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Robert S. Langer
American scientist

Robert Samuel Langer Jr. FREng (born 1948) is an American biotechnologist, chemical engineer, and inventor, serving as one of the nine Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Formerly Germeshausen Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, he remains active in MIT’s Chemical Engineering and Biological Engineering departments, and affiliated with the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology. Holding over 1,400 patents, Langer is the most cited engineer in history with a 2023 h-index of 323. His research in biotechnology, focusing on drug delivery and tissue engineering, has resulted in over 1,500 papers and founding more than 40 biotech companies, including Moderna. His MIT lab is the world's largest biomedical engineering lab, supported by over $10 million in annual grants.

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Background and personal life

Langer was born August 29, 1948, in Albany, New York.12

He is an alumnus of The Milne School and received his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in chemical engineering.13 He earned his Sc.D. in chemical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974.14 His dissertation was entitled "Enzymatic regeneration of ATP" and completed under the direction of Clark K. Colton.15 From 1974–1977 he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Children's Hospital Boston and at Harvard Medical School under Judah Folkman.1617

Contributions to medicine and biotechnology

Langer is widely regarded for his contributions to medicine and biotechnology.18 He is considered a pioneer of many new technologies, including controlled release systems and transdermal delivery systems, which allow the administration of drugs or extraction of analytes from the body through the skin without needles or other invasive methods.192021

Langer worked with Judah Folkman at Boston Children's Hospital to isolate the first angiogenesis inhibitor, a macromolecule to block the spread of blood vessels in tumors.2223 Macromolecules tend to be broken down by digestion and blocked by body tissues if they are injected or inhaled, so finding a delivery system for them is difficult. Langer's idea was to encapsulate the angiogenesis inhibitor in a noninflammatory synthetic polymer system that could be implanted in the tumor and control the release of the inhibitor. He eventually invented polymer systems that would work. This discovery is considered to lay the foundation for much of today's drug delivery technology.2425

Langer also worked with Henry Brem of the Johns Hopkins University Medical School on a drug-delivery system for the treatment of brain cancer, to deliver chemotherapy directly to a tumor site. The wafer implants that he and his teams have designed have become increasingly more sophisticated, and can now deliver multiple drugs, and respond to stimuli.26 In 2019, he and his team developed and patented a technique whereby microneedle tattoo patches could be used to label people with invisible ink to store medical information subcutaneously. This was presented as a boon to "developing nations" where lack of infrastructure means an absence of medical records.2728 The technology uses a "quantum dot dye that is delivered, along with a vaccine, by a microneedle patch."29

Langer is regarded as the founder of tissue engineering in regenerative medicine.30 He and the researchers in his lab have made advances in tissue engineering, such as the creation of engineered blood vessels and vascularized engineered muscle tissue.3132 Bioengineered synthetic polymers provide a scaffolding on which new skin, muscle, bone, and entire organs can be grown. With such a substrate in place, victims of serious accidents or birth defects could more easily grow missing tissue.3334 Such polymers can be biocompatible and biodegradable.35

Langer is involved in several projects related to diabetes.36 Alongside Daniel G. Anderson, he has contributed bioengineering work to a project involving teams from MIT, Harvard University and other institutions, to produce an implantable device to treat type 1 diabetes by shielding insulin-producing beta cells from immune system attacks.3738 He is also part of a team at MIT that have developed a drug capsule that could be used to deliver oral doses of insulin to people with type 1 diabetes.39

Awards and honors

At 43 years old, Langer was the youngest person in history to be elected to all three American science academies: the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Medicine. He was also elected as a charter member of National Academy of Inventors.40 He was elected as an International Fellow41 of the Royal Academy of Engineering42 in 2010.

