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History

Formation

Dr. Harry M. Wegeforth, a San Diego physician, founded the Zoological Society of San Diego in 1916 with the intention of starting a zoo in the city's Balboa Park area using abandoned exotic animal exhibitions from the Isthmus portion of the 1915–16 Panama–California Exposition.⁵ Wegeforth had served on the board of directors for the Exposition in 1916, and he and his brother Paul, also a physician and surgeon, had served as surgeons for the event.⁶ By his own account, Harry Wegeforth was inspired to start a zoo after hearing the roar of a lion from one of the Exposition's exhibits:

On September 16, 1916, as I was returning to my office after performing an operation at the St. Joseph Hospital, I drove down Sixth Avenue and heard the roaring of the lions in the cages at the Exposition then being held in Balboa Park. I turned to my brother, Paul, who was riding with me, and half jokingly, half wishfully, said "Wouldn't it be splendid if San Diego had a zoo! You know...I think I'll start one." Taking me at my word, he replied that he would be glad to help me but added dubiously that he did not see how such a project could be put over on the heels of an Exposition not very successful in its second year. I had long nurtured the thought of a San Diego Zoo and now—suddenly—I decided to try to establish one.⁷

Later that month,[I] in an article in the San Diego Union, the brothers announced a call for interested parties to join them in forming a society to develop and support a zoological garden.⁸⁹¹⁰ They specifically called for local physician Fred Baker, who had co-founded the Marine Biological Institution (which later became the Scripps Institution of Oceanography), and Joseph Cheesman Thompson, a Navy neurosurgeon with an interest in entomology and herpetology:¹¹

Baker and Thompson responded, and helped convince naturalist Frank Stephens, a member of the board of directors of the Natural History Society, to join as well.¹²¹³ The five men held the first organizational meeting of the Zoological Society of San Diego on October 2, 1916, with Harry Wegeforth serving as the founding president, Thompson as vice-president, Baker as treasurer, and Paul Wegeforth as secretary.^14151617 Using the by-laws and constitution of the New York Zoological Society as a model, Harry Wegeforth, Thompson, and Stephens drew up the Articles of Incorporation and by-laws for the Zoological Society of San Diego, which were submitted to Mayor Edwin M. Capps, Park Commission President George Marston, and the state and executed on December 11, 1916.¹⁸¹⁹²⁰ The group had already received one of its first animals that November: "Caesar", a female Kodiak bear that had been kept as a mascot and pet by the crew of the USS Nanshan; having grown too large and unruly to remain aboard the ship, the bear was lent to the fledgling zoo by Captain W. D. Prideaux.²¹²²²³ By the end of the year the Zoological Society had grown to 120 members, and had raised $1,000 in four days by selling lifetime memberships at $200 apiece.²⁴²⁵

Establishing the San Diego Zoo

Main article: San Diego Zoo

The Zoological Society's initial efforts focused on the creation of the San Diego Zoo. In January 1917 the Balboa Park Board agreed to furnish quarters in the park to establish a zoo, and to assist the society with maintenance.²⁶ The Zoo began as a long row of animal homes along Park Boulevard ("little more than Menagerie Row", according to Wegeforth²⁷) for animals that had been rented for the Panama–California Exposition from a menagerie at the Wonderland Amusement Park in nearby Ocean Beach; Wonderland had gone out of business during the Exposition, and the animals were held jointly by the society, the Park Department, and the Mission Bay Corporation.²⁸²⁹³⁰ Additional animals left over from the Exposition and scattered throughout Balboa Park included buffalo, deer, a pair of bears, ducks, and herds of Panama deer and elk; supervision of most of these animals was turned over to the new Zoo by the Park Department.³¹³² Other early animals acquired by or donated to the Zoo included a badger, two lynxes, a gray fox, a coyote, two golden eagles, two rails, a whip snake, and a white goose.³³ Stephens served as the active director of the Zoo during this time.³⁴ The Zoological Society's first official seal was created, featuring an image of a grizzly bear (the animal depicted on the Flag of California).³⁵

