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Raëlism
UFO religion

Raëlism, founded in 1970s France by Claude Vorilhon (Raël), is a UFO religion classified as a new religious movement. It teaches that an extraterrestrial species, the Elohim, created humanity and have been mistaken for gods. Prophets including The Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad prepared humanity for this revelation, with Raël as the final prophet. Following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Raëlism urges peaceful scientific progress, expecting the Elohim’s return to establish a utopia. Known for promoting human cloning, Raël initiated Clonaid, which claimed a human clone in 2002. The movement, mainly active in Francophone regions and North America, has attracted both followers and criticism from scholars and anti-cultists alike.

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Definition and classification

Raëlism is classified as a new religious movement by scholars of religion.3 It has also been described as a UFO religion,4 a UFO movement,5 and an ETI (extra-terrestrial intelligence) religion.6 The organization promoting Raëlianism is the International Raëlian Movement (IRM),7 or the Raëlian Church.8 In France, where the religion originated, the government's Parliamentary Commission on Cults labels it a "secte", a French term with negative connotations similar to the English word "cult".910 In 1997, a parliamentary inquiry commission issued a report through the Belgian Chamber of Representatives that also categorized the Belgian Raelian Movement (Mouvement Raëlien Belge) as a secte.1112

Raëlism is among the largest UFO religions in existence,13 and in the mid-2000s, the scholar of religion Andreas Grünschloß called it "one of the most consolidated UFO groups internationally active today."14 In its beliefs, Raëlism differs from many other UFO-based philosophies,15 with the scholar of religion James R. Lewis terming it "the most thoroughly secular of all the UFO religions."16 Most other UFO religions, such as the Aetherius Society, Ashtar Command, and Heaven's Gate, use many of the beliefs of the late-19th-century religion Theosophy; Raëlism does not.17 Raëlists have also been characterised as having a "belief in ufology",18 but Raëlians often stress that they do not regard themselves as ufologists.19

Raëlism is materialistic and rejects the existence of the supernatural,20 endorsing atheism and rejecting the idea that gods exist.21 The religion's founder, Raël, characterises traditional religion as irrational and unscientific,22 presenting his alternative as a philosophy free from "obscurantism and mysticism".23 Raëlians call their belief system a "scientific religion",24 with the International Raëlian Movement using the motto "Science is our religion; religion is our science."25 The religion emphasizes the use of science to solve the world's problems,26 and practitioners regard Raël as a pioneer of science who will one day be regarded as a peer of Galileo and Copernicus.27 Many of its members call it an "atheistic religion"28 and compare it to Buddhism, some branches of which similarly do not promote belief in gods (especially Theravāda Buddhism).29

Along with science, the other main basis of Raël's ideas is the Bible.30 Noting the "central role" of the Bible in Raëlism, the scholar of religion Eugene V. Gallagher suggested that it was a "thoroughly biblical and thoroughly Christian" philosophy.31 Similarly, the sociologist of religion Susan J. Palmer characterised Raëlism as both fundamentalist and Abrahamic in its reliance on the Bible.32 Raël nevertheless criticised Christianity for what he believed was its role in perverting the Bible's message, presenting himself as an opponent of the Roman Catholic Church.33 Raëlism is not inclusive of other religions, with new members expected to formally renounce any previous religious affiliations.34

Beliefs

See also: Raëlian beliefs and practices

During the early 2000s, the scholar of religion George D. Chryssides said that Raëlism exhibits "a coherent worldview",35 but added that the movement remained in the "very early developmental stage".36 The religion is based on the teachings of Raël. Raël's claims are taken literally by practitioners of Raëlism,37 who regard his writings as scripture.38 From Palmer's extensive study of the philosophy and Raël himself, she thought that he genuinely believed his claims.39 The sociologist of religion Christopher Partridge noted that Raëlianism exhibits "a strong physicalist belief system".40

Raëlism presents a form of the ancient astronauts theory which was well known at the time that the religion was formed.41 Several French authors, such as Jean Sendy, Serge Hutin, and Jacques Bergier, had already published books during the late 1960s and early 1970s stating that Earth was the outpost of an ancient extraterrestrial society.42 Swiss writer Erich von Däniken presented the same idea in his 1968 book Chariots of the Gods?434445 Similar ideas had also been put forward in science fiction, such as the U.S. television series Star Trek.46 Raëlians often deny the effect of von Däniken on the philosophy, instead believing that it derives entirely from Raël's revelations.47

The Elohim

Raëlism teaches that there exists an extraterrestrial species known as the Elohim.48 Raël has said that the word "Elohim", which is used for God in the Old Testament, is actually a plural term which he translates as "those who came from the sky."49 Raël calls individual members of the Elohim "Eloha".50 He claims that the Elohim gave him the honorific name "Raël",51 a term deriving from "Israel",52 which he translates as "the messenger of those who come from the sky."53

In his first book, Le Livre Qui Dit La Verité, published in 1974, Raël claimed that he initially encountered these alien beings on 13 December 1973, when he was 27 years old.54 He wrote that he was walking along the Puy de Lassolas volcanic crater in the Clermont-Ferrand mountains when one of their spaceships appeared and an Eloha emerged,55 who asked him to return the next day and bring a Bible. Raël did so, and the over six days Eloha explained to him the true meaning of its contents, revealing more about the Elohim's involvement in human history.56 In his 1976 book Les Extra-Terrestres M'ont Emmené sur Leur Planète (The Extraterrestrials Took Me to Their Planet), Raël added that he was contacted by the Elohim again on 7 October 1975, when they took him aboard their spaceship and transported him to their home planet.57 Here he was offered six biological robot women with which to have sex, saw the Elohim create his clone, and taught the techniques of sensual meditation.58 The scholar of religion James R. Lewis noted that Raël's account of encountering the Elohim was similar to those of the "classic UFO contactees" of the 1950s and 1960s.59

The Elohim are described as physically smaller than humans, with pale green skin and almond-shaped eyes,60 and divide into seven different races.61 Raëlians are forbidden from painting or sketching them.62 According to Raël, their planet is outside the Solar System but within the Milky Way.63 Raël says there are 90,000 Elohim on their planet, that they are all quasi-immortal,64 and that they do not wear clothes.65 All are permitted to engage in free love with one another, and sexual jealousy has been eliminated.66 All are regarded as feminine in manner;67 "the most feminine woman on Earth is only 10% as feminine as the Elohim."68 They are not allowed to procreate, and many undergo a sterilisation operation to ensure this.69 Raël also reports that the Elohim can communicate with humans because they understand all human languages.70

