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Qualcomm Incorporated is a multinational corporation based in San Diego, California, and incorporated in Delaware, specializing in semiconductors, software, and wireless technology services. Founded in 1985 by Irwin Jacobs and others, Qualcomm pioneered CDMA technology, which became a key 2G wireless standard in North America. The company holds essential patents for major mobile standards like 5G, 4G, and CDMA2000. Adopting a predominantly fabless manufacturing model, Qualcomm now develops chips and software for smartphones, vehicles, laptops, and other devices, playing a vital role in wireless communications and technology innovation.

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History

Early history

Qualcomm was created in July 198567 by seven former Linkabit employees led by Irwin Jacobs.8 Other co-founders included Andrew Viterbi, Franklin Antonio, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen, Klein Gilhousen, and Harvey White.9 The company was named Qualcomm for "Quality Communications".10 It started as a contract research and development center11 largely for government and defense projects.1213

Qualcomm merged with Omninet in 1988 and raised $3.5 million in funding to produce the Omnitracs satellite communications system for trucking companies.14 Qualcomm grew from eight employees in 1986 to 620 employees in 1991, due to demand for Omnitracs.15 By 1989, Qualcomm had $32 million in revenue, 50 percent of which was from an Omnitracs contract with Schneider National.1617 Omnitracs profits helped fund Qualcomm's research and development into code-division multiple access (CDMA) technologies for cell phone networks.1819

1990–2015

Qualcomm was operating at a loss in the 1990s due to its investment in CDMA research.2021 To obtain funding, the company filed an initial public offering in September 1991,22 raising $68 million.23 An additional $486 million was raised in 1995 through the sale of 11.5 million more shares. The second funding round was done to raise money for the mass manufacturing of CDMA-based phones, base-stations, and equipment, after most US-based cellular networks announced they would adopt the CDMA standard.24 The company had $383 million in annual revenue in 199525 and $814 million by 1996.26

In 1998, Qualcomm was restructured, leading to a 700-employee layoff. Its base station and cell-phone manufacturing businesses were spun-off in order to focus on its higher-margin patents and chipset businesses.2728: 310–311  Since the base station division was losing $400M a year (having never sold another base station after making its 10th sale), profits skyrocketed in the following year, and Qualcomm was the fastest growing stock on the market with a 2,621 percent growth over one year.293031 By 2000, Qualcomm had grown to 6,300 employees, $3.2 billion in revenues, and $670 million in profit. 39 percent of its sales were from CDMA technology, followed by licensing (22%), wireless (22%), and other products (17%).32 Around this time, Qualcomm established offices in Europe, Asia Pacific, and in the Americas.33: 316  By 2001, 65 percent of Qualcomm's revenues originated from outside the United States with 35 percent coming from South Korea.34: 19 

In 2005, Paul E. Jacobs, son of Qualcomm founder Irwin Jacobs, was appointed as Qualcomm's new CEO.35 Whereas Irwin Jacobs focused on CDMA patents, Paul Jacobs refocused much of Qualcomm's new research and development on projects related to the Internet of things.36 In the same year they acquired Flarion Technologies, a developer of wireless broadband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) technology.37

Qualcomm announced Steven Mollenkopf would succeed Paul Jacobs as CEO in December 2013.3839 Mollenkopf said he would expand Qualcomm's focus to wireless technology for cars, wearable devices, and other new markets.4041

2015–2024: NXP, Broadcom and Nuvia

Qualcomm announced its intent to acquire NXP Semiconductors for $47 billion in October 2016.42 The deal was approved by U.S. antitrust regulators in April 201743 with some standard-essential patents excluded to get the deal approved.4445

As the NXP acquisition was ongoing, Broadcom made a $103 billion offer to acquire Qualcomm,4647 and Qualcomm rejected the offer.48 Broadcom attempted a hostile takeover,49 and raised its offer, eventually to $121 billion.50 The potential Broadcom acquisition was investigated by the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment51 and blocked by an executive order from U.S. President Donald Trump, citing national security concerns.52