The society faced financial challenges in maintaining the growing number of animals in their care.³⁶ W. H. Porterfield of the San Diego Sun had long been interested in establishing a zoo in Balboa Park, and offered to use his newspaper to publicize the Zoo and campaign for funds.³⁷ At his suggestion, the society's board of directors contacted school authorities, asking them to stimulate children to approach their parents about supporting the Zoo.³⁸ Porterfield ran a contest in the Sun in conjunction with an upcoming circus, in which the newspaper gave prizes to the best children's stories about animals.³⁹ He also arranged for the circus to charge children a $0.50 admission fee which would include a membership to the Junior Zoological Society; $0.12 of each admission would go to the circus, and the remaining $0.38 to the Zoological Society.⁴⁰ Within two months the society had raised enough money to purchase the Wonderland animals from the Mission Bay Corporation.⁴¹ Carl H. Heilbron and David Charles Collier were also instrumental in helping the Zoo acquire the Wonderland animals.⁴²

Joseph Thompson planned much of the Zoo's education program, which included guidebooks, textbooks, and free lectures; the first such lecture was about bears, in response to Caesar's arrival.⁴³ However, in April 1917 he was called away on new orders from the Navy following American entry into World War I, and resigned from the society's board of directors; he was replaced by Joseph Sefton, Jr.⁴⁴⁴⁵ Paul Wegeforth resigned in mid-1917 to accept a commission in the United States Army, and was replaced by Thomas N. Faulconer.⁴⁶⁴⁷ By October 1917 the society had again run out of funds, and Wegeforth organized a track and field meet between the Navy and Marine Corps, generating enough revenue from ticket sales to maintain the society through the end of the year.⁴⁸⁴⁹ Another source of income was the sale of lion cubs, born to the Zoo's lionesses, to other zoos; 30 cubs were sold during the Zoo's first four years, at prices ranging from $150 to $1,500.⁵⁰ By this time the Zoological Society was selling annual memberships at $5 apiece.⁵¹

The Zoological Society struggled to find a permanent location for the Zoo within Balboa Park, negotiating with the Park Commission and promising "to furnish the best collection of animals and reptiles on the Pacific Coast" as well as to provide professional staff, scientific and descriptive labels for the animals, and free public lectures about the collection and natural history.⁵² Following a suggestion made by the city attorney, a resolution was adopted in 1918: In return for a building in Balboa Park and an as-yet-undesignated plot of ground set aside for the Zoo and for research work, the society would sell ownership of all its wildlife, equipment, and property to the Board of Park Commissioners of the City of San Diego; thus the Zoo and all its future assets would belong to the city, but would be managed and maintained by the Zoological Society, who would have jurisdiction over the permanent zoo site.⁵³⁵⁴⁵⁵ "Then the Zoological Society would not legally own either the land or the animals but would be the administrative body for the Zoo," wrote Wegeforth, "retaining the right to sell or trade whatever surplus animals we deemed unnecessary for exhibition."⁵⁶ The City Council agreed, and pledged additional funds to aid the Zoo's maintenance.⁵⁷ In July 1918 Harry Wegeforth resigned from the board of directors to accept a commission with the Army Medical Corps, and Sefton was appointed president for almost five months before Wegeforth resumed the position, which he would retain until his death in 1941.⁵⁸⁵⁹⁶⁰ Upon his return Wegeforth began the construction of reptile cages and started trading with and selling animals to other zoos, exchanging two brown bear cubs for a polar bear.⁶¹

By late 1919 a permanent location for the Zoo had still not been secured, but sturdier housing was needed for the bears.⁶²⁶³ The society set about building its first open-air, cageless exhibit along what is now Zoo Drive: a bear pit that housed Caesar, the polar bear, and a black bear, with the species separated by wire fencing.⁶⁴⁶⁵ The planned concrete floor was omitted due to insufficient funds, and Caesar tunneled under the wall the first night, damaging the enclosure.⁶⁶⁶⁷ Ellen Browning Scripps made the first monetary donation to the society, providing funds to improve the exhibit.⁶⁸⁶⁹ The resulting design, a grotto with the floor built up to place the animals at eye level with visitors, separated from them by a moat and a low wall, became a prototype for many of the Zoo's early exhibits.⁷⁰ The Zoological Society's first organized membership campaign was carried out during the final months of 1920.⁷¹

By 1921 the City Council appropriated $5,000 for maintenance and improvements to the Zoo, and the Zoo's current site, an area of 140 acres, was approved that fall as its permanent location.⁷²⁷³⁷⁴ City planner Nathanial Slaymaker drew up the initial plans for the site.⁷⁵ Wegeforth convinced many notable San Diegans to help fund the Zoo's construction, including Scripps, John D. Spreckels, George Marston, and Ralph Granger (of Granger Hall).⁷⁶ Scripps donated $9,000 for a fence around the property, which for the first time enabled the Zoo to charge an admission fee.⁷⁷⁷⁸ A formal dedication of the property was held, and much of 1922 was spent hiring staff, building exhibits and pools, and acquiring new animals, including the first live Guadalupe fur seals to be brought into the United States.⁷⁹⁸⁰ Fred Baker remained on the society's board of directors until June 13, 1922.⁸¹

