• Images
• Videos
• Documents
• Books
• Articles

List of isotopes

Thallium-201

Thallium-201 (201Tl) is a synthetic radioisotope of thallium. It has a half-life of 73 hours and decays by electron capture, emitting X-rays (~70–80 keV), and photons of 135 and 167 keV in 10% total abundance.³⁶ Thallium-201 is synthesized by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor,³⁷³⁸ or by the 203Tl(p, 3n)201Pb nuclear reaction in cyclotrons, as 201Pb naturally decays to 201Tl afterwards.³⁹ It is a radiopharmaceutical, as it has good imaging characteristics without excessive patient radiation dose. It is the most popular isotope used for thallium nuclear cardiac stress tests.⁴⁰

• Isotope masses from:
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
  • Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
• "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
  • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  • Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

References

1. "Thallium Research". doe.gov. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 23 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20061209165017/http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/histories/0472/0472d.html ↩

2. Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes from the International Atomic Energy Agency http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1340_web.pdf ↩

3. "Bound-state beta decay of highly ionized atoms" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205727/http://www.ca.infn.it/~oldeman/resneu/p1522_1.pdf ↩

4. Bai, M.; Blaum, K.; Boev, B.; Bosch, F.; Brandau, C.; Cvetković, V.; Dickel, T.; Dillmann, I.; Dmytriiev, D.; Faestermann, T.; Forstner, O.; Franczak, B.; Geissel, H.; Gernhäuser, R.; Glorius, J.; Griffin, C. J.; Gumberidze, A.; Haettner, E.; Hillenbrand, P.-M.; Kienle, P.; Korten, W.; Kozhuharov, Ch.; Kuzminchuk, N.; Langanke, K.; Litvinov, S.; Menz, E.; Morgenroth, T.; Nociforo, C.; Nolden, F.; Pavićević, M. K.; Petridis, N.; Popp, U.; Purushothaman, S.; Reifarth, R.; Sanjari, M. S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Spillmann, U.; Steck, M.; Stöhlker, Th.; Tanaka, Y. K.; Trassinelli, M.; Trotsenko, S.; Varga, L.; Wang, M.; Weick, H.; Woods, P. J.; Yamaguchi, T.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhao, J.; Zuber, K.; et al. (E121 Collaboration and LOREX Collaboration) (2 December 2024). "Bound-State Beta Decay of 205Tl81+ Ions and the LOREX Project". Physical Review Letters. 133 (23). American Physical Society: 232701. arXiv:2501.06029. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.232701. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.232701 ↩

5. Marcillac, P.; Coron, N.; Dambier, G.; et al. (2003). "Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth". Nature. 422 (6934): 876–878. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..876D. doi:10.1038/nature01541. PMID 12712201. S2CID 4415582. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

6. mTl – Excited nuclear isomer. /wiki/Nuclear_isomer ↩

7. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

8. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. ↩

9. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). ↩

10. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩

11. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). ↩

12. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩

13. Modes of decay: α:Alpha decayβ+:Positron emissionEC:Electron captureβ−:Beta decayIT:Isomeric transitionSF:Spontaneous fissionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission /wiki/Alpha_decay ↩

14. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. ↩

15. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩

16. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. ↩

17. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). ↩

18. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). ↩

19. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩

20. Al-Aqeel, Muneerah Abdullah M. "Decay Spectroscopy of the Thallium Isotopes 176,177Tl". University of Liverpool. ProQuest 2447566201. Retrieved 21 June 2023. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2447566201 ↩

21. Reich, E. S. (2010). "Mercury serves up a nuclear surprise: a new type of fission". Scientific American. Retrieved 12 May 2011. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mercury-serves-up-a-nuclear-su/ ↩

22. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. ↩

23. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. ↩

24. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. ↩

25. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. ↩

26. Main isotope used in scintigraphy /wiki/Scintigraphy ↩

27. Believed to undergo α decay to 199Au ↩

28. Final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain (the Neptunium series) /wiki/Decay_chain ↩

29. Believed to undergo α decay to 201Au ↩

30. Can undergo bound-state β− decay to 205Pb81+ with a half-life of 291+33−27 days when fully ionized[7] /wiki/Beta_decay#Bound-state_β−_decay ↩

31. Intermediate decay product of 238U /wiki/Decay_product ↩

32. Intermediate decay product of 235U /wiki/Decay_product ↩

33. Intermediate decay product of 232Th /wiki/Decay_product ↩

34. Intermediate decay product of 237Np /wiki/Neptunium-237 ↩

35. Intermediate decay product of 238U /wiki/Decay_product ↩

36. Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 /wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra ↩

37. Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 /wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra ↩

38. "Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2010-05-13. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1340_web.pdf ↩

39. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2008. ISBN 9789201002082. Retrieved 2022-07-01. 9789201002082 ↩

40. Maddahi, Jamshid; Berman, Daniel (2001). "Detection, Evaluation, and Risk Stratification of Coronary Artery Disease by Thallium-201 Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy 155". Cardiac SPECT imaging (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 155–178. ISBN 978-0-7817-2007-6. Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2016-09-26. 978-0-7817-2007-6 ↩