Qualcomm's NXP acquisition then became a part of the 2018 China–United States trade war.53 U.S. president Donald Trump blocked China-based ZTE Corporation from buying American-made components, such as those from Qualcomm.5455 The ZTE restriction was lifted after the two countries reached an agreement,56 but then Trump raised tariffs against Chinese goods.57 Qualcomm extended a tender offer to NXP at least 29 times pending Chinese approval,58 before abandoning the deal in July 2018.5960

On January 6, 2021, Qualcomm appointed its president and chip division head Cristiano Amon as its new chief executive.61

On January 13, 2021, Qualcomm announced it would acquire Nuvia, a server CPU startup founded in early 2019 by ex-Apple and ex-Google architects, for approximately $1.4 billion.6263 The acquisition was completed in March 2021, and it was announced that its first products would be laptop CPUs, shipping in the second half of 2022.64

In March 2022, Qualcomm acquired the advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous driving software brand Arriver from the investment company SSW Partners.65

In June 2022, Qualcomm acquired Israeli startup Cellwize through its investment arm Qualcomm Ventures.66

In August 2022, Bloomberg News reported that Qualcomm was planning to return to server CPU market based on Nuvia's product.67 Later that month, Arm Ltd. announced that it sued Qualcomm and Nuvia for breaching license agreements and trademark violations.68 Arm cited that the chip designs using Arm licenses developed by Nuvia could not be transferred to its parent Qualcomm without permission.69 Qualcomm indicated that its licenses with Arm cover custom-designed processors.70

In January 2023, the company announced a new partnership with Salesforce to develop a connected vehicle platform for automakers using the Snapdragon digital chassis.71

In May 2023, Qualcomm announced their intent to purchase Israeli fabless chipmaking company Autotalks for a reported $350–400 million. The purchase is subject to review by the Competition and Markets Authority.7273 In March 2024, it was announced by the Federal Trade Commission that Qualcomm's proposed acquisition of Autotalks has been terminated.74

In September 2023, the company announced that it had signed a contract rumored to be worth $75 million per year for its Snapdragon brand to be the primary shirt sponsor for English football club Manchester United starting with the 2024–25 season, replacing German company TeamViewer.7576

In October 2023, Qualcomm introduced the Snapdragon X series, a computing platform for Windows PCs which includes a custom ARM-based Oryon CPU (from Nuvia acquisition), a GPU, and a dedicated neural processing unit.7778

In October 2024, Qualcomm announced that the Qualcomm-Microsoft exclusive protocol will be expired in December 25 2024, allows Windows on ARM devices can adapt ARM CPUs other than Qualcomm Snapdragon.79

In October 2024, Arm Ltd. said it would cancel Qualcomm's chip design license in an escalation of the dispute over the acquisition of Nuvia.80 In December 2024, a U.S. federal jury ruled partially in Qualcomm's favor, finding that its designs were properly licensed under an agreement with Arm. However, the jury was deadlocked on one of three issues raised, resulting in a mistrial on that specific point.8182 In February 2025, Arm withdrew its efforts to terminate Qualcomm's chip-licensing agreement.83

2025 - Present: Qualcomm

On 2 April 2025, Qualcomm acquired Movian AI, the generative artificial intelligence unit of Vietnamese research company VinAI.84

Wireless CDMA

2G

Early history

In mid-1985, Qualcomm was hired by Hughes Aircraft to provide research and testing for a satellite network proposal to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).85: 38  The following year, Qualcomm filed its first CDMA patent (No. 4,901,307).86 This patent established Qualcomm's overall approach to CDMA87 and later became one of the most frequently cited technical documents in history.88: 84  The project with the FCC was scrapped in 1988, when the FCC told all twelve vendors that submitted proposals to form a joint venture to create a single proposal.89: 38 

Qualcomm further developed the CDMA techniques for commercial use and submitted them to the Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA) in 1989 as an alternative to the time-division multiple access (TDMA) standard for second-generation cell-phone networks.90: 49  A few months later, CTIA officially rejected Qualcomm's CDMA standard91 in favor of the more established TDMA standard developed by Ericsson.9293