The Elohim on Earth

Raëlism teaches that around 25,000 years ago, the Elohim arrived at Earth, and then transformed it so that life could develop thereon. It states that the Elohim used their advanced technology to establish all life on the planet.71 Raël characterises humans as "biological robots" that have been created and programmed by the Elohim.72 Raëlism teaches that humanity is modelled physically on the Elohim;73 for practitioners, this is indicated by the passage at Genesis 1:26.74 Also representing his own interpretation of Genesis, Raël teaches that the Elohim scientist responsible for creating humanity was named Yahweh, and that the first two humans to be created were named Adam and Eve.75 Raëlians believe that there were originally seven human races, modelling the seven Elohim races, but that the purple, blue, and green races have died out.76 In believing that the human species was created by the Elohim, Raëlians reject Darwinian evolution, and espouse creationism and intelligent design;77 Raëlians term their beliefs "scientific creationism."78 Raëlians believe that the Elohim were also created by an earlier species, and they before them, ad infinitum.79 They believe that the cosmos expands indefinitely, both in time and space;80 infinity is an important concept for them.81

Raëlians believe that accounts of gods in various mythologies around the world are misinterpretations of memories about the Elohim.82 The philosophy states that the sacred scriptures of many other religions describe the ongoing activities of the Elohim on Earth.83 The tale of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden, recounted in Genesis, is, for instance, interpreted as representing humanity's difficult transition from the Elohim's laboratories to life on Earth, where they had to become self-sufficient.84 The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, as presented in the Gospels, is described as representing how the Elohim cloned Jesus to restore him to life after death.85 References to Satan are interpreted as referring to the chief of a group on the Elohim's planet who were opposed to genetic experiments on Earth and who argued that humanity should be destroyed as a potential threat.86 According to the Raëlians, the Great Flood narrative recounts an attempt by the anti-human aliens to wipe out humanity, but that humanity was rescued by an alien spacecraft which provided the basis for the story of Noah's Ark.87

Various figures who established or inspired religions throughout human history, including Jesus, the Buddha, Muhammad, and Joseph Smith, are portrayed by the Raëlians as having been guided by the Elohim.88 These are characterised as being 39 prophets sent to humanity at various times.89 Each is believed to have revealed information to humanity that they could comprehend at the given time, and Raëlism, therefore, emphasises the idea of progressive truth.90 Raël claims that he is the fortieth and final prophet of the Elohim,91 sent because humanity is now sufficiently developed to understand the truth about the Elohim.92 He initially claimed that he was chosen for this role because he had a Roman Catholic mother and a Jewish father and was thus "an ideal link between two very important peoples in the history of the world."93 He added that he was also selected because he lived in France, which the Elohim considered a more open-minded country than most others.94

Raël subsequently stated that these prophets are themselves the result of a human mother breeding with an Eloha father,95 with the human mothers having been chosen for the purity of their genetic code, beamed onto an Elohim spacecraft, impregnated, and then returned to Earth with their memory of the event erased.96 In his 1979 book, Let's Welcome Our Fathers from Space, Raël added that he was the biological son of the Eloha who he first encountered, Yahweh.97 He noted that Yahweh was also the father of Jesus, making the latter Raël's half-brother.98 In 2003, Raël publicly identified himself as Maitreya, the prophesied future bodhisattva of Mahayana Buddhism.99 He maintains that he continues to be in telepathic contact with the Elohim, hearing Yahweh's voice guiding him in making decisions that affect Raëlianism.100

The religion also teaches that the Elohim continue to monitor every human individual on Earth, remotely, from their planet.101 This is done so that the Elohim can decide which individuals merit being offered the opportunity of eternal life.102 It argues that the Elohim continue to visit Earth, as evidenced by crop circles, which adherents regard as the landing spaces of the Elohim's spacecraft.103 Raëlians generally understand sightings of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) as confirmation of their belief in the Elohim, although their opinion of Ufology is ambiguous.104 Raëlians also consider the appearance of "angel hair" as evidence of the Elohim's presence, stating that it has appeared at various Raëlian summer gatherings.105 They typically express scepticism regarding claims by alleged alien contactees other than Raël.106 Raëlians believe that they are all capable of linking telepathically with the Elohim, but that only Raël is permitted to meet with them physically or receive their revelations.107

The Age of Apocalypse and the Elohim's Return

Raëlism is a millenarian philosophy.108 Raël claims that since the U.S. military's use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945, humanity have been living in the "Age of Apocalypse" or "Revelation".109 It states that the human species must now choose whether to use science and technology to enhance life or to use it to bring about nuclear annihilation.110 It claims that if humans successfully get through this present age, they will live in an era of advanced technology in which society will be tolerant and sexually liberated.111 Raël claimed that he was destined to help lead humanity away from its path of destruction.112

According to Raël, beginning a peaceful age will cause the return of the Elohim to Earth.113 He added that they will bring with them the 39 immortal prophets whom they had previously sent to guide humanity.114 Raël stated that humanity has to build an embassy for the Elohim prior to their arrival on Earth and that it must include a landing pad for their spaceship.115 He stated that it needed to be located on internationally recognised neutral territory so as not to indicate favour towards any one particular nation-state.116 Initially, Raël sought permission to build it in Israel,117 explaining this by reference to how the ancient Israelites were once in contact with the Elohim.118 He also stated that this embassy would constitute the "Third Temple" referred to in Jewish prophecy.119

Receiving little help for this venture from the Israeli government, Raël instead suggested that a neighbouring country might be suitable, proposing Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt as possible locations. None of the governments of these countries were favorable.120 Senior people of the Raëlian Movement suggested Hawaii as a possible alternative, and in 1998 Raël stated that he had received a new revelation from the Elohim stating that this location would be acceptable.121 Chryssides noted that should the Elohim not arrive in 2035, the Raëlians will have to adapt to the new circumstance in which their eschatology remains unfulfilled.122 On 16 April 1987, the Chicago Sun-Times estimated the funding for the "cosmic kibbutz" at $1 million. In 1997–1998, the funding had risen to $7 million.123124125 In 2001, group members claimed they had saved $9 million for the embassy;126 and in October 2001, the funding had reached $20 million.127

Once on Earth, Raël claims, the Elohim will share their advanced technology and scientific understanding with humanity and will help to usher in a utopia.128 Raël teaches that the Elohim's arrival will herald a new and improved political system on Earth.129 This will be a single world government that Raël terms a "geniocracy,"130 or "rule of geniuses,"131 and which he discusses in his fifth book, Geniocracy.132 According to this system, only those who are fifty percent more intelligent that the average person will be permitted to rule.133 Raël's proposed geniocratic system bears similarities with the style of governance that Plato promoted in his work Republic.134 Raëlians thus reject democracy, believing that it fails to ensure that society has the best leadership.135 Raël claims that this future society will have no war, and crime will have been ended through genetic engineering.136 In this future, Raël states, humanity will be able to travel beyond the Earth to colonise other planets.137 He claims that robots will assume menial tasks, allowing humans to devote their time to pleasurable pursuits.138 He also argued that there would be biological robots which would serve as sex slaves, akin to those which Raël states he encountered on his visit to the Elohim planet.139 A single world currency will be introduced, as a prelude to the total abolition of money, while a unified world calendar will also be adopted.140