The San Diego Zoo's grand opening occurred on January 1, 1923.⁸² The original entrance was through the Reptile House, which had been converted from the Panama–California Exposition's International Harvester Building by Louis John Gill.⁸³ Admission was free for children and members of the Zoological Society (adult admission for non-members was $0.10).⁸⁴ The San Diego Zoo now houses over 3,700 rare and endangered animals representing more than 650 species and subspecies, and a botanical collection of more than 700,000 exotic plants.⁸⁵

1920s–1930s

In the decades after the San Diego Zoo's opening, the Zoological Society of San Diego focused on expanding the Zoo and its reputation. Zoonooz first appeared as a column in the San Diego Sun in 1924, written by W.B. France; in 1926 he granted the palindrome title to the society, who expanded it into a bi-monthly magazine that was free to Society members.⁸⁶⁸⁷ To this day, membership in the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance includes a subscription to the member magazine, which has now expanded to digital distribution as well as print and has been renamed the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Journal.⁸⁸⁸⁹⁹⁰ In April 1924 Wegeforth created the National Association of Zoological Executives (NAZE), an affiliate of the American Institute of Park Directors, to bring together zoo directors from around the country to exchange information and animals so they would not have to go through animal dealers.⁹¹⁹² "It seemed preposterous to me", he wrote, "that a group of intelligent zoo directors could not get together and work out a plan whereby they would all know what surplus stock each had available. This thought blossomed in my mind: to have them contact foreign zoos for their mutual benefit, relative to importing such animals as they wanted. And that led me logically to the hope that a number of zoos would collaborate on expeditions, prorating the animals among them [...] In addition to saving affiliated zoos tidy sums by eliminating the middlemen, the discussions and exchange of experiences proved of inestimable value."⁹³ In 1966 NAZE became the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA), a branch of the National Recreation and Park Association, and later became the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.⁹⁴⁹⁵

The society came into conflict with two of its board members, P.F. O'Rourke and Dr. W. H. Raymenton, in 1926: Three years earlier, O'Rourke and his wife had purchased the Nevada State Building, left over from the Exposition, and paid to move it and the Standard Oil Building onto the Zoo's grounds for use as the Children's Education Center and Junior Zoological Society departments; Raymonton was appointed head of the latter.⁹⁶⁹⁷⁹⁸ In 1926 O'Rourke resigned from the board of directors, denied his gift of the Nevada building to the society, and incorporated his own O'Rourke Institute as an educational institution, with Raymenton in possession of the building.^99100101 In a 1928 issue of Zoonooz, the society accused Raymenton of plotting "to seize the organization and exploit it as his own" and O'Rourke of attempting to split the junior and senior branches of the society.¹⁰² The society argued that the 1918 resolution gave them jurisdiction and control over the Zoo grounds, including any buildings within; city authorities agreed, and returned control of the building to the society in 1939.¹⁰³¹⁰⁴

In 1926 Ellen Browning Scripps donated $50,000 to the society to build a Hospital and Biological Research Institute, which opened the following year.¹⁰⁵ After several unsuccessful attempts to hire a satisfactory director or superintendent for the Zoo, the board of directors decided to adopt an operating practice used by the London Zoo, appointing an Executive Secretary to work under them, whom they could train to manage the Zoo's day-to-day operations.¹⁰⁶¹⁰⁷ Belle Benchley, who had started working for the Zoo as a temporary bookkeeper in 1925, was appointed to the position; her title was soon changed to Director, making her the only woman director of a zoo in the world, a position she held until her retirement in 1953.¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁹ She also served as president of the AAZPA from 1949 to 1950.¹¹⁰ Remarking on the role of the society in relation to the Zoo in 1934, she stated "The chief function of the Zoological Society is to maintain public interest in the Zoo at all times and to prevent its being used as a political cat's paw by unscrupulous politicians."¹¹¹ In order to stave off anti-captivity protests, three members of San Diego Humane Society were admitted to the Zoological Society to handle animal welfare complaints, conduct weekly inspections, and make recommendations.¹¹² Humane Society State President Daniel Wray was made a member of the Zoological Society's board of directors, but resigned the position due to complaints of conflict of interest.¹¹³

