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History

19th century

The Marina de Guerra del Perú was established on 8 October 1821 by the government of general José de San Martín. Its first actions were undertaken during the War of Independence (1821–1824) using captured Spanish warships. The Peruvian Naval Infantry was also formed during the war with Spain, performing successfully in their first battle where they seized Arica from the Spanish.²

Shortly afterwards it was engaged in the war against the Gran Colombia (1828–1829) during which it conducted a blockade against the seaport of Guayaquil and then assisted in the subsequent Peruvian occupation. The Navy saw further action during the war of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839) and during the Chincha Islands War with Spain (1866).

The outbreak of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) caught the Peruvian Navy unprepared and with inferior forces in comparison to the Chilean Navy. Even so, hit-and-run tactics carried out by Peruvian Admiral Miguel Grau, commander of the ironclad Huáscar, famously delayed the Chilean advance by six months until his death and defeat at the Battle of Angamos.

20th century

Following the War of the Pacific, the Peruvian Navy had to be completely rebuilt. In 1900 the force consisted of only one cruiser of 1,700 tons displacement, a screw-driven steamer, and ten smaller ships – the latter described by a contemporary British publication as "of no real value".³ The lengthy process of expansion and rebuilding started in 1907 with the acquisition from the United Kingdom of the scout cruisers Almirante Grau and Coronel Bolognesi, followed by the arrival of two submarines, Ferré and Palacios, from France in 1911. During the Presidency of Augusto B. Leguía (1919–1930) a Navy Ministry was established as well as a Navy Aviation Corps, both in 1920.

Border conflicts with Colombia in 1911 and 1932 and a war with Ecuador in 1941 saw Peruvian warships involved in some skirmishes in support of the Army. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought World War II to the Pacific and even though Peru did not declare war on the Axis until 1945, its Navy was involved in patrol missions against possible threats by the Imperial Japanese Navy from early 1942 up to mid-1945.

During the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s the Peruvian Navy carried out a major buildup programme⁴ which allowed it to take advantage over its traditional rival, the Chilean Navy. The navy purchased one cruiser the BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) from the Netherlands, eight Carvajal-class frigates from Italy – four newly purchased and four ex-Lupo-class frigates – as well as six PR-72P-class corvettes from France. The buildup proved to be temporary due to the economic crisis of the second half of the 1980s, forcing the decommissioning of several warships and resulting in a general lack of funds for maintenance.

The economic upturn of the 1990s and into the 2000s would later permit some improvement, although at a reduced force level compared to the early 1980s.

21st century

Into the 21st century, the Peruvian Navy began to modernize their ships. In 2008, the Type 209/1100 submarines were modernized⁵ while the Carvajal-class frigates began to be modernized in 2011.⁶ The Type 209/1200 submarines began to be modernized in late-2017 beginning with the BAP Chipana (SS-34).⁷

SIMA has continued to construct ships for the Navy. In 2013, SIMA partnered with Posco Daewoo Corporation and Daesun Shipbuilding of South Korea to construct two Makassar-class landing platform docks.⁸ The BAP Pisco (AMP-156), recently launched on 25 April 2017, as well as the BAP Paita which is currently under construction will provide Peru with increased expeditionary warfare capabilities, with the ability to accommodate multiple Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel, newly purchased LAV IIs and helicopters.⁹¹⁰

In 2018, a modernization program was initiated to upgrade Peru's Type 209/1200 submarines, the BAP Chipana, BAP Angamos, BAP Antofagasta and BAP Pisagua, with a contract with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems being made for further assistance with SIMA.¹¹

During the 2017–present Peruvian political crisis, the Navy of Peru was involved in political scandals. During the first impeachment process against president Martín Vizcarra, the next in the order of succession to the presidency, President of the Congress Manuel Merino, had been in contact with the Commanding General of the Navy saying that he was attempting to remove Vizcarra from office.¹² While the 2021 Peruvian general election was underway, the imprisoned former head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN) Vladimiro Montesinos was able to make phone calls from a landline telephone at the Centro de Reclusión de Máxima Seguridad (CEREC) at the Callao Naval Base to organize projects and campaign support for Keiko Fujimori in the Vladi-audios scandal.¹³¹⁴¹⁵