Cloning and survival after death

Raëlians reject the existence of the ethereal soul that survives physical death,141 and instead argue that the only hope for immortality is through scientific means.142 The Raëlians claim that the Elohim will clone and thus recreate dead individuals, but only those particular individuals who they deem merit this recreation.143 In this, they believe in a "conditional immortality", with immortality for a minority and oblivion for the majority.144 The resurrection of Jesus, as recounted in the Gospels, is for instance explained as an example of Elohim cloning.145

Raëlists advocate for the development of human cloning technology on Earth.146 Raëlians also believe that deceased individuals can be cloned so that they could be tried and punished for their crimes.147 After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, in which the attackers killed themselves, the Raëlists proposed that they could be resurrected through cloning to be tried for their actions.148149 Due to its emphasis upon attaining immortality, Raëlism deplores suicide; after the Heaven's Gate group engaged in a mass suicide in 1997, the Raëlian Church was among the new religions that issued press releases condemning suicide.150

As opposed to the scientific definition of reproductive cloning, which is simply the creation of a genetically identical living organism, Raëlians seek to both genetically clone individuals, rapidly accelerate growth of the clone to adulthood through a process like guided self-assembly of rapidly expanded cells or even nanotechnology.151 Raël told lawmakers that banning the development of human cloning was comparable to outlawing medical advances such "antibiotics, blood transfusions, and vaccines".152

Morality, ethics, and gender roles

Raëlism insists on a strict ethical code for its followers.153 Members are expected to take responsibility for their own actions, respect cultural and racial difference, promote non-violence, strive for world peace, and share wealth and resources.154 They are also encouraged to uphold democracy, in the belief that humanity will ultimately make a democratic choice to introduce geniocracy.155 The Raëlian opinion is that everything should be permitted so long as it harms no one and does not impede scientific and technological advance.156 Members are nevertheless advised against using recreational drugs or stimulants so as not to harm their health,157 although some practitioners have acknowledged that they use alcohol and cigarettes.158

John M. Bozeman characterized the religion's morality as "progressive,"159 while Palmer referred to the group's "liberal social values",160 and Chryssides called Raëlist values "worldly and hedonistic".161 The scholar of religion Paul Oliver said that the philosophy's ethics are "relativistic" in that practitioners are encouraged to act in a manner that they feel appropriate to the context.162 Several scholars have also argued that it is a "world-affirming" religion, using the typology established by Roy Wallis.163

Raël considered gender as an artificial construct and emphasized its fluidity.164 Raël avoided a macho persona and is instead often described by his followers as being "gentle" and "feminine".165 Palmer suggested that Raël regarded women as being superior to men because they were described as being more like the Elohim.166 In Raël's account, the inhabitants of the Elohim planet "have 10 percent of masculinity and 90 percent of femininity."167 Raël also proposed that if women were in positions of political power across the world, there would be no war.168 The Raëlians have participated with public protests for women's rights.169 At its June 2003 "Joy of Being Woman" demonstration, Raëlian women danced naked through the streets of Paris.170 Palmer described the Raëlians as feminists,171 although Raël criticized mainstream feminism, arguing that it "copied the shortcomings of men".172 Generally adopting the belief that the human body is malleable,173 Raëlism has a positive opinion of plastic surgery to improve physical appearance.174

Raëlism teaches that the Elohim created humanity to feel sexual desire as a panacea for their violent impulses.175 It states that through the pursuit of sexual pleasure, new pathways between the neurons in the brain are forged, thus enhancing an individual's intelligence.176 Raëlism encourages its members to explore their sexuality;177 while Raël is often photographed with beautiful women and appears to be heterosexual, he encourages homosexual experimentation.178 Adopting an accepting attitude towards different forms of sexual orientation and expression,179 Raëlism teaches that differences in sexual orientation are rooted in the Elohim's primordial genetic programming and are something to be celebrated.180 Researching about the Raëlians of Quebec, Palmer found that many of them avoided categorizing themselves by using terms like "heterosexual", "homosexual", or "bisexual", finding those labels to be too limiting.181

The Raëlians have stressed the need for respect and mutual consent in sexual behaviour.182 The group places a strong taboo on incest, rape, and sexual activities involving children.183 Anyone involved in the Movement who is found to have been involved in these latter activities is excommunicated,184 while Raël has recommended that paedophiles be castrated or placed in mental institutions.185 Those believed to have forced unwelcome sexual attention upon another person are excommunicated from the Movement for seven years– the amount of time Raëlians believe it takes for all of a person's biological cells to be regenerated.186

The Raëlists reject both enforced monogamy and marriage, regarding these as institutions that have been enforced to enslave women and suppress sexual expression.187 The religion discourages its members from marrying.188 Members are also discouraged from contributing to global overpopulation;189 members are urged not to have more than two children, and ideally none at all.190 Raël states that should two individuals wish to procreate, their psychic control during the act of conception can affect any child resulting.191 The Raëlists also believe that once human cloning has been developed, biological reproduction will be obsolete.192 As well as endorsing the use of birth control and contraceptives,193 Raëlists endorse the use of abortion to terminate unwanted pregnancies.194 Raël has also argued that if a woman does not want a child who has been born then she should give it up to be raised by society.195

Some Swiss government authorities responded to Raëlians' opinions about Sensual Meditation with a fear that Raëlians are a threat to public morals for supporting liberalized sex education for children. They argue that such liberalized sex education that teaches children how to obtain sexual gratification would encourage sexual abuse of underage children.196

Religious symbol

The symbol initially used to signify Raëlism was a six-pointed star with a swastika in the centre.197 Raël stated that this was the symbol he originally saw on the hull of the Elohim's spaceship.198 Raëlians regard this as a symbol of infinity.199 Practitioners also believe that this symbol helps facilitate their own telepathic contact with the Elohim.200 Raëlists typically wear a medallion of the symbol around their neck.201

The Raëlian use of the swastika, a symbol that had been prominently used by Germany's Nazi Party during the 1930s and 1940s, resulted in accusations from the Montreal anti-cult organization Info-Cult that the Raëlians promoted fascism and racism.202 Outside Info-Cult's office, Raëlians spoke against the act of discriminating against a religious minority.203 On 2 January 1992, a dozen people protested against the use of the swastika in the Raëlian logo in Miami's Eden Roc Hotel. The use of the swastika and other Raëlian practices has resulted in criticism from the group Hineni of Florida, an Orthodox Jewish organization.204