In 1927 the sailing ship Star of India was donated to the Zoological Society for a maritime museum and first unit of a proposed aquarium.¹¹⁴ Plans were made for a site on San Diego Bay at the Marina, with the ship to be set in concrete in the midst of a seal pool adjacent to a raised-relief map of California and a series of aquariums.¹¹⁵ Donations were promised to fund the project, but the society could not reach an agreement with city officials on a suitable location; the Star of India eventually became part of the Maritime Museum of San Diego.¹¹⁶ The Zoological Society continued to secure finances to expand the Zoo, adding new animals and habitats and financing collection expeditions to Australia, the Galápagos Islands, and Guadalupe Island.¹¹⁷ A significant source of income for the society at this time was the sale of California sea lions, captured by local fishermen, to other zoos and circuses around the country; this also led to the Zoo hiring an animal trainer and beginning sea lion shows in 1928, and the sea lion soon became the society's most lucrative animal.¹¹⁸¹¹⁹ American white pelicans, collected from a rookery in the Salton Sea, were also traded to other zoos in exchange for new bird species.¹²⁰

During the 1920s and early 1930s the Zoological Society proposed several ballot measures aimed at securing the Zoo's real estate and finances, since both were still uncertain.¹²¹ Two ballot propositions were voted on in 1925: one to designate the grounds exclusively for Zoo purposes, the other requesting that $0.02 from every $100 collected in property taxes by the City of San Diego be given to the Zoo; both failed to pass.¹²² The issues were raised again in 1927 as three propositions: one for the tax, one for permanent granting of the grounds, and another asking that jurisdiction of the land be transferred from the Board of Park Commissioners to the Zoological Society; all three passed, but were not implemented because they had not been published within the requisite number of days prior to the election.¹²³ In 1929 only the tax amendment was proposed; it passed, but was omitted when San Diego switched from a mayor–council government to a council–manager government.¹²⁴ In 1934 the society made a concerted effort to pass the tax amendment, using Zoonooz to promote their cause, having Benchley present their case at over 200 meetings, and circulating a petition to put the proposition on the ballot.¹²⁵ It passed, and has been in force ever since.^126127128

1940s–1960s

Wegeforth, the last of the Zoological Society's founders to remain on its board of directors, died in June 1941; he was succeeded as president by Lester T. Olmstead.¹²⁹ Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States' entry into World War II, the Zoological Society focused on managing the Zoo through the difficult war years.¹³⁰ "That the Zoo survived the first, hysterical months after Pearl Harbor—economically and personnel-wise—was due to careful planning and organization and strong leadership", wrote San Diego author and journalist Neil Morgan. "Zoos and parks throughout the West Coast were hard-hit by the war scare, and some others were closed."¹³¹ Though attendance at the Zoo dropped after the outbreak of the war, it rose dramatically through the rest of the decade, averaging 500,000–600,000 visitors annually as San Diego's population boomed due to the presence of many military installations and defense manufacturers, and topping 800,000 by 1948.¹³² A visit to the Zoo by officials of the New York Zoological Society in 1944 earned praise from its president, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr., particularly for the Biological Research Institute and Zoological Hospital.¹³³ Following the war, the Ellen Browning Scripps Foundation gave a grant to the society for the Research Institute and Hospital to conduct research in the fields of bacteriology, parasitology, and pathology.¹³⁴

By 1951, annual attendance at the Zoo exceeded one million visitors.¹³⁵ Then-President of the Zoological Society Laurence Monroe Klauber retired that year, and was succeeded by Robert J. Sullivan.¹³⁶ In 1955, in response to the grizzly bear being declared extinct in California, the society changed its corporate seal to one depicting a northern elephant seal.¹³⁷ The organization was granted membership in the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1957.¹³⁸ In 1963 the society worked with the government of the Malagasy Republic to establish a conservation program for lemurs at the San Diego Zoo.¹³⁹ In 1966, its fiftieth year, the society hosted the first international conference on "The Role of Zoos in International Conservation of Wild Animals", and presented its first conservation awards.¹⁴⁰¹⁴¹ The following year, seven zookeepers from the San Diego Zoo formed the San Diego Zoo Keepers' Association, which later became the American Association of Zoo Keepers.¹⁴²

