Orders of magnitude (temperature)

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Range of temperatures from absolute zero to very high

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List of orders of magnitude for temperature

See also: Order of magnitude and Temperature

Factor	Multiple	Item
0	0 K	Absolute zero: A temperature so low that it cannot be reached, because of the third law of thermodynamics ¹ ²
10−12	1 pK	38+6-7 pK, lowest laboratory-produced temperature, achieved through matter-wave lensing of rubidium Bose-Einstein condensates.³ 450 pK, lowest temperature sodium Bose–Einstein condensate gas ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT ⁴
10−9	1 nK	50 nK, Fermi temperature of potassium-40 Critical temperature of alkali Bose–Einstein condensates
10−6	1 μK	Nuclear demagnetization Doppler-cooled refrigerants in laser cooling and magneto-optical traps
10−3	1 mK	1.7 mK, temperature record for helium-3/helium-4 dilution refrigeration, and the lowest temperature which may be sustained for arbitrarily long time with known techniques. 2.5 mK, Fermi melting point of helium-3 60 mK adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic molecules 300 mK in evaporative cooling of helium-3 700 mK, helium-3/helium-4 mixtures begin phase separation 950 mK, melting point of helium at 2.5 megapascals of pressure. All 118 elements are solid at or below this temperature. Energy equivalent to a microwave
1	1 K	1 K at the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest natural environment known 1.5 K, melting point of overbound helium 2.19 K, lambda point of overbound superfluid helium 2.725 K, cosmic microwave background 4.1 K, superconductivity point of mercury 4.22 K, boiling point of bound helium 5.19 K, critical temperature of helium 7.2 K, superconductivity point of lead 9.3 K, superconductivity point of niobium
101	10 K	Fermi melting point of valence electrons for superconductivity 14.01 K, melting point of bound hydrogen 20.28 K, boiling point of bound hydrogen 33 K, critical temperature of hydrogen 44 K mean on Pluto 53 K mean of Neptune 63 K, melting point of bound nitrogen 68 K mean of Uranus 77.35 K, boiling point of bound nitrogen 90.19 K, boiling point of bound oxygen 92 K, superconductivity point of Y–Ba–Cu–oxide (YBCO)
102	100 K	134 K, highest-temperature superconductor at ambient pressure, mercury barium calcium copper oxide 165 K, glass point of supercooled water 184.0 K (–89.2 °C), coldest air recorded on Earth 192 K, Debye temperature of ice 273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound water 273.16 K (0.01 °C), temperature of triple point of water c. 293 K, room temperature 373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound water at sea level 647 K, critical point of superheated water 737.5 K, mean on Venus See detailed list below
103	1 kK	500–2200 K on brown dwarfs (photosphere) 1043 K Curie temperature of iron (point at which iron transitions from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic behavior and loses any permanent magnetism) 1170 K at wood fire 1300 K in lava flows, open flames 1500 K in basalt lava flows c. 1670 K at blue candle flame 1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel) 1830 K in Bunsen burner flame 1900 K at the Space Shuttle orbiter hull in 8 km/s dive 2022 K, boiling point of lead 2074 K, surface temperature of the coolest star, 2MASS J0523-1403 2230 K, Debye temperature of carbon 2320 K at open hydrogen flame 2150–2450 K at open hydrocarbon flame 2900 K, color temperature of halogen lamps, black-body radiation maximum at 1000 nm 3695 K, melting point of tungsten 3915 K, sublimation point of carbon 4231 K, melting point of hafnium carbide 4800 K, 10 MPa, triple point of carbon ⁵ 5000 K, 12 GPa melting point of diamond ⁶ 5100 K in cyanogen–dioxygen flame 5516 K at dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)–ozone flame 5650 K at Earth's Inner Core Boundary 5780 K on surface of the Sun 5933 K, boiling point of tungsten 6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang 7445 K, 850 GPa;⁷ 8750 K, 520 GPa;⁸ 5400 K, 220 GPa,⁹ critical point of diamond/solid III 7735 K, a monatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy 8000 K, routinely sustainable temperature in an analytical inductively coupled plasma 8801 K, 10.56 GPa¹⁰ 7020.5 K, 797 MPa,¹¹ critical point of carbon Anionic sparks
104	10 kK	10 kK on Sirius A 10–15 kK in mononitrogen recombination 15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten 25 kK, mean temperature of the universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang 26 kK on the white dwarf Sirius B 28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth 29 kK on surface of Alnitak (easternmost star of Orion's belt) 4–8–40–160 kK on white dwarfs 30–400 kK on a planetary nebula's asymptotic giant helium star 36 kK boundary between inner and outer core within Jupiter 37 kK in proton–electron reactions 38 kK on Eta Carinae 46 kK on Wolf–Rayet star R136a1 ¹² 50 kK at protostar (core) 54.5 kK on ON2 III(f*) star LH64-16¹³ >200 kK in Butterfly Nebula Fermi boiling point of valence electrons
106	1 MK	0.8 MK in solar wind 1 MK inside old neutron stars, brown dwarfs, and at gravital deuterium fusion range 1–3–10 MK above Sun (corona) 2.4 MK at T Tauri stars and gravital lithium-6 fusion range 2.5 MK at red dwarfs and gravital protium fusion range 10 MK at orange dwarfs and gravital helium-3 fusion range 15.6 MK at Sun's core 10–30–100 MK in stellar flares 20 MK in novae 23 MK, beryllium-7 fusion range 60 MK above Eta Carinae 85 MK (15 keV) in a magnetic confinement fusion plasma 200 MK at helium star and gravital helium-4 fusion range 230 MK, gravital carbon-12 fusion range 460 MK, gravital neon fusion–disproportionation range 5–530 MK in Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor's plasma 750 MK, gravital oxygen fusion range
109	1 GK	1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the Big Bang 1.3–1.7 GK, gravital silicon fusion range 3 GK in electron–positron reactions 10 GK in supernovae 10 GK, everything 1 second after the Big Bang 700 GK in quasars' accretion discs 740 GK, Hagedorn temperature or Fermi melting point of pions
1012	1 TK	0.1–1 TK at new neutron star ~1 TK, critical temperature to form quark–gluon plasma ¹⁴ 3–5 TK in proton–antiproton reactions 5.5 TK, highest man-made temperature, in a quark–gluon plasma from LHC collisions¹⁵ 10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang 45–67 TK at collapsar of a gamma-ray burst 300–900 TK at proton–nickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector
1015	1 PK	0.3–2.2 PK at proton–antiproton collisions 2.8 PK within an electroweak star
1018	1 EK
1021	1 ZK
1024	1 YK	0.5–7 YK at ultra-high-energy cosmic ray collisions
1027	1 RK	Everything 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang
1030	1 QK	Hagedorn temperature of strings
1032	100 QK	142 QK, Planck temperature
10290	10260 QK	Landau pole of quantum electrodynamics