In 1992, the Raëlian Movement altered their symbol, replacing the central swastika with a swirling shape. They explained that this was due to a request from the Elohim to change the symbol in order to help in negotiations with Israel for the building of the Extraterrestrial Embassy, although the country continued to deny their request.205206 Raël also stated that the change was made to show respect to the victims of the Holocaust.207 The newly added swirling shape was explained as a depiction of a swirling galaxy.208 In 2005, the Israeli Raëlian Guide Kobi Drori stated that the Lebanese government was discussing proposals by the Raëlian movement to build their interplanetary embassy in Lebanon. However, one condition was that the Raëlians not display their logo on top of the building because it mixes a swastika and a Star of David. According to Drori, the Raëlians involved refused this offer, as they wished to keep the symbol as it was.209 From 1991 to 2007, the official Raëlian symbol in Europe and America did not have the original swastika, but Raël decided to make the original symbol, the Star of David intertwined with a swastika, the only official symbol of the Raëlian Movement worldwide.210

Practices

Raëlism involves a series of monthly meetings, initiations, and meditation rituals.211 Where possible, Raëlians congregate with fellow practitioners on the third Sunday of the month.212 It is the group's policy that these events occur in rented rooms rather than property that the Raëlian Movement itself has purchased.213 At the monthly meetings in Montreal, Raël himself often appeared.214

The main ritual in Raëlism is the "transmission of the cellular plan", in which a Raëlian Guide placed their hands upon another individual's head, through which the Guide is believed to receive the individual's cellular code and then telepathically transmit it to the Elohim.215 Doing so denotes the initiate's formal recognition of the Elohim as the creators of humanity.216 This is used as part of the "baptism", or initiation ceremony for new members joining the Movement.217 Those in the Movement who hold the rank of bishop and priest are permitted to conduct these initiation ceremonies.218 In some instances, when the necessary individuals are present, Raël touches the head of a Raëlian bishop, who in turn touches that of a Raëlian priest, who touches the head of the initiate to ensure the "transmission".219 These "transmissions" are permitted to take place on one of four days in the year that play a prominent role in the Raëlian calendar.220 The first examples took place in April 1976, when Raël carried out the "transmission" ceremonies of forty initiates on the Roc Plat.221

The Raëlian calendar begins with the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.222 Each year after this date is referred to as "AH" or "après Hiroshima" ("after Hiroshima").223 The Raëlians celebrate four religious festivals each year, two of which mark Raël's claimed encounters with the Elohim.224 These are the first Sunday in April, which is the date on which Raëlians believe the Elohim created the first humans; August 6th, which marks the day of the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima in 1945; October 7th, which is the day in which Raël claims that he encountered the Elohim for the second time, in 1974; and December 13th, which is the day that Raël allegedly first encountered the Elohim in 1973.225

Sensual meditation

A major practice in Raëlism is "sensual meditation", something that Raël outlined in his 1980 book La méditation sensuelle.226 Raëlians are encouraged to take part in this guided meditation or visualisation on a daily basis, with the intent of transmitting love and telepathic links to the Elohim and achieving harmony with infinity.227 In this, practitioners are often assisted in this meditation through listening to an instruction tape.228 Sensual meditation sessions also take place communally at the group's monthly meetings, during which the assembled adherents sit or lie on the floor in a dimly lit room. They are then guided through it by a Raëlian Guide speaking through a microphone;229 the meditation may be accompanied by New Age music.230

Sensual meditation begins with a relaxation exercise known as harmonisation avec l'infini ("harmonization with the infinite").231 One stage of this process is "oxygenation", which entails deep breathing.232 Practitioners are taught to relax and then envision themselves expanding their frame of reference until the self becomes only a tiny speck within the universe.233 They are then tasked with visualising the bones and organs of the body, and ultimately the atoms within the body itself.234 The guided meditation then encourages the meditators to imagine themselves being on the Elohim's planet and communicating telepathically with these aliens.235

Palmer found that Raëlians varyingly described a sense of physical well-being, psychic abilities, or sexual arousal during these meditations and interpreted these as evidence that they were in telepathic contact with the Elohim.236 The goal of sensual meditation is to achieve a "cosmic orgasm",237 which is characterised as the ultimate experience a person can have.238 Palmer quoted one senior Raëlian as describing the "cosmic orgasm" as "the sensual experience of the unity between the self and the universe".239

Seminars

The Raëlian Church holds week-long summer seminars called "Stages of Awakening."240241 These involve daily lectures by Raël, sensual meditation sessions, periods of fasting and feasting, testimonials, and various alternative therapies.242 Activities that have attracted press attention have include dressing in the clothes of the opposite gender as part of an exercise to play with the fluidity of gender expression,243244 and observing one's own genitals and masturbating.245

Raëlians use these seminars as an opportunity to form friendships or sexual relationships.246 Attendees wear white togas with name tags.247 In 1991, a French journalist attended a seminar and taped couples having sexual intercourse in tents, something then much-publicised.248 Following these seminars, a second seminar, this time restricted to members of the Structure, takes place.249

History

Further information: History of Raëlism

Origins

Claude Vorilhon was born in Ambert, France on 30 September 1946.250 He was the illegitimate son of a 15-year-old mother; his father had been a Sephardi Jew then in hiding from the Nazi authorities.251 Vorilhon later recounted being raised as an atheist by his grandmother and aunt, although for a time attended a Roman Catholic boarding school.252 As a teenager, Vorilhon hitch-hiked to Paris where he pursued a career as a singer, releasing singles using the name "Claude Celler."253 He then married a nurse and had two children with her.254 In 1973, he founded the racing car magazine Auto Pop and also worked as a test driver for such vehicles.255 In November 1973, a new law was introduced in France banning speeding on the highway, ending his work as a test driver.256 Auto Pop ceased publication in September 1974.257

There had been a range of reported UFO sightings in 1970s France,258 and the ancient astronaut theory was "very much in vogue" in the country by the middle of that decade.259 In early 1974, Vorilhon announced that in December 1973 he had been contacted by the Elohim while walking along the Puy Lassolas mountain. He began promoting these ideas in interviews on French television and radio.260 He began lecturing on his alleged experiences in Paris, where he attracted a group of followers,261 many of whom were science-fiction fans or amateur ufologists.262 In December 1974 an organisation based on his ideas, the Mouvement pour l'accueil des Elohims créateurs de l'humanité (MADECH; "Movement for the Welcoming of the Elohim, Creators of Humanity"), was launched.263 Vorilhon began referring to himself as "Raël."264 A newsletter, Apocalypse, began publication in October 1974.265 MADECH began raising money for the self-publication of Vorilhon's first book,266 which appeared as Le livre qui dit la verité that year.267 Raëlians treat his first book with reverence, often referring to it simple as Le livre ("the book").268

Some members of MADECH wanted the organisation to take a broader interest in Ufology beyond Raël's own claims and also desired to restrict his authority within the group.269 Amid an internal power struggle, Raël called an emergency meeting in April 1975; the feud continued and in July he dismissed MADECH's executives and replaced them with seven of his own supporters.270 Raël also announced that he had been contacted by the Elohim for a second time and that on this occasion they had taken him to visit their planet. He outlined these claims in his 1975 book Les Extra-Terrestres M'ont Emmené sur Leur Planète.271 Opposition to Raël remained evident in MADECH and in 1976 he disbanded the group, beginning the Raëlian Movement as a replacement in February 1976.272 It operated along a strict hierarchy, with Raël as its director, referred to as the "Guide of Guides."273 Unlike MADECH, it promoted a broader religious structure, including ritual practices.274 It continued publication of Apocalypse to spread its message.275