Establishing the Wild Animal Park

Main article: San Diego Zoo Safari Park

In the late 1950s, Dr. Charles Schroeder, who had replaced Belle Benchley as Director of the San Diego Zoo after her retirement, had the idea to develop a "country zoo", an expansive animal farm where rare and endangered animals could be relocated from the somewhat-crowded Zoo and have space to roam, which would encourage breeding.¹⁴³¹⁴⁴ He began searching for a suitable location in 1959, envisioning a facility with few public amenities and estimating the cost of construction at $1 million.¹⁴⁵ The Zoological Society's board of directors opposed the idea, saying it would be too costly, and some even threatened to fire Schroeder if he did not drop the subject.¹⁴⁶¹⁴⁷ Schroeder persisted, however, and a site in San Diego's San Pasqual Valley, about 30 miles northeast of the Zoo, was chosen in 1962.¹⁴⁸ In May 1969 then-Society president Anderson Borthwick signed an agreement with Mayor Francis Earl Curran to establish a wildlife preserve and "natural environment zoo" on the site, and ground was broken on 1,800 acres of land leased by the Zoo from the city.¹⁴⁹¹⁵⁰ The new facility received its first animals—South African sable antelope, greater kudu, and gemsbok—in January 1970.¹⁵¹ A ballot measure was voted on that November, proposing a $6 million municipal bond through which the city of San Diego would assist the society in "the acquisition, construction, and completion of facilities to provide recreational, educational, scientific, ecological, and research facilities in harmony with the open space concept of the valley".¹⁵²¹⁵³ The measure passed with 75.9% support from San Diego voters, and the society repaid the bond in full, plus interest, in subsequent years.¹⁵⁴¹⁵⁵ Over $10 million was spent to construct the park, with the remainder coming from the society's funds.¹⁵⁶

Schroeder himself staked out the route for the Wgasa Bush Line, a monorail-type people mover tram that took visitors on a 5-mile, 50-minute tour of the park.¹⁵⁷ A grant from the William H. Donner Foundation enabled the park to purchase ten adult South African cheetahs from southwest Africa and build two 5-acre enclosures for a cheetah reproductive behavior research project.¹⁵⁸ Eighteen southern white rhinoceros, eight born at the San Diego Zoo and ten purchased through Ian Player, chief conservator of the Republic of South Africa, were added to the park in February 1971, as were thirty ostriches donated by the president of a local car dealership.¹⁵⁹¹⁶⁰ The San Diego Wild Animal Park (later renamed the San Diego Zoo Wild Animal Park) opened to the public May 10, 1972, receiving 3,000 visitors on its first day.¹⁶¹¹⁶² As with the San Diego Zoo, admission to the Wild Animal Park was free to Zoological Society members and to children 15 years and younger.¹⁶³ Schroeder retired as Zoo Director later the same month.¹⁶⁴¹⁶⁵ That fall the Park had its first white rhinoceros calf birth, and added a herd of six Arabian oryx.¹⁶⁶ The Park's first hatching of an Abyssinian ground hornbill also occurred that year, for which the Park received the Edward H. Bean Award from the AAZPA for "a truly significant captive propagation effort that clearly enhances the conservation of the species" in 1974.¹⁶⁷¹⁶⁸

The Wild Animal Park (now named the San Diego Zoo Safari Park; see #Rebranding below) now houses over 2,600 animals representing more than 300 species, and a botanical collection of 1.5 million specimens representing 3,500 plant species.¹⁶⁹ Over half of the park's 1,800 acres (730 hectares) is set aside as protected native species habitat for the California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion.¹⁷⁰

Conservation Science

In the early 1970s, Dr. Kurt Benirschke, a Professor of Reproductive Medicine and Pathology at the University of California, San Diego, became chairman of the university's advisory committee to the Zoological Society dealing with research and animal reproduction.¹⁷¹ He organized the committee to prepare a white paper describing the need for in-house research to examine the problems of breeding and sustaining endangered species populations in managed care.¹⁷² In 1975 Benirschke and then-San Diego Zoo Director Charles Bieler established a new research department at the Zoo with Benirschke as its director.¹⁷³¹⁷⁴ Originally based in the Zoo's Biological Research Institute built 49 years prior, the department eventually expanded under the leadership of Dr. Allison Alberts to eight research- and education-centered divisions—Recovery Ecology, Plant Conservation, Population Sustainability, Conservation Genetics, Reproductive Sciences, Disease Investigations, Community Engagement, and Biodiversity Banking—employing over 200 scientists participating in more than 160 conservation studies and projects in 35 countries.¹⁷⁵¹⁷⁶

