogh to kill himself goes on display". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/gun-used-by-vincent-van-gogh-to-kill-himself-goes-on-display-1.2719415 ↩

  192. "Portrait of Doctor Felix Rey Oil Painting Reproduction, 1889". van gogh studio (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161023061312/http://www.vangoghstudio.com/portrait-of-doctor-felix-rey/ ↩

  193. Callow (1990), 246. - Callow, Philip (1990). Vincent van Gogh: A Life. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-134-1. https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 ↩

  194. Pickvance (1984), 102–103. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  195. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 23. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  196. Pickvance (1986), 154–157. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  197. Tralbaut (1981), 286. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  198. Hulsker (1990), 434. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  199. Hulsker (1990), 440. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  200. Van Gogh (2009), letter 863. Theo van Gogh to Vincent, Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Tuesday, 29 April 1890. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  201. Hulsker (1990), 390, 404. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  202. Rewald (1978), 326–329. - Rewald, John (1978). Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-41151-9. ↩

  203. Naifeh & Smith (2011), 820. - Naifeh, Steven W.; Smith, Gregory White (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50748-9. ↩

  204. Hulsker (1990), 390, 404; Tralbaut (1981), 287. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  205. Hughes (1990), 144. - Hughes, Robert (1990). Nothing If Not Critical. The Harvill Press. ISBN 978-0-14-016524-1. https://archive.org/details/nothingifnotcrit00robe ↩

  206. Tralbaut (1981), 293. - Tralbaut, Marc Edo (1981) [1969]. Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé (in French). Alpine Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-933516-31-1. ↩

  207. Pickvance (1986), Appendix III, 310–315. Aurier's original 1890 review in French with parallel English translation. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  208. Pickvance (1986), 175–177. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  209. The version intended for Ginoux is lost. It was an attempt to deliver this painting to her in Arles that precipitated his February relapse.[181] ↩

  210. Magazine, The London (7 June 2021). "Essay | The Madman and the Dwarf: Van Gogh and Lautrec by Jeffrey Meyers". The London Magazine. Retrieved 4 October 2024. https://thelondonmagazine.org/essay-the-madman-and-the-dwarf-van-gogh-and-lautrec-by-jeffrey-meyer/ ↩

  211. "854 (855, 626): To Theo van Gogh. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Wednesday, 12 February 1890. – Vincent van Gogh Letters". vangoghletters.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021. http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let854/letter.html ↩

  212. Rewald (1978), 346–347, 348–350. - Rewald, John (1978). Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-41151-9. ↩

  213. Van Gogh (2009), Letter RM20. Vincent to Theo and Jo van Gogh-Bonger. Auvers-sur-Oise, Saturday, 24 May 1890. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  214. Pickvance (1986), 270–271. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  215. Van Gogh (2009), letter 863. Theo van Gogh to Vincent, Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Tuesday, 29 April 1890. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  216. Rosenblum (1975), 98–100. - Rosenblum, Robert (1975). Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-430057-5. ↩

  217. Walther & Metzger (1994), 640. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  218. Pickvance (1986), 270–271. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  219. Edwards (1989), 115. - Edwards, Cliff (1989). Van Gogh and God: A Creative Spiritual Quest. Loyola University Press. ISBN 978-0-8294-0621-4. ↩

  220. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 898. Vincent to Theo van Gogh and Jo van Gogh-Bonger. Auvers-sur-Oise, on or about Thursday, 10 July 1890. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  221. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 898. Vincent to Theo van Gogh and Jo van Gogh-Bonger. Auvers-sur-Oise, on or about Thursday, 10 July 1890; Rosenblum (1975), 100. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  222. Hulsker (1990), 478–479. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  223. Hulsker (1990), 472–480. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  224. "At least 45 van Goghs may well be fakes: The Art Newspaper investigates". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 7 March 2024. Citing van Gogh's period in Auvers-sur-Oise, he pointed out that "the number of paintings attributed to van Gogh far exceeds the amount of work he could have done in the 70 days he stayed there before his death." Mr Hulsker catalogues 76 oil paintings from Auvers, which represents just over one a day. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/1997/07/01/at-least-45-van-goghs-may-well-be-fakes-the-art-newspaper-investigates ↩