At the time, CDMA wasn't considered viable in high-volume commercial applications due to the near-far field effect, whereby phones closer to a cell tower with a stronger signal drown out callers that are further away and have a weaker signal.94: 54–55, 62–65 95 Qualcomm filed three additional patents in 1989. They were for: a power management system that adjusts the signal strength of each call to adjust for the near-far field effect; a "soft handoff" methodology for transferring callers from one cell-tower to the next; and a variable rate encoder, which reduces bandwidth usage when a caller isn't speaking.96: 54–55, 62–65 97

Holy wars of wireless

After the FCC said carriers were allowed to implement standards not approved by the CTIA, Qualcomm began pitching its CDMA technology directly to carriers.98 This started what is often referred to as "the Holy Wars of Wireless", an often heated debate about whether TDMA or CDMA was better suited for 2G networks.99: 117–120  Qualcomm-supported CDMA standards eventually unseated TDMA as the more popular 2G standard in North America, due to its network capacity.100

Qualcomm conducted CDMA test demonstrations in 1989101 in San Diego and in 1990 in New York City.102103 In 1990, Nynex Mobile Communications and Ameritech Mobile Communications were the first carriers to implement CDMA networks instead of TDMA.104 Motorola, a prior TDMA advocate, conducted CDMA test implementations in Hong Kong and Los Angeles.105106 This was followed by a $2 million trial network in San Diego for Airtouch Communications.107108: 177  In November 1991, 14 carriers and manufacturers conducted large-scale CDMA field tests.109110

Results from the test implementations convinced CTIA to re-open discussions regarding CDMA and the 2G standard.111 CTIA changed its position and supported CDMA in 1993,112 adopting Qualcomm's CDMA as the IS-95A standard, also known as cdmaOne.113 This prompted widespread criticism in forums, trade press, and conventions from businesses that had already invested heavily in the TDMA standard and from TDMA's developer, Ericsson.114115

The first commercial-scale CDMA cellular network was created in Hong Kong in 1995.116 On July 21, 1995, Primeco, which represented a joint venture of Bell Atlantic, Nynex, US West and AirTouch Communications, announced it was going to implement CDMA-based services117 on networks in 15 states.118 By this time, 11 out of 14 of the world's largest networks supported CDMA.119120 By 1997 CDMA had 57 percent of the US market, whereas 14 percent of the market was on TDMA.121

International

In 1991, Qualcomm and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) agreed to jointly develop CDMA technologies for the Korean telecommunications infrastructure.122123 A CDMA standard was adopted as the national wireless standard in Korea in May 1993124 with commercial CDMA networks being launched in 1996.125126 CDMA networks were also launched in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, India, and Venezuela.127128 Qualcomm entered the Russian and Latin American markets in 2005.129 By 2007, Qualcomm's technology was in cell phone networks in more than 105 countries.130 Qualcomm also formed licensing agreements with Nokia in Europe, Nortel in Canada, and with Matsushita and Mitsubishi in Japan.131

Qualcomm entered the Chinese market through a partnership with China Unicom in 2000,132 which launched the first CDMA-based network in China in 2003.133 China became a major market for Qualcomm's semiconductor products, representing more than fifty percent of its revenues,134 but also the source of many legal disputes regarding Qualcomm's intellectual property.135 By 2007, $500 million of Qualcomm's annual revenues were coming from Korean manufacturers.136

Manufacturing

Initially, Qualcomm's manufacturing operations were limited to a small ASIC design and manufacturing team to support the Omnitracs system.137 Qualcomm was forced to expand into manufacturing in the 1990s in order to produce the hardware carriers needed to implement CDMA networks that used Qualcomm's intellectual property.138 Qualcomm's first large manufacturing project was in May 1993, in a deal to provide 36,000 CDMA phones to US West.139140