In 1965 Benirschke had started collecting and freezing fibroblast cells from a wide variety of animals.¹⁷⁷¹⁷⁸ This project was institutionalized and expanded into an extensive collection of genetic material from endangered species, stored in liquid nitrogen for use in genetic research and future propagation of the species, and the term "frozen zoo" was coined.¹⁷⁹¹⁸⁰ The collection, now known as the Wildlife Biodiversity Bank, includes sperm, ova, and embryos from over 300 species, the largest such collection in the world.¹⁸¹

The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance has partnered with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) on many projects, beginning in the 1980s with the effort to recover the California condor population, which had been reduced to 22 individuals and been declared critically endangered (see California condor#Recovery plan).¹⁸² A condor breeding center and program was set up at the Wild Animal Park, and the remaining wild condors were captured and brought to the Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo, with the last known wild specimen brought to the Wild Animal Park on April 19, 1987.¹⁸³ Through breeding and reintroduction to the wild, the California condor population had increased to 425 by October 2014, with 219 in the wild and 206 in zoos.¹⁸⁴

In 1982, conservation scientists from the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance and scientists from the University of California, Berkeley collaborated to isolate DNA from 150-year-old quagga skin.¹⁸⁵ A polymerase chain reaction was first used by the organization's scientists to amplify DNA in 1988.¹⁸⁶ Their work also contributed to reproductive successes with cheetahs, Indian rhinoceros, southern white rhinoceros, and Przewalski's horses during the 1980s.¹⁸⁷ In 1990 researchers produced the first pheasant hatched from artificial insemination with frozen semen.¹⁸⁸ In 1996 the organization received six Jamaican iguanas, joining five other American zoos as an off-site breeding colony for the species, which had been thought to be extinct but was rediscovered in 1990.¹⁸⁹ The organization's pathology department opened the first zoo-based molecular diagnostics laboratory in 1999.¹⁹⁰ The following year, the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance added twelve post-doctoral fellowships and hosted an international conference on "Genetic Resources for the New Century".¹⁹¹

Also in 2000 the society received a $7.5 million grant, the largest in its history, from the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation to build a new conservation science complex on the Wild Animal Park property.¹⁹²¹⁹³ "Because the [conservation science] staff and projects have increased significantly since the [department] was founded 25 years ago, we desperately need new research facilities", said Benirschke, who was then president of the Zoological Society. "The generous Beckman Foundation grant is an incredible beginning to building our new facility and will enable us to continue leading the world in research and wildlife conservation efforts."¹⁹⁴ The $22 million, 50,000 square foot Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species opened in November 2004 as a second phase of the $20 million, 64,000 square foot Paul Harter Veterinary Medical Center, which had opened in 2001 on the Wild Animal Park property.¹⁹⁵¹⁹⁶

In the 2000s, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance conservation scientists made further strides in the field of genetics. In 2003, skin cells from the organization's Wildlife Biodiversity Bank were used to clone a healthy male banteng (the animal went to live at the San Diego Zoo the following year).¹⁹⁷¹⁹⁸ In 2005 the conservation scientists successfully cultured cells of the poʻouli, a critically endangered and possibly extinct Hawaiian bird, for storage in the Wildlife Biodiversity Bank.¹⁹⁹ That same year, the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance joined the National Zoological Park, Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, White Oak Conservation Center, and The Wilds to form Conservation Centers for Species Survival.²⁰⁰ The organization hosted the first State of Endangered Species Symposium in 2006, and began an effort to rescue the endangered California mountain yellow-legged frog.²⁰¹ 2007 saw the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance partner with the Gary and Jerri-Ann Jacobs High Tech High Charter School, and the formation of a new Plant Conservation Division which partnered with San Diego Botanic Garden to start a seed bank for native species.²⁰² Another partnership with USFWS, begun in 2009, saw the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance and USWFS assume operations of the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center in Las Vegas, which relocated 36 desert tortoises to the wild near Las Vegas in 2011.²⁰³