  225. Sweetman (1990), 342–343. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  226. Walther & Metzger (1994), 669. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  227. Sweetman (1990), 342–343; Hulsker (1980), 480–483. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  228. "La misère ne finira jamais", Études, 1947, p. 9 Archived 22 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Philosophie, histoire, sciences de l'homme, D-33939 http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5703399s ↩

  229. "La tristesse durera toujours", François-Bernard Michel, La face humaine de Vincent Van Gogh, Grasset, 3 November 1999, ISBN 978-2-246-58959-4 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  230. van Gogh, Theodorus. "Letter from Theo van Gogh to Elisabeth van Gogh Paris, 5 August 1890". Webexhibits.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2015. he said, "La tristesse durera toujours" [The sadness will last forever] http://www.webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/21/etc-Theo-Lies.htm ↩

  231. Hayden (2003), 152; Van der Veen & Knapp (2010), 260–264. - Hayden, Deborah (2003). Pox: Genius, Madness and the Mysteries of Syphilis. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02881-8. https://archive.org/details/poxgeniusmadness0000hayd ↩

  232. Sweetman (1990), 367. - Sweetman, David (1990). Van Gogh: His Life and His Art. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rN7qAAAAMAAJ&q=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22 ↩

  233. Arnold (2004). - Arnold, Wilfred Niels (2004). "The illness of Vincent van Gogh". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 13 (1): 22–43. doi:10.1080/09647040490885475. ISSN 0964-704X. PMID 15370335. S2CID 220462421. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8345093 ↩

  234. Perry (1947). - Perry, Isabella H. (1947). "Vincent van Gogh's illness: a case record". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 21 (2): 146–172. PMID 20242549. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20242549 ↩

  235. Hemphill (1961). - Hemphill, R. E. (1961). "The illness of Vincent van Gogh". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 54 (12): 1083–1088. doi:10.1177/003591576105401206. PMC 1870504. PMID 13906376. S2CID 38810743. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1870504 ↩

  236. Blumer (2002). - Blumer, Dietrich (2002). "The Illness of Vincent van Gogh". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (4): 519–526. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519. PMID 11925286. S2CID 43106568. https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.4.519 ↩

  237. Arnold (2004). - Arnold, Wilfred Niels (2004). "The illness of Vincent van Gogh". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 13 (1): 22–43. doi:10.1080/09647040490885475. ISSN 0964-704X. PMID 15370335. S2CID 220462421. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8345093 ↩

  238. Blumer (2002). - Blumer, Dietrich (2002). "The Illness of Vincent van Gogh". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (4): 519–526. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519. PMID 11925286. S2CID 43106568. https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.4.519 ↩

  239. Blumer (2002). - Blumer, Dietrich (2002). "The Illness of Vincent van Gogh". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (4): 519–526. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519. PMID 11925286. S2CID 43106568. https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.4.519 ↩

  240. Van Heugten (1996), 246–251. - Van Heugten, Sjraar (1996). Vincent van Gogh: tekeningen 1: Vroege jaren 1880–1883 [Vincent van Gogh: Drawings 1: Early years 1880–1883] (in Dutch). V+K. ISBN 978-90-6611-501-9. ↩

  241. Artists working in black and white, e.g. for illustrated papers like The Graphic or The Illustrated London News were among van Gogh's favourites.[216] /wiki/The_Graphic ↩

  242. Dorn & Keyes (2000). - Dorn, Roland; Keyes, George (2000). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-89558-153-2. https://archive.org/details/vangoghfacetofac0000gogh ↩

  243. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 253. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. The Hague, Saturday, 5 August 1882. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  244. Dorn, Schröder & Sillevis (1996). - Dorn, Roland; Schröder, Albrecht; Sillevis, John, eds. (1996). Van Gogh und die Haager Schule. Bank Austria Kunstforum. ISBN 978-88-8118-072-1. ↩

  245. Dorn, Schröder & Sillevis (1996). - Dorn, Roland; Schröder, Albrecht; Sillevis, John, eds. (1996). Van Gogh und die Haager Schule. Bank Austria Kunstforum. ISBN 978-88-8118-072-1. ↩