For a time, Qualcomm experienced delays and other manufacturing problems, because it was inexperienced with mass manufacturing.141 In 1994, Qualcomm partnered with Northern Telecom and formed a joint partnership with Sony, in order to leverage their manufacturing expertise.142 Nokia, Samsung and Motorola introduced their own CDMA phones in 1997.143 Qualcomm's manufacturing business was losing money due to large capital equipment costs and declining prices caused by competition.144145146 Also, in March 1997, after Qualcomm introduced its Q phone, Motorola initiated a lawsuit (settled out of court in 2000) for allegedly copying the design of its Startac phone.147148

In December 1999, Qualcomm sold its manufacturing interests to Kyocera Corporation, a Japanese CDMA manufacturer and Qualcomm licensee.149150 Qualcomm's infrastructure division was sold to competitor Ericsson in 1999 as part of an out-of-court agreement for a CDMA patent dispute that started in 1996.151152 The sale of the infrastructure division marked the beginning of an increase in Qualcomm's stock price and stronger financial performance, but many of the 1,200 employees involved were discontented working for a competitor and losing their stock options.153154 This led to a protracted legal dispute regarding employee stock options, resulting in $74 million in settlements by 2005.155

3G

3G standards were expected to force prior TDMA carriers onto CDMA, in order to meet 3G bandwidth goals.156157 The two largest GSM manufacturers, Nokia and Ericsson, advocated for a greater role for GSM,158 in order to negotiate lower royalty prices from Qualcomm.159 In 1998, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) voted in support of the WCDMA standard, which relied less on Qualcomm's CDMA patents.160 Qualcomm responded by refusing to license its intellectual property for the standard.161

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the Third Generation Partnership Program 2, advocated for a competing CDMA-2000 standard developed primarily by Qualcomm.162163 American and European politicians advocated for the CDMA-2000 and WCDMA standards respectively.164165 The ITU said it would exclude Qualcomm's CDMA technology from the 3G standards entirely if a patent dispute over the technology with Ericsson was not resolved.166167 The two reached an agreement out-of-court in 1999, one month before a deadline set by the ITU. Both companies agreed to cross-license their technology to each other168: 30  and to work together on 3G standards.169

A compromise was eventually reached whereby the ITU would initially endorse three standards: CDMA2000 1X, WCDMA and TD-SCDMA.170 Qualcomm agreed to license its CDMA patents for variants such as WCDMA.171 There were 240 million CDMA 3G subscribers by 2004 and 143 carriers in 67 countries by 2005.172 Qualcomm claimed to own 38 percent of WCDMA's essential patents, whereas European GSM interests sponsored a research paper alleging Qualcomm only owned 19 percent.173

Qualcomm consolidated its interests in telecommunications carriers, such as Cricket Communications and Pegaso into a holding company, Leap Wireless, in 1998.174175 Leap was spun-off later that year176 and sold to AT&T in 2014.177

4G

Qualcomm initially advocated for the CDMA-based Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) standard for fourth generation wireless networks.178 UMB wasn't backwards compatible with prior CDMA networks and didn't operate as well in narrow bandwidths as the LTE (long-term evolution) standard. No cellular networks adopted UMB.179 Qualcomm halted development of UMB in 2005 and decided to support the LTE standard,180181 even though it didn't rely as heavily on Qualcomm patents.182 Then, Qualcomm purchased LTE-related patents through acquisitions.183 By 2012, Qualcomm held 81 seminal patents used in 4G LTE standards, or 12.46 percent.184

Qualcomm also became more focused on using its intellectual property to manufacture semiconductors in a fabless manufacturing model.185 A VLSI Technology Organization division was founded in 2004, followed by a DFX group in 2006, which did more of the manufacturing design in-house.186 Qualcomm announced it was developing the Scorpion central processing unit (CPU) for mobile devices in November 2005.187188 This was followed by the first shipments of the Snapdragon system-on-chip product, which includes a CPU, GPS, graphics processing unit, camera support and other software and semiconductors,189 in November 2007.190 The Gobi family of modems for portable devices was released in 2008.191192 Gobi modems were embedded in many laptop brands193194 and Snapdragon system on chips were embedded into most Android devices.195

Qualcomm won a government auction in India in 2010 for $1 billion in spectrum and licenses from which to offer broadband services. It formed four joint ventures with Indian holding companies for this purpose. A 49 percent stake in the holding companies was acquired by Bharti in May 2012 and the remaining was acquired in October 2012196 by AT&T.197