Organization

The current Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Navy is Admiral Luis José Polar Figari. Naval Forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense and ultimately to the President as Chief Supreme of the Peruvian Armed Forces. They are organized as follows:

• Comandancia General de la Marina (Navy General Command)
  • Estado Mayor General de la Marina (Navy General Staff)
  • Inspectoría General de la Marina (Navy General Inspectorate)

Operational units are divided between three commands:

Pacific Operations General Command, it comprises the following units:

• Fuerza de Superficie (Surface Force)
• Fuerza de Submarinos (Submarine Force)
• Fuerza de Aviación Naval (Naval Aviation Force)
• Fuerza de Infantería de Marina (Naval Infantry Force)
• Fuerza de Operaciones Especiales (Special Operations Force)

Amazon Operations General Command, tasked with river patrolling in the Peruvian portion of the Amazon Basin.

Directive General of Captains and Coast Guard, oversees Coast Guard operations

Coast Guard

Main article: Peruvian Coast Guard

Coast Guard, tasked with law enforcement on Peruvian territorial waters, rivers and lakes. The Peruvian Coast Guard often performs anti-drug trafficking operations within the nation's waters. The Coast Guard has approximately 1,000 personnel.¹⁶

Naval Aviation

Main article: Peruvian Naval Aviation

The Naval Aviation Force (in Spanish): (Fuerza de Aviación Naval, AVINAV) is the air branch of the Peruvian Navy, its roles include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, maritime surveillance, reconnaissance and transport of marine personnel. It is also responsible for airborne operations of the Peruvian Marines. Naval Aviation has about 800 personnel.¹⁷

Naval Infantry

Main article: Peruvian Naval Infantry

• 1st Naval Infantry Battalion – Ancón
• 2nd Naval Infantry Battalion – Ancón
• Amphibious Support Group
• Fire support Group
• Commando Grouping
• Engineers Unit

• 3rd Naval Infantry Battalion – Tumbes
• 4th Naval Infantry Battalion – Puno
• 1st Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Iquitos
• 2nd Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Pucallpa
• Naval Infantry Detachment Litoral Sur – Mollendo

Bases

• Ancón – Naval Infantry headquarters and base
• Callao – Main naval base, dockyard and naval aviation base, Naval Medical Center which contains the US Navy unit Naval Medical Research Unit Six
• Chimbote – Minor base and dockyard
• Iquitos – On the Amazon river
• Paita – Minor base
• Pisco – Minor base
• Puno – On Lake Titicaca
• San Juan de Marcona – Naval aviation base

Although most of the fleet is based at Callao, this has not been considered an ideal location since it is also the main outlet for Peruvian trade, causing space and security problems. In the 1980s the building of a new naval base at Chimbote was considered though high costs and a poor economic situation made the project unfeasible.¹⁸

Personnel

Ranks

Main article: Military ranks of Peru

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Ships

Ships of the Peruvian Navy are prefixed BAP, which stands for Buque Armada Peruana (Peruvian Navy Ship).²²

Current ships

Main article: List of active Peruvian Navy ships

Museum Ships

Recently Decommissioned Ships

Equipment

Peacekeeping operations

The Peruvian Navy has been actively involved in several United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. As of June 2006 Naval Infantry and Special Operations troops have been deployed to United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (embedded in the Argentine forces⁵² ) and United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Peruvian naval officers have also been deployed to United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI), United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) as United Nations Militar Observers (UNMOs). By 2012 the Peruvian Navy sent its first officer to serve in United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.