  246. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 535To Theo van Gogh. Nuenen, on or about Tuesday, 13 October 1885. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  247. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 535 To Theo van Gogh. Nuenen, on or about Tuesday, 13 October 1885:What particularly struck me when I saw the old Dutch paintings again is that they were usually painted quickly. That these great masters like Hals, Rembrandt, Ruisdael – so many others – as far as possible just put it straight down – and didn't come back to it so very much. And – this, too, please – that if it worked, they left it alone. Above all I admired hands by Rembrandt and Hals – hands that lived, but were not finished in the sense that people want to enforce nowadays ... In the winter I'm going to explore various things regarding manner that I noticed in the old paintings. I saw a great deal that I needed. But this above all things – what they call – dashing off – you see that's what the old Dutch painters did famously. That – dashing off – with a few brushstrokes, they won't hear of it now  – but how true the results are. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  248. Dorn, Schröder & Sillevis (1996). - Dorn, Roland; Schröder, Albrecht; Sillevis, John, eds. (1996). Van Gogh und die Haager Schule. Bank Austria Kunstforum. ISBN 978-88-8118-072-1. ↩

  249. Walther & Metzger (1994), 708. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  250. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 18. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  251. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 18–19. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  252. Sund (1988), 666. - Sund, Judy (1988). "The Sower and the Sheaf: Biblical Metaphor in the Art of Vincent van Gogh". The Art Bulletin. 70 (4): 660–676. doi:10.2307/3051107. JSTOR 3051107. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3051107 ↩

  253. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 537. Vincent to Theo, Nuenen, on or about Wednesday, 28 October 1885. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  254. Hughes (2002), 7. - Hughes, Robert (2002). The Portable Van Gogh. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-0803-0. ↩

  255. Hughes (2002), 11. - Hughes, Robert (2002). The Portable Van Gogh. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-0803-0. ↩

  256. van Uitert (1981), 232. - Van Uitert, Evert (1981). "Van Gogh's Concept of His Oeuvre". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 12 (4): 223–244. doi:10.2307/3780499. JSTOR 3780499. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3780499 ↩

  257. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 20. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  258. Hughes (2002), 8–9. - Hughes, Robert (2002). The Portable Van Gogh. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-0803-0. ↩

  259. Wamberg, Jacob (2010). "Wounded Working Heroes: Seeing Millet and van Gogh through the Cleft Lens of Totalitarianism". In Rasmussen, Mikkel Bolt; Wamberg, Jacob (eds.). Totalitarian Art and Modernity. Aarhus University Press. pp. 36–104. ↩

  260. Sund (1988), 668. - Sund, Judy (1988). "The Sower and the Sheaf: Biblical Metaphor in the Art of Vincent van Gogh". The Art Bulletin. 70 (4): 660–676. doi:10.2307/3051107. JSTOR 3051107. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3051107 ↩

  261. van Uitert (1981), 236. - Van Uitert, Evert (1981). "Van Gogh's Concept of His Oeuvre". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 12 (4): 223–244. doi:10.2307/3780499. JSTOR 3780499. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3780499 ↩

  262. Hughes (2002), 12. - Hughes, Robert (2002). The Portable Van Gogh. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-0803-0. ↩

  263. Sund (1988), 666. - Sund, Judy (1988). "The Sower and the Sheaf: Biblical Metaphor in the Art of Vincent van Gogh". The Art Bulletin. 70 (4): 660–676. doi:10.2307/3051107. JSTOR 3051107. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3051107 ↩

  264. van Uitert (1981), 223. - Van Uitert, Evert (1981). "Van Gogh's Concept of His Oeuvre". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 12 (4): 223–244. doi:10.2307/3780499. JSTOR 3780499. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3780499 ↩

  265. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 21. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  266. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 21. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  267. Hughes (2002), 8. - Hughes, Robert (2002). The Portable Van Gogh. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-0803-0. ↩

  268. van Uitert (1981), 224. - Van Uitert, Evert (1981). "Van Gogh's Concept of His Oeuvre". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 12 (4): 223–244. doi:10.2307/3780499. JSTOR 3780499. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3780499 ↩