5G

According to Fortune Magazine, Qualcomm has been developing technologies for future 5G standards in three areas: radios that would use bandwidth from any network it has access to, creating larger ranges of spectrum by combining smaller pieces, and a set of services for Internet of things applications.198 Qualcomm's first 5G modem chip was announced in October 2016199 and a prototype was demonstrated in October 2017.200 Qualcomm's first 5G antennas were announced in July 2018.201 As of 2018, Qualcomm had partnerships with 19 mobile device manufacturers and 18 carriers to commercialize 5G technology.202 By late 2019, several phones were being sold with Qualcomm's 5G technology incorporated.203

Software and other technology

Early software

Qualcomm acquired an email application called Eudora in 1991.204 By 1996, Eudora was installed on 63 percent of PCs.205 Microsoft Outlook eclipsed Eudora, since it was provided for free by default on Windows-based machines.206 By 2003 Qualcomm's Eudora was the most popular alternative to Microsoft Outlook, but still had only a five percent share of the market.207 Software development for Eudora was retired in 2006.208

In 2001, Qualcomm introduced Brew, a smartphone app development service209210211 with APIs to access contacts, billing, app-stores, or multimedia on the phone.212 South Korean carrier KTFreeTel was the first to adopt the Brew system in November 2001, followed by Verizon in March 2002213 for its "Get it Now" program. There were 2.5 million Brew users by the end of 2002 and 73 million in 2003.214

Other technology

In 2004, Qualcomm created a MediaFLO subsidiary to bring its FLO (forward link only) specification to market. Qualcomm built an $800 million MediaFLO network of cell towers to supplement carrier networks with one that is designed for multimedia.215216 In comparison to cellular towers that provide two-way communications with each cell phone individually, MediaFLO towers would broadcast multimedia content to mobile phones in a one-way broadcast.217218 Qualcomm also sold FLO-based semiconductors and licenses.219220

Qualcomm created the FLO Forum standards group with 15 industry participants in July 2005.221 Verizon was the first carrier to partner with MediaFlo in December 2005222 for its Verizon Wireless' V Cast TV,223 which was followed by the AT&T Mobile TV service a couple months later.224225 The MediaFlo service was launched on Super Bowl Sunday in 2007.226 Despite the interest the service got among carriers, it was unpopular among consumers.227228229 The service required users to pay for a subscription and have phones that were equipped with special semiconductors.230231 The service was discontinued in 2011 and its spectrum was sold to AT&T for $1.93 billion.232233 Qualcomm rebooted the effort in 2013 with LTE Broadcast, which uses pre-existing cell towers to broadcast select content locally on a dedicated spectrum, such as during major sporting events.234235

Based on technology acquired from Iridigm in 2004 for $170 million,236 Qualcomm began commercializing Mirasol displays in 2007, which was expanded into eight products in 2008.237 Mirasol uses natural light shining on a screen to provide lighting for the display, rather a backlight, in order to reduce power consumption.238 The amount of space between the surface of the display and a mirror within a 10 micron-wide "interferometric modulator" determines the color of the reflected light.239 Mirasol was eventually closed down after an attempt to revive it in 2013 in Toq watches.240

In June 2011, Qualcomm introduced AllJoyn, a wireless standard for communicating between devices like cell phones, televisions, air-conditioners, and refrigerators.241242243 The Alljoyn technology was donated to the Linux Foundation in December 2013. Qualcomm and the Linux Foundation then formed the Allseen Alliance to administer the standard244245 and Qualcomm developed products that used the AllJoyn standard246247248 In December 2011, Qualcomm formed a healthcare subsidiary called Qualcomm Life. Simultaneously, the subsidiary released a cloud-based service for managing clinical data called 2net and the Qualcomm Life Fund, which invests in wireless healthcare technology companies.249250 The subsidiary doubled its employee-count by acquiring HealthyCircles Inc., a healthcare IT company, the following May.251 Qualcomm life was later sold to a private equity firm, Francisco Partners, in 2019.252