Gallery

See also

• Battle of Angamos
• Battle of Iquique
• Battle of Pacocha
• Ironclad Huáscar
• Miguel Grau
• SIFOREX
• War of the Pacific
• List of Peruvian steam frigates

Notes

Sources

• Baker III, Arthur D., The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 2002–2003. Naval Institute Press, 2002.
• Basadre, Jorge, Historia de la República del Perú. Editorial Universitaria, 1983.
• "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 855: 31 (June 17, 1985).
• Gibbs, Jay (2005). "Question 30/04: The Bolivian Navy in the War of the Pacific". Warship International. XLII (3): 242–247. ISSN 0043-0374.
• Ortiz Sotelo, Jorge, Apuntes para la historia de los submarinos peruanos. Biblioteca Nacional, 2001.
• Pixley, William & Walker, Hartley P. (2001). "Question 33/00: Peruvian Warships Loa and Victoria". Warship International. XXXVIII (3). International Naval Research Organization: 248. ISSN 0043-0374.
• Rial, Juan, Los militares tras el fin del régimen de Fujimori-Montesinos.
• "Los Programas de Renovacion y Modernizacion de la Marina de Guerra del Peru", Alejo Marchessini – Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 32 a 35.
• "Entrevista al Almirante Carlos Tejada Mera, Comandante General de la MArina de Guerra del Peru", Alejo Marchessini – Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 36 a 43.

External links

• Official Peruvian Navy Website
• Maquina de Combate – Photo gallery.
• Servicio Industrial de la Marina Archived October 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine – Peruvian Navy Shipyards. In English and Spanish.
• The Peruvian Navy: The XIX Century Maritime Campaigns – a series of articles covering the history of the 19th century Peruvian Navy by Juan del Campo.

References

1. Alternatively the Armada Peruana (abbreviated AP) ↩

2. "Comandancia de Fuerzas de Infanteria – Marina de Guerra del Perú". marina.mil.pe. Marina de Guerra del Perú. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229111554/https://www.marina.mil.pe/page/comandanciainfanteria ↩

3. Keltie, J. S., ed. (1900). The Statesman's Year Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900. New York: MacMillan. p. 887. (Retrieved via Google Books 3/4/11.) ↩

4. "Armed Forces Strength in selected years, 1829 – 1992". Retrieved February 21, 2015. http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/peru/pe_appen.html#table25 ↩

5. "Peruvian Navy begins Type 209/1200 submarine modernization". Naval Today. December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017. https://navaltoday.com/2017/12/14/peruvian-navy-begins-type-209-1200-submarine-modernization/ ↩

6. "Marina de Guerra del Perú | COMOPERPAC". Peruvian Navy. Retrieved July 28, 2017. https://www.marina.mil.pe/en/organos/comoperpac/superficie/ ↩

7. "Peruvian Navy begins Type 209/1200 submarine modernization". Naval Today. December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017. https://navaltoday.com/2017/12/14/peruvian-navy-begins-type-209-1200-submarine-modernization/ ↩

8. "Peru launched its First LPD – BAP Pisco Landing Platform Dock". Navy Recognition. May 4, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/may-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5178-peru-launched-its-first-lpd-bap-pisco-landing-platform-dock.html ↩

9. "Peru launched its First LPD – BAP Pisco Landing Platform Dock". Navy Recognition. May 4, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/may-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5178-peru-launched-its-first-lpd-bap-pisco-landing-platform-dock.html ↩

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14. "Los fantasmas vuelven en Perú: Montesinos tramó el soborno de tres jueces electorales". Ambito. Retrieved December 21, 2021. https://www.ambito.com/mundo/peru/los-fantasmas-vuelven-montesinos-tramo-el-soborno-tres-jueces-electorales-n5209594 ↩

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16. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance. /wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies ↩

17. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance. /wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies ↩

18. "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 1985. ↩

19. [1], based on Supreme Decree DS No. 69 DE/SG of 2001. Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine http://www.resdal.org/art-rial.htm ↩

20. "Grados Militares". ccffaa.mil.pe (in Spanish). Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru. Retrieved May 29, 2021. https://www.ccffaa.mil.pe/cultura-militar/grados-militares/ ↩

21. "Grados Militares". ccffaa.mil.pe (in Spanish). Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru. Retrieved May 29, 2021. https://www.ccffaa.mil.pe/cultura-militar/grados-militares/ ↩

22. "BAP - Buque Armada Peruana (Peruvian Navy Ship) | AcronymFinder". https://www.acronymfinder.com/Buque-Armada-Peruana-(Peruvian-Navy-Ship)-(BAP).html ↩

