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Occurrence

Tl2S is found in nature as the mineral carlinite¹ which has the distinction of being the only sulfide mineral of thallium that does not contain at least two metals. Tl2S has a distorted anti-CdI2 structure.²

Synthesis

Tl2S can be prepared from the elements or by precipitating the sulfide from a solution of thallium(I), e.g. the sulfate or nitrate. Thin films have been deposited, produced from a mixture of citratothallium complex and thiourea. Heating the film in nitrogen at 300°C converts all the product into Tl2S ³

History and applications

This salt was used in some of the earliest photo-electric detectors by Theodore Case who developed the so-called thalofide (sometimes spelt thallofide) cell, used in early film projectors. Case described the detector material as consisting of thallium, oxygen and sulfur,⁴ and this was incorrectly described by others as being thallium oxysulfide, which incidentally is a compound that is not known. Case's work was then built on by R.J. Cashman who recognised that the controlled oxidation of the Tl2S film was key to the operation of the cell.⁵ Cashman's work culminated in the development of long wave infrared detectors used during the Second World War.⁶ Reliable Tl2S detectors were also developed in Germany at the same time.⁷

References

1. "Carlinite". webmineral. Retrieved 2009-06-06. http://webmineral.com/data/Carlinite.shtml ↩

2. Giester, G.; Lengauer, C. L.; Tillmanns, E.; Zemann, J. (2002). "Tl2S: Re-Determination of Crystal Structure and Stereochemical Discussion". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 168 (1): 322. Bibcode:2002JSSCh.168..322G. doi:10.1006/jssc.2002.9711. /wiki/Josef_Zemann ↩

3. V. Estrella, M. T. S. Nair and P. K. Nair (2002). "Crystalline structure of chemically deposited thallium sulfide thin films". Thin Solid Films. 414 (2): 281. Bibcode:2002TSF...414..281E. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00500-X. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

4. T. W. Case (1920). "Thalofide Cell"—a New Photo-Electric Substance". Phys. Rev. 15 (4): 289. Bibcode:1920PhRv...15..289C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.15.289. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

5. D. J. Lovell (1971). "Cashman thallous sulfide cell". Appl. Opt. 10 (5): 1003–8. Bibcode:1971ApOpt..10.1003L. doi:10.1364/AO.10.001003. PMID 20094592. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

6. American patent 2448517, filed 1944, granted 1948 ↩

7. D. J. Lovell (1971). "Cashman thallous sulfide cell". Appl. Opt. 10 (5): 1003–8. Bibcode:1971ApOpt..10.1003L. doi:10.1364/AO.10.001003. PMID 20094592. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