Developments since 2016

In 2016, Qualcomm developed its first beta processor chip for servers and PCs called "Server Development Platform" and sent samples for testing.253 In January 2017, a second generation data center and PC server chip called Centriq 2400 was released.254 PC Magazine said the release was "historic" for Qualcomm, because it was a new market segment for the company.255 Qualcomm also created a Qualcomm Datacenter Technologies subsidiary to focus on the PCs and servers market.256 In 2017, Qualcomm introduced embedded technology for 3D cameras intended for augmented reality apps,257 and also developed and demonstrated laptop processors.258

In 2000, Qualcomm formed a joint venture with Ford called Wingcast, which created telematics equipment for cars, but was unsuccessful and closed down two years later.259260261 Qualcomm acquired the wireless electric car charging company, HaloIPT, in November 2011262 and later sold the company to WiTricity in February 2019.263 Qualcomm also started introducing Snapdragon system-on-chips264 and Gobi modems265 and other software or semiconductor products for self-driving cars and modern in-car computers.266267

In 2020, Qualcomm hired Baidu veteran, Nan Zhou, to head Qualcomm's push into AI.268

Patents and patent disputes

In 2023, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s Annual PCT Review ranked Qualcomm's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 3rd in the world, with 3,410 patent applications being published during 2023.269 In 2017, Qualcomm owned more than 130,000 current or pending patents,270 an increase from the early 2000s when Qualcomm had more than 1,000 patents.271272 As the sole early investor in CDMA research and development, Qualcomm's patent portfolio contains much of the intellectual property that is essential to CDMA technologies.273

Since many of Qualcomm's patents are part of an industry standard, the company has agreed to license those patents under "fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory" terms.274 Qualcomm's royalties come out to about 5% or $30 per mobile device.275 According to Fortune Magazine, this is about 5–10 times more than what is typically charged by other patent-holders.276 Qualcomm says its patents are more expensive because they are more important and its pricing is within the range of common licensing practices.277 However, competitors, clients, and regulators often allege Qualcomm charges unreasonable rates or engages in unfair competition for mandatory patents.278

Broadcom

In 2005, Broadcom and Qualcomm were unable to reach an agreement on cross-licensing their intellectual property,279 and Broadcom sued Qualcomm alleging it was breaching ten Broadcom patents.280281 Broadcom asked the International Trade Commission to prohibit importing the affected technology.282283 A separate lawsuit alleged Qualcomm was threatening to withhold UMTS patent licenses against manufacturers that bought their semiconductors from competitors, in violation of the standards agreement.284285286

Qualcomm alleged Broadcom was using litigation as a negotiation tactic and that it would respond with its own lawsuits.287288 Qualcomm sued Broadcom, alleging it was using seven Qualcomm patents without permission.289 By late 2006, more than 20 lawsuits had been filed between the two parties and both sides claimed to be winning.290

In September 2006, a New Jersey court judge ruled that Qualcomm's patent monopoly was an inherent aspect of creating industry standards and that Qualcomm's pricing practices were lawful.291292 In May 2007, a jury ordered Qualcomm to pay Broadcom $19.6 million for infringing on three Broadcom patents.293 In June 2007, the ITC ruled that Qualcomm had infringed on at least one Broadcom patent and banned corresponding imports.294295 Qualcomm and Broadcom reached a settlement in April 2009, resulting in a cross-licensing agreement, a dismissal of all litigation and Qualcomm paying $891 million over four years.296

During the litigation, Qualcomm claimed it had never participated in the JVT standards-setting process.297: 153  However, an engineer's testimony led to discovery of 21 JVT-related emails Qualcomm lawyers had withheld from the court, and 200,000 pages of JVT-related documents.298 Qualcomm's lawyers said the evidence was accidentally overlooked, whereas the judge said it was gross misconduct.299300301 Qualcomm was fined $8.5 million for legal misconduct.302 On appeal, the court held that Qualcomm could only enforce the related patents against non-JVT members, based on the agreements signed to participate in JVT.303304: 7 

