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SkySat
Constellation of small Earth observation satellites

SkySat is a constellation of sub-meter resolution Earth observation satellites owned by Planet Labs, providing imagery, high-definition video and analytics services. Planet acquired the satellites with their purchase of Terra Bella (formerly Skybox Imaging), a Mountain View, California-based company founded in 2009 by Dan Berkenstock, Julian Mann, John Fenwick, and Ching-Yu Hu, from Google in 2017.

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Overview

The resolution of the SkySat satellite imagery and videos is high enough to observe objects that impact the global economy such as terrain, cars and shipping containers. The satellites can capture video clips lasting up to 90 seconds at 30 frames per second.5 The high-definition satellite video from SkySat satellites "could help us understand our world better by analyzing movement of goods and people, providing visual data about supply chains, shipping, industrial plant activity, and even humanitarian relief efforts".6

The constellation's goal is to be able to provide high-resolution satellite imagery of any place on Earth multiple times a day.7 When Skybox originally developed the satellites, they planned to "change the nature" of the satellite industry by building satellites with "off-the-shelf" electronics that cost under US$50 million.8

History

By April 2012, Skybox Imaging had raised a total of $91 million (equivalent to about $125M in 2024) of private capital from Khosla Ventures, Bessemer Venture Partners, Canaan Partners and Norwest Venture Partners to develop the SkySat constellation.9

On 21 November 2013, the first satellite, SkySat-1, was launched on a Dnepr rocket from Dombarovsky Air Base, Russia.10 Less than a month later, on 11 December 2013, the first images captured by the SkySat-1 satellite, of Perth, Abu Dhabi, and the coast of Somalia, were released.11 The second satellite, SkySat-2, launched on a Soyuz-2/Fregat rocket from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on 8 July 2014.12 The company plans to eventually launch a fleet of 24 satellites.13 and released its first images within 48 hours of launch.14

On 10 February 2014, SSL announced that Skybox had awarded it a contract to build 13 more satellites based on a revised "SkySat C" design.1516 The first of these, Skysat-3, also referred to as SkySat-C1, was launched on 22 June 2016 by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C34.1718

On 10 June 2014, Skybox Imaging announced that it had entered into an agreement to be acquired by Google for $500 million (equivalent to about $664M in 2024).1920 The acquisition was completed on 1 August 2014.2122 Skybox Imaging changed its name to "Terra Bella" on 8 March 2016, to indicate its focus on image analytics.23 The new name was partially based on the Terra Bella Avenue in Mountain View, California, where the company's headquarters are located.24 Terra bella is Italian for "beautiful Earth". The name change was also partially due to perceived trademark infringement that came to light in the Google acquisition.

Four more SkySat units were launched on 16 September 2016, by the Vega rocket's seventh flight from Kourou.25

In 2017, Google sold Terra Bella and its SkySat satellite constellation to Planet Labs, adding to their existing fleet of around 50 satellites,26 for an undisclosed price and entered into a multi-year agreement to purchase SkySat imaging data.27 Planet Labs launched six more SkySat satellites, along with four Dove CubeSats, on a Minotaur-C rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 31 October 2017.2829 An additional two SkySat satellites and three Dove CubeSats were launched on a Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg on 3 December 2018.3031

Satellite constellation

The SkySat satellites are based on the CubeSat concept, using inexpensive automotive grade electronics and fast commercially available processors,32 but scaled up to approximately the size of a minifridge.33 The satellites are approximately 80 centimetres (31 in) long, compared to approximately 30 centimetres (12 in) for a 3U CubeSat, and weigh 220 pounds (100 kg).34

The first three prototype satellites (SkySat-1, 2 and 3) were produced by Skybox Imaging in-house. SkySats 1 & 2 did not have a propulsion system, SkySat 3 had a propulsion system built by ECAPS in Sweden.35

The other 13 satellites are manufactured by SSL,36 the optical payloads are built by L3 Technologies,3738 and the satellite thrusters are provided by ECAPS.39 The 13 SkySat-C satellites are slightly larger and heavier (with mass about 120 kg or 264 lbs) than the prototypes. They have a planned operational life of 6 years.40

The SkySat-C satellites were put on a 500-kilometre (310 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit.41

Three of Planet's commercial SkySat (SkySat-16, -17 and -18) Earth-imaging spacecraft launched on top of a stack of 58 SpaceX Starlink-8 satellites on 13 June 2020 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket,42 and three more (SkySat-19, -20 and -21) hitched a ride on another SpaceX mission on August 18, 2020. Built by Maxar Technologies, each of the SkySat satellites weighs around 110 kilograms (240 lb) at launch. The SkySats are about the size of a mini-refrigerator, and their optical instruments produce images of Earth with a resolution of 50 cm, according to Planet.43

List of satellites

There have been 21 satellites launched.

NameAlt nameCOSPAR IDDate of launchRocketLaunch siteRefs
SkySat-12013-066C21 November 2013DneprDombarovsky Air Base, Russia44
SkySat-22014-037D8 July 2014Soyuz-2.1bBaikonur, Kazakhstan45
SkySat-3SkySat-C1SkySat Gen2-12016-040C22 June 2016PSLV-XL C34SHAR, Sriharikota, India46
SkySat-4SkySat-C22016-058D16 September 2016VegaCentre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou47
SkySat-5SkySat-C32016-058E16 September 2016VegaCentre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou48
SkySat-6SkySat-C42016-058B16 September 2016VegaCentre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou49
SkySat-7SkySat-C52016-058C16 September 2016VegaCentre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou50
SkySat-8SkySat-C62017-068F31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base51
SkySat-9SkySat-C72017-068E31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base52
SkySat-10SkySat-C82017-068D31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base53
SkySat-11SkySat-C92017-068C31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base54
SkySat-12SkySat-C102017-068B31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base55
SkySat-13SkySat-C112017-068A31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base56
SkySat-14SkySat-C122018-099AR3 December 2018Falcon 9 Block 5Vandenberg Air Force Base57
SkySat-15SkySat-C132018-099AW3 December 2018Falcon 9 Block 5Vandenberg Air Force Base58
SkySat-16SkySat-C142020-038BL13 June 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-4059
SkySat-17SkySat-C152020-038BM13 June 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-4060
SkySat-18SkySat-C162020-038BN13 June 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-4061
SkySat-19SkySat-C172020-057BQ18 August 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-4062
SkySat-20SkySat-C182020-057BR18 August 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-4063
SkySat-21SkySat-C192020-057BS18 August 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-4064
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References

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