Detailed list for 100 K to 1000 K

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.

Kelvin	DegreesCelsius	DegreesFahrenheit	Condition
100 K	−173.15 °C	−279.67 °F
133 K	−140 °C	−220 °F	Mean on Saturn¹⁶
133 K to 163 K	−140 to −110 °C	−220 to −160 °F	Typical temperature of a whole-body cryotherapy chamber¹⁷
163 K	−110 °C	−166 °F	Mean on Jupiter¹⁸
165 K	−108 °C	−163 °F	Glass point of supercooled water (Debatable)¹⁹
175.4 K	−97.8 °C	−144 °F	Coldest luminance temperature recorded on Earth (measured remotely by satellite), in Antarctica ²⁰
183.7 K	−89.5 °C	−129.1 °F	Freezing/melting point of isopropyl alcohol ²¹
183.9 K	−89.2 °C	−128.6 °F	Coldest officially recorded air temperature on Earth, at Vostok Station, Antarctica on 1983-07-21 01:45 UTC
192 K	−81 °C	−114 °F	Debye temperature of ice
193 to 203 K	−80 to −70 °C	−112 to −94 °F	Typical temperature of a ULT freezer
194.6 K	−78.5 °C	−109.3 °F	Sublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice)
203.55 K	−69.6 °C	−93.3 °F	Coldest officially recorded air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere at Klinck AWS, Greenland (Denmark) on 1991-12-22²²
205.5 K	−67.7 °C	−89.9 °F	Coldest officially recorded air temperature on the Eurasian continent at Oymyakon, USSR on 6 February 1933²³
210 K	−63 °C	−80 °F	Mean on Mars
214.9 K	–58.3 °C	–72.9 °F	Coldest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dome Argus, Antarctica ²⁴
223.15 K	−50 °C	−58 °F	Mean on Earth during Snowball Earth period²⁵ around 650 million years ago
224.8 K	−48.4 °C	−55.0 °F	Coldest temperature that water can remain a liquid (see Supercooling)
225 K	−48 °C	−55 °F	Freezing/melting point of cottonseed oil ²⁶
233.15 K	−40 °C	−40 °F	Point of coincidence of the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales Skin may freeze almost instantly at or below this temperature²⁷
234.3 K	−38.83 °C	−37.89 °F	Freezing/melting point of mercury
240.4 K	−32.8 °C	−27.0 °F	Coldest air temperature recorded in South America, at Sarmiento, Argentina on 1907-06-01²⁸
246 K	−27 °C	−17 °F	Approximate average yearly temperature on Mount Everest ²⁹
249 K	–24 °C	–11 °F	Freezing/melting point of flax seed oil ³⁰
249.3 K	–23.9 °C	–11.0 °F	Coldest air temperature recorded in Africa, at Ifrane, Morocco on 11 February 1935³¹
250 K	–23 °C	–9 °F	Coldest air temperature recorded in Australia, at Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia on 1994-06-29³²
255.37 K	–17+7⁄9 °C	0 °F	Coldest brine–ice solution found by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
255 K	–18 °C	0 °F	Freezing/melting point of almond oil ³³ Typical temperature of a household freezer ³⁴
256 K	–17 °C	1 °F	Freezing/melting point of sunflower oil ³⁵
256 K	–17 °C	2 °F	Freezing/melting point of safflower oil ³⁶
257 K	–16 °C	3 °F	Freezing/melting point of soybean oil ³⁷
262 K	−11 °C	12 °F	Freezing/melting point of corn oil ³⁸
263.15 K	–10 °C	14 °F	Freezing/melting point of canola oil ³⁹ Freezing/melting point of grape seed oil ⁴⁰
265 K	–8 °C	18 °F	White frost can form below this temperature Freezing/melting point of hemp seed oil ⁴¹
265.8 K	–7.2 °C	19 °F	Freezing/melting point of bromine
267 K	–6 °C	21 °F	Freezing/melting point of olive oil ⁴² Freezing/melting point of sesame oil ⁴³
271.15 K	−2 °C	28.4 °F	Average freezing/melting point of oceans, the salinity is around 3.47%.⁴⁴ ⁴⁵