In 1976, the Raëlians sent a mission to the Canadian province of Quebec to attract converts in the Francophone region.276 The next year a Quebecois branch of the Movement was established.277 Raël's first two books were then published in a single English edition, titled Space Aliens Took Me to Their Planet in 1978 and republished as The Message Given To Me By Extra-Terrestrials: They Took Me to their Planet in 1986 and, in a new translation, as The Final Message in 1998.278 He expanded on his ideas with several additional books: Accueiller Les Extra-Terrestes in 1979 (translated as Let's Welcome Our Fathers from Space in 1986),279 La Méditation Sensuelle in 1980 (translated as Sensual Meditation in 1986), and Geniocracy.280

Later development

In 1980, the Raëlians sent a mission to Japan, followed by another to Africa in 1982 and to Australia in 1990.281 In the early 1980s the Movement bought a campground near Albi in southern France, which they named Eden.282 In 1984, Raël underwent a year's retreat in which he avoided public appearance.283 The following year, his first wife left both him and the movement;284 he subsequently began a relationship with a Japanese Raëlian, Lisa Sunagawa, for several years.285 During the mid-1990s, Raël returned to his hobby of motor racing, competing in rounds two and three of the 1995 Magna Enduro Racing Championship and the 1998 Motorola Cup in Miami before retiring from the sport in 2001.286 In 1992, a schism appeared in the religion as a group of about forty practitioners were expelled. They formed a rival, smaller group, the Apostles of the Last Days, espousing the belief that Raël had been the original spokesman of the Elohim but had been taken over by Satan.287

In 1992, the Raëlian Movement bought 115 hectares near Valcourt in Quebec, naming this property Le Jardin du Prophète ("the Garden of the Prophet").288 It was here in 1997 that the organisation opened UFOLand, a museum about ufology. Its purpose was to raise money for the Elohim Embassy, but in 2001 it closed to the public, having proved financially unviable.289 It was also during 1997, a month after Ian Wilmut announced the birth of Dolly the Sheep, a successful clone, that Raël established the company Valiant Venture to explore the commercial applications of cloning.290 Through it came Clonaid, of which the Raëlian Bishop Brigitte Boisselier was co-founder, director, and spokesperson.291 The initiation of this group and its promotion of human cloning incited much debate among other religious figures, scientists, and ethicists.292 Raël and Boisselier both spoke before US President Bill Clinton's Congress hearing on human cloning in March 2001.293

At the July 1998 training camp in the Jardins des Prophètes, Raël announced that in December 1997 he had received another revelation from the Elohim, commanding him to form a new grouping within the Raëlian Movement, the Order of Raël's Angels.294 This was to be a secret society,295 open only to women who would become the consorts of the Elohim after their arrival on Earth.296 A newsletter, Plumes d'Anges (Angel Feathers), was issued containing information about the Order.297 Palmer noted that by emphasizing the unique qualities of women, this group challenged the established Raëlian doctrine that men and women are wholly equal and interchangeable.298

In 2001, Raël toured Asia, giving seminars.299 That year he married for a second time, to a 16-year-old ballet student. Raëlism discourages marriage, and this instance was done for expediency, because he had been questioned by customs officials when traveling with her across borders. They subsequently divorced but remained a couple.300 In November 2002, a local man vandalised the group's Jardins des Prophètes property, causing significant damage.301 Raël stated that this had been a preliminary test of the "Abraham Project," a joint operation between the Central Intelligence Agency and the French intelligence agencies to assassinate him using schizophrenics directed through mind control.302

In December 2002, Boisselier announced that Clonaid's work had resulted in the birth of a baby, Eve, which she claimed was the world's first human clone.303 The child was not presented for scrutiny by scientists;304 the IRM's allegations regarding Baby Eve were never substantiated by the scientific community.305 Many commentators believed the announcement had been a hoax.306 In January 2003 the Raëlians declared that Eve's parents had hidden themselves to evade attention.307 Baby Eve's appearance gained the Raëlians much international press coverage,308 and also much ridicule.309 The group claimed this publicity generated around 5000 new members.310 Boisellier announced periodically that further clone infants had been born, in the Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, and Australia, although the press increasingly deemed these hoaxes and stopped attending Raëlian press conferences.311

In January 2003, Raël announced Boisellier as his appointed successor,312 and also published The Maitreya, in which he identified himself with the eponymous figure from Buddhist prophecy.313 In response to Raël's association with Clonaid, South Korean immigration authorities denied him entry to their country in 2003.314 The group then protested near South Korea's Ministry of Health and Welfare that ordered him to leave.315 Raël appeared alongside a group of women, "Raël's Girls", in the October 2004 issue of Playboy.316317 In 2005, two amateur documentary makers, Abdullah Hashem and Joseph McGowen, attended and filmed a Raëlian seminar in Las Vegas, claiming that they were making a student film. They then used the footage as the basis of a documentary, which they presented as an exposé of the group.318 In 2009, the Church announced plans for a new UFOLand in Las Vegas.319

Organization and structure

A strictly hierarchical organization,320 there are two levels of membership.321 The majority of members are referred to simply as "Raëlians",322 while those who are in the higher levels controlling the Movement are referred to as the "Structure."323

Member hierarchy

The Structure is divided along a six-tiered system.324 Raël is at the top of the Raëlian Church, being referred to as the "Guide of Guides."325 Senior members of the Structure re-elect him to that position each seven years.326 Below Raël are the "Bishop Guides", then the "Priest Guides", then the "Animators", then the "Assistant Animators", and finally the "Probationers".327 Those characterised as "Guides" are expected to be exemplars for the rest of the movement, for instance by strictly adhering to the avoidance of alcohol, caffeine, and recreational drugs.328 Race, gender, and sexual orientation are no barrier to rising through the ranks of the group's leadership structure.329 However, Palmer noted that by the mid-1990s there were few women in leadership positions within the organisation.330

Members of the Raëlian structure begin as level 0 "trainees" during annual seminars. The Raelian structure said in 2007 to have about 2,300 members,331 170 "Raëlian guides",332 and 41 bishops.333

Three Raëlian Bishops sit on a "Council of the Wise" which monitors heresy and arranges punishment for transgressors.334 When they seek to punish an individual it is usually for a seven-year "excommunication"; it lasts seven years because Raëlians believe that it takes this long for every cell in the human body to be replaced.335 In more severe cases, the council can oversee a "demarking", by which they cancel the transmission of the cellular code, believing that this revokes the individual's hope for immortality through cloning.336

