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1930s

• John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry create the first electronic non-programmable, digital computing device, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, that lasted from 1937 to 1942.

1940s

• Nuclear bomb and ballistics simulations at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL), respectively.¹
• Monte Carlo simulation (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century by Jack Dongarra and Francis Sullivan in the 2000 issue of Computing in Science and Engineering)² is invented at Los Alamos National Laboratory by John von Neumann, Stanislaw Ulam and Nicholas Metropolis.³⁴⁵
• First hydrodynamic simulations performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory.⁶⁷
• Ulam and von Neumann introduce the notion of cellular automata.⁸⁹

1950s

• Equations of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines introduces the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.¹⁰ Also, important earlier independent work by Berni Alder and Stan Frankel.¹¹¹²
• Enrico Fermi, Ulam and John Pasta with help from Mary Tsingou, discover the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam-Tsingou problem.¹³
• Research initiated into percolation theory.¹⁴
• Molecular dynamics is formulated by Alder and Tom E. Wainwright.¹⁵

1960s

• Using computational investigations of the 3-body problem, Michael Minovitch formulates the gravity assist method.¹⁶¹⁷
• Glauber dynamics is invented for the Ising model by Roy J. Glauber.¹⁸
• Edward Lorenz discovers the butterfly effect on a computer, attracting interest in chaos theory.¹⁹
• Molecular dynamics is independently invented by Aneesur Rahman.²⁰
• Walter Kohn instigates the development of density functional theory (with L.J. Sham and Pierre Hohenberg),²¹²² for which he shared the Nobel Chemistry Prize (1998).²³
• Martin Kruskal and Norman Zabusky follow up the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam problem with further numerical experiments, and coin the term "soliton".²⁴²⁵
• Kawasaki dynamics is invented for the Ising model.²⁶
• Loup Verlet (re)discovers a numerical integration algorithm,²⁷ (first used in 1791 by Jean Baptiste Delambre, by P. H. Cowell and A. C. C. Crommelin in 1909, and by Carl Fredrik Störmer in 1907,²⁸ hence the alternative names Störmer's method or the Verlet-Störmer method) for dynamics, and the Verlet list.²⁹

1970s

• Computer algebra replicates the work of Boris Delaunay in Lunar theory.^3031323334
• Martinus Veltman's calculations at CERN lead him and Gerard 't Hooft to valuable insights into renormalizability of electroweak theory.³⁵ The computation has been cited as a key reason for the award of the Nobel Physics Prize that has been given to both.³⁶
• Jean Hardy, Yves Pomeau and Olivier de Pazzis introduce the first lattice gas model, abbreviated as the HPP model after its authors.³⁷³⁸ These later evolved into lattice Boltzmann models.
• Kenneth G. Wilson shows that continuum quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is recovered for an infinitely large lattice with its sites infinitesimally close to one another, thereby beginning lattice QCD.³⁹

1980s

• Italian physicists Roberto Car and Michele Parrinello invent the Car–Parrinello method.⁴⁰
• Swendsen–Wang algorithm is invented in the field of Monte Carlo simulations.⁴¹
• Fast multipole method is invented by Vladimir Rokhlin and Leslie Greengard (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century).⁴²⁴³⁴⁴
• Ullli Wolff invents the Wolff algorithm for statistical physics and Monte Carlo simulation.⁴⁵

See also

• Timeline of scientific computing
• Computational physics
• Important publications in computational physics

External links

• The Monte Carlo Method: Classic Papers
• Monte Carlo Landmark Papers

References

1. Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland. /wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory ↩

2. "MATH 6140 - Top ten algorithms from the 20th Century". www.math.cornell.edu. http://www.math.cornell.edu/~web6140/ ↩

3. Metropolis, N. (1987). "The Beginning of the Monte Carlo method" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. 15: 125.. Accessed 5 May 2012. http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?15-12.pdf ↩

4. S. Ulam, R. D. Richtmyer, and J. von Neumann(1947). Statistical methods in neutron diffusion. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LAMS–551. http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00329286.pdf ↩

5. N. Metropolis and S. Ulam (1949). The Monte Carlo method. Journal of the American Statistical Association 44:335–341. ↩

6. Richtmyer, R. D. (1948). Proposed Numerical Method for Calculation of Shocks. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-671. ↩

7. A Method for the Numerical Calculation of Hydrodynamic Shocks. Von Neumann, J.; Richtmyer, R. D. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 21, pp. 232–237 ↩

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11. Unfortunately, Alder's thesis advisor was unimpressed, so Alder and Frankel delayed publication of their results until much later. Alder, B. J., Frankel, S. P., and Lewinson, B. A., J. Chem. Phys., 23, 3 (1955). http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/23/3/10.1063/1.1742004 ↩

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20. Rahman, A (1964). "Correlations in the Motion of Atoms in Liquid Argon". Phys Rev. 136 (2A): A405 – A41. Bibcode:1964PhRv..136..405R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A405. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

21. Kohn, Walter; Hohenberg, Pierre (1964). "Inhomogeneous Electron Gas". Physical Review. 136 (3B): B864 – B871. Bibcode:1964PhRv..136..864H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.B864. https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.136.B864 ↩

22. Kohn, Walter; Sham, Lu Jeu (1965). "Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects". Physical Review. 140 (4A): A1133 – A1138. Bibcode:1965PhRv..140.1133K. doi:10.1103/PHYSREV.140.A1133. https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPHYSREV.140.A1133 ↩

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24. Zabusky, N. J.; Kruskal, M. D. (1965). "Interaction of 'solitons' in a collisionless plasma and the recurrence of initial states". Phys. Rev. Lett. 15 (6): 240–243. Bibcode 1965PhRvL..15..240Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.15.240. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

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