Langer has received more than 220 major awards. He is one of three living individuals to have received both the U.S. National Medal of Science and the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.43

He has received numerous other awards, including the 10th Annual Heinz Award in the category of Technology, the Economy and Employment (2003),9293 In 2013 he was awarded the IRI Medal alongside long-time friend George M. Whitesides for outstanding accomplishments in technological innovation that have contributed broadly to the development of industry and the benefit of society.9495 He also received the Rusnano prize that year.96

Langer has honorary degrees from 44 universities from around the world including Harvard, Yale, Columbia and Oxford Universities.97

Business ventures

Langer has been involved in the founding of many companies,98 more than twenty in partnership with the venture capital firm Polaris Partners.99 Success of these companies and Langer's contribution has been detailed by Harvard Business Review:100

  • Acusphere
  • AIR101 (acquired by Alkermes and subsequently acquired by Acorda)
  • Arsenal Medical
  • Arsia (acquired by Eagle Pharmaceuticals)
  • BIND Therapeutics (acquired by Pfizer)
  • Tarveda Therapeutics (formerly Blend Therapeutics)
  • Sontra Medical (acquired by Echo Therapeutics)
  • Enzytech (acquired by Alkermes)
  • Tissium (formerly Gecko Biomedical)102
  • InVivo Therapeutics
  • Kala
  • Landsdowne Labs
  • Lindus Health103
  • Living Proof104 (acquired by Unilever)
  • Lyra Therapeutics105
  • Lyndra Therapeutics
  • Microchips Biotech (acquired by Dare)
  • Moderna
  • Momenta (acquired by Johnson and Johnson)
  • Olivo Labs (acquired by Shisheido)
  • Pervasis (acquired by Shire Pharmaceuticals)106
  • Pulmatrix
  • PureTech
  • Selecta Biosciences (merged to form Cartesian Therapeutics)
  • Semprus Biosciences (acquired by Teleflex)107
  • Seventh Sense
  • SQZ Biotech108
  • Soufflé Therapeutics Inc.
  • Taris (acquired by Johnson and Johnson)
  • Transform (acquired by Johnson and Johnson)109
  • T2Biosystems
  • Frequency Therapeutics (merged to form Korro Bio)
  • Sigilon Therapeutics (acquired by Eli Lilly)
  • Seer Bio

Langer is a member of the Advisory Board of Patient Innovation, a nonprofit, international, multilingual, free venue for patients and caregivers of any disease to share their innovations.110 He is also a member of the Xconomists, an ad hoc team of editorial advisors for the tech news and media company, Xconomy.111

References

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  2. Seligson, Hannah (November 24, 2012). "Hatching Ideas, and Companies, by the Dozens at M.I.T." New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2012. A chemical engineer by training, Dr. Langer has helped start 25 companies and has 811 patents, issued or pending, to his name. ... https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/business/mit-lab-hatches-ideas-and-companies-by-the-dozens.html?pagewanted=all ↩

  3. Robert S. Langer publications indexed by Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5HX--AYAAAAJ ↩

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  5. Robert S. Langer publications indexed by Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5HX--AYAAAAJ ↩

  6. "1040 Highly Cited Researchers (h>100) according to their Google Scholar Citations public profiles". Retrieved May 25, 2016. http://www.webometrics.info/en/node/58 ↩

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  8. Gura, T. (2014). "The art of entrepreneurship". Science. 346 (6213): 1146. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1146G. doi:10.1126/science.346.6213.1146. PMID 25430772. https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.346.6213.1146 ↩

  9. "Robert Langer". AD Scientific Index 2024. https://www.adscientificindex.com/scientist/robert-langer/1343674 ↩

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  11. Dutton, Gail (October 30, 2023). "How Church and Langer Make the Impossible Possible". GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. Retrieved September 15, 2024. https://www.genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/how-church-and-langer-make-the-impossible-possible/ ↩

  12. "Robert S. Langer life story". www.kavliprize.org. Retrieved July 25, 2024. https://www.kavliprize.org/robert-langer-autobiography ↩

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  15. Langer, Robert S. (1974). Enzymatic regeneration of ATP (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/109632. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/109632 ↩

  16. "Robert S. Langer, Sc.D." Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/ ↩

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  18. Pearson, Helen (March 4, 2009). "Profile: Being Bob Langer". Nature. 458 (7234): 22–24. doi:10.1038/458022a. PMID 19262647. https://doi.org/10.1038%2F458022a ↩