Members pay an annual membership fee to the Raëlian Movement.337 Full members of the Movement are encouraged to tithe 10% of their income to the organisation.338 This tithe is then divided up, with 3% going to the national branch and 7% to the International Movement's central administration.339 An additional 1% may go to Raël himself.340 Tithing is however not enforced.341 In her research, Palmer found many practitioners who admitted to not paying the tithe;342 a 1991 survey of Raëlians found that a third of respondents did not pay,343 while in an interview, Raël suggested that over 60 percent do not.344 It is these tithes and membership fees, coupled with the sales of Raël's books, that represent the International Raëlian Movement's main income.345 This money is then saved toward the construction of the Elohim Embassy or spent on the production of flyers, books, videos, and other material used to disseminate the Raëlian message.346

The group initially owned a country estate in Albi, France, before later obtaining one in Valcourt, Quebec.347

Order of Angels

In 1998, Raël established an internal all-female group, the Order of Raël's Angels, whose members are trained to become the consorts of the Elohim.348 He stated that these women would be the only humans permitted contact with the Elohim after the latter arrive on Earth.349 He further claimed that they will serve as the Elohim's liaisons with human politicians, scientists, and journalists.350 Raël stated that it was only women who could be Angels because men were not feminine enough for the extremely gentle, delicate, and sensitive Elohim.351 Trans women were permitted entry; Raël praised one transgender member for "choosing to be a woman".352

The Angels are meant to cultivate their feminine and nurturing side.353 They are tasked with pursuing self-transformation, striving to please the Elohim and to resemble them more closely by cultivating discipline, serenity, harmony, purity, humility, charisma, and both internal and external beauty.354 The Angels are instructed to regularly pray to the Elohim and regularly meditate.355 They are encouraged to limit their meat consumption and to avoid carbohydrates and sugar so as to maintain their physical beauty.356 They have proved useful for the group's public relations and have also provided volunteers for its human cloning experiments.357358 The Order has also engaged in the selling of human ova on the internet, launching a website to do so in 1999.359 Raël stated that this would help the Angels achieve financial independence.360

The Order of Raël's Angels has a six-tiered structure, symmetrical with the six-tiered structure of the Raëlian Movement as a whole.361 Raël divides the Angels into three groups: the White, Pink, and Golden Ribbon Angels.362 White Angels wear white feathers on a necklace, can choose human lovers, and are tasked with operating in the world to attract more women into the Raëlian movement.363 Pink Angels wear a pink feather on a necklace and are considered by Raël to be the "Chosen Ones" who will become the consorts of the Elohim. They are expected to live a sequestered life, initially in the Jardins des Prophètes community, and are expected to reserve their sexual activity for the extraterrestrials.364 The Gold Ribbon Angels are characterised by a gold cord worn around the neck. They are handpicked by Raël for their physical beauty, and are described as being the first humans who will approach the Elohim on the latter's arrival on Earth.365 The Pink and Gold Ribbon Angels are expected to abstain from sexual activity with most other humans but should receive instruction in alien lovemaking from Raël himself as well as engaging in sexual acts alone or with other Angels.366

The Order was insulated from the rest of the religion, with the Angels' living quarters for instance being off-limits to non-Angels.367 Access to the Angels is strictly limited for both journalists and scholars.368 Gold Ribbon Angels have been demoted from this status as they have aged, on the explanation that as their physical beauty has deteriorated they are no longer suited to greeting the Elohim. These demoted individuals are then tasked with training younger replacements.369 Other individuals have been deprived of their status as Angels altogether, when they are perceived to have acted in contravention of the group's ethos.370

The initiation rites include declaring an oath or making a contract in which one agrees to become defender of the Raëlian ideology and its founder Raël.371372 A few days later, Time magazine wrote that French chemist Brigitte Boisselier was an Order of Angels member.373 Around this time, cult specialist Mike Kropveld termed the Order of Angels "one of the most transparent movements" he had witnessed, though he was alarmed by the women's promise to defend Raël's life with their own bodies.374

Raël has instructed some women members to play a pro-sex feminist role in the Raëlian Church. "Rael's Girls" is another group of women in the religion which are against the suppression of feminine acts of pleasure, including sexual intercourse with men or women. Rael's Girls consists solely of women who work in the sex industry.375 The women of Rael's Girls say there is not any reason to repent for performing striptease or being a prostitute.376377 This organization was established "to support the choice of the women who are working in the sex industry".378

Outreach and advocacy

The International Raëlian Movement has established various projects through which to promote its ideology.379 In 1997 it created Clonaid, a company devoted to human cloning.380 Clients can bank a sample of their DNA with the group, which offers to then produce a single clone of the individual after they die.381 Another Raëlian company, Ovulaid, seeks to provide ovaries for individuals and couples who cannot biologically produce their offspring.382 It expresses its intention to develop technologies that can create "designer babies" to the desired specification of their client.383 An additional project, Insuraclone, is designed to clone organs for an individual in the event of future organ failure,384 while Clonapet intended to clone people's pets after the latter died.385

The Raëlians are known for their socio-political activism, specifically for women's rights, gay rights, opposition to racism, banning nuclear testing, and promoting genetically-modified foods.386 Throughout the history of Raëlism, members of the Raëlian Church have toured public settings advocating masturbation, condoms, and birth control.387 Through its activities, Palmer stated that the Raëlian Movement was involved in "concocting, then carefully monitoring, a mild level of cultural conflict" to generate publicity for the group,388 something coupled with "blatant courtship of the media".389 She compared these tactics to those of Anton LaVey's Church of Satan in the 1960s and 1970s.390 When media has adopted a mocking tone toward the religion, Raël has urged its followers to defend their beliefs, resulting in letter-writing campaigns and sometimes lawsuits.391

In 1992, the IRM launched protests against the Montreal Catholic School Commission's decision to veto the addition of condom machines to the bathrooms of Roman Catholic high schools in Quebec. The Raëlians parked a "condom-mobile" outside Roman Catholic high schools in Quebec and Ontario from which they dispensed contraceptives to the pupils.392 In 1993, the Raëlians organized a conference on masturbation in Quebec, at which speeches were given by Raël and Betty Dodson. Advertising this cause, Raëlians handed out badges with "Oui à la masturbation (Yes to masturbation)" on them at the Montreal Jazz Festival.393

In 2000, the Raëlians launched NOPEDO, a group to combat paedophilia.394 In 2001, they publicly distributed leaflets in Italy and Switzerland protesting the existence of over a hundred child molesters among Roman Catholic clergy in France. Geneva's Episcopal vicar sued the Raëlian Church for libel but the judge dismissed the charges as the Raëlian accusation was deemed to only target convicted priests and not the Roman Catholic Church as a whole.395 In 2002, Raëlians held an anti-clerical parade in Montreal, where they gave high school students Christian crosses and invited the students to both burn them and sign letters of apostasy to the Roman Catholic Church. The Quebec Association of Bishops called this "incitement to hatred", and several school boards attempted to prevent their students from meeting Raëlians.396