1970s–2000s

During the 1970s and 1980s the Zoological Society turned much of its attention to breeding and wildlife conservation efforts, establishing a number of conservation projects at the Zoo and Wild Animal Park.²⁰⁴ In 1974 the society adopted a new official seal, the "Tree of Life" insignia featuring images of a bird, a snake, a tree, and two elephants.²⁰⁵ The Jennings Center for Zoological Medicine was opened at the San Diego Zoo the following year, adding a clinical building to the animal hospital.²⁰⁶ In 1985 the society approved the first long-range strategic plan in its 69-year history; the plan included establishing an Internal Conservation Committee, and rebuilding areas of the Zoo in "bio-climate" zones with multi-species enclosures that integrate plants and animals from specific regions to more closely resemble native habitats.²⁰⁷²⁰⁸ The 67th annual AAZPA conference was hosted by the Zoological Society in 1991.²⁰⁹ In 1993 the society was one of only five zoological institutions in the United States to receive American Museum Accreditation.²¹⁰ 1998 saw the adoption of a new strategic plan involving renovating older exhibits and building new ones.²¹¹

The society hosted the second annual Animal Behavior Management Conference in 2002, and was named San Diego's "Recycler of the Year" in 2004.²¹² In 2006 the society established a new foundation for its key fundraising efforts.²¹³ The following year the society adopted a new strategic plan, which included new master plans for the Zoo and Wild Animal Park.²¹⁴

In 2008 the society found a need to rethink its business model.²¹⁵ Despite an operating profit of $13 million in the face of the financial crisis of 2007–08, attendance at the Zoo and Wild Animal Park was not rising as fast as the organization's costs, and the parks' revenues and donations would no longer be sufficient to fund the society's conservation research and educational initiatives.²¹⁶ Hiring Jump Associates, a consulting firm, the society sought to identify new revenue streams to fund its conservation efforts, and to develop a sustainable growth strategy.²¹⁷ To build its strengths and credibility, the society began hosting more environmental conferences and forming new partnerships to share its in-house knowledge with other organizations, including a partnership with Polar Bears International to form a Conservation Alliance to protect polar bears, and hosting the first annual Biomimicry / Bioinspiration Conference; the 2009 Biomimicry Symposium, a partnership with Point Loma Nazarene University, was a sold-out event.²¹⁸²¹⁹ The society also sought to connect with younger consumers by increasing its online content, and to appeal to ecotourism seekers by adding new attractions at its parks, such as a zip-line experience at the Wild Animal Park.²²⁰ The society also expanded its consulting business, partnering with the Al Ain Zoo and Aquarium Public Institution to assist in the creation of a 2,000-acre wildlife park in Abu Dhabi, and started using its facilities to showcase sustainable products and technologies to visitors.²²¹ A formal program for volunteer interpreters at the Zoo and Wild Animal Park was also started.²²²

Rebranding

Beginning in its 93rd year, the Zoological Society of San Diego underwent a rebranding, with all branches of the organization being renamed with the exception of the San Diego Zoo, and all receiving new logos. In June 2010 the society's board of trustees approved rebranding the rest of the organization's facilities.²²³ The San Diego Zoo Wild Animal Park became the San Diego Zoo Safari Park: "This allows us to more easily communicate the differences between the Zoo and the Safari Park", said Debra Erickson, Director of Communications and Interpretation for the society. "People outside of San Diego County didn't understand what a Wild Animal Park was and why, if they visited the world-famous San Diego Zoo, they needed to visit the Wild Animal Park. 'Safari Park' says it all: You go to the Safari Park to take one of a variety of safaris."²²⁴ The Zoological Society of San Diego was renamed San Diego Zoo Global, the umbrella title for the entire organization:²²⁵ "Individuals had an impossible time remembering the corporate name of the organization", said Erickson. "'San Diego Zoo Global' connotes that we are a zoo that works around the world."²²⁶

Summary of the rebranding name changes:

• Zoological Society of San Diego → San Diego Zoo Global
• San Diego Zoo → San Diego Zoo (no change)
• San Diego Zoo Wild Animal Park → San Diego Zoo Safari Park

The rebranding also created a new program, the San Diego Zoo Global Wildlife Conservancy, intended to unify and raise the profile of the conservation efforts pursued by the Zoo, Safari Park, and the conservation science department.²²⁷ According to Erickson, the Conservancy "helps us communicate that we are more than a zoo; we are a wildlife conservation organization."²²⁸ One of the Conservancy's first initiatives was a partnership with Nature and Culture International, begun in 2011, to assume operation of the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Peru's Manu National Park.²²⁹ The following year the Conservancy collaborated with the University of Sydney and James Cook University to use whole genome sequencing to better understand the genetic fitness of koala populations.²³⁰