Nokia and Project Stockholm

Six large telecommunications companies305 led by Nokia306 filed a complaint against Qualcomm with the European Commission's antitrust division307 in October 2005.308 They alleged Qualcomm was abusing its market position to charge unreasonable rates for its patents.309310 Qualcomm alleged the six companies were colluding together under the code name Project Stockholm in a legal strategy to negotiate lower rates.311312313 These events led to a protracted legal dispute.314

Qualcomm filed a series of patent-infringement lawsuits against Nokia in Europe, Asia, the US, and with the ITC.315316 The parties initiated more than one dozen lawsuits against one another.317 Several companies filed antitrust complaints against Qualcomm with the Korean Fair Trade Commission,318 who initiated an investigation into Qualcomm's practices in December 2006.319 The dispute between Qualcomm and Nokia escalated, when their licensing agreement ended in April 2007.320

In February 2008, the two parties agreed to halt any new litigation until an initial ruling is made on the first lawsuit in Delaware.321322 Nokia won three consecutive court rulings with the German Federal Patent Court, the High Court in the United Kingdom, and the International Trade Commission respectively. Each found that Nokia was not infringing on Qualcomm's patents.323324325 In July 2008, Nokia and Qualcomm reached an out-of-court settlement that ended the dispute and created a 15-year cross-licensing agreement.326

Recent disputes

ParkerVision filed a lawsuit against Qualcomm in July 2011 alleging that it infringed on seven ParkerVision patents related to converting electromagnetic radio signals to lower frequencies.327 A $173 million jury verdict against Qualcomm was overturned by a judge.328

In November 2013, the China National Development and Reform Commission initiated an anti-trust investigation into Qualcomm's licensing division.329330 The Securities and Exchange Commission also started an investigation into whether Qualcomm breached antibribery laws through its activities in China.331332 The Chinese regulator raided Qualcomm's Chinese offices in August 2013.333 The dispute was settled in 2015 for $975 million.334

In late 2016 The Korea Fair Trade Commission alleged Qualcomm abused a "dominant market position" to charge cell phone manufacturers excessive royalties for patents and limit sales to companies selling competing semiconductor products.335 The regulator gave Qualcomm a fine of $854 million, which the company said it will appeal.336 Eventually, Qualcomm lost the case in Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea in 2023, causing to enact the fine in force.337

In April 2017, Qualcomm paid an $814.9 million settlement to BlackBerry as a refund for prepaid licensing fees.338

In October 2017, Taiwan's Fair Trade Commission fined Qualcomm another $773 million.339 In late 2018 Qualcomm paid a settlement to Taiwan for $93 million in fines and a promise to spend $700 million in the local Taiwan economy.340341

Apple

In January 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) initiated an investigation into allegations that Qualcomm charged excessive royalties for patents that are "essential to industry standards".342 That same year, Apple initiated a $1 billion lawsuit against Qualcomm in the U.S. alleging Qualcomm overcharged for semiconductors and failed to pay $1 billion in rebates.343344 Apple also filed lawsuits in China345 and the United Kingdom.346

Apple alleged Qualcomm was engaging in unfair competition by selling industry-standard patents at a discount rate in exchange for an exclusivity agreement for its semiconductor products.347 An FTC report reached similar conclusions.348 Qualcomm filed counter-claims alleging Apple made false and misleading statements to induce regulators to sue Qualcomm.349 Qualcomm also sued Apple's suppliers for allegedly not paying Qualcomm's patent royalties, after Apple stopped reimbursing them for patent fees.350351 Qualcomm petitioned the International Trade Commission to prohibit imports of iPhones, on the premise that they contain stolen Qualcomm patents after Apple's suppliers stopped paying.352

In August 2017, the International Trade Commission responded to Qualcomm's complaints by starting an investigation of Apple's use of Qualcomm patents without royalties.353 Qualcomm also filed suit against Apple in China for alleged patent infringement in October 2017.354 The following month, Apple counter-sued, alleging Qualcomm was using patented Apple technology in its Android components.355