The movement supports genetically-modified foods.397 In 2003, naked members arranged themselves into the shape of the phrases "J'aime OGM" and "I love GM" in a Quebec field.398 In 2006, about 30 Raëlians, some of them topless, took part in an anti-war demonstration in Seoul, South Korea.399 In 2003, Raëlians in white alien costumes bore signs bearing the message "NO WAR ... ET wants Peace, too!" to protest the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.400 In 2009 it launched its "Adopt a Clitoris" project to raise money to create a hospital in Africa to reverse damage caused by female genital mutilation (FGM);401 it has also established Clitoraid, an organization whose mission is to oppose FGM.402403 Another of the groups established by the Raëlian Church is ARAMIS (Active Raelian Association for Multiplicity In Sexuality),404 which is the Raëlian Association of Sexual Minorities and an LGBT rights group.405

Several Raëlian groups in the United States have organized annual protests, claiming that women should have the same legal right to go topless in public that men enjoy without fear of arrest for indecent exposure.406 Some people have called this a publicity stunt designed to recruit members.407 Go Topless Day is their annual event, with women protesting topless except for nipple pasties to avoid arrest. It is held near 26 August, the anniversary of Women's Equality Day.408

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Raëlism

Established in France, Raëlism initially spread in Francophone areas of Europe, Africa, and North America.409 As of the mid-1990s, membership clustered predominantly in France, Quebec, and Japan.410 Palmer noted that in Canada, Raëlism had faced difficulty spreading from Quebec and into the country's Anglophone provinces.411 In 1999, Bozeman said that the Movement had around 35,000 members,412 while in 2003 Chryssides said it had about 55,000 members worldwide.413 By the early 2010s, the group was claiming 60,000 members internationally, a number Palmer and Sentes thought was "probably inflated".414 In Britain, the sociologist Eileen Barker said that there were "only a dozen or so" committed members of the religion in 1989.415 By 2001, the sociologist David V. Barrett suggested that there were around 40 to 50 committed members in the country and around 500 sympathisers;416 two years later, Chryssides thought there were about 40 members and 200 sympathisers in Britain.417

An internal survey of the group's members in 1988 found that there were almost double as many men as women in the Movement.418 Similarly, based on her attendance at Raëlian events in Quebec, Palmer noted that men usually outnumbered women.419 She observed that many of the men acted in an effeminate fashion,420 and were often attracted to other men.421 Palmer also observed several transvestites at the meetings,422 and found that a significant number of the women present worked as strippers.423 On these grounds, she suggested that Raëlism had a particular appeal for "people who define themselves as sexually marginal".424 Palmer also suggested that Raëlism had an appeal for "committed atheists who are hopelessly secularized yet suffering from the existential angst of living in a world devoid of order and higher values".425

Conversion

Raëlians engage in missionary activities to attract converts.426 Members buy Raël's books to sell on the street, hoping to recoup their original costs.427 They often encounter much resistance to their attempts to convert others; Raël explains that this is to be expected, for the Elohim told him that only 4% of humanity is intelligent enough to be receptive to the Raëlian message.428 Any Raëlian found trying to force someone to convert is banned from the organisation for seven years, the period which Raëlians believe it takes for every cell in the body to be replaced.429

Since 1979, new members of the Raëlian Movement have been expected to sign an "Act of Apostasy,"430 and send a letter of apostasy to any religious organisation that they were previously involved with.431 They also sign a contract permitting a mortician to cut a piece of bone from their forehead after death, which they understand as the "Third Eye." This specimen will be stored in ice at a Swiss facility until the Elohim return, at which time it may be used to clone the deceased individual.432 This process is known as the "lifting of the frontal bone."433 In addition, those joining are expected to bequeath their assets to the local Raëlian group,434 although this is not obligatory.435

Some former Christian clergy have joined the Raëlians, sometimes being swiftly promoted to the level of Priest or Bishop due to the skills brought with them from their previous religious organisation.436 In 2004, for example, Ron Boston, a former bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, joined the Raëlian Movement, stating that doing so would allow him to embrace his homosexuality.437

Reception

According to sociologist Susan J. Palmer, in society, Raëlism is "universally mocked",438 and even at conferences of scholars of religion, where individuals are accustomed to studying a diverse range of belief systems, attendees have treated Raëlian beliefs with "incredulity or even mirth".439 Non-members often regard Raël's claims as a deliberate forgery to fool his followers.440 An especially critical reception has come from ex-Raëlians and the anti-cult movement.441 Jean-Denis Saint-Cyr, a high-ranking member of the Raëlian movement, for instance accused Raël of plagiarising the earlier writings of Sendy in creating his religion.442 Another prominent apostate, the Quebecois Erick Lamarche – who calls himself Exraël – quit while claiming that too much money was being donated to Raël and the senior members so that they could have luxurious lifestyles.443 Critics repeatedly drew comparisons between Raëlism and Nazism, for instance for its promotion of a governance system where people are graded by their intelligence,444 its emphasis on genetic engineering,445 and its use of the swastika.446

Raëlism has undergone academic research from scholars of religion, especially from Palmer, who first encountered the religion in Montreal in 1987.447 She initially thought that she "had never encountered an NRM that was so cooperative, that actually liked being studied."448 Between 2002 and 2003, Palmer was blacklisted by the group; they banned her from their meetings and told her she had lost the opportunity to meet the Elohim on their arrival.449 Palmer then drew upon both her interviews with active members and Raël's publications for her 2004 book on Raëlism, Aliens Adored.450

Palmer related that journalists she had encountered were often "fishing" for "bad things" to say about the Raëlians.451 Many journalists sought to portray Raël as a danger to his followers, akin to David Koresh or Jim Jones, although Palmer thought this "ludicrous", stating that Raël was "not prone to violence".452 Journalists also sought to present him as someone who sexually exploited his female members, which again Palmer found no evidence for.453 Following statements that the Order of Raël's Angels would do anything for Raël, there was also press speculation that the group would engage in mass suicide akin to that of the Order of the Solar Temple.454 Palmer argued that the Raëlians lacked the paranoid mentality and demonization of the outside world that had been common to new religious movements that resorted to violence.455

See also

  • Religion portal
  • Human sexuality portal

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Secondary sources

Primary sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raëlism. Other

References

  1. /ˈreɪlɪzəm/ /wiki/Help:IPA/English ↩

  2. /reɪl/ /wiki/Help:IPA/English ↩

  3. Barker 1989, p. 10; Palmer 1995, p. 105; Barrett 2001, p. 394; Chryssides 2003, p. 45; Gallagher 2010, p. 15. - Barker, Eileen (1989). New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0113409273. ↩

  4. Bozeman 1999, p. 155; Lewis 2003, p. 99; Palmer 2004, p. 3; Thomas 2010, p. 6; Palmer 2014, p. 204. - Bozeman, John M. (1999). "Field Notes: The Raelian Religion – Achieving Human Immortality Through Cloning". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 3 (1). University of California Press: 154–156. doi:10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.154. JSTOR /10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.154. https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1999.3.1.154 ↩