273.14 K	-0.01 °C	31.98 °F	Maximum temperature of an object causing frostbite
273.15 K	0.00 °C	32.00 °F	Freezing/melting point of fresh water (at 1 atm pressure)
273.16 K	0.01 °C	32.02 °F	Triple point of fresh water
276 K	3 °C	37 °F	Freezing/melting point of peanut oil ⁴⁶
277 K	3.85 °C	39 °F	Typical temperature of a household refrigerator
277.13 K	3.98 °C	39.16 °F	Water is at maximum density⁴⁷
279.8 K	6.67 °C	44 °F	Threshold of skin numbness if skin reaches this temperature
283.2 K	10 °C	50 °F	Minimum temperature for most plant growth (see Growing degree-day)
286.9 K	12.7 °C	54.9 °F	Coldest body temperature of a human that survived accidental hypothermia (a 2-year-old boy in Racławice, Poland, on November 30, 2014)⁴⁸ ⁴⁹
287.6 K	14.44 °C	58 °F	Cold threshold of pain if skin reaches this temperature
288 K	15 °C	59 °F	Mean on Earth
291.6 K	18.4 °C	65.1 °F	Hottest temperature in Antarctica, recorded on 2020 February 6 at the Esperanza Base ⁵⁰
294 K	21 °C	70 °F	Commonly defined value for room temperature
296 K	23 °C	73 °F	Mean on Earth during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum ⁵¹ about 55.8 million years ago
297 K	24 °C	75 °F	Melting/freezing point of palm kernel oil ⁵²
298 K	25 °C	77 °F	Melting/freezing point of coconut oil ⁵³
300 K	27 °C	81 °F	Thermoneutral temperature of an unclothed human at rest⁵⁴ ⁵⁵ Estimated melting/freezing point of francium
302.9 K	29.8 °C	85.6 °F	Melting/freezing point of gallium
303.15 K	30 °C	86 °F	The rate of plant growth is typically no greater above this temperature than at this temperature. (see Growing degree-day)
304 K	31 °C	88 °F	Melting/freezing point of butter, critical point for carbon dioxide
307 K	34 °C	93 °F	Autoignition temperature of white phosphorus
307.6 K	34.4 °C	93.9 °F	Hottest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dallol, Ethiopia ⁵⁶
308 K	35 °C	95 °F	Hypothermic body temperature for humans (see Hypothermia) Warmest sea measured, at the Red Sea Melting/freezing point of palm oil ⁵⁷
309.5 K	36.4 °C	97.5 °F	Average body temperature for a human⁵⁸
311.03 K	37.87 °C	100.2 °F	Beginnings of a fever for humans
311.8 K	38.6 °C	101.5 °F	Average body temperature for a cat⁵⁹
313.15 K	40 °C	104 °F	Maximum standard temperature recommended for hot tub users⁶⁰
315 K	42 °C	108 °F	Usually fatal human fever
317.6 K	44.44 °C	112 °F	Hot threshold of pain if skin reaches this temperature
319.7 K	46.5 °C	115.7 °F	Highest human fever survived (Willie Jones)⁶¹
321.45 K	48.3 °C	119 °F	World's hottest air temperature recorded while raining, at Imperial, California, USA on July 24, 2018⁶²
322.1 K	48.9 °C	120.0 °F	Hottest air temperature recorded in South America, at Rivadavia, Argentina on 1905-12-11⁶³ Maximum safe temperature for hot water according to numeric U.S. plumbing codes⁶⁴ Water will cause a second-degree burn after 8 minutes and a third-degree burn after 10 minutes⁶⁵
323.9 K	50.7 °C	123.3 °F	Hottest air temperature recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, at Oodnadatta, Australia on 1960-02-01⁶⁶
329.87 K	56.7 °C	134.1 °F	Hottest measured air temperature on Earth, in Death Valley at Furnace Creek, Inyo County, California, United States of America on 10 July 1913.⁶⁷
333.15 K	60 °C	140 °F	Water will cause a second-degree burn in 3 seconds and a third-degree burn in 5 seconds⁶⁸ Average temperature of a hair dryer
336 K	63 °C	145.4 °F	Milk pasteurization