  269. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 16–17. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  270. van Uitert (1981), 223. - Van Uitert, Evert (1981). "Van Gogh's Concept of His Oeuvre". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 12 (4): 223–244. doi:10.2307/3780499. JSTOR 3780499. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3780499 ↩

  271. van Uitert (1981), 242. - Van Uitert, Evert (1981). "Van Gogh's Concept of His Oeuvre". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 12 (4): 223–244. doi:10.2307/3780499. JSTOR 3780499. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3780499 ↩

  272. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 21. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  273. McQuillan (1989), 138. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  274. McQuillan (1989), 193. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  275. "879 (883, W22): To Willemien van Gogh. Auvers-sur-Oise, Thursday, 5 June 1890. - Vincent van Gogh Letters". www.vangoghletters.org. Retrieved 20 October 2022. https://www.vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let879/letter.html#translation ↩

  276. van Uitert (1981), 242. - Van Uitert, Evert (1981). "Van Gogh's Concept of His Oeuvre". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 12 (4): 223–244. doi:10.2307/3780499. JSTOR 3780499. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3780499 ↩

  277. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 652. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Arles, Tuesday, 31 July 1888. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  278. Channing & Bradley (2007), 67; Van Gogh (2009), Letter 879. Vincent to Willemien van Gogh. Auvers-sur-Oise, Thursday, 5 June 1890. - Channing, Laurence; Bradley, Barbara J. (2007). Monet to Dalí: Impressionist and Modern Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-940717-90-9. ↩

  279. McQuillan (1989), 198. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  280. "Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)". www.metmuseum.org. October 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2022. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gogh/hd_gogh.htm ↩

  281. McQuillan (1989), 15. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  282. Rembrandt is one of the few major painters to exceed this volume of self-portraits, producing over 50, but he did so over a forty-year period.[248] /wiki/Rembrandt ↩

  283. Walther & Metzger (1994), 263–269, 653. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  284. van Uitert (1981), 242. - Van Uitert, Evert (1981). "Van Gogh's Concept of His Oeuvre". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 12 (4): 223–244. doi:10.2307/3780499. JSTOR 3780499. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3780499 ↩

  285. Sund (2002), 261. - Sund, Judy (2002). Van Gogh. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4084-0. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund ↩

  286. Hughes (2002), 10. - Hughes, Robert (2002). The Portable Van Gogh. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-0803-0. ↩

  287. Walther & Metzger (1994), 265–269. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  288. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 83. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  289. McQuillan (1989), 15. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  290. McQuillan (1989), 15. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  291. Sund (2002), 261. - Sund, Judy (2002). Van Gogh. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4084-0. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund ↩

  292. McQuillan (1989), 15. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  293. Walther & Metzger (1994), 535–537. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  294. Cohen (2003), 305–306. - Cohen, Ben (2003). "A Tale of Two Ears". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (6): 305–306. doi:10.1177/014107680309600615. PMC 539517. PMID 12782701. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539517 ↩

  295. Pickvance (1986), 80–81, 184–187. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  296. Walther & Metzger (1994), 413. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  297. "Vincent van Gogh; Sunflowers; NG3863". National Gallery, London. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016. https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/vincent-van-gogh-sunflowers ↩

  298. Walther & Metzger (1994), 411. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  299. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 666. Vincent to Theo van Gogh. Arles, Tuesday, 21 or Wednesday, 22 August 1888. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  300. Walther & Metzger (1994), 411. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  301. Walther & Metzger (1994), 417. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  302. Pickvance (1986), 101, 189–191. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  303. Hughes (2002), 8–9. - Hughes, Robert (2002). The Portable Van Gogh. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-0803-0. ↩

  304. Pickvance (1986), 110. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  305. Rewald (1978), 311. - Rewald, John (1978). Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-41151-9. ↩

  306. Pickvance (1986), 132–133. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  307. Pickvance (1986), 101, 189–191. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  308. Pickvance (1986), 101. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  309. "The Olive Garden, 1889". Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011. http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg84/gg84-46627.html ↩