2010s

In 2010, San Diego Zoo Global hosted a conference of world experts to discuss "The Future of Zoos".²³¹ For 2011 the organization reported its number of card-carrying members at 530,740, and combined attendance for the Zoo and Safari Park at nearly 5 million.²³² In 2012 the organization partnered with the Autonomous University of Baja California's school of veterinary medicine to aid the California Condor Recovery Program in Mexico.²³³ The San Diego Zoo Academy, an internet-based training program for animal care staff worldwide, was launched that year.²³⁴ San Diego Zoo Global celebrated its centennial in 2016, with themed events at the Zoo and Balboa Park.²³⁵

2020s

In March 2021 the organization changed its name from San Diego Zoo Global to the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. CEO Paul Baribault said the new name better reflects the nonprofit group's focus on conservation and the interconnectedness of animal and human health. While it is best known for its two conservation parks, the organization also supports wildlife conservation and research projects around the world.²³⁶ The rebrand coincided with a new visual identity that incorporated three animals that represent the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance century-long conservation efforts: the lion, the California condor and the white rhino.²³⁷

Funding

The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance is a nonprofit organization classified as 501(c)(3), making it tax-exempt according to the Internal Revenue Service.²³⁸ The organization is funded through grants, membership revenue, and from sales of tickets, merchandise, and food at the Zoo and Safari Park.²³⁹ Additionally, the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance receives revenues from property taxes collected by the City of San Diego, the result of a proposition passed in 1934 that allows the organization to receive $0.02 from every $100 collected in property taxes, to be used for maintenance of zoological exhibits at the San Diego Zoo.^240241242 By 2015 this amounted to approximately $12 million a year, out of the organization's total annual earnings of almost $270 million.²⁴³ The largest grant in the organization's history came in 2000: $7.5 million from the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation, which went toward the construction of the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Conservation Research on the Wild Animal Park property.²⁴⁴²⁴⁵ The largest individual donation to the organization came in 2004: $10 million from the estate of Joan Kroc, which was used in part to finance a renovation project at the Zoo which included a new habitat, Joan B. Kroc's Monkey Trails and Forest Tales, named in Kroc's honor.²⁴⁶²⁴⁷

Charity Navigator, an independent nonprofit corporation that evaluates charities in the United States, has given the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance an overall rating of four stars, its highest rating.²⁴⁸ For the 2022 fiscal year (the most recent period examined), Charity Navigator gave the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance a score of 100 out of 100 for 'Accountability & Finance', reporting the organization's total revenues at $392,443,880 and its expenses at $352,421,424, resulting in an excess of $40,022,456.²⁴⁹ The report indicated that 89.9% of its expenses went toward operating its programs, 7.3% to administration, and 2.8% to fundraising.²⁵⁰

Awards

The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance has received many awards for its exhibits, programs, and conservation efforts. This list includes only awards given to the parent organization, not to the institutions it operates; for those, see San Diego Zoo#Awards and San Diego Zoo Safari Park#Awards.

Gold Conservation Medal

In 1966, during the Zoological Society of San Diego's golden jubilee, the organization created the Gold Conservation Medal as an award given to outside parties.²⁶⁸²⁶⁹ Nine medals were awarded that year, and it has since been customary to award two each year, one to an international figure and one to a regional figure.²⁷⁰ In 1971 the society established a set of criteria for selecting recipients, declaring that the medals should be awarded to "individuals who, through research and publication, have furthered knowledge of the habits and habitats of wildlife, [...] who have been active in the preservation of endangered and other species of animals through breeding programs, research, and the establishment of game and wildlife preserves, [... and] who have furthered the cause of conservation through continued financial support and through their influence and publicity."²⁷¹ In 2008 the Conservation Award was expanded to include four categories: Lifetime Achievement, Conservation in Action, Conservation Advocate, and Young Conservationist.²⁷² Several Conservation Medals have been awarded posthumously.²⁷³ Recipients include:

• Wegeforth, Harry; Morgan, Neil (1990) [First published 1953]. It Began with a Roar!: The Beginning of the World-Famous San Diego Zoo (1990 ed.). San Diego: Zoological Society of San Diego. ISBN 0-911461-14-0.

Notes

^ I Wegeforth gave the date as September 17, 1916,³⁵⁶ but other sources give a date of September 27.³⁵⁷³⁵⁸

External links

• California portal

• About San Diego Zoo WildLife Alliance
• San Diego Zoo
• San Diego Zoo Safari Park

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