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25. Fish, Tim (June 29, 2011). "Briefing: South America Naval Capabilities". Jane's Defence Weekly: 289. ↩

26. Sanchez, Alejandro. "Peruvian Navy commissions BAP Pisco". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved July 28, 2018. http://www.janes.com/article/80713/peruvian-navy-commissions-bap-pisco ↩

27. Sanchez, Alejandro. "Peru to construct second landing platform vessel". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved July 28, 2018. http://www.janes.com/article/78679/peru-to-construct-second-landing-platform-vessel ↩

28. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance. /wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies ↩

29. "Dos heridos deja incendio de BAP "Clavero" en el río Putumayo, informan" (in Spanish). Andina. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20120305194749/http://www.andina.com.pe/Espanol/Noticia.aspx?Id=VL3roBxxIys%3D ↩

30. Marina de Guerra del Perú (August 2, 2012). "Perú: Unidades fluviales de Brasil y Colombia participaron en el ejercicio BRACOLPER 2012" (in Spanish). Base Naval. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120805031744/http://basenaval.com/2012/08/peru-unidades-fluviales-de-brasil-y-colombia-participaron-en-el-ejercicio-bracolper-2012/ ↩

31. "Marina de Guerra del Perú entregó PIAS "Río Putumayo II" y Cañonera Fluvial B.A.P "Castilla" (CF-16) en eficaz contribución a los programas de inclusión social del Estado". Peruvian Navy Website. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160602084950/https://www.marina.mil.pe/noticias/3830 ↩

32. "Servicios Industriales de la Marina construirán Buque Escuela a Vela". Peruvian Navy. December 7, 2012. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2012. https://archive.today/20130416074714/http://www.marina.mil.pe/noticias_prensa.asp?hdnId=3716 ↩

33. Benvenuto, Carlos Ramírez (December 6, 2012). "Un nuevo buque escuela para la Marina y el Perú" (PDF). El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved February 21, 2015. http://elcomercio.e3.pe/66/doc/0/0/5/4/5/545722.pdf ↩

34. "Positivos avances en construcción del Remolcador Auxiliar de Salvamento B.A.P. "Morales" RAS-180". Peruvian Navy Website. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160602082737/https://www.marina.mil.pe/noticias/2401 ↩

35. "NotiSIMA Año 5, Edición 31" (PDF) (in Spanish). SIMA. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101908/http://www.sima.com.pe/notisima/201102_notisima_Enero_Febrero.pdf ↩

36. "NotiSIMA Año 5, Edición 31" (PDF) (in Spanish). SIMA. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101908/http://www.sima.com.pe/notisima/201102_notisima_Enero_Febrero.pdf ↩

37. "En Holanda, se afirmó el Pabellón Nacional del Buque Logístico B.A.P. Tacna" (in Spanish). Peruvian Navy. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20141213034136/https://www.marina.mil.pe/noticias/1789 ↩

38. Ing, David; Toremans, Guy. "Spain's Freire shipyard set to cut steel on Peru's new survey ship". IHS. Retrieved April 24, 2015. http://www.janes.com/article/50935/spain-s-freire-shipyard-set-to-cut-steel-on-peru-s-new-survey-ship ↩

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40. Historic Naval Ships Association BAP ABTAO (SS-42) Archived November 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine http://www.hnsa.org/ships/abtao.htm ↩

41. "Venta por Subasta Pública Nro. 001-2018 – DIRBINFRATER". Marina de Guerra del Perú. Retrieved July 28, 2018. https://www.marina.mil.pe/es/evento/venta-por-subasta-publica-nro-001-2018-dirbinfrater/ ↩

42. "Venta por Subasta Pública Nro. 001-2018 – DIRBINFRATER". Marina de Guerra del Perú. Retrieved July 28, 2018. https://www.marina.mil.pe/es/evento/venta-por-subasta-publica-nro-001-2018-dirbinfrater/ ↩

43. Sanchez, Alejandro (September 26, 2017). "Peruvian Navy designates new flagship". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved September 28, 2017. http://www.janes.com/article/74415/peruvian-navy-designates-new-flagship ↩

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