342 K	69 °C	157 °F	Boiling point of water on the summit of Mount Everest ⁶⁹
343.15 K	70 °C	158 °F	Food is well done Hot springs at which some bacteria thrive⁷⁰
350 K	77 °C	170 °F	Poaching of food
351.52 K	78.37 °C	173.07 °F	Boiling point of ethanol
353.15 K	80 °C	176 °F	Average temperature of a sauna
355 K	82 °C	180 °F	Recommended final rinse temperature in industrial-grade commercial dishwashers⁷¹
355.6 K	82.4 °C	180.3 °F	Boiling point of isopropyl alcohol ⁷²
366 K	93 °C	200 °F	Simmering of food
367 K	94 °C	201 °F	Hottest ground temperature recorded on Earth at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, USA on 1972-07-15⁷³
371 K	98 °C	209 °F	Freezing/melting point of sodium
373.13 K	99.98 °C	211.97 °F	Boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure (see Celsius)
380 K	107 °C	225 °F	Smoke point of raw safflower oil Syrup is concentrated to 75% sugar
388 K	115 °C	239 °F	Melting/freezing point of sulfur
400 K	127 °C	260 °F	Concorde nose tip during supersonic flight Coldest known stars in space (approximate temperature)⁷⁴
433.15 K	160 °C	320 °F	Syrup is concentrated to 100% sugar Sucrose (table sugar) caramelizes
450 K	177 °C	350 °F	Mean on Mercury Smoke point of butter Deep frying
453.15 K	180 °C	356 °F	Popcorn pops
483 K	210 °C	410 °F	Autoignition (kindling) point of diesel fuel
491 K	218 °C	425 °F	Kindling point of paper
519 K	246 °C	475 °F	Kindling point of automotive gasoline
522 K	249 °C	480 °F	Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet A/Jet A-1)⁷⁵
525 K	252 °C	485 °F	Smoke point of milkfat Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet B)⁷⁶
538 K	265 °C	510 °F	Smoke point of refined safflower oil
574.5875 K	301.4375 °C	574.5875 °F	Point of coincidence of the Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales
600.65 K	327.5 °C	621.5 °F	Melting/freezing point of lead
647 K	374 °C	705 °F	Critical point of superheated water
693 K	419 °C	787 °F	Melting/freezing point of zinc
723.15 K	450 °C	842 °F	Kindling point of aviation gasoline ⁷⁷
738 K	465 °C	870 °F	Mean on Venus
749 K	476 °C	889 °F	Kindling point of magnesium
773.15 K	500 °C	932 °F	Oven on self-cleaning mode
798 K	525 °C	977 °F	Draper point (the point at which nearly all objects start to glow dim red)⁷⁸
858 K	585 °C	1085 °F	Kindling point of hydrogen ⁷⁹
933.47 K	660.32 °C	1220.58 °F	Melting/freezing point of aluminium
1000 K	726.85 °C	1340.33 °F

SI multiples

SI multiples of kelvin (K)

Submultiples			Multiples
Value	SI symbol	Name	Value	SI symbol	Name
10−1 K	dK	decikelvin	101 K	daK	decakelvin
10−2 K	cK	centikelvin	102 K	hK	hectokelvin
10−3 K	mK	millikelvin	103 K	kK	kilokelvin
10−6 K	μK	microkelvin	106 K	MK	megakelvin
10−9 K	nK	nanokelvin	109 K	GK	gigakelvin
10−12 K	pK	picokelvin	1012 K	TK	terakelvin
10−15 K	fK	femtokelvin	1015 K	PK	petakelvin
10−18 K	aK	attokelvin	1018 K	EK	exakelvin
10−21 K	zK	zeptokelvin	1021 K	ZK	zettakelvin
10−24 K	yK	yoctokelvin	1024 K	YK	yottakelvin
10−27 K	rK	rontokelvin	1027 K	RK	ronnakelvin
10−30 K	qK	quectokelvin	1030 K	QK	quettakelvin

External links

Online Temperature Conversion

References

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Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures ↩
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Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures ↩
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