In December 2018, Chinese356 and German357 courts held that Apple infringed on Qualcomm patents and banned sales of certain iPhones. Some patents were held to be invalid,358 while others were infringed by Apple.359

In April 2019, Apple and Qualcomm reached an agreement to cease all litigation and sign a six-year licensing agreement.360 The settlement included a one-time payment from Apple of about $4.5 to 4.7 billion.361 Terms of the six-year licensing agreement were not disclosed, but the licensing fees were expected to increase revenues by $2 per-share.362363

In January 2018, the European Competition Commission fined Qualcomm $1.2 billion for an arrangement to use Qualcomm chips exclusively in Apple's mobile products.364365366 Qualcomm appealed the decision,367368369 and in June 2022, Qualcomm announced the company had won its appeal of the European Union antitrust fine. The appeal had highlighted that Apple as a company had no technical alternative other than to use Qualcomm's LTE chipsets.370

Federal Trade Commission

Stemming from the investigation that led to the Apple lawsuit actions, the FTC filed suit against Qualcomm in 2017 alleging it engaged in antitrust behavior due to its monopoly on wireless broadband technology. The complaints filed by the FTC included that Qualcomm charged "disproportionately high" patent royalty rates to phone manufacturers and refused to sell them broadband chips if they did not license the patents, a policy referred to as "no license, no chips", that Qualcomm refused to license the patent to other chip manufacturers as to maintain their monopoly, and that Qualcomm purposely offered Apple a lower license cost to use their chips exclusively, locking other competitors as well as wireless service providers out of Apple's lucrative market.371 The trial starting in January 2019, heard by Judge Lucy Koh of the federal Northern District Court that also oversaw the Apple case. Judge Koh ruled in May 2019 against Qualcomm, asserting that Qualcomm's practices did violate antitrust. As part of the ruling, Qualcomm was forced to stop its "no license, no chips" bundling with phone manufacturers, and was required to license its patents to other chip manufacturers. As Qualcomm had expressed its intent to appeal, a panel of judges on the 9th circuit of appeals stayed the orders pending the litigation action.372

Qualcomm appealed to the Ninth Circuit, which reversed the decision in August 2020. The Ninth Circuit determined that Judge Koh's decision strayed beyond the scope of antitrust law and that whether Qualcomm's patent licensing may be considered reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing does not fall within the scope of antitrust law, but rather is a matter of contract and patent law. The court concluded that the FTC failed to meet its burden of proof and that Qualcomm's business practices were better characterized as "hypercompetitive" rather than "anticompetitive".373374375

Operations and market-share

Qualcomm develops software, semiconductor designs, patented intellectual property, development tools and services, but does not manufacture physical products like phones or infrastructure equipment.376 The company's revenues are derived from licensing fees for use of its intellectual property, sales of semiconductor products that are based on its designs, and from other wireless hardware, software or services.377

Qualcomm divides its business into three categories:378

  • QCT (Qualcomm CDMA Technologies): CDMA wireless products; 80% of revenue
  • QTL (Qualcomm Technology Licensing): Licensing; 19% of revenue
  • QSI (Qualcomm strategic initiatives): Investing in other tech companies; less than 1% of revenue

Qualcomm is a predominantly fabless provider of semiconductor products for wireless communications and data transfer in portable devices.379 According to the analyst firm Strategy Analytics, Qualcomm has a 39 percent market-share for smartphone application processors and a 50 percent market-share of baseband processors.380 Its share of the market for application processors on tablets is 18 percent.381 According to analyst firm ABI Research, Qualcomm has a 65 percent market-share in LTE baseband.382 Qualcomm also provides licenses to use its patents, many of which are critical to the CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA wireless standards.383 The company is estimated to earn $20 for every smartphone sold.384: 64 

Qualcomm is the largest public company in San Diego.385386 It has a philanthropic arm called The Qualcomm Foundation.387388 A January 2013 lawsuit resulted in Qualcomm voluntarily adopting a policy of disclosing its political contributions. According to The New York Times, Qualcomm's new disclosure policy was praised by transparency advocates.389390

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qualcomm.

References

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