  5. Palmer 2004, p. 3; Oliver 2012, p. 22. - Palmer, Susan J. (2004). Aliens Adored: Raël's UFO Religion. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813534763. LCCN 2004000305. https://lccn.loc.gov/2004000305 ↩

  6. Thomas 2010, p. 6. - Thomas, Paul Brian (2010). "Bible Lessons with Raël: On Religious Appropriation in ET-Inspired Religions". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 14 (2): 6–13. doi:10.1525/nr.2010.14.2.6. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2010.14.2.6. https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2010.14.2.6 ↩

  7. Palmer 2004, p. 16; Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 167. - Palmer, Susan J. (2004). Aliens Adored: Raël's UFO Religion. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813534763. LCCN 2004000305. https://lccn.loc.gov/2004000305 ↩

  8. Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 176. - Palmer, Susan J.; Sentes, Bryan (2012). "The International Raëlian Movement". In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–183. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521196505.012. ISBN 978-0521196505. LCCN 2012015440. S2CID 151563721. https://books.google.com/books?id=RM0AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 ↩

  9. Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 179. - Palmer, Susan J.; Sentes, Bryan (2012). "The International Raëlian Movement". In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–183. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521196505.012. ISBN 978-0521196505. LCCN 2012015440. S2CID 151563721. https://books.google.com/books?id=RM0AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 ↩

  10. Assemblée Nationale (10 June 1999). "Les sectes et l'argent – Annexes (Cults and money – Appendices)" (in French). République Française. Retrieved 20 April 2009. /wiki/National_Assembly_of_France ↩

  11. Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 179. - Palmer, Susan J.; Sentes, Bryan (2012). "The International Raëlian Movement". In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–183. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521196505.012. ISBN 978-0521196505. LCCN 2012015440. S2CID 151563721. https://books.google.com/books?id=RM0AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 ↩

  12. Human Rights Without Frontiers International: Human Rights in Belgium Annual Report (Events in 2005). http://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/pdf/49/0313/49K0313008.pdf ↩

  13. Bozeman 1999, p. 155; Palmer 2004, p. 32; Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 167. - Bozeman, John M. (1999). "Field Notes: The Raelian Religion – Achieving Human Immortality Through Cloning". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 3 (1). University of California Press: 154–156. doi:10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.154. JSTOR /10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.154. https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1999.3.1.154 ↩

  14. Grünschloß 2004, p. 432. - Grünschloß, Andreas (2004). "Waiting for the "Big Beam": UFO Religions and "Ufological" Themes in New Religious Movements". In James R. Lewis (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 419–444. ISBN 978-0195369649. ↩

  15. Palmer 2004, p. 16. - Palmer, Susan J. (2004). Aliens Adored: Raël's UFO Religion. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813534763. LCCN 2004000305. https://lccn.loc.gov/2004000305 ↩

  16. Lewis 2010, p. 31. - Lewis, James R. (2010). "How Religions Appeal to the Authority of Science". In James R. Lewis and Olav Hammer (ed.). Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 23–40. ISBN 978-9004187917. ↩

  17. Palmer 2004, pp. 20–21. - Palmer, Susan J. (2004). Aliens Adored: Raël's UFO Religion. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813534763. LCCN 2004000305. https://lccn.loc.gov/2004000305 ↩

  18. Chryssides 2003, p. 57. - Chryssides, George D. (2003). "Scientific Creationism: A Study of the Raëlian Church". In Partridge, Christopher (ed.). UFO Religions. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 45–61. ISBN 978-0415263245. ↩

  19. Barrett 2001, p. 392. - Barrett, David V. (2001). The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions. London: Cassell and Co. ISBN 978-0304355921. ↩

  20. Chryssides 2003, p. 45. - Chryssides, George D. (2003). "Scientific Creationism: A Study of the Raëlian Church". In Partridge, Christopher (ed.). UFO Religions. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 45–61. ISBN 978-0415263245. ↩

  21. Palmer 1995, p. 107; Barrett 2001, p. 392. - Palmer, Susan J. (1995). "Women in the Raëlian Movement: New Religious Experiments in Gender and Authority". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). The Gods Have Landed: New Religions from Other Worlds. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 105–136. ISBN 0791423298. https://books.google.com/books?id=KCEtC3xnzuAC&pg=PA105 ↩

  22. Lewis 2010, p. 31. - Lewis, James R. (2010). "How Religions Appeal to the Authority of Science". In James R. Lewis and Olav Hammer (ed.). Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 23–40. ISBN 978-9004187917. ↩

  23. Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 170. - Palmer, Susan J.; Sentes, Bryan (2012). "The International Raëlian Movement". In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–183. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521196505.012. ISBN 978-0521196505. LCCN 2012015440. S2CID 151563721. https://books.google.com/books?id=RM0AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 ↩

  24. Lewis 2003, p. 102; Palmer 2004, p. 2. - Lewis, James R. (2003). Legitimating New Religions. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813533230. ↩

  25. Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 171. - Palmer, Susan J.; Sentes, Bryan (2012). "The International Raëlian Movement". In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–183. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521196505.012. ISBN 978-0521196505. LCCN 2012015440. S2CID 151563721. https://books.google.com/books?id=RM0AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 ↩

  26. Palmer 2004, p. 24. - Palmer, Susan J. (2004). Aliens Adored: Raël's UFO Religion. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813534763. LCCN 2004000305. https://lccn.loc.gov/2004000305 ↩

  27. Palmer 2004, p. 47. - Palmer, Susan J. (2004). Aliens Adored: Raël's UFO Religion. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813534763. LCCN 2004000305. https://lccn.loc.gov/2004000305 ↩

  28. Barker 1989, p. 146; Chryssides 2003, p. 47; Grünschloß 2004, p. 433. - Barker, Eileen (1989). New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0113409273. ↩

  29. Grünschloß 2004, p. 433. - Grünschloß, Andreas (2004). "Waiting for the "Big Beam": UFO Religions and "Ufological" Themes in New Religious Movements". In James R. Lewis (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 419–444. ISBN 978-0195369649. ↩

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  31. Gallagher 2010, p. 15. - Gallagher, Eugene V. (2010). "Extraterrestrial Exegesis: The Raëlian Movement as a Biblical Religion". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 14 (2): 14–33. doi:10.1525/nr.2010.14.2.14. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2010.14.2.14. https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2010.14.2.14 ↩

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  43. Bozeman 1999, p. 155; Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 168. - Bozeman, John M. (1999). "Field Notes: The Raelian Religion – Achieving Human Immortality Through Cloning". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 3 (1). University of California Press: 154–156. doi:10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.154. JSTOR /10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.154. https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1999.3.1.154 ↩

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  51. Barker 1989, p. 200; Barrett 2001, pp. 390–391; Palmer & Sentes 2012, p. 169. - Barker, Eileen (1989). New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0113409273. ↩

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