  19. Mitragotri, S; Blankschtein, D; Langer, R (1995). "Ultrasound-mediated transdermal protein delivery". Science. 269 (5225): 850–3. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..850M. doi:10.1126/science.7638603. PMID 7638603. S2CID 26069484. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  20. Kost, J; Mitragotri, S; Gabbay, RA; Pishko, M; Langer, R (2000). "Transdermal monitoring of glucose and other analytes using ultrasound". Nature Medicine. 6 (3): 347–50. doi:10.1038/73213. PMID 10700240. S2CID 31949252. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  21. Langer, Robert; Folkman, Judah (October 1976). "Polymers for the sustained release of proteins and other macromolecules". Nature. 263 (5580): 797–800. Bibcode:1976Natur.263..797L. doi:10.1038/263797a0. PMID 995197. S2CID 4210402. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  22. Pearson, Helen (March 4, 2009). "Profile: Being Bob Langer". Nature. 458 (7234): 22–24. doi:10.1038/458022a. PMID 19262647. https://doi.org/10.1038%2F458022a ↩

  23. Cooke, Robert; Koop, C Everett (2001). Dr. Folkman's War: Angiogenesis and the Struggle to Defeat Cancer. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50244-6. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

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  25. National Academy of Science report Beyond Discovery: Polymer and People 1999 ↩

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  27. Trafton, Anne (December 18, 2019). "Storing medical information below the skin's surface". MIT News. https://news.mit.edu/2019/storing-vaccine-history-skin-1218 ↩

  28. Jaklenec, Ana; McHugh, Kevin J.; Langer, Robert S. "Microneedle tattoo patches and use thereof". No. US20190015650A1. US Patent and Trademark Office. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190015650A1/en ↩

  29. Trafton, Anne (December 18, 2019). "Storing medical information below the skin's surface". MIT News. https://news.mit.edu/2019/storing-vaccine-history-skin-1218 ↩

  30. Schilling, David Russell (February 15, 2013). "Langer Profile. Engineering Synthetic Skin". Industry Tap into News. Retrieved February 6, 2014. http://www.industrytap.com/robert-langer-profile-engineering-synthetic-skin/1347 ↩

  31. Niklason, LE; Gao, J; Abbott, WM; Hirschi, KK; Houser, S; Marini, R; Langer, R (1999). "Functional arteries grown in vitro". Science. 284 (5413): 489–93. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..489N. doi:10.1126/science.284.5413.489. PMID 10205057. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  32. Levenberg, S; Rouwkema, J; MacDonald, M; Garfein, ES; Kohane, DS; Darland, DC; Marini, R; Van Blitterswijk, CA; et al. (2005). "Engineering vascularized skeletal muscle tissue" (PDF). Nature Biotechnology. 23 (7): 879–84. doi:10.1038/nbt1109. PMID 15965465. S2CID 28136064. https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6843677/engineering.pdf ↩

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  34. Vacanti, Joseph P; Langer, Robert (July 1999). "Tissue engineering: the design and fabrication of living replacement devices for surgical reconstruction and transplantation". The Lancet. 354: S32 – S34. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)90247-7. PMID 10437854. S2CID 33614316. Retrieved February 6, 2014. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2899%2990247-7/fulltext ↩

  35. Freed, Lisa E.; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana; Biron, Robert J.; Eagles, Dana B.; Lesnoy, Daniel C.; Barlow, Sandra K.; Langer, Robert (July 1994). "Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering". Bio/Technology. 12 (7): 689–693. doi:10.1038/nbt0794-689. PMID 7764913. S2CID 22968473. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

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  38. Anderson, Daniel G.; Langer, Robert; Melton, Douglas A.; Weir, Gordon C.; Greiner, Dale L.; Oberholzer, Jose; Hollister-Lock, Jennifer; Bochenek, Matthew A.; McGarrigle, James J. (January 25, 2016). "Long-term glycemic control using polymer-encapsulated human stem cell–derived beta cells in immune-competent mice". Nature Medicine. 22 (3): 306–311. doi:10.1038/nm.4030. ISSN 1546-170X. PMC 4825868. PMID 26808346. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4825868 ↩

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  40. Lowry, Judy (January 8, 2013). "National Academy of Inventors congratulates NAI Fellows Robert Langer and Leroy Hood, and NAI Member James Wynne on receiving U.S. National Medals". USF Research News. Retrieved February 6, 2014. http://www.research.usf.edu/absolute-news/templates/template1.aspx?articleid=866&zoneid=1 ↩

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  45. "Half Million Dollar Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner Announced". Lemelson-MIT. April 15, 1998. Archived from the original on March 6, 2003. Retrieved February 5, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20030306233457/http://web.mit.edu/invent/n-pressreleases/n-press-98LMP.html ↩

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