  310. Pickvance (1986), 101. - Pickvance, Ronald (1986). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-477-7. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick ↩

  311. Hughes (2002), 8–9. - Hughes, Robert (2002). The Portable Van Gogh. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-0803-0. ↩

  312. Walther & Metzger (1994), 331–333. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  313. Pickvance (1984), 45–53. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  314. Walther & Metzger (1994), 331–333. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  315. Hulsker (1980), 385. - Hulsker, Jan (1980). The Complete Van Gogh, paintings, drawings, sketches. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-2028-6. ↩

  316. Fell (1997), 32. - Fell, Derek (1997). The Impressionist Garden. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-1148-3. ↩

  317. Pickvance (1984), 177. - Pickvance, Ronald (1984). "(exh. cat)". Van Gogh in Arles. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-87099-375-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ↩

  318. Hulsker (1980), 390–394. - Hulsker, Jan (1980). The Complete Van Gogh, paintings, drawings, sketches. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-2028-6. ↩

  319. van Uitert, van Tilborgh & van Heugten (1990), 283. - van Uitert, Evert; van Tilborgh, Louis; van Heugten, Sjraar, eds. (1990). "(exh. cat)". Vincent van Gogh. Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca. ISBN 978-88-242-0022-6. ↩

  320. Walther & Metzger (1994), 680–686. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  321. Edwards (1989), 115. - Edwards, Cliff (1989). Van Gogh and God: A Creative Spiritual Quest. Loyola University Press. ISBN 978-0-8294-0621-4. ↩

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  323. Van Gogh (2009), Letter 898. Vincent to Theo van Gogh and Jo van Gogh-Bonger. Auvers-sur-Oise, on or about Thursday, 10 July 1890. - Van Gogh, Vincent (2009). Leo Jansen; Hans Luijten; Nienke Bakker (eds.). Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://www.vangoghletters.org ↩

  324. Hulsker (1990), 478–479. - Hulsker, Jan (1990). Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography. Fuller Publications. ISBN 978-0-940537-05-7. ↩

  325. Walther & Metzger (1994), 680. - Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (1994). Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0291-5. ↩

  326. Rewald (1986), 244–254. - Rewald, John (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-1632-6. ↩

  327. Sund (2002), 305. - Sund, Judy (2002). Van Gogh. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4084-0. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund ↩

  328. Sund (2002), 307. - Sund, Judy (2002). Van Gogh. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4084-0. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund ↩

  329. McQuillan (1989), 72. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  330. Furness, Hannah (27 August 2018). "Van Gogh was not unappreciated in his lifetime, myth-busting letter shows". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/27/van-gogh-not-unappreciated-lifetime-myth-busting-letter-shows/ ↩

  331. McQuillan (1989), 72. - McQuillan, Melissa (1989). Van Gogh. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20232-6. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu ↩

  332. Sund (2002), 305. - Sund, Judy (2002). Van Gogh. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4084-0. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund ↩

  333. Sund (2002), 310. - Sund, Judy (2002). Van Gogh. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4084-0. https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund ↩

  334. Rewald (1986), 244–254. - Rewald, John (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-1632-6. ↩

  335. Her husband had been the sole support of the family, and Johanna was left with only an apartment in Paris, a few items of furniture, and her brother-in-law's paintings, which at the time were "looked upon as having no value at all".[286] ↩

  336. Rewald (1986), 244–254. - Rewald, John (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-1632-6. ↩

  337. Rewald (1986), 245. - Rewald, John (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-1632-6. ↩

  338. Rewald (1986), 245. - Rewald, John (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-1632-6. ↩

  339. Spurling (1998), 119–138. - Spurling, Hilary (1998). The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869–1908. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-679-43428-3. ↩

  340. interview with Hilary Spurling (8 June 2005). "The Unknown Matisse ... – Book Talk". ABC Online. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2016. /wiki/Hilary_Spurling ↩

  341. interview with Hilary Spurling (8 June 2005). "The Unknown Matisse ... – Book Talk". ABC Online. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2016. /wiki/Hilary_Spurling ↩

  342. Spurling (1998), 138. - Spurling, Hilary (1998). The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869–1908. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-679-43